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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected and Quantified
Creation Date2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
Update Date2021-09-14 15:20:02 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0000609
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB00609
Metabolite Identification
Common NameDL-Dopa
DescriptionDL-DOPA, also known as (+-)-DOPA or (R,S)-DOPA or DL-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine is an alpha amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). DL-DOPA also belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tyrosines and derivatives. Tyrosines and derivatives are compounds containing tyrosine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. DL-DOPA is a racemic mixture of both D-DOPA and L-DOPA. D-DOPA is similar to L-DOPA (levodopa), but with opposite chirality. Levo- and dextro- rotation refer to a molecule's ability to rotate planes of polarized light in one or the other direction. Whereas L-DOPA is moderately effective in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) by stimulating the production of dopamine in the brain, D-DOPA was at one time thought to be biologically inactive. However, it has recently been found that D-DOPA can be converted to L-DOPA and then to dopamine via the human enzyme known as D-amino acid oxidase and that racemic mixtures of DL-DOPA can be effective in treating Parkinsonism (PMID: 17924443 ; PMID: 3129126 ; PMID: 17042912 ). The biological production or biosynthesis of D-DOPA is thought to occur through bacterial conversion of tyrosine. L-DOPA is found naturally in both animals and plants. It is made via biosynthesis from the amino acid L-tyrosine by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. L-DOPA is the precursor to the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline), which are collectively known as catecholamines.
Structure
Data?1582752143
Synonyms
ValueSource
(+-)-3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)alanineChEBI
(+-)-DopaChEBI
(R,S)-DopaChEBI
3',4'-DihydroxyphenylalanineChEBI
3-Hydroxy-DL-tyrosineChEBI
3-HydroxytyrosineChEBI
beta-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-DL-alpha-alanineChEBI
DL-3,4-DopaChEBI
DL-beta-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-alpha-alanineChEBI
DL-beta-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)alanineChEBI
DL-DihydroxyphenylalanineChEBI
DL-DioxyphenylalanineChEBI
b-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-DL-a-alanineGenerator
Β-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-DL-α-alanineGenerator
DL-b-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-a-alanineGenerator
DL-Β-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-α-alanineGenerator
DL-b-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)alanineGenerator
DL-Β-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)alanineGenerator
(+/-) 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)alanineHMDB
2-amino-3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoateHMDB
2-amino-3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acidHMDB
3,4-Dihydroxy-DL-phenylalanineHMDB
3,4-DihydroxyphenylalanineHMDB, MeSH
3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-DL-alanineHMDB
a-amino-3,4-Dihydroxy-benzenepropanoateHMDB
a-amino-3,4-Dihydroxy-benzenepropanoic acidHMDB
alpha-amino-3,4-Dihydroxy-benzenepropanoateHMDB
alpha-amino-3,4-Dihydroxy-benzenepropanoic acidHMDB
alpha-amino-Hydrocaffeic acidHMDB
b-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-a-alanineHMDB
beta-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-alpha-alanineHMDB
DL-3',4'-DihydroxyphenylalanineHMDB
DL-3,4-DihydroxyphenylalanineHMDB
DL-3-HydroxytyrosineHMDB
DL-4,5-DihydroxyphenylalanineHMDB
DopaMeSH, HMDB
3 Hydroxy DL tyrosineMeSH, HMDB
3,4 DihydroxyphenylalanineMeSH, HMDB
beta-HydroxytyrosineMeSH, HMDB
Dihydroxyphenylalanine hydrochloride, (2:1)MeSH, HMDB
beta HydroxytyrosineMeSH, HMDB
DihydroxyphenylalanineMeSH, HMDB
Chemical FormulaC9H11NO4
Average Molecular Weight197.1879
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight197.068807845
IUPAC Name2-amino-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid
Traditional Name3',4'-dihydroxyphenylalanine
CAS Registry Number63-84-3
SMILES
NC(CC1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1)C(O)=O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C9H11NO4/c10-6(9(13)14)3-5-1-2-7(11)8(12)4-5/h1-2,4,6,11-12H,3,10H2,(H,13,14)
InChI KeyWTDRDQBEARUVNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tyrosine and derivatives. Tyrosine and derivatives are compounds containing tyrosine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic acids and derivatives
ClassCarboxylic acids and derivatives
Sub ClassAmino acids, peptides, and analogues
Direct ParentTyrosine and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Tyrosine or derivatives
  • Phenylalanine or derivatives
  • 3-phenylpropanoic-acid
  • Amphetamine or derivatives
  • Alpha-amino acid
  • Catechol
  • 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid
  • 1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoid
  • Phenol
  • Aralkylamine
  • Monocyclic benzene moiety
  • Benzenoid
  • Amino acid
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Primary aliphatic amine
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Organic oxide
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Amine
  • Primary amine
  • Aromatic homomonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic homomonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
ProcessNot Available
RoleNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point270 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water Solubility3.6 mg/mLNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Experimental Chromatographic Properties

Experimental Collision Cross Sections

Adduct TypeData SourceCCS Value (Å2)Reference
[M-H]-Not Available144.271http://allccs.zhulab.cn/database/detail?ID=AllCCS00001783
[M+H]+Not Available154.292http://allccs.zhulab.cn/database/detail?ID=AllCCS00001783
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility3.3 g/LALOGPS
logP-2.3ALOGPS
logP-1.8ChemAxon
logS-1.8ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)1.65ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)9.06ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count5ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count4ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area103.78 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count3ChemAxon
Refractivity49.08 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability19.08 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings1ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DarkChem[M+H]+144.09331661259
DarkChem[M-H]-139.54131661259
AllCCS[M+H]+144.0332859911
AllCCS[M-H]-141.18532859911
DeepCCS[M+H]+137.84930932474
DeepCCS[M-H]-134.69830932474
DeepCCS[M-2H]-171.43530932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+146.97430932474
AllCCS[M+H]+144.032859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+140.032859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+147.832859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+148.932859911
AllCCS[M-H]-141.232859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-141.832859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-142.632859911

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
DL-DopaNC(CC1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1)C(O)=O3394.8Standard polar33892256
DL-DopaNC(CC1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1)C(O)=O2115.6Standard non polar33892256
DL-DopaNC(CC1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1)C(O)=O2057.7Semi standard non polar33892256

Derivatized

Derivative Name / StructureSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
DL-Dopa,1TMS,isomer #1C[Si](C)(C)OC1=CC=C(CC(N)C(=O)O)C=C1O2073.4Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,1TMS,isomer #2C[Si](C)(C)OC1=CC(CC(N)C(=O)O)=CC=C1O2064.1Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,1TMS,isomer #3C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(N)CC1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C12099.7Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,1TMS,isomer #4C[Si](C)(C)NC(CC1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1)C(=O)O2156.1Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,2TMS,isomer #1C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(N)CC1=CC=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(O)=C12033.1Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,2TMS,isomer #2C[Si](C)(C)OC1=CC=C(CC(N)C(=O)O)C=C1O[Si](C)(C)C2057.1Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,2TMS,isomer #3C[Si](C)(C)NC(CC1=CC=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(O)=C1)C(=O)O2104.3Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,2TMS,isomer #4C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(N)CC1=CC=C(O)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)=C12014.2Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,2TMS,isomer #5C[Si](C)(C)NC(CC1=CC=C(O)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)=C1)C(=O)O2085.6Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,2TMS,isomer #6C[Si](C)(C)NC(CC1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C2106.2Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,2TMS,isomer #7C[Si](C)(C)N(C(CC1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C2292.2Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,3TMS,isomer #1C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(N)CC1=CC=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)=C12066.7Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,3TMS,isomer #2C[Si](C)(C)NC(CC1=CC=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(O)=C1)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C2060.4Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,3TMS,isomer #3C[Si](C)(C)NC(CC1=CC=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)=C1)C(=O)O2105.9Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,3TMS,isomer #4C[Si](C)(C)OC1=CC=C(CC(C(=O)O)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)C=C1O2258.7Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,3TMS,isomer #5C[Si](C)(C)NC(CC1=CC=C(O)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)=C1)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C2025.1Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,3TMS,isomer #6C[Si](C)(C)OC1=CC(CC(C(=O)O)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)=CC=C1O2232.7Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,3TMS,isomer #7C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(CC1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C2245.6Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,4TMS,isomer #1C[Si](C)(C)NC(CC1=CC=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)=C1)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C2117.4Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,4TMS,isomer #1C[Si](C)(C)NC(CC1=CC=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)=C1)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C2123.9Standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,4TMS,isomer #1C[Si](C)(C)NC(CC1=CC=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)=C1)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C2192.0Standard polar33892256
DL-Dopa,4TMS,isomer #2C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(CC1=CC=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(O)=C1)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C2265.6Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,4TMS,isomer #2C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(CC1=CC=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(O)=C1)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C2251.8Standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,4TMS,isomer #2C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(CC1=CC=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(O)=C1)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C2314.3Standard polar33892256
DL-Dopa,4TMS,isomer #3C[Si](C)(C)OC1=CC=C(CC(C(=O)O)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)C=C1O[Si](C)(C)C2285.9Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,4TMS,isomer #3C[Si](C)(C)OC1=CC=C(CC(C(=O)O)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)C=C1O[Si](C)(C)C2199.6Standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,4TMS,isomer #3C[Si](C)(C)OC1=CC=C(CC(C(=O)O)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)C=C1O[Si](C)(C)C2351.5Standard polar33892256
DL-Dopa,4TMS,isomer #4C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(CC1=CC=C(O)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)=C1)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C2239.1Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,4TMS,isomer #4C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(CC1=CC=C(O)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)=C1)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C2275.2Standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,4TMS,isomer #4C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(CC1=CC=C(O)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)=C1)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C2344.4Standard polar33892256
DL-Dopa,5TMS,isomer #1C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(CC1=CC=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)=C1)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C2358.2Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,5TMS,isomer #1C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(CC1=CC=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)=C1)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C2238.3Standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,5TMS,isomer #1C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(CC1=CC=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)=C1)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C2182.2Standard polar33892256
DL-Dopa,1TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC1=CC=C(CC(N)C(=O)O)C=C1O2330.6Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,1TBDMS,isomer #2CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC1=CC(CC(N)C(=O)O)=CC=C1O2321.4Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,1TBDMS,isomer #3CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(N)CC1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C12344.0Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,1TBDMS,isomer #4CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NC(CC1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1)C(=O)O2421.1Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,2TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(N)CC1=CC=C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O)=C12558.4Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,2TBDMS,isomer #2CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC1=CC=C(CC(N)C(=O)O)C=C1O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2553.8Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,2TBDMS,isomer #3CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NC(CC1=CC=C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O)=C1)C(=O)O2635.7Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,2TBDMS,isomer #4CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(N)CC1=CC=C(O)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=C12513.0Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,2TBDMS,isomer #5CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NC(CC1=CC=C(O)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=C1)C(=O)O2589.4Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,2TBDMS,isomer #6CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NC(CC1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2593.3Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,2TBDMS,isomer #7CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N(C(CC1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2717.3Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,3TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(N)CC1=CC=C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=C12769.9Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,3TBDMS,isomer #2CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NC(CC1=CC=C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O)=C1)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2806.4Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,3TBDMS,isomer #3CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NC(CC1=CC=C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=C1)C(=O)O2841.0Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,3TBDMS,isomer #4CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC1=CC=C(CC(C(=O)O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C=C1O2984.3Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,3TBDMS,isomer #5CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NC(CC1=CC=C(O)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=C1)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2754.1Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,3TBDMS,isomer #6CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC1=CC(CC(C(=O)O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=CC=C1O2938.9Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,3TBDMS,isomer #7CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(CC1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2901.9Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,4TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NC(CC1=CC=C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=C1)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C3015.2Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,4TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NC(CC1=CC=C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=C1)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2890.0Standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,4TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NC(CC1=CC=C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=C1)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2665.4Standard polar33892256
DL-Dopa,4TBDMS,isomer #2CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(CC1=CC=C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O)=C1)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C3175.0Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,4TBDMS,isomer #2CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(CC1=CC=C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O)=C1)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C3010.5Standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,4TBDMS,isomer #2CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(CC1=CC=C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O)=C1)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2690.4Standard polar33892256
DL-Dopa,4TBDMS,isomer #3CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC1=CC=C(CC(C(=O)O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C=C1O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C3195.0Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,4TBDMS,isomer #3CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC1=CC=C(CC(C(=O)O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C=C1O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2939.8Standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,4TBDMS,isomer #3CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC1=CC=C(CC(C(=O)O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C=C1O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2714.9Standard polar33892256
DL-Dopa,4TBDMS,isomer #4CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(CC1=CC=C(O)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=C1)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C3124.8Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,4TBDMS,isomer #4CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(CC1=CC=C(O)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=C1)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C3037.7Standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,4TBDMS,isomer #4CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(CC1=CC=C(O)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=C1)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2718.5Standard polar33892256
DL-Dopa,5TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(CC1=CC=C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=C1)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C3410.7Semi standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,5TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(CC1=CC=C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=C1)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C3123.9Standard non polar33892256
DL-Dopa,5TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(CC1=CC=C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=C1)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2695.5Standard polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-00di-3900000000-e27bccc5fb602b6f10982017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa GC-MS (3 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0002-2391000000-1855886013a2095957cc2017-10-06Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa GC-MS (TMS_1_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa GC-MS (TMS_1_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa GC-MS (TMS_1_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa GC-MS (TMS_1_4) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa GC-MS (TMS_2_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa GC-MS (TMS_2_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa GC-MS (TMS_2_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa GC-MS (TMS_2_4) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa GC-MS (TMS_2_5) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa GC-MS (TMS_2_6) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa GC-MS (TMS_2_7) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa GC-MS (TMS_3_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa GC-MS (TMS_3_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa GC-MS (TMS_3_4) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa GC-MS (TMS_3_5) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa GC-MS (TMS_3_6) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa GC-MS (TMS_3_7) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa GC-MS (TBDMS_1_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa GC-MS (TBDMS_1_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa GC-MS (TBDMS_1_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa GC-MS (TBDMS_1_4) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
MSMass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)splash10-00di-4900000000-51469f201a754d9d871d2014-09-20Not AvailableView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated)splash10-0ue9-0900000000-9a2dc91dda37ccd6d7642012-07-24HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated)splash10-0a59-3900000000-51fb8377ac819b0b31002012-07-24HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated)splash10-00or-9200000000-467c6d2d6b1c5185bac82012-07-24HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa LC-ESI-QTOF , negative-QTOFsplash10-000b-0900000000-0805d147ed6a4a5615f52017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa LC-ESI-QTOF , negative-QTOFsplash10-000i-0900000000-0535cbfb1f2866998bd82017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa LC-ESI-QTOF , negative-QTOFsplash10-0a59-0900000000-02a7e481355ecaedcf9f2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa , negative-QTOFsplash10-000i-0900000000-664479c3e56237ecf94c2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa LC-ESI-QTOF , positive-QTOFsplash10-0udr-0900000000-431d201400cf2fb08fad2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa LC-ESI-QTOF , positive-QTOFsplash10-052r-0900000000-9177ea4b8f53bd44dc932017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa LC-ESI-QTOF , positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-0900000000-bf5afb57c3944eb31c732017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa , positive-QTOFsplash10-0udr-0900000000-791d6239bfe8cf2cb1892017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0a59-0900000000-02a7e481355ecaedcf9f2021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-000i-0900000000-9de24eed142a3f0928f12021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-000b-0900000000-412eb3979672d859993d2021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-052r-0900000000-2a1dc85195d73c3a878b2021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0udr-0900000000-02b57b8211288da981412021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-0900000000-0f14fd981694b50996ae2021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0uea-0900000000-7cd68d059960262e024c2015-04-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0udi-0900000000-31563ea2d36808cf260c2015-04-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-00di-8900000000-07fa521201594d25db7d2015-04-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0002-0900000000-079ea72e0cb84251b6c52015-04-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0092-1900000000-6bcbd38a361ba2abf5bd2015-04-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-00di-9800000000-6e59379b40a21e5e2a332015-04-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0udi-0900000000-65da392a07028d302f212021-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - DL-Dopa 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0k9i-0900000000-ec3a1ce52a52091b7d942021-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum

NMR Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-16Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-16Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-16Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-16Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-16Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-16Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-16Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-16Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-16Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-16Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-16Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-16Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-16Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-16Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-16Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-16Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-16Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-16Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-16Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-16Wishart LabView Spectrum
Experimental 2D NMR[1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental)2012-12-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm (predicted from logP)
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected and Quantified14.0 +/- 2.5 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothProgressive dementia details
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease References
Alzheimer's disease
  1. Fonteh AN, Harrington RJ, Tsai A, Liao P, Harrington MG: Free amino acid and dipeptide changes in the body fluids from Alzheimer's disease subjects. Amino Acids. 2007 Feb;32(2):213-24. Epub 2006 Oct 10. [PubMed:17031479 ]
Associated OMIM IDs
DrugBank IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB022140
KNApSAcK IDC00018152
Chemspider ID813
KEGG Compound IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkDihydroxyphenylalanine
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem CompoundNot Available
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID49168
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Download (PDF)
General References
  1. Goldstein DS, Eisenhofer G, Kopin IJ: Sources and significance of plasma levels of catechols and their metabolites in humans. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003 Jun;305(3):800-11. Epub 2003 Mar 20. [PubMed:12649306 ]
  2. Ichise M, Kim YJ, Ballinger JR, Vines D, Erami SS, Tanaka F, Lang AE: SPECT imaging of pre- and postsynaptic dopaminergic alterations in L-dopa-untreated PD. Neurology. 1999 Apr 12;52(6):1206-14. [PubMed:10214745 ]
  3. Kesten SR, Heffner TG, Johnson SJ, Pugsley TA, Wright JL, Wise LD: Design, synthesis, and evaluation of chromen-2-ones as potent and selective human dopamine D4 antagonists. J Med Chem. 1999 Sep 9;42(18):3718-25. [PubMed:10479303 ]
  4. Furukawa Y, Nygaard TG, Gutlich M, Rajput AH, Pifl C, DiStefano L, Chang LJ, Price K, Shimadzu M, Hornykiewicz O, Haycock JW, Kish SJ: Striatal biopterin and tyrosine hydroxylase protein reduction in dopa-responsive dystonia. Neurology. 1999 Sep 22;53(5):1032-41. [PubMed:10496263 ]
  5. Preising M, Op de Laak JP, Lorenz B: Deletion in the OA1 gene in a family with congenital X linked nystagmus. Br J Ophthalmol. 2001 Sep;85(9):1098-103. [PubMed:11520764 ]
  6. Yoshida M, Hirotsu S, Nakahara M, Uchiwa H, Tomita Y: Histamine is involved in ultraviolet B-induced pigmentation of guinea pig skin. J Invest Dermatol. 2002 Feb;118(2):255-60. [PubMed:11841541 ]
  7. Ito K, Nagano-Saito A, Kato T, Arahata Y, Nakamura A, Kawasumi Y, Hatano K, Abe Y, Yamada T, Kachi T, Brooks DJ: Striatal and extrastriatal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease with dementia: a 6-[18F]fluoro-L-dopa PET study. Brain. 2002 Jun;125(Pt 6):1358-65. [PubMed:12023324 ]
  8. Bohme TM, Augelli-Szafran CE, Hallak H, Pugsley T, Serpa K, Schwarz RD: Synthesis and pharmacology of benzoxazines as highly selective antagonists at M(4) muscarinic receptors. J Med Chem. 2002 Jul 4;45(14):3094-102. [PubMed:12086495 ]
  9. Misu Y, Kitahama K, Goshima Y: L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine as a neurotransmitter candidate in the central nervous system. Pharmacol Ther. 2003 Feb;97(2):117-37. [PubMed:12559386 ]
  10. Moore RY, Whone AL, McGowan S, Brooks DJ: Monoamine neuron innervation of the normal human brain: an 18F-DOPA PET study. Brain Res. 2003 Aug 29;982(2):137-45. [PubMed:12915249 ]
  11. Scherfler C, Khan NL, Pavese N, Eunson L, Graham E, Lees AJ, Quinn NP, Wood NW, Brooks DJ, Piccini PP: Striatal and cortical pre- and postsynaptic dopaminergic dysfunction in sporadic parkin-linked parkinsonism. Brain. 2004 Jun;127(Pt 6):1332-42. Epub 2004 Apr 16. [PubMed:15090472 ]
  12. Moore RT, Chae KA, Rhodes AR: Laugier and Hunziker pigmentation: a lentiginous proliferation of melanocytes. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004 May;50(5 Suppl):S70-4. [PubMed:15097932 ]
  13. Sun M, Kong L, Wang X, Holmes C, Gao Q, Zhang GR, Pfeilschifter J, Goldstein DS, Geller AI: Coexpression of tyrosine hydroxylase, GTP cyclohydrolase I, aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 from a helper virus-free herpes simplex virus type 1 vector supports high-level, long-term biochemical and behavioral correction of a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Hum Gene Ther. 2004 Dec;15(12):1177-96. [PubMed:15684695 ]
  14. Pahwa R, Lyons KE, Hauser RA: Ropinirole therapy for Parkinson's disease. Expert Rev Neurother. 2004 Jul;4(4):581-8. [PubMed:15853577 ]
  15. Mann R, Bhathal PS, Bell C: Sympathetic innervation of the liver in man and dog: an immunohistochemical study. Clin Auton Res. 1991 Jun;1(2):141-5. [PubMed:1688040 ]
  16. Tohgi H, Abe T, Kikuchi T, Takahashi S, Nozaki Y: The significance of 3-O-methyldopa concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid in the pathogenesis of wearing-off phenomenon in Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett. 1991 Oct 28;132(1):19-22. [PubMed:1787913 ]
  17. Shigetomi S, Buu NT, Kuchel O: Dopaminergic abnormalities in borderline essential hypertensive patients. Hypertension. 1991 Jun;17(6 Pt 2):997-1002. [PubMed:1904403 ]
  18. Gill JR Jr, Grossman E, Goldstein DS: High urinary dopa and low urinary dopamine-to-dopa ratio in salt-sensitive hypertension. Hypertension. 1991 Nov;18(5):614-21. [PubMed:1937664 ]
  19. Rosen CF, Seki Y, Farinelli W, Stern RS, Fitzpatrick TB, Pathak MA, Gange RW: A comparison of the melanocyte response to narrow band UVA and UVB exposure in vivo. J Invest Dermatol. 1987 Jun;88(6):774-9. [PubMed:3108414 ]
  20. Boomsma F, van der Hoorn FA, Schalekamp MA: Determination of aromatic-L-amino acid decarboxylase in human plasma. Clin Chim Acta. 1986 Sep 15;159(2):173-83. [PubMed:3769207 ]
  21. Muskiet FA, Fremouw-Ottevangers DC, van der Meulen J, Wolthers BG, de Vries JA: Determination of some L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and dopamine metabolites in urine by means of mass fragmentography. Clin Chem. 1978 Jan;24(1):122-7. [PubMed:73430 ]
  22. Eldrup E, Mogensen P, Jacobsen J, Pakkenberg H, Christensen NJ: CSF and plasma concentrations of free norepinephrine, dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), and epinephrine in Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurol Scand. 1995 Aug;92(2):116-21. [PubMed:7484057 ]
  23. Ikeda H, Pastuszko A, Ikegaki N, Kennett RH, Wilson DF: 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) metabolism and retinoic acid induced differentiation in human neuroblastoma. Neurochem Res. 1994 Dec;19(12):1487-94. [PubMed:7877718 ]
  24. Cumming P, Gjedde A: Compartmental analysis of dopa decarboxylation in living brain from dynamic positron emission tomograms. Synapse. 1998 May;29(1):37-61. [PubMed:9552174 ]
  25. Kishore A, Nygaard TG, de la Fuente-Fernandez R, Naini AB, Schulzer M, Mak E, Ruth TJ, Calne DB, Snow BJ, Stoessl AJ: Striatal D2 receptors in symptomatic and asymptomatic carriers of dopa-responsive dystonia measured with [11C]-raclopride and positron-emission tomography. Neurology. 1998 Apr;50(4):1028-32. [PubMed:9566390 ]
  26. Nakazawa K, Sahuc F, Damour O, Collombel C, Nakazawa H: Regulatory effects of heat on normal human melanocyte growth and melanogenesis: comparative study with UVB. J Invest Dermatol. 1998 Jun;110(6):972-7. [PubMed:9620308 ]
  27. Kawazoe T, Park HK, Iwana S, Tsuge H, Fukui K: Human D-amino acid oxidase: an update and review. Chem Rec. 2007;7(5):305-15. doi: 10.1002/tcr.20129. [PubMed:17924443 ]
  28. Karoum F, Freed WJ, Chuang LW, Cannon-Spoor E, Wyatt RJ, Costa E: D-dopa and L-dopa similarly elevate brain dopamine and produce turning behavior in rats. Brain Res. 1988 Feb 2;440(1):190-4. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(88)91176-6. [PubMed:3129126 ]
  29. Wu M, Zhou XJ, Konno R, Wang YX: D-dopa is unidirectionally converted to L-dopa by D-amino acid oxidase, followed by dopa transaminase. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2006 Nov;33(11):1042-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2006.04484.x. [PubMed:17042912 ]

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
This is a copper-containing oxidase that functions in the formation of pigments such as melanins and other polyphenolic compounds. Catalyzes the rate-limiting conversions of tyrosine to DOPA, DOPA to DOPA-quinone and possibly 5,6-dihydroxyindole to indole-5,6 quinone.
Gene Name:
TYR
Uniprot ID:
P14679
Molecular weight:
60392.69
General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Plays an important role in the physiology of adrenergic neurons.
Gene Name:
TH
Uniprot ID:
P07101
Molecular weight:
55611.26
General function:
Involved in carboxy-lyase activity
Specific function:
Catalyzes the decarboxylation of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) to dopamine, L-5-hydroxytryptophan to serotonin and L-tryptophan to tryptamine.
Gene Name:
DDC
Uniprot ID:
P20711
Molecular weight:
53893.755