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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected and Quantified
Creation Date2006-05-22 14:17:32 UTC
Update Date2023-05-30 20:55:51 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0002013
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB0062510
  • HMDB02013
  • HMDB62510
Metabolite Identification
Common NameButyrylcarnitine
DescriptionButyrylcarnitine, also known as (3R)-3-(butyryloxy)-4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate or L-carnitine butyryl ester, is classified as a member of the acylcarnitines. Acylcarnitines are organic compounds containing a fatty acid with the carboxylic acid attached to carnitine through an ester bond. Butyrylcarnitine is considered to be practically insoluble (in water) and acidic. Butyrylcarnitine is elevated in patients with short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCAD) deficiency, in infants with acute acidosis and generalized muscle weakness, and in middle-aged patients with chronic myopathy localized in muscle (OMIM: 201470 ).
Structure
Data?1660693873
Synonyms
ValueSource
(3R)-3-(Butyryloxy)-4-(trimethylammonio)butanoateChEBI
Butyryl-L-carnitineChEBI
L-Carnitine butyryl esterChEBI
N-Butyryl-L-(-)-carnitinChEBI
O-Butanoyl-(R)-carnitineChEBI
(3R)-3-(Butyryloxy)-4-(trimethylammonio)butanoic acidGenerator
ButylcarnitineHMDB
O-Butanoyl-carnitineHMDB
O-ButanoylcarnitineHMDB
ButyrylcarnitineChEBI
Chemical FormulaC11H21NO4
Average Molecular Weight231.292
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight231.14705816
IUPAC Name(3R)-3-(butanoyloxy)-4-(trimethylazaniumyl)butanoate
Traditional NameO-butanoylcarnitine
CAS Registry Number25576-40-3
SMILES
CCCC(=O)O[C@H](CC([O-])=O)C[N+](C)(C)C
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C11H21NO4/c1-5-6-11(15)16-9(7-10(13)14)8-12(2,3)4/h9H,5-8H2,1-4H3/t9-/m1/s1
InChI KeyQWYFHHGCZUCMBN-SECBINFHSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as acyl carnitines. These are organic compounds containing a fatty acid with the carboxylic acid attached to carnitine through an ester bond.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassLipids and lipid-like molecules
ClassFatty Acyls
Sub ClassFatty acid esters
Direct ParentAcyl carnitines
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Acyl-carnitine
  • Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Tetraalkylammonium salt
  • Quaternary ammonium salt
  • Carboxylic acid ester
  • Carboxylic acid salt
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Organic salt
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic oxide
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Amine
  • Aliphatic acyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
Biological locationRoute of exposureSource
Process
Role
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting PointNot AvailableNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water SolubilityNot AvailableNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.052 g/LALOGPS
logP-2.1ALOGPS
logP-3.3ChemAxon
logS-3.7ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)4.27ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-7.1ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count3ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count0ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area66.43 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count8ChemAxon
Refractivity81.86 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability24.8 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DeepCCS[M+H]+150.99130932474
DeepCCS[M-H]-148.63330932474
DeepCCS[M-2H]-181.51730932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+157.08530932474
AllCCS[M+H]+156.032859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+152.832859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+158.932859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+159.832859911
AllCCS[M-H]-160.932859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-162.032859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-163.232859911

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
ButyrylcarnitineCCCC(=O)O[C@H](CC([O-])=O)C[N+](C)(C)C1992.9Standard polar33892256
ButyrylcarnitineCCCC(=O)O[C@H](CC([O-])=O)C[N+](C)(C)C1271.3Standard non polar33892256
ButyrylcarnitineCCCC(=O)O[C@H](CC([O-])=O)C[N+](C)(C)C1507.0Semi standard non polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Butyrylcarnitine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Butyrylcarnitine 30V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-000i-9000000000-a5dda83cb139267daf892021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Butyrylcarnitine 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-001r-8390000000-ceb4241ebded9660319e2021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Butyrylcarnitine 0V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-001i-0090000000-5c14cfc2ec68c45a3c6d2021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Butyrylcarnitine 0V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-001i-0090000000-ffb54886a9c9e0dd59c02021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Butyrylcarnitine 30V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-000i-9000000000-45000c412d54fe8720242021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Butyrylcarnitine 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-001r-6290000000-a53c2ce500986fed88fd2021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Butyrylcarnitine 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-001i-0090000000-cf95ec9e05e8b6c1a98f2021-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Butyrylcarnitine 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0019-9050000000-ebf3a8e1eb1d0ceaaeba2021-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Butyrylcarnitine 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-000i-9000000000-e9262cbaff8cb4ad0ba62021-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum

NMR Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Extracellular
  • Membrane
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
  • Feces
  • Saliva
  • Urine
Tissue Locations
  • Fibroblasts
  • Placenta
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected and Quantified0.26 +/- 0.16 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.10-0.45 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.267 +/- 0.013 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.10-0.45 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.13 (0.11-0.16) uMNewborn (0-30 days old)Not Available
Normal
details
BloodDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.39 (0.31-0.55) uMInfant (0-1 year old)Not Available
Normal
details
BloodDetected and Quantified<0.12 uMAdolescent (13-18 years old)MaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.26(0.1) uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.21 +/- 0.09 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.079 (0.023-0.174) uMChildren (1-13 years old)BothNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.024 +/- 0.007 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
FecesDetected and Quantified0.21 +/- 0.1 nmol/g wet fecesAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
FecesDetected and Quantified0.15 +/- 0.06 nmol/g wet fecesAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
SalivaDetected and Quantified0.073 +/- 0.044 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal
    • Zerihun T. Dame, ...
details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
UrineDetected and Quantified702.56 +/- 39.76 umol/mmol creatinineAdolescent (13-18 years old)Both
Normal
details
UrineDetected and Quantified0.76 (0.12-1.81) umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
UrineDetected and Quantified0 umol/mmol creatinineInfant (0-1 year old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified0.21 (0.10-0.37) umol/mmol creatinineNewborn (0-30 days old)Both
Normal
    • Analysis of 40 NI...
details
UrineDetected and Quantified0.05-0.33 umol/mmol creatinineNewborn (0-30 days old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified0.11 +/- 0.06 umol/mmol creatinineNewborn (0-30 days old)FemaleNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified0.13 +/- 0.07 umol/mmol creatinineNewborn (0-30 days old)MaleNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified2.3594 +/- 1.3471 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1 - 13 years old)Not Specified
Normal
    • Analysis of 30 no...
details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
Abnormal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected and Quantified0.152 +/- 0.011 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothCeliac disease details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.38 uMAdolescent (13-18 years old)MaleGlutaric aciduria II details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.33(0.18) uMAdult (>18 years old)BothHeart failure with preserved ejection fraction details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.33(0.14) uMAdult (>18 years old)BothHeart failure with reduced ejection fraction details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.1378 (0.119) uMAdult (>18 years old)FemalePregnancy with fetus having congenital heart defect details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.2169 (0.0736) uMAdult (>18 years old)FemalePregnancy details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.005 (0.0-0.009) uMAdult (>18 years old)BothVery long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (vLCAD) details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.069 +/- 0.047 uMChildren (1-13 years old)Both
Obesity
    • Metabolomics reve...
details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.078 +/- 0.035 uMChildren (1-13 years old)Both
Obesity
    • Metabolomics reve...
details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)MaleAttachment loss  details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)MaleMissing teeth details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)MalePeriodontal Probing Depth details
UrineDetected and Quantified565.44 +/- 32.46 umol/mmol creatinineAdolescent (13-18 years old)Both
Obese
details
UrineDetected and Quantified0-8.966 umol/mmol creatinineInfant (0-1 year old)Both
Short chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (SCAD)
details
UrineDetected and Quantified1.368 +/- 1.1114 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1 - 13 years old)Not Specified
Eosinophilic esophagitis
    • Analysis of 30 no...
details
UrineDetected and Quantified1.2564 +/- 1.26 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1 - 13 years old)Not Specified
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
    • Analysis of 30 no...
details
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease References
Celiac disease
  1. Bene J, Komlosi K, Gasztonyi B, Juhasz M, Tulassay Z, Melegh B: Plasma carnitine ester profile in adult celiac disease patients maintained on long-term gluten free diet. World J Gastroenterol. 2005 Nov 14;11(42):6671-5. [PubMed:16425363 ]
Very Long Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency
  1. Costa CG, Struys EA, Bootsma A, ten Brink HJ, Dorland L, Tavares de Almeida I, Duran M, Jakobs C: Quantitative analysis of plasma acylcarnitines using gas chromatography chemical ionization mass fragmentography. J Lipid Res. 1997 Jan;38(1):173-82. [PubMed:9034211 ]
Pregnancy
  1. Bahado-Singh RO, Ertl R, Mandal R, Bjorndahl TC, Syngelaki A, Han B, Dong E, Liu PB, Alpay-Savasan Z, Wishart DS, Nicolaides KH: Metabolomic prediction of fetal congenital heart defect in the first trimester. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Sep;211(3):240.e1-240.e14. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.03.056. Epub 2014 Apr 1. [PubMed:24704061 ]
Glutaric aciduria II
  1. Prasad M, Hussain S: Glutaric aciduria type II presenting as myopathy and rhabdomyolysis in a teenager. J Child Neurol. 2015 Jan;30(1):96-9. doi: 10.1177/0883073813516676. Epub 2014 Jan 21. [PubMed:24453145 ]
Attachment loss
  1. Liebsch C, Pitchika V, Pink C, Samietz S, Kastenmuller G, Artati A, Suhre K, Adamski J, Nauck M, Volzke H, Friedrich N, Kocher T, Holtfreter B, Pietzner M: The Saliva Metabolome in Association to Oral Health Status. J Dent Res. 2019 Jun;98(6):642-651. doi: 10.1177/0022034519842853. Epub 2019 Apr 26. [PubMed:31026179 ]
Missing teeth
  1. Liebsch C, Pitchika V, Pink C, Samietz S, Kastenmuller G, Artati A, Suhre K, Adamski J, Nauck M, Volzke H, Friedrich N, Kocher T, Holtfreter B, Pietzner M: The Saliva Metabolome in Association to Oral Health Status. J Dent Res. 2019 Jun;98(6):642-651. doi: 10.1177/0022034519842853. Epub 2019 Apr 26. [PubMed:31026179 ]
Periodontal Probing Depth
  1. Liebsch C, Pitchika V, Pink C, Samietz S, Kastenmuller G, Artati A, Suhre K, Adamski J, Nauck M, Volzke H, Friedrich N, Kocher T, Holtfreter B, Pietzner M: The Saliva Metabolome in Association to Oral Health Status. J Dent Res. 2019 Jun;98(6):642-651. doi: 10.1177/0022034519842853. Epub 2019 Apr 26. [PubMed:31026179 ]
Eosinophilic esophagitis
  1. Slae, M., Huynh, H., Wishart, D.S. (2014). Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work). NA.
Short Chain Acyl-Coa Dehydrogenase Deficiency
  1. Bhala A, Willi SM, Rinaldo P, Bennett MJ, Schmidt-Sommerfeld E, Hale DE: Clinical and biochemical characterization of short-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency. J Pediatr. 1995 Jun;126(6):910-5. [PubMed:7776094 ]
Obesity
  1. Cho K, Moon JS, Kang JH, Jang HB, Lee HJ, Park SI, Yu KS, Cho JY: Combined untargeted and targeted metabolomic profiling reveals urinary biomarkers for discriminating obese from normal-weight adolescents. Pediatr Obes. 2017 Apr;12(2):93-101. doi: 10.1111/ijpo.12114. Epub 2016 Feb 22. [PubMed:26910390 ]
  2. Simone Wahl, Christina Holzapfel, Zhonghao Yu, Michaela Breier, Ivan Kondofersky, Christiane Fuchs, Paula Singmann, Cornelia Prehn, Jerzy Adamski, Harald Grallert, Thomas Illig, Rui Wang-Sattler, Thomas Reinehr (2013). Metabolomics reveals determinants of weight loss during lifestyle intervention in obese children. Metabolomics.
Associated OMIM IDs
DrugBank IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB022795
KNApSAcK IDC00052220
Chemspider ID184820
KEGG Compound IDC02862
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkNot Available
METLIN ID6436
PubChem Compound213144
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID21949
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDC4CRN
MarkerDB IDMDB00000365
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceLozano Pedro; Daz Mirta; de Diego Teresa; Iborra Jose L Ester synthesis from trimethylammonium alcohols in dry organic media catalyzed by immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B. Biotechnology and bioengineering (2003), 82(3), 352-8.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References
  1. Young SP, Matern D, Gregersen N, Stevens RD, Bali D, Liu HM, Koeberl DD, Millington DS: A comparison of in vitro acylcarnitine profiling methods for the diagnosis of classical and variant short chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Clin Chim Acta. 2003 Nov;337(1-2):103-13. [PubMed:14568186 ]
  2. Golan R, Soffer Y, Katz S, Weissenberg R, Wasserzug O, Lewin LM: Carnitine and short-chain acylcarnitines in the lumen of the human male reproductive tract. Int J Androl. 1983 Aug;6(4):349-57. [PubMed:6618689 ]
  3. Bhala A, Willi SM, Rinaldo P, Bennett MJ, Schmidt-Sommerfeld E, Hale DE: Clinical and biochemical characterization of short-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency. J Pediatr. 1995 Jun;126(6):910-5. [PubMed:7776094 ]
  4. Simons K, Toomre D: Lipid rafts and signal transduction. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Oct;1(1):31-9. [PubMed:11413487 ]
  5. Watson AD: Thematic review series: systems biology approaches to metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Lipidomics: a global approach to lipid analysis in biological systems. J Lipid Res. 2006 Oct;47(10):2101-11. Epub 2006 Aug 10. [PubMed:16902246 ]
  6. Sethi JK, Vidal-Puig AJ: Thematic review series: adipocyte biology. Adipose tissue function and plasticity orchestrate nutritional adaptation. J Lipid Res. 2007 Jun;48(6):1253-62. Epub 2007 Mar 20. [PubMed:17374880 ]
  7. Lingwood D, Simons K: Lipid rafts as a membrane-organizing principle. Science. 2010 Jan 1;327(5961):46-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1174621. [PubMed:20044567 ]
  8. Elshenawy S, Pinney SE, Stuart T, Doulias PT, Zura G, Parry S, Elovitz MA, Bennett MJ, Bansal A, Strauss JF 3rd, Ischiropoulos H, Simmons RA: The Metabolomic Signature of the Placenta in Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Feb 4;21(3). pii: ijms21031043. doi: 10.3390/ijms21031043. [PubMed:32033212 ]
  9. Gunstone, Frank D., John L. Harwood, and Albert J. Dijkstra (2007). The lipid handbook with CD-ROM. CRC Press.
  10. OMMBID - The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease [Link]