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Human Metabolome Database Version 3.5

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Showing metabocard for Dopamine (HMDB00073)

Record Information
Version 3.5
Creation Date 2005-11-16 08:48:42 -0700
Update Date 2013-02-08 17:07:51 -0700
HMDB ID HMDB00073
Secondary Accession Numbers None
Metabolite Identification
Common Name Dopamine
Description Dopamine is a member of the catecholamine (Neurotransmitters) family in the brain, and is a precursor to epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). Dopamine is synthesized in the body (mainly by nervous tissue and adrenal glands) first by the hydration of the amino acid tyrosine to DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase and then by the decarboxylation of DOPA by aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (Dopamine receptors) mediates its action. --PubChem.
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms
  1. 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethylamine
  2. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenethylamine
  3. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylethylamine
  4. 3-Hydroxytyramine
  5. 4-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,2-benzenediol
  6. 4-(2-Aminoethyl)-Pyrocatechol
  7. 4-(2-Aminoethyl)catechol
  8. 4-(2-Aminoethyl)pyrocatechol
  9. a-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-b-aminoethane
  10. alpha-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-beta-aminoethane
  11. Deoxyepinephrine
  12. Dopamin
  13. Dopamine
  14. Dopaminum
  15. Dopastat
  16. Dophamine
  17. Dynatra
  18. Hydroxytyramin
  19. Hydroxytyramine
  20. Intropin
  21. Oxytyramine
  22. Revivan
Chemical Formula C8H11NO2
Average Molecular Weight 153.1784
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 153.078978601
IUPAC Name 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol
Traditional IUPAC Name dopamine
CAS Registry Number 62-31-7
SMILES NCCC1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1
InChI Identifier InChI=1S/C8H11NO2/c9-4-3-6-1-2-7(10)8(11)5-6/h1-2,5,10-11H,3-4,9H2
InChI Key VYFYYTLLBUKUHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Kingdom Organic Compounds
Super Class Aromatic Homomonocyclic Compounds
Class Phenols and Derivatives
Sub Class Benzenediols
Other Descriptors
  • Aromatic Homomonocyclic Compounds
  • Biogenic amines(KEGG)
  • Dopamine(KEGG)
  • Tyramine derivatives(KEGG)
  • catecholamine(ChEBI)
Substituents
  • 1,2 Diphenol
  • Phenethylamine
  • Primary Aliphatic Amine (Alkylamine)
Direct Parent Catecholamines and Derivatives
Ontology
Status Detected and Quantified
Origin
  • Endogenous
Biofunction
  • Component of Tyrosine metabolism
Application Not Available
Cellular locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
Physical Properties
State Solid
Experimental Properties
Property Value Reference
Melting Point 128 °C Not Available
Boiling Point Not Available Not Available
Water Solubility 535 mg/mL Not Available
LogP -0.98 HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
Water Solubility 7.43 g/L ALOGPS
LogP -0.40 ALOGPS
LogP 0.03 ChemAxon
LogS -1.31 ALOGPS
pKa (strongest acidic) 10.01 ChemAxon
pKa (strongest basic) 9.27 ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count 3 ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count 3 ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area 66.48 A2 ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count 2 ChemAxon
Refractivity 43.25 ChemAxon
Polarizability 16.21 ChemAxon
Formal Charge 0 ChemAxon
Physiological Charge 1 ChemAxon
Spectra
Gas-MS Spectrum
1H NMR Spectrum
MS/MS Spectrum Quattro_QQQ 10
MS/MS Spectrum Quattro_QQQ 25
MS/MS Spectrum Quattro_QQQ 40
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20
[1H,13C] 2D NMR Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
Biofluid Locations
  • Blood
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
  • Urine
Tissue Location
  • Muscle
  • Skeletal Muscle
  • Bladder
  • Fibroblasts
  • Neuron
  • Pancreas
  • Placenta
  • Testes
  • Kidney
  • Epidermis
  • Brain
  • Myelin
  • Adrenal Gland
  • Adipose Tissue
  • Adrenal Cortex
  • Adrenal Medulla
  • Nerve Cells
  • Platelet
  • Spleen
  • Striatum
Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Tyrosine Metabolism SMP00006 map00350 Link_out
Catecholamine Biosynthesis SMP00012 map00350 Link_out
Normal Concentrations
Biofluid Status Value Age Sex Condition Comments
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
22.50 +/- 4.50 uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
0.002+/-0.002 uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
0.0059 +/- 0.002 uM Elderly (>65 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
0.0045 +/- 0.0026 uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
0.107 (0.043-0.172) umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
0.22 +/- 0.07 umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
0.44 +/- 0.13 umol/mmol creatinine Adolescent (13-18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
860 (179-1541) nmol/mmol creatinine Infant (0-1 year old) Not Specified Normal Free dopamine levels
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
2626 (30-5221) nmol/mmol creatinine Infant (0-1 year old) Not Specified Normal Total dopamine levels
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
0.4 (0.2-0.7) umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal by LC-MS/MS (Biocrates kit)
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
0.10 (0.066-0.16) umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Biofluid Status Value Age Sex Condition Comments
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
18.0284 +/- 2.4552 uM Elderly (>65 years old) Both Alzheimer's disease Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
0.000268 +/- 0.000124 uM Adult (>18 years old) Not Specified Cerebral infarction, headache, paresthesia and ununconfirmed suspicion of leucemic infaction or brain metastasis with normal CSF value Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
0.000300 uM Adult (>18 years old) Not Specified Cerebral infarction, headache, paresthesia and ununconfirmed suspicion of leucemic infaction or brain metastasis with normal CSF value but renal insufficiency Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
0.000392 uM Adult (>18 years old) Not Specified Haemorrhagic infraction Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
0.000510 uM Adult (>18 years old) Not Specified Bacterial meningitis Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
0.000810 uM Adult (>18 years old) Not Specified Leucemic meningiosa Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
0.000287 uM Adult (>18 years old) Not Specified Encephalitis Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
0.34 +/- 0.10 uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Alzheimer's disease Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
0.00002 +/- 0.000006 uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Hypothyroidism Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
0.000021 (0.000015-0.000027) uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Hypothyroidism Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
0.000078 (0.0000065-0.00015) uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Alzheimer's disease Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
0.49 +/- 0.06 umol/mmol creatinine Infant (0-1 year old) Both Vitiligo Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
0.37 +/- 0.03 umol/mmol creatinine Children (1-13 year old) Both Vitiligo Age group: 1-5 years old
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
0.4 +/- 0.05 umol/mmol creatinine Children (1-13 year old) Both Vitiligo Age group: 6-10 years old
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
2426 +/- 0 nmol/mmol creatinine Infant (0-1 year old) Male Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency Free dopamine levels
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
3119 +/- 0 nmol/mmol creatinine Infant (0-1 year old) Male Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency Total dopamine levels
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease References
Vitiligo
  • Cucchi ML, Frattini P, Santagostino G, Preda S, Orecchia G: Catecholamines increase in the urine of non-segmental vitiligo especially during its active phase. Pigment Cell Res. 2003 Apr;16(2):111-6. Pubmed: 12622787 Link_out
    Hypothyroidism
    • Sjoberg S, Eriksson M, Nordin C: L-thyroxine treatment and neurotransmitter levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of hypothyroid patients: a pilot study. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998 Nov;139(5):493-7. Pubmed: 9849813 Link_out
      Alzheimer's disease
      • Raskind MA, Peskind ER, Holmes C, Goldstein DS: Patterns of cerebrospinal fluid catechols support increased central noradrenergic responsiveness in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Biol Psychiatry. 1999 Sep 15;46(6):756-65. Pubmed: 10494443 Link_out
      • Fonteh AN, Harrington RJ, Tsai A, Liao P, Harrington MG: Free amino acid and dipeptide changes in the body fluids from Alzheimer's disease subjects. Amino Acids. 2007 Feb;32(2):213-24. Epub 2006 Oct 10. Pubmed: 17031479 Link_out
        Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency
        • Abdenur JE, Abeling N, Specola N, Jorge L, Schenone AB, van Cruchten AC, Chamoles NA: Aromatic l-aminoacid decarboxylase deficiency: unusual neonatal presentation and additional findings in organic acid analysis. Mol Genet Metab. 2006 Jan;87(1):48-53. Epub 2005 Nov 9. Pubmed: 16288991 Link_out
          Associated OMIM IDs
          DrugBank ID DB00988 Link_out
          Phenol Explorer Compound ID Not Available
          Phenol Explorer Metabolite ID Not Available
          FoodDB ID FDB012163
          KNApSAcK ID C00001408 Link_out
          Chemspider ID 661 Link_out
          KEGG Compound ID C03758 Link_out
          BioCyc ID DOPAMINE Link_out
          BiGG ID 42467 Link_out
          Wikipedia Link Dopamine Link_out
          NuGOwiki Link HMDB00073 Link_out
          Metagene Link HMDB00073 Link_out
          METLIN ID 64 Link_out
          PubChem Compound 681 Link_out
          PDB ID LDP Link_out
          ChEBI ID 18243 Link_out
          References
          Synthesis Reference Budnik, Josef. 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethylamine hydrochloride. Czech. (1986), 2 pp.
          Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) Not Available
          General References
          1. Raskind MA, Peskind ER, Holmes C, Goldstein DS: Patterns of cerebrospinal fluid catechols support increased central noradrenergic responsiveness in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Biol Psychiatry. 1999 Sep 15;46(6):756-65. Pubmed: 10494443 Link_out
          2. Mannelli M, Ianni L, Lazzeri C, Castellani W, Pupilli C, La Villa G, Barletta G, Serio M, Franchi F: In vivo evidence that endogenous dopamine modulates sympathetic activity in man. Hypertension. 1999 Sep;34(3):398-402. Pubmed: 10489384 Link_out
          3. Jiang H, Betancourt L, Smith RG: Ghrelin amplifies dopamine signaling by cross talk involving formation of growth hormone secretagogue receptor/dopamine receptor subtype 1 heterodimers. Mol Endocrinol. 2006 Aug;20(8):1772-85. Epub 2006 Apr 6. Pubmed: 16601073 Link_out
          4. Brody AL, Mandelkern MA, Olmstead RE, Scheibal D, Hahn E, Shiraga S, Zamora-Paja E, Farahi J, Saxena S, London ED, McCracken JT: Gene variants of brain dopamine pathways and smoking-induced dopamine release in the ventral caudate/nucleus accumbens. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006 Jul;63(7):808-16. Pubmed: 16818870 Link_out
          5. Bauman A: Unilateral adrenal catecholamine excess. Pheochromocytoma or possible sporadic medullary hyperplasia. Arch Intern Med. 1982 Feb;142(2):377-8. Pubmed: 7059264 Link_out
          6. Goldstein DS, Eisenhofer G, Kopin IJ: Sources and significance of plasma levels of catechols and their metabolites in humans. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003 Jun;305(3):800-11. Epub 2003 Mar 20. Pubmed: 12649306 Link_out
          7. King BM: The rise, fall, and resurrection of the ventromedial hypothalamus in the regulation of feeding behavior and body weight. Physiol Behav. 2006 Feb 28;87(2):221-44. Epub 2006 Jan 18. Pubmed: 16412483 Link_out
          8. Cucchi ML, Frattini P, Santagostino G, Preda S, Orecchia G: Catecholamines increase in the urine of non-segmental vitiligo especially during its active phase. Pigment Cell Res. 2003 Apr;16(2):111-6. Pubmed: 12622787 Link_out
          9. Sjoberg S, Eriksson M, Nordin C: L-thyroxine treatment and neurotransmitter levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of hypothyroid patients: a pilot study. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998 Nov;139(5):493-7. Pubmed: 9849813 Link_out
          10. Engelborghs S, Marescau B, De Deyn PP: Amino acids and biogenic amines in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Res. 2003 Aug;28(8):1145-50. Pubmed: 12834252 Link_out
          11. Kobayashi K, Yasuhara T, Agari T, Muraoka K, Kameda M, Ji Yuan W, Hayase H, Matsui T, Miyoshi Y, Shingo T, Date I: Control of dopamine-secretion by Tet-Off system in an in vivo model of parkinsonian rat. Brain Res. 2006 Aug 2;1102(1):1-11. Epub 2006 Jun 27. Pubmed: 16806124 Link_out
          12. Schenarts PJ, Sagraves SG, Bard MR, Toschlog EA, Goettler CE, Newell MA, Rotondo MF: Low-dose dopamine: a physiologically based review. Curr Surg. 2006 May-Jun;63(3):219-25. Pubmed: 16757377 Link_out
          13. Piazza O, Zito G, Valente A, Tufano R: Effects of dopamine infusion on forearm blood flow in critical patients. Med Sci Monit. 2006 Feb;12(2):CR90-3. Epub 2006 Jan 26. Pubmed: 16449954 Link_out
          14. Wang HY, Xiao Y, Han J, Chang XS: Simultaneous determination of dopamine and carvedilol in human serum and urine by first-order derivative fluorometry. Anal Sci. 2005 Nov;21(11):1281-5. Pubmed: 16317894 Link_out
          15. Elchisak MA, Carlson JH: Assay of free and conjugated catecholamines by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr. 1982 Dec 10;233:79-88. Pubmed: 7161364 Link_out
          16. Eklundh T, Eriksson M, Sjoberg S, Nordin C: Monoamine precursors, transmitters and metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid: a prospective study in healthy male subjects. J Psychiatr Res. 1996 May-Jun;30(3):201-8. Pubmed: 8884658 Link_out
          17. Kopieniak M, Wieczorkiewicz-Plaza A, Maciejewski R: Dopamine activity changes in cerebral cortex in the course of experimental acute pancreatitis. Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska [Med]. 2004;59(1):382-6. Pubmed: 16146016 Link_out
          18. Raw I, Schmidt BJ, Merzel J: Catecholamines and congenital pain insensitivity. Braz J Med Biol Res. 1984;17(3-4):271-9. Pubmed: 6085021 Link_out
          19. Nikolelis DP, Drivelos DA, Simantiraki MG, Koinis S: An optical spot test for the detection of dopamine in human urine using stabilized in air lipid films. Anal Chem. 2004 Apr 15;76(8):2174-80. Pubmed: 15080725 Link_out
          20. Eisenhofer G, Aneman A, Friberg P, Hooper D, Fandriks L, Lonroth H, Hunyady B, Mezey E: Substantial production of dopamine in the human gastrointestinal tract. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Nov;82(11):3864-71. Pubmed: 9360553 Link_out
          Enzymes
          Name: Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B
          Reactions:
          • RCH2NHR' + H2O + O2 = RCHO + R'NH2 + H2O2 [RN:R01853]
          Gene Name: MAOB
          Uniprot ID: P27338 Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          Name: Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A
          Reactions:
          • RCH2NHR' + H2O + O2 = RCHO + R'NH2 + H2O2 [RN:R01853]
          Gene Name: MAOA
          Uniprot ID: P21397 Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          Name: Dopamine beta-hydroxylase
          Reactions:
          • 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine + ascorbate + O2 = noradrenaline + dehydroascorbate + H2O [RN:R02535]
          Gene Name: DBH
          Uniprot ID: P09172 Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          Name: Catechol O-methyltransferase
          Reactions:
          • S-adenosyl-L-methionine + a catechol = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + a guaiacol [RN:R07330]
          Gene Name: COMT
          Uniprot ID: P21964 Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          Name: Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase
          Reactions:
          • (1) 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine = dopamine + CO2 [RN:R02080]
          • (2) 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan = 5-hydroxytryptamine + CO2 [RN:R02701]
          Gene Name: DDC
          Uniprot ID: P20711 Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          Name: Amiloride-sensitive amine oxidase [copper-containing]
          Reactions:
          • histamine + H2O + O2 = (imidazol-4-yl)acetaldehyde + NH3 + H2O2 [RN:R02150]
          Gene Name: ABP1
          Uniprot ID: P19801 Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          Name: Membrane primary amine oxidase
          Reactions:
          • RCH2NH2 + H2O + O2 = RCHO + NH3 + H2O2 [RN:R01853]
          Gene Name: AOC3
          Uniprot ID: Q16853 Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          Name: Retina-specific copper amine oxidase
          Reactions:
          • RCH2NH2 + H2O + O2 = RCHO + NH3 + H2O2 [RN:R01853]
          Gene Name: AOC2
          Uniprot ID: O75106 Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          Name: Cytochrome P450 2C9
          Reactions:
          • (R)-limonene + NADPH + H+ + O2 = (+)-trans-carveol + NADP+ + H2O [RN:R06119]
          Gene Name: CYP2C9
          Uniprot ID: P11712 Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          Name: Cytochrome P450 2C19
          Reactions:
          • (R)-limonene + NADPH + H+ + O2 = (+)-trans-carveol + NADP+ + H2O [RN:R06119]
          Gene Name: CYP2C19
          Uniprot ID: P33261 Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          Name: Cytochrome P450 2D6
          Reactions:
          • RH + reduced flavoprotein + O2 = ROH + oxidized flavoprotein + H2O [RN:R04122]
          Gene Name: CYP2D6
          Uniprot ID: P10635 Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          Name: Cytochrome P450 1A2
          Reactions:
          • RH + reduced flavoprotein + O2 = ROH + oxidized flavoprotein + H2O [RN:R04122]
          Gene Name: CYP1A2
          Uniprot ID: P05177 Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          Name: D(2) dopamine receptor
          Reactions:
            Gene Name: DRD2
            Uniprot ID: P14416 Link_out
            Protein Sequence: FASTA
            Gene Sequence: FASTA
            Name: D(4) dopamine receptor
            Reactions:
              Gene Name: DRD4
              Uniprot ID: P21917 Link_out
              Protein Sequence: FASTA
              Gene Sequence: FASTA
              Name: Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter
              Reactions:
              • --- []
              Gene Name: SLC6A3
              Uniprot ID: Q01959 Link_out
              Protein Sequence: FASTA
              Gene Sequence: FASTA
              Name: Neuron-specific vesicular protein calcyon
              Reactions:
                Gene Name: CALY
                Uniprot ID: Q9NYX4 Link_out
                Protein Sequence: FASTA
                Gene Sequence: FASTA
                Name: Calcium-dependent secretion activator 1
                Reactions:
                  Gene Name: CADPS
                  Uniprot ID: Q9ULU8 Link_out
                  Protein Sequence: FASTA
                  Gene Sequence: FASTA
                  Name: Calcium-dependent secretion activator 2
                  Reactions:
                    Gene Name: CADPS2
                    Uniprot ID: Q86UW7 Link_out
                    Protein Sequence: FASTA
                    Gene Sequence: FASTA
                    Name: D(3) dopamine receptor
                    Reactions:
                      Gene Name: DRD3
                      Uniprot ID: P35462 Link_out
                      Protein Sequence: FASTA
                      Gene Sequence: FASTA
                      Name: D(1A) dopamine receptor
                      Reactions:
                        Gene Name: DRD1
                        Uniprot ID: P21728 Link_out
                        Protein Sequence: FASTA
                        Gene Sequence: FASTA
                        Name: D(1B) dopamine receptor
                        Reactions:
                          Gene Name: DRD5
                          Uniprot ID: P21918 Link_out
                          Protein Sequence: FASTA
                          Gene Sequence: FASTA
                          Name: Dopamine D4 receptor
                          Reactions:
                            Gene Name: dopamine D4 receptor
                            Uniprot ID: Q99586 Link_out
                            Protein Sequence: FASTA
                            Gene Sequence: FASTA
                            Name: Dopamine D4 receptor
                            Reactions:
                              Gene Name: dopamine D4 receptor
                              Uniprot ID: Q99587 Link_out
                              Protein Sequence: FASTA
                              Gene Sequence: FASTA
                              Transporters
                              Name: Solute carrier family 22 member 5
                              Reactions:
                              • --- []
                              Gene Name: SLC22A5
                              Uniprot ID: O76082 Link_out
                              Protein Sequence: FASTA
                              Gene Sequence: FASTA
                              Name: Solute carrier family 22 member 1
                              Reactions:
                              • --- []
                              Gene Name: SLC22A1
                              Uniprot ID: O15245 Link_out
                              Protein Sequence: FASTA
                              Gene Sequence: FASTA
                              Name: Solute carrier family 22 member 2
                              Reactions:
                                Gene Name: SLC22A2
                                Uniprot ID: O15244 Link_out
                                Protein Sequence: FASTA
                                Gene Sequence: FASTA
                                Name: Solute carrier family 22 member 3
                                Reactions:
                                  Gene Name: SLC22A3
                                  Uniprot ID: O75751 Link_out
                                  Protein Sequence: FASTA
                                  Gene Sequence: FASTA