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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusExpected but not Quantified
Creation Date2006-08-13 16:44:29 UTC
Update Date2022-03-07 02:49:20 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0004321
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB04321
Metabolite Identification
Common Name(-)-Limonene
DescriptionLimonene is a monoterpene with a clear colourless liquid at room temperature, a naturally occurring chemical which is the major component in oil of oranges. Limonene is widely used as a flavour and fragrance and is listed to be generally recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (21 CFR 182.60 in the Code of Federal Regulations, U.S.A.). Limonene is a botanical (plant-derived) solvent of low toxicity. Mild skin irritation may occur from exposure to limonene and oxidation products of limonene may produce dermal sensitization, and may have irritative and bronchoconstrictive airway effects; however, data are scant and more studies are required. Limonene has been shown to cause a male rat-specific kidney toxicity referred to as hyaline droplet nephropathy. Furthermore, chronic exposure to limonene causes a significant incidence of renal tubular tumours exclusively in male rats. Limonene is one of the active components of dietary phytochemicals that appears to be protective against cancer (PMID:16563357 , 15499193 , 15325315 , 2024047 ).
Structure
Data?1582752306
Synonyms
ValueSource
(-)-(S)-LimoneneChEBI
(-)-(4S)-LimoneneChEBI
(4S)-1-Methyl-4-isopropenylcyclohex-1-eneChEBI
(4S)-4-Isopropenyl-1-methylcyclohexeneChEBI
(S)-(-)-p-Mentha-1,8-dieneChEBI
(S)-1-Methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)cyclohexeneChEBI
(S)-p-Mentha-1,8-dieneChEBI
4AlphaH-p-mentha-1,8-dieneChEBI
L-LimonenChEBI
L-LimoneneChEBI
4-Isopropenyl-1-methyl-1-cyclohexeneHMDB
LimoneneHMDB
(+)-LimoneneHMDB
AISA 5203-L (+)limoneneHMDB
DipenteneHMDB
1-Methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)cyclohexeneHMDB
Limonene, (+-)-isomerHMDB
(D)-LimoneneHMDB
4-Mentha-1,8-dieneHMDB
Limonene, (S)-isomerHMDB
Limonene, (R)-isomerHMDB
(R)-(+)-LimoneneHMDB
(R)-4-Isopropenyl-1-methylcyclohexeneHMDB
(+)-(R)-4-Isopropenyl-1-methylcyclohexeneHMDB
(4R)-1-Methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)cyclohexeneHMDB
D-LimoneneHMDB
4 Mentha 1,8 dieneHMDB
D LimoneneHMDB
(-)-alpha-LimoneneHMDB
(-)-Α-limoneneHMDB
(4S)-1-Methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)cyclohexeneHMDB
(4S)-LimoneneHMDB
(S)-(-)-LimoneneHMDB
(S)-1-Methyl-4-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohex-1-eneHMDB
(S)-4-Isopropenyl-1-methyl-1-cyclohexeneHMDB
(S)-LimoneneHMDB
beta-LimoneneHMDB
L-CarveneHMDB
Β-limoneneHMDB
(-)-LimoneneChEBI
Chemical FormulaC10H16
Average Molecular Weight136.234
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight136.125200512
IUPAC Name(4S)-1-methyl-4-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohex-1-ene
Traditional Name(-)-limonene
CAS Registry Number5989-54-8
SMILES
CC(=C)[C@H]1CCC(C)=CC1
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C10H16/c1-8(2)10-6-4-9(3)5-7-10/h4,10H,1,5-7H2,2-3H3/t10-/m1/s1
InChI KeyXMGQYMWWDOXHJM-SNVBAGLBSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as menthane monoterpenoids. These are monoterpenoids with a structure based on the o-, m-, or p-menthane backbone. P-menthane consists of the cyclohexane ring with a methyl group and a (2-methyl)-propyl group at the 1 and 4 ring position, respectively. The o- and m- menthanes are much rarer, and presumably arise by alkyl migration of p-menthanes.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassLipids and lipid-like molecules
ClassPrenol lipids
Sub ClassMonoterpenoids
Direct ParentMenthane monoterpenoids
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • P-menthane monoterpenoid
  • Monocyclic monoterpenoid
  • Branched unsaturated hydrocarbon
  • Cycloalkene
  • Cyclic olefin
  • Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon
  • Unsaturated hydrocarbon
  • Olefin
  • Hydrocarbon
  • Aliphatic homomonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic homomonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effect
Disposition
ProcessNot Available
Role
Physical Properties
StateLiquid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point-74.3 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water Solubility0.014 mg/mL at 25 °CNot Available
LogP4.57LI,J & PURDUE,EM (1995)
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.46 g/LALOGPS
logP4.5ALOGPS
logP3.22ChemAxon
logS-2.5ALOGPS
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count0ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area0 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count1ChemAxon
Refractivity46.48 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability17.23 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings1ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DarkChem[M+H]+134.75431661259
DarkChem[M-H]-129.43331661259
DeepCCS[M+H]+133.92530932474
DeepCCS[M-H]-131.26230932474
DeepCCS[M-2H]-167.05130932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+142.18930932474
AllCCS[M+H]+127.732859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+123.032859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+132.032859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+133.332859911
AllCCS[M-H]-132.732859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-134.532859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-136.632859911

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
(-)-LimoneneCC(=C)[C@H]1CCC(C)=CC11204.7Standard polar33892256
(-)-LimoneneCC(=C)[C@H]1CCC(C)=CC11015.2Standard non polar33892256
(-)-LimoneneCC(=C)[C@H]1CCC(C)=CC11017.5Semi standard non polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - (-)-Limonene EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-0173-9100000000-239928f205c8242a700a2018-05-25HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - (-)-Limonene EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-014l-9100000000-507f7afbc17b7c2556e22018-05-25HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - (-)-Limonene EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-014l-9100000000-1a0c62c6971532ab67822018-05-25HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - (-)-Limonene EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-0173-9100000000-239928f205c8242a700a2018-05-25HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - (-)-Limonene EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-014l-9100000000-507f7afbc17b7c2556e22018-05-25HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - (-)-Limonene EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-014l-9100000000-1a0c62c6971532ab67822018-05-25HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - (-)-Limonene GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0fgo-9200000000-a79c6ccef83c7113ab9f2017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - (-)-Limonene GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
MSMass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)splash10-014l-9100000000-7e8881e736cecb723a2b2015-03-01Not AvailableView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - (-)-Limonene Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated)splash10-001c-8900000000-dfd6c14e6a4e49bfc6dc2012-07-25HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - (-)-Limonene Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated)splash10-002f-9000000000-06c43b864c090aaae8ae2012-07-25HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - (-)-Limonene Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated)splash10-01t9-9000000000-e5ee54500bc5feda46312012-07-25HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - (-)-Limonene 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-000i-1900000000-5567709cc9ec1c9909db2017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - (-)-Limonene 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-000i-9600000000-4570df18c5140586d0bf2017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - (-)-Limonene 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-1000-9100000000-61312f12f069cd9de75c2017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - (-)-Limonene 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-000i-0900000000-88ada45edfe65d9e7f3a2017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - (-)-Limonene 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-000i-0900000000-1192305465e6c746cfa92017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - (-)-Limonene 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-00kr-4900000000-199ee0c6ed49a35bcff42017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - (-)-Limonene 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-001a-9400000000-fb09a1cdd4bc094802812021-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - (-)-Limonene 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0564-9000000000-dc5effa7f00987fc85672021-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - (-)-Limonene 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-00mo-9000000000-40d99aa482e2ce5a66f12021-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - (-)-Limonene 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-000i-0900000000-a013b4ae27f975ab56212021-09-23Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - (-)-Limonene 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-000i-0900000000-a013b4ae27f975ab56212021-09-23Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - (-)-Limonene 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-014i-8900000000-d835e92fba2c2a2387972021-09-23Wishart LabView Spectrum

NMR Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental 2D NMR[1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, CDCl3, experimental)2012-12-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Extracellular
  • Membrane (predicted from logP)
Biospecimen LocationsNot Available
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB006329
KNApSAcK IDC00000803
Chemspider ID388386
KEGG Compound IDC00521
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG ID47361
Wikipedia LinkLimonene
METLIN ID6911
PubChem Compound439250
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID15383
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceSakane, Soichi; Fujiwara, Junya; Maruoka, Keiji; Yamamoto, Hisashi. Chiral leaving group: asymmetric synthesis of limonene and bisabolene. Tetrahedron (1986), 42(8), 2193-2201.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Download (PDF)
General References
  1. Flamm WG, Lehman-McKeeman LD: The human relevance of the renal tumor-inducing potential of d-limonene in male rats: implications for risk assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 1991 Feb;13(1):70-86. [PubMed:2024047 ]
  2. Aggarwal BB, Shishodia S: Molecular targets of dietary agents for prevention and therapy of cancer. Biochem Pharmacol. 2006 May 14;71(10):1397-421. Epub 2006 Feb 23. [PubMed:16563357 ]
  3. Tsuda H, Ohshima Y, Nomoto H, Fujita K, Matsuda E, Iigo M, Takasuka N, Moore MA: Cancer prevention by natural compounds. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2004 Aug;19(4):245-63. [PubMed:15499193 ]
  4. DeWitt C, Bebarta V: Botanical solvents. Clin Occup Environ Med. 2004 Aug;4(3):445-54, v-vi. [PubMed:15325315 ]

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. This enzyme contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S-warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan.
Gene Name:
CYP2C9
Uniprot ID:
P11712
Molecular weight:
55627.365
General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and imipramine.
Gene Name:
CYP2C19
Uniprot ID:
P33261
Molecular weight:
55944.565