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| Record Information |
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| Version | 4.0 |
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| Status | Detected and Quantified |
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| Creation Date | 2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC |
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| Update Date | 2019-07-29 19:20:04 UTC |
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| HMDB ID | HMDB0000262 |
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| Secondary Accession Numbers | |
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| Metabolite Identification |
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| Common Name | Thymine |
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| Description | One of the pyrimidine bases of living matter. Derivation: Hydrolysis of deoxyribonucleic acid, from methylcyanoacetylurea by catalytic reduction. Use: Biochemical research. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary). Thymine is a pyrimidine nucleobase. As the name implies, thymine may be derived by methylation of uracil at the 5th carbon. Thymine is found in the nucleic acid DNA. In RNA thymine is replaced with uracil in most cases. In DNA, thymine binds to adenine via two hydrogen bonds to assist in stabilizing the nucleic acid structures. |
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| Structure | |
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| Synonyms | Not Available |
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| Chemical Formula | C5H6N2O2 |
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| Average Molecular Weight | 126.1133 |
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| Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 126.042927446 |
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| IUPAC Name | Not Available |
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| Traditional Name | Not Available |
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| CAS Registry Number | 65-71-4 |
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| SMILES | Not Available |
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| InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C5H6N2O2/c1-3-2-6-5(9)7-4(3)8/h2H,1H3,(H2,6,7,8,9) |
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| InChI Key | RWQNBRDOKXIBIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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| Chemical Taxonomy |
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| Classification | Not classified |
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| Ontology |
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| Physiological effect | Health effect: |
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| Disposition | Route of exposure: Source: Biological location: |
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| Role | Biological role: Industrial application: |
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| Physical Properties |
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| State | Solid |
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| Experimental Properties | | Property | Value | Reference |
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| Melting Point | 320 °C | Not Available | | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | | Water Solubility | 3.82 mg/mL | YALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992) | | LogP | -0.62 | HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995) |
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| Predicted Properties | Not Available |
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| Spectra |
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| | Spectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | View |
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| GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (2 TMS) | splash10-0bt9-0960000000-50722d1f64f22b69e207 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0bta-0940000000-ff59d40c1a93e04954ab | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (2 TMS) | splash10-05fr-7940000000-a0ebb190eba32aceac56 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (2 TMS) | splash10-0ab9-1980000000-5b95ad97f31d8176a0c6 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-004i-9500000000-74b6d7909610070d30d0 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0bt9-0960000000-50722d1f64f22b69e207 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0bta-0940000000-ff59d40c1a93e04954ab | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-05fr-7940000000-a0ebb190eba32aceac56 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0ab9-1980000000-5b95ad97f31d8176a0c6 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0bta-0930000000-a2d3bc738d3f9e60aeb7 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-004i-9500000000-33bb743c9a1a77fe4e47 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated) | splash10-004i-0900000000-a3779faac812139c6333 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated) | splash10-004i-0900000000-a3779faac812139c6333 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated) | splash10-0udi-9200000000-0e7d9466530de47896d9 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - EI-B (HITACHI M-80) , Positive | splash10-004i-9400000000-7ff00d5a94e12e6e1701 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Negative | splash10-004i-9100000000-1e96fdb2525aace8b29d | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Negative | splash10-0a6r-9000000000-34edf89b8a99493ed897 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Negative | splash10-0a4i-9000000000-7d381bc0d559ed8150e9 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Negative | splash10-0a4i-9000000000-90f8edce6ae2b6f83347 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Negative | splash10-0a4l-9000000000-445d07aed275008cfe2d | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Positive | splash10-056r-8900000000-96370e30b48d3270abaa | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Positive | splash10-0bwc-9600000000-b988fb9252c409b19c33 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Positive | splash10-01q9-9100000000-8c82d68e9ec8594b1fff | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Positive | splash10-001i-9000000000-f69c5d963b845f8b3cfb | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Positive | splash10-0a4i-0900000000-3a9af2cf67d3f113fa7f | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Positive | splash10-004i-0900000000-97549ff58b84351d860c | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) 30V, Positive | splash10-01q9-7900000000-5804e303580e1273f1a2 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Negative | splash10-004i-0900000000-deb5e6830bc01a0c870e | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative | splash10-004i-9100000000-1e96fdb2525aace8b29d | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative | splash10-0a6r-9000000000-34edf89b8a99493ed897 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive | splash10-004i-1900000000-7f378c898bdb1944116e | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive | splash10-057i-9400000000-df8e4d4b901c8d1334fc | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive | splash10-0zfr-9000000000-629132689aa512d344b2 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative | splash10-004i-2900000000-878180774da717dee4ae | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative | splash10-005c-9400000000-2bf425b661913858b12a | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative | splash10-0006-9000000000-87ca2758dbf67661c671 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | | MS | Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization) | splash10-056r-9400000000-5dd0bc0194a302d8ee95 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum | Not Available | JSpectraViewer | | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | JSpectraViewer | | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | JSpectraViewer | | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum | Not Available | JSpectraViewer | | 2D NMR | [1H,13C] 2D NMR Spectrum | Not Available | JSpectraViewer |
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| Biological Properties |
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| Cellular Locations | |
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| Biospecimen Locations | - Blood
- Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
- Feces
- Saliva
- Urine
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| Tissue Locations | - Fibroblasts
- Prostate
- Skin
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| Pathways | |
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| Normal Concentrations |
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| Blood | Expected but not Quantified | | Not Available | Not Available | Normal | | details | | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | <5.0 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 0.0 - 0.1 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | | Not Specified | Not Specified | Normal | | details | | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 5.91 +/- 11.2 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 1.81 +/- 2.51 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 8.82 +/- 13.15 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 2.89 +/- 4.53 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 3.51 +/- 3.10 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 0.655 +/- 1.44 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.10 (0.045-0.16) umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.16 (0.065-0.26) umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0-9 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.202 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.791 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details |
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| Abnormal Concentrations |
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| Blood | Detected and Quantified | 1390.0 +/- 150.0 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Solid tumors | | details | | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 0.04 - 0.2 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Beta-ureidopropionase deficiency | | details | | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal cancer | | details | | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal Cancer | | details | | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal cancer | | details | | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Periodontal Probing Depth | | details | | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 2.61 +/- 2.39 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) | | details | | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 343.024 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) deficiency | | details | | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 468.0684 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Male | Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) deficiency | | details |
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| Associated Disorders and Diseases |
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| Disease References | | Thymidine treatment |
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- Leyva A, Schornagel JH, Kraal I, Wadman SK, Pinedo HM: Clinical and biochemical studies of high-dose thymidine treatment in patients with solid tumors. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1984;107(3):211-6. [PubMed:6736109 ]
| | Beta-ureidopropionase deficiency |
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- van Kuilenburg AB, Meinsma R, Beke E, Assmann B, Ribes A, Lorente I, Busch R, Mayatepek E, Abeling NG, van Cruchten A, Stroomer AE, van Lenthe H, Zoetekouw L, Kulik W, Hoffmann GF, Voit T, Wevers RA, Rutsch F, van Gennip AH: beta-Ureidopropionase deficiency: an inborn error of pyrimidine degradation associated with neurological abnormalities. Hum Mol Genet. 2004 Nov 15;13(22):2793-801. Epub 2004 Sep 22. [PubMed:15385443 ]
| | Colorectal cancer |
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- Brown DG, Rao S, Weir TL, O'Malia J, Bazan M, Brown RJ, Ryan EP: Metabolomics and metabolic pathway networks from human colorectal cancers, adjacent mucosa, and stool. Cancer Metab. 2016 Jun 6;4:11. doi: 10.1186/s40170-016-0151-y. eCollection 2016. [PubMed:27275383 ]
- Sinha R, Ahn J, Sampson JN, Shi J, Yu G, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Goedert JJ: Fecal Microbiota, Fecal Metabolome, and Colorectal Cancer Interrelations. PLoS One. 2016 Mar 25;11(3):e0152126. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152126. eCollection 2016. [PubMed:27015276 ]
- Goedert JJ, Sampson JN, Moore SC, Xiao Q, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Ahn J, Shi J, Sinha R: Fecal metabolomics: assay performance and association with colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2014 Sep;35(9):2089-96. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgu131. Epub 2014 Jul 18. [PubMed:25037050 ]
| | Temporomandibular joint disorder |
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- (). Sugimoto et al. (2013) Physiological and environmental parameters associated with mass spectrometry-based salivary metabolomic profiles. . .
| | Periodontal Probing Depth |
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- Liebsch C, Pitchika V, Pink C, Samietz S, Kastenmuller G, Artati A, Suhre K, Adamski J, Nauck M, Volzke H, Friedrich N, Kocher T, Holtfreter B, Pietzner M: The Saliva Metabolome in Association to Oral Health Status. J Dent Res. 2019 Jun;98(6):642-651. doi: 10.1177/0022034519842853. Epub 2019 Apr 26. [PubMed:31026179 ]
| | Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency |
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- Brockstedt M, Jakobs C, Smit LM, van Gennip AH, Berger R: A new case of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1990;13(1):121-4. [PubMed:2109146 ]
- G.Frauendienst-Egger, Friedrich K. Trefz (2017). MetaGene: Metabolic & Genetic Information Center (MIC: http://www.metagene.de). METAGENE consortium.
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| Associated OMIM IDs | - 613161 (Beta-ureidopropionase deficiency)
- 114500 (Colorectal cancer)
- 274270 (Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency)
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| External Links |
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| External Links | Not Available |
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| References |
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| Synthesis Reference | Zhang, Shi-Ying; Wu, Da-Jun; Zhang, Yan-Ping. Synthesis of thymine. Zhongguo Yiyao Gongye Zazhi (1999), 30(7), 325. |
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| Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) | Download (PDF) |
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| General References | - Goukassian D, Gad F, Yaar M, Eller MS, Nehal US, Gilchrest BA: Mechanisms and implications of the age-associated decrease in DNA repair capacity. FASEB J. 2000 Jul;14(10):1325-34. [PubMed:10877825 ]
- Wassberg C, Backvall H, Diffey B, Ponten F, Berne B: Enhanced epidermal ultraviolet responses in chronically sun-exposed skin are dependent on previous sun exposure. Acta Derm Venereol. 2003;83(4):254-61. [PubMed:12926795 ]
- Schilsky RL, O'Laughlin K, Ratain MJ: Phase I clinical and pharmacological study of thymidine (NSC 21548) and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) in patients with advanced cancer. Cancer Res. 1986 Aug;46(8):4184-8. [PubMed:3731086 ]
- Maskell R, Okubadejo OA, Payne RH, Pead L: Human infections with thymine-requiring bacteria. J Med Microbiol. 1978 Feb;11(1):33-45. [PubMed:621731 ]
- Hofmann U, Schwab M, Seefried S, Marx C, Zanger UM, Eichelbaum M, Murdter TE: Sensitive method for the quantification of urinary pyrimidine metabolites in healthy adults by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2003 Jul 5;791(1-2):371-80. [PubMed:12798197 ]
- Ling G, Chadwick CA, Berne B, Potten CS, Ponten J, Ponten F: Epidermal p53 response and repair of thymine dimers in human skin after a single dose of ultraviolet radiation: effects of photoprotection. Acta Derm Venereol. 2001 May;81(2):81-6. [PubMed:11501666 ]
- Young AR, Sheehan JM, Chadwick CA, Potten CS: Protection by ultraviolet A and B sunscreens against in situ dipyrimidine photolesions in human epidermis is comparable to protection against sunburn. J Invest Dermatol. 2000 Jul;115(1):37-41. [PubMed:10886505 ]
- Maskell R, Okubadejo OA, Payne RH: Thymine-requiring bacteria associated with co-trimoxazole therapy. Lancet. 1976 Apr 17;1(7964):834-5. [PubMed:56651 ]
- Courdavault S, Baudouin C, Sauvaigo S, Mouret S, Candeias S, Charveron M, Favier A, Cadet J, Douki T: Unrepaired cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers do not prevent proliferation of UV-B-irradiated cultured human fibroblasts. Photochem Photobiol. 2004 Feb;79(2):145-51. [PubMed:15068027 ]
- Alsarra IA, Alarifi MN: Validated liquid chromatographic determination of 5-fluorouracil in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2004 May 25;804(2):435-9. [PubMed:15081940 ]
- van Lenthe H, van Kuilenburg AB, Ito T, Bootsma AH, van Cruchten A, Wada Y, van Gennip AH: Defects in pyrimidine degradation identified by HPLC-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry of urine specimens or urine-soaked filter paper strips. Clin Chem. 2000 Dec;46(12):1916-22. [PubMed:11106323 ]
- Castro-Gago M, Camina F, Lojo S, Rodriguez-Segade S, Rodriguez-Nunez A: Concentrations of purine nucleotides and purine and pyrimidine bases in cerebrospinal fluid of neurologically healthy children. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem. 1992 Nov;30(11):761-5. [PubMed:1489848 ]
- Placzek M, Gaube S, Kerkmann U, Gilbertz KP, Herzinger T, Haen E, Przybilla B: Ultraviolet B-induced DNA damage in human epidermis is modified by the antioxidants ascorbic acid and D-alpha-tocopherol. J Invest Dermatol. 2005 Feb;124(2):304-7. [PubMed:15675947 ]
- Eells JT, Spector R: Purine and pyrimidine base and nucleoside concentrations in human cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. Neurochem Res. 1983 Nov;8(11):1451-7. [PubMed:6656991 ]
- Thienpont LM, Van Landuyt KG, Stockl D, Saeyens W, De Keukeleire D, De Leenheer AP: Evaluation of 2-iminoimidazolidin-4-one and thymine as respective internal standards for normal-phase and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of creatinine in human serum. J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl. 1995 Mar 10;665(1):63-9. [PubMed:7795802 ]
- Allgayer H, Kolb M, Stuber V, Kruis W: Effects of bile acids on base hydroxylation in a model of human colonic mucosal DNA. Cancer Detect Prev. 2002;26(1):85-9. [PubMed:12088208 ]
- Rodriguez Ortner E, Hayes RB, Weissfeld J, Gelmann EP: Effect of homeodomain protein NKX3.1 R52C polymorphism on prostate gland size. Urology. 2006 Feb;67(2):311-5. Epub 2006 Jan 25. [PubMed:16442598 ]
- Antille C, Tran C, Sorg O, Carraux P, Didierjean L, Saurat JH: Vitamin A exerts a photoprotective action in skin by absorbing ultraviolet B radiation. J Invest Dermatol. 2003 Nov;121(5):1163-7. [PubMed:14708621 ]
- Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07762. [PubMed:19212411 ]
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