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Human Metabolome Database Version 2.5

 

Showing metabocard for Dimethylglycine (HMDB00092)

Legend: metabolite field enzyme field

Version 2.5
Creation Date 2005-11-16 15:48:42
Update Date 2010-04-21 22:53:16
Accession Number HMDB00092
Secondary Accession Numbers Not Available
Common Name Dimethylglycine
Description Dimethylglycine (DMG) is an amino acid derivative found in the cells of all plants and animals and can be obtained in the diet in small amounts from grains and meat. The human body produces DMG when metabolizing choline into Glycine. Dimethylglycine that is not metabolized in the liver is transported by the circulatory system to body tissue. Dimethylglycine was popular with Russian athletes and cosmonauts owing to its reputed ability to increase endurance and reduce fatigue. DMG is also a byproduct of homocysteine metabolism. Homocysteine and betaine are converted to methionine and N, N-dimethylglycine by betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase.
Synonyms
  1. (Dimethylamino)acetate
  2. (Dimethylamino)acetic acid
  3. 2-(Dimethylamino)acetate
  4. 2-(Dimethylamino)acetic acid
  5. Dimethylglycine
  6. N,N-Dimethylaminoacetate
  7. N,N-Dimethylaminoacetic acid
  8. N,N-Dimethylglycine
  9. N-Methylsarcosine N,N-dimethyl-Glycine
Chemical IUPAC Name 2-dimethylaminoacetic acid
Chemical Formula C4H9NO2
Chemical Structure Structure
Chemical Taxonomy
Kingdom
  • Organic
Super Class
  • Amino acids and Amino Acid conjugates
Class
  • Amino Acids
Sub Class
  • NA
Family
  • Mammalian Metabolite
Species
  • tertiary amine
  • tertiary aliphatic amine (trialkylamine)
  • carboxylic acid
Biofunction
  • Component of Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism
  • Component of Methionine metabolism
Application
Source
  • Endogenous
Average Molecular Weight 103.120
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 103.063332
Isomeric SMILES CN(C)CC(O)=O
Canonical SMILES CN(C)CC(O)=O
KEGG Compound ID C01026 Link Image
BioCyc ID DIMETHYL-GLYCINE Link Image
BiGG ID 36652 Link Image
Wikipedia Link Dimethylglycine Link Image
NuGOwiki Link HMDB00092 Link Image
Metagene Link HMDB00092 Link Image
METLIN ID 277 Link Image
PubChem Compound 673 Link Image
PubChem Substance 6436203 Link Image
ChEBI ID 17724 Link Image
CAS Registry Number 1118-68-9
InChI Identifier InChI=1/C4H9NO2/c1-5(2)3-4(6)7/h3H2,1-2H3,(H,6,7)
Synthesis Reference Lai, Mei-Chin; Wang, Chia-Chi; Chuang, Ming-Jen; Wu, Yen-Chi; Lee, Yu-Chien. Effects of substrate and potassium on the betaine-synthesizing enzyme glycine sarcosine dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase from a halophilic methanoarchaeon Methanohalophilus po
Melting Point (Experimental) 185.5 oC
Experimental Water Solubility Not Available Source: PhysProp
Predicted Water Solubility 298.0 mg/mL [MEYLAN,WM et al. (1996)]; 939.00006 mg/mL [Predicted by ALOGPS] Calculated using ALOGPS
Physiological Charge 0
State Solid
Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity -2.91 [TSAI,RS ET AL. (1991)] Source: PhysProp
Predicted LogP/Hydrophobicity -1.70 [Predicted by ALOGPS]; -0.6 [Predicted by PubChem via XLOGP] Calculated using ALOGPS
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
MOL File Show Link Image
SDF File Show Link Image
PDB File Show Link Image
2D Structure
3D Structure
Experimental PDB ID 1EL5 Link Image
Experimental PDB File Show
Experimental PDB Structure
Experimental 1H NMR Spectrum Download Spectrum
Download FID (Varian)
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Experimental 13C NMR Spectrum Download Spectrum
Download FID (Bruker)
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Experimental 13C HSQC Spectrum Download Spectrum
Download FID (Bruker)
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Mass Spectrum
Low Energy
Download File
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Medium Energy
Download File
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
High Energy
Download File
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Simplified TOCSY Spectrum Not Available
BMRB Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Cellular Location
  • Cytoplasm
  • mitochondria
Biofluid Location
  • Blood
  • Urine
Tissue Location
Tissue References
Kidney
Liver
Concentrations (Normal)
Biofluid Blood
Value 2.6 (1.8-3.7) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • McGregor DO, Dellow WJ, Lever M, George PM, Robson RA, Chambers ST: Dimethylglycine accumulates in uremia and predicts elevated plasma homocysteine concentrations. Kidney Int. 2001 Jun;59(6):2267-72. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Blood
Value 1.9 (1.1-3.4) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Lever M, George PM, Dellow WJ, Scott RS, Chambers ST: Homocysteine, glycine betaine, and N,N-dimethylglycine in patients attending a lipid clinic. Metabolism. 2005 Jan;54(1):1-14. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value 3.4 (0.7-10.6) umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Lever M, George PM, Dellow WJ, Scott RS, Chambers ST: Homocysteine, glycine betaine, and N,N-dimethylglycine in patients attending a lipid clinic. Metabolism. 2005 Jan;54(1):1-14. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value 6.2 (0.8-11.2) umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Laryea MD, Steinhagen F, Pawliczek S, Wendel U: Simple method for the routine determination of betaine and N,N-dimethylglycine in blood and urine. Clin Chem. 1998 Sep;44(9):1937-41. [PubMed Link Image]
Concentrations (Abnormal)
Biofluid Blood
Value 4.8 (3.6-6.2) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition Kidney disease
Comments Patients with chronic renal failure who were not receiving dialysis
References
  • McGregor DO, Dellow WJ, Lever M, George PM, Robson RA, Chambers ST: Dimethylglycine accumulates in uremia and predicts elevated plasma homocysteine concentrations. Kidney Int. 2001 Jun;59(6):2267-72. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Blood
Value 5.4 (3.1-7.2) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition Kidney disease
Comments Patient group: various renal conditions with chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
References
  • McGregor DO, Dellow WJ, Lever M, George PM, Robson RA, Chambers ST: Dimethylglycine accumulates in uremia and predicts elevated plasma homocysteine concentrations. Kidney Int. 2001 Jun;59(6):2267-72. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Blood
Value 5.6 (4.8 - 10.1) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition Kidney disease
Comments Patients with various renal conditions on long-term (>6 months) hemodialysis
References
  • McGregor DO, Dellow WJ, Lever M, George PM, Robson RA, Chambers ST: Dimethylglycine accumulates in uremia and predicts elevated plasma homocysteine concentrations. Kidney Int. 2001 Jun;59(6):2267-72. [PubMed Link Image]
Associated Disorders
Condition References
Kidney disease
  • McGregor DO, Dellow WJ, Lever M, George PM, Robson RA, Chambers ST: Dimethylglycine accumulates in uremia and predicts elevated plasma homocysteine concentrations. Kidney Int. 2001 Jun;59(6):2267-72. [PubMed Link Image]
OMIM ID Not Available
Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Betaine Metabolism SMP00123 Link Image map00260 Link Image
Glycine and Serine Metabolism SMP00004 Link Image map00260 Link Image
Methionine Metabolism SMP00033 Link Image map00270 Link Image
General References
  1. Binzak BA, Vockley JG, Jenkins RB, Vockley J: Structure and analysis of the human dimethylglycine dehydrogenase gene. Mol Genet Metab. 2000 Mar;69(3):181-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. McGregor DO, Dellow WJ, Lever M, George PM, Robson RA, Chambers ST: Dimethylglycine accumulates in uremia and predicts elevated plasma homocysteine concentrations. Kidney Int. 2001 Jun;59(6):2267-72. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Moolenaar SH, Poggi-Bach J, Engelke UF, Corstiaensen JM, Heerschap A, de Jong JG, Binzak BA, Vockley J, Wevers RA: Defect in dimethylglycine dehydrogenase, a new inborn error of metabolism: NMR spectroscopy study. Clin Chem. 1999 Apr;45(4):459-64. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Look MP, Riezler R, Reichel C, Brensing KA, Rockstroh JK, Stabler SP, Spengler U, Berthold HK, Sauerbruch T: Is the increase in serum cystathionine levels in patients with liver cirrhosis a consequence of impaired homocysteine transsulfuration at the level of gamma-cystathionase? Scand J Gastroenterol. 2000 Aug;35(8):866-72. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Cicek G, Vuorinen T, Stahle I, Stepanek P, Freudenberg N, Brandsch R: Coxsackievirus B3 infection induces anti-flavoprotein antibodies in mice. Clin Exp Immunol. 2000 Dec;122(3):404-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Lever M, George PM, Dellow WJ, Scott RS, Chambers ST: Homocysteine, glycine betaine, and N,N-dimethylglycine in patients attending a lipid clinic. Metabolism. 2005 Jan;54(1):1-14. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Xia JH, Yu KP, Liu CY, Pan Q, Zheng D, Dai HP: [Molecular clonging of the human dimethyglycine dehydrogenase-like gene (DMGDHL1) from the sarcosinemia critical region at 9q34] Yi Chuan Xue Bao. 1999;26(6):591-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Laryea MD, Steinhagen F, Pawliczek S, Wendel U: Simple method for the routine determination of betaine and N,N-dimethylglycine in blood and urine. Clin Chem. 1998 Sep;44(9):1937-41. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Binzak BA, Wevers RA, Moolenaar SH, Lee YM, Hwu WL, Poggi-Bach J, Engelke UF, Hoard HM, Vockley JG, Vockley J: Cloning of dimethylglycine dehydrogenase and a new human inborn error of metabolism, dimethylglycine dehydrogenase deficiency. Am J Hum Genet. 2001 Apr;68(4):839-47. Epub 2001 Feb 28. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Jansen M, Hansen TA: Non-growth-associated demethylation of dimethylsulfoniopropionate by (homo)acetogenic bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2001 Jan;67(1):300-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  11. Wikipedia Link Image
Metabolic Enzymes
  1. Dimethylglycine dehydrogenase, mitochondrial
  2. Betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase 1
  3. Betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase 2
Enzyme 1 [top]
Enzyme 1 ID 5435
Enzyme 1 Name Dimethylglycine dehydrogenase, mitochondrial
Enzyme 1 Synonyms
  1. ME2GLYDH
Enzyme 1 Gene Name DMGDH
Enzyme 1 Protein Sequence >Dimethylglycine dehydrogenase, mitochondrial
MLRPGAQLLRGLLLRSCPLQGSPGRPRSVCGREGEEKPPLSAETQWKDRAETVIIGGGCV
GVSLAYHLAKAGMKDVVLLEKSELTAGSTWHAAGLTTYFHPGINLKKIHYDSIKLYEKLE
EETGQVVGFHQPGSIRLATTPVRVDEFKYQMTRTGWHATEQYLIEPEKIQEMFPLLNMNK
VLAGLYNPGDGHIDPYSLTMALAAGARKCGALLKYPAPVTSLKARSDGTWDVETPQGSMR
ANRIVNAAGFWAREVGKMIGLEHPLIPVQHQYVVTSTISEVKALKRELPVLRDLEGSYYL
RQERDGLLFGPYESQEKMKVQDSWVTNGVPPGFGKELFESDLDRIMEHIKAAMEMVPVLK
KADIINVVNGPITYSPDILPMVGPHQGVRNYWVAIGFGYGIIHAGGVGKYLSDWILHGEP
PFDLIELDPNRYGKWTTTQYTEAKARESYGFNNIVGYPKEERFAGRPTQRVSGLYQRLES
KCSMGFHAGWEQPHWFYKPGQDTQYRPSFRRTNWFEPVGSEYKQVMQRVAVTDLSPFGKF
NIKGQDSIRLLDHLFANVIPKVGFTNISHMLTPKGRVYAELTVSHQSPGEFLLITGSGSE
LHDLRWIEEEAVKGGYDVEIKNITDELGVLGVAGPQARKVLQKLTSEDLSDDVFKFLQTK
SLKVSNIPVTAIRISYTGELGWELYHRREDSVALYDAIMNAGQEEGIDNFGTYAMNALRL
EKAFRAWGLEMNCDTNPLEAGLEYFVKLNKPADFIGKQALKQIKAKGLKRRLVCLTLATD
DVDPEGNESIWYNGKVVGNTTSGSYSYSIQKSLAFAYVPVQLSEVGQQVEVELLGKNYPA
VIIQEPLVLTEPTRNRLQKKGGKDKT
Enzyme 1 Number of Residues 866
Enzyme 1 Molecular Weight 96810.1
Enzyme 1 Theoretical pI 7.69
Enzyme 1 GO Classification
Function
  • aminomethyltransferase activity
  • catalytic activity
  • methyltransferase activity
  • oxidoreductase activity
  • transferase activity
  • transferase activity, transferring one-carbon groups
Process
  • cellular amino acid and derivative metabolic process
  • cellular amino acid metabolic process
  • cellular metabolic process
  • glycine catabolic process
  • glycine metabolic process
  • metabolic process
  • serine family amino acid metabolic process
Component
  • cell part
  • cytoplasm
  • intracellular part
Enzyme 1 General Function Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Enzyme 1 Specific Function N,N-dimethylglycine + acceptor + H(2)O = sarcosine + formaldehyde + reduced acceptor
Enzyme 1 Pathways
  • Glycine, Serine and Threonine Metabolism (map00260 Link Image)
Enzyme 1 Reactions
  • N,N-dimethylglycine + acceptor + H2O = sarcosine + formaldehyde + reduced acceptor [RN:R01565]
Enzyme 1 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 1 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 1 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 1 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 1 GenBank ID Protein 24797151 Link Image
Enzyme 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q9UI17 Link Image
Enzyme 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name M2GD_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 1 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 1 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 1 Gene Sequence >2601 bp
ATGCTCCGTCCCGGCGCGCAGCTGCTGCGGGGCCTCCTGCTGCGGAGCTGCCCGCTGCAG
GGCTCCCCCGGGCGCCCGCGCTCTGTCTGCGGCCGGGAAGGAGAGGAAAAACCACCCTTA
TCTGCAGAAACACAATGGAAAGACAGAGCAGAAACAGTGATAATTGGAGGTGGCTGTGTT
GGTGTGAGTCTGGCTTATCACCTGGCCAAAGCAGGGATGAAAGATGTGGTCCTGCTGGAG
AAATCAGAGCTCACGGCTGGATCTACCTGGCACGCAGCAGGTTTAACAACTTACTTTCAT
CCTGGAATAAACTTGAAGAAAATACATTATGATAGCATCAAACTTTATGAGAAACTGGAA
GAAGAAACTGGTCAGGTGGTGGGATTCCATCAGCCAGGTAGTATCAGACTTGCTACCACC
CCTGTAAGGGTAGATGAATTTAAATATCAAATGACTCGGACTGGCTGGCATGCAACAGAA
CAGTATCTCATTGAACCTGAAAAAATTCAAGAGATGTTCCCTTTACTCAACATGAATAAG
GTTTTAGCTGGATTGTATAATCCTGGAGATGGTCACATTGATCCTTATTCTCTAACTATG
GCACTGGCTGCTGGGGCTAGGAAATGTGGTGCCCTTTTAAAATATCCTGCACCAGTAACT
TCTCTGAAAGCCAGGTCAGATGGAACATGGGACGTTGAAACACCACAGGGGTCTATGAGA
GCAAATAGAATTGTGAATGCTGCAGGATTTTGGGCTCGTGAAGTAGGTAAAATGATTGGA
CTAGAACATCCTCTCATTCCGGTTCAACATCAATATGTTGTTACATCGACTATATCTGAA
GTGAAAGCTTTGAAACGAGAACTGCCTGTGCTCCGTGACCTGGAAGGATCATATTATCTC
CGACAGGAAAGGGATGGGCTTTTGTTTGGTCCATATGAAAGTCAAGAGAAAATGAAAGTT
CAGGACTCCTGGGTCACCAATGGAGTTCCTCCAGGTTTTGGAAAGGAACTCTTTGAGTCT
GATCTAGATCGAATCATGGAACACATCAAAGCTGCCATGGAAATGGTTCCTGTCTTGAAA
AAGGCTGACATCATCAATGTTGTCAATGGTCCTATCACGTATTCTCCTGACATTCTGCCT
ATGGTGGGGCCCCATCAGGGGGTCAGAAACTACTGGGTGGCTATAGGCTTTGGATATGGC
ATAATCCACGCTGGTGGGGTAGGGAAATATCTCAGTGACTGGATCCTGCATGGAGAACCT
CCTTTTGATCTGATAGAATTGGATCCTAATCGCTATGGCAAATGGACAACAACCCAGTAC
ACTGAGGCCAAAGCAAGAGAATCATATGGATTCAACAATATTGTTGGTTATCCTAAAGAA
GAACGGTTTGCTGGGAGGCCGACTCAACGAGTCAGTGGGCTCTATCAAAGGCTGGAGTCT
AAGTGTTCCATGGGGTTCCATGCTGGCTGGGAGCAGCCGCACTGGTTCTACAAACCAGGC
CAGGACACTCAGTACAGGCCAAGTTTTCGCCGCACAAACTGGTTTGAGCCTGTGGGCTCG
GAGTATAAACAGGTTATGCAAAGAGTAGCGGTAACTGACCTATCACCATTTGGCAAGTTT
AACATCAAAGGCCAAGATTCCATTAGACTACTGGACCATCTCTTTGCAAATGTCATTCCA
AAGGTGGGTTTTACAAATATAAGTCACATGTTAACACCCAAGGGTCGAGTGTATGCTGAG
CTGACTGTTTCTCACCAATCTCCTGGGGAGTTTCTTTTAATTACTGGCTCTGGATCAGAA
CTTCATGATCTTAGATGGATTGAAGAAGAAGCAGTCAAAGGTGGATATGATGTTGAAATT
AAAAACATAACTGATGAGCTTGGAGTTCTTGGAGTTGCTGGGCCACAGGCAAGAAAGGTC
CTTCAGAAACTGACCTCTGAAGATCTTAGTGATGATGTTTTCAAGTTTCTTCAAACCAAG
TCCTTAAAGGTTTCCAACATTCCTGTCACTGCTATTAGGATATCTTATACTGGTGAGCTG
GGTTGGGAGCTGTATCACAGAAGAGAAGATTCTGTGGCGCTGTATGACGCTATCATGAAT
GCAGGCCAGGAGGAGGGAATCGACAATTTTGGAACCTATGCCATGAATGCCTTACGCCTG
GAGAAAGCCTTCAGAGCCTGGGGGTTAGAGATGAACTGTGATACAAATCCTTTGGAAGCT
GGACTGGAATATTTTGTGAAGTTAAATAAGCCAGCAGACTTCATAGGAAAGCAAGCACTG
AAACAGATTAAAGCCAAGGGGCTGAAACGAAGACTGGTCTGCCTCACCTTGGCAACGGAT
GATGTTGATCCAGAGGGAAATGAAAGCATCTGGTACAATGGCAAGGTGGTTGGCAACACG
ACATCTGGAAGCTATAGCTACAGCATCCAGAAGAGTCTGGCTTTCGCATATGTCCCTGTA
CAACTAAGTGAAGTGGGACAGCAAGTGGAAGTTGAACTATTAGGCAAAAATTACCCAGCA
GTCATCATACAAGAACCTTTGGTATTGACCGAACCAACCAGAAACCGGCTTCAGAAAAAA
GGTGGAAAGGACAAAACTTGA
Enzyme 1 GenBank Gene ID NM_013391.2 Link Image
Enzyme 1 GeneCard ID DMGDH Link Image
Enzyme 1 GenAtlas ID DMGDH Link Image
Enzyme 1 HGNC ID HGNC:24475 Link Image
Enzyme 1 Chromosome Location 5
Enzyme 1 Locus 5q14.1
Enzyme 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 1 General References
  1. Binzak BA, Vockley JG, Jenkins RB, Vockley J: Structure and analysis of the human dimethylglycine dehydrogenase gene. Mol Genet Metab. 2000 Mar;69(3):181-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Binzak BA, Wevers RA, Moolenaar SH, Lee YM, Hwu WL, Poggi-Bach J, Engelke UF, Hoard HM, Vockley JG, Vockley J: Cloning of dimethylglycine dehydrogenase and a new human inborn error of metabolism, dimethylglycine dehydrogenase deficiency. Am J Hum Genet. 2001 Apr;68(4):839-47. Epub 2001 Feb 28. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Schmutz J, Martin J, Terry A, Couronne O, Grimwood J, Lowry S, Gordon LA, Scott D, Xie G, Huang W, Hellsten U, Tran-Gyamfi M, She X, Prabhakar S, Aerts A, Altherr M, Bajorek E, Black S, Branscomb E, Caoile C, Challacombe JF, Chan YM, Denys M, Detter JC, Escobar J, Flowers D, Fotopulos D, Glavina T, Gomez M, Gonzales E, Goodstein D, Grigoriev I, Groza M, Hammon N, Hawkins T, Haydu L, Israni S, Jett J, Kadner K, Kimball H, Kobayashi A, Lopez F, Lou Y, Martinez D, Medina C, Morgan J, Nandkeshwar R, Noonan JP, Pitluck S, Pollard M, Predki P, Priest J, Ramirez L, Retterer J, Rodriguez A, Rogers S, Salamov A, Salazar A, Thayer N, Tice H, Tsai M, Ustaszewska A, Vo N, Wheeler J, Wu K, Yang J, Dickson M, Cheng JF, Eichler EE, Olsen A, Pennacchio LA, Rokhsar DS, Richardson P, Lucas SM, Myers RM, Rubin EM: The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 5. Nature. 2004 Sep 16;431(7006):268-74. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Moolenaar SH, Poggi-Bach J, Engelke UF, Corstiaensen JM, Heerschap A, de Jong JG, Binzak BA, Vockley J, Wevers RA: Defect in dimethylglycine dehydrogenase, a new inborn error of metabolism: NMR spectroscopy study. Clin Chem. 1999 Apr;45(4):459-64. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 1 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 2 [top]
Enzyme 2 ID 5831
Enzyme 2 Name Betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase 1
Enzyme 2 Synonyms Not Available
Enzyme 2 Gene Name BHMT
Enzyme 2 Protein Sequence >Betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase 1
MPPVGGKKAKKGILERLNAGEIVIGDGGFVFALEKRGYVKAGPWTPEAAVEHPEAVRQLH
REFLRAGSNVMQTFTFYASEDKLENRGNYVLEKISGQEVNEAACDIARQVADEGDALVAG
GVSQTPSYLSCKSETEVKKVFLQQLEVFMKKNVDFLIAEYFEHVEEAVWAVETLIASGKP
VAATMCIGPEGDLHGVPPGECAVRLVKAGASIIGVNCHFDPTISLKTVKLMKEGLEAARL
KAHLMSQPLAYHTPDCNKQGFIDLPEFPFGLEPRVATRWDIQKYAREAYNLGVRYIGGCC
GFEPYHIRAIAEELAPERGFLPPASEKHGSWGSGLDMHTKPWVRARARKEYWENLRIASG
RPYNPSMSKPDGWGVTKGTAELMQQKEATTEQQLKELFEKQKFKSQ
Enzyme 2 Number of Residues 406
Enzyme 2 Molecular Weight 44998.2
Enzyme 2 Theoretical pI 7.04
Enzyme 2 GO Classification
Function
  • S-methyltransferase activity
  • betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase activity
  • binding
  • catalytic activity
  • cation binding
  • homocysteine S-methyltransferase activity
  • ion binding
  • metal ion binding
  • methyltransferase activity
  • transferase activity
  • transferase activity, transferring one-carbon groups
  • transition metal ion binding
  • zinc ion binding
Process
  • cellular amino acid and derivative metabolic process
  • cellular amino acid metabolic process
  • cellular metabolic process
  • metabolic process
  • methionine biosynthetic process
  • sulfur amino acid biosynthetic process
  • sulfur amino acid metabolic process
Component
  • cell part
  • cytoplasm
  • intracellular part
Enzyme 2 General Function Involved in zinc ion binding
Enzyme 2 Specific Function Involved in the regulation of homocysteine metabolism. Converts betaine and homocysteine to dimethylglycine and methionine, respectively. This reaction is also required for the irreversible oxidation of choline
Enzyme 2 Pathways
Enzyme 2 Reactions
  • trimethylammonioacetate + L-homocysteine = dimethylglycine + L-methionine [RN:R02821]
Enzyme 2 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 2 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 2 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 2 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 2 GenBank ID Protein 4530461 Link Image
Enzyme 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q93088 Link Image
Enzyme 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name BHMT1_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 2 PDB ID 1LT8 Link Image
Enzyme 2 PDB File Show
Enzyme 2 3D Structure
Enzyme 2 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 2 Gene Sequence >1221 bp
ATGCCACCCGTTGGGGGCAAAAAGGCCAAGAAGGGCATCCTAGAACGTTTAAATGCTGGA
GAGATTGTGATTGGAGATGGAGGGTTTGTCTTTGCACTGGAGAAGAGGGGCTACGTAAAG
GCAGGACCCTGGACTCCTGAAGCTGCTGTGGAGCACCCAGAAGCAGTTCGCCAGCTTCAT
CGAGAGTTCCTCAGAGCTGGCTCAAACGTCATGCAGACCTTCACCTTCTATGCGAGTGAA
GACAAGCTGGAGAACAGGGGCAACTATGTCTTAGAGAAGATATCTGGGCAGGAAGTCAAT
GAAGCTGCTTGCGACATCGCCCGACAAGTGGCTGATGAAGGAGATGCTTTGGTAGCAGGA
GGAGTGAGTCAGACACCTTCATACCTTAGCTGCAAGAGTGAAACTGAAGTCAAAAAAGTA
TTTCTGCAACAGTTAGAGGTCTTTATGAAGAAGAACGTGGACTTCTTGATTGCAGAGTAT
TTTGAACACGTTGAAGAAGCTGTGTGGGCAGTTGAAACCTTGATAGCATCCGGTAAACCT
GTGGCAGCAACCATGTGCATTGGCCCAGAAGGAGATTTGCATGGCGTGCCCCCCGGCGAG
TGTGCAGTGCGCCTGGTGAAAGCAGGAGCATCCATCATTGGTGTGAACTGCCACTTTGAC
CCCACCATTAGTTTAAAAACAGTGAAGCTCATGAAGGAGGGCTTGGAGGCTGCCCGACTG
AAAGCTCACCTGATGAGCCAGCCCTTGGCTTACCACACTCCTGACTGCAACAAGCAGGGA
TTCATCGATCTCCCAGAATTCCCATTTGGACTGGAACCCAGAGTTGCCACCAGATGGGAT
ATTCAAAAATACGCCAGAGAGGCCTACAACCTGGGGGTCAGGTACATTGGCGGGTGCTGT
GGATTTGAGCCCTACCACATCAGGGCAATTGCAGAGGAGCTGGCCCCAGAAAGGGGCTTT
TTGCCACCAGCTTCAGAAAAACATGGCAGCTGGGGAAGTGGTTTGGACATGCACACCAAA
CCCTGGGTTAGAGCAAGGGCCAGGAAGGAATACTGGGAGAATCTTCGGATAGCCTCAGGC
CGGCCATACAACCCTTCAATGTCAAAGCCAGATGGCTGGGGAGTGACCAAAGGAACAGCC
GAGCTGATGCAGCAGAAAGAAGCCACAACTGAGCAGCAGCTGAAAGAGCTCTTTGAAAAA
CAAAAATTCAAATCACAGTAG
Enzyme 2 GenBank Gene ID AF118378 Link Image
Enzyme 2 GeneCard ID BHMT Link Image
Enzyme 2 GenAtlas ID BHMT Link Image
Enzyme 2 HGNC ID HGNC:1047 Link Image
Enzyme 2 Chromosome Location 5
Enzyme 2 Locus 5q13.1-q15
Enzyme 2 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 2 General References
  1. Garrow TA: Purification, kinetic properties, and cDNA cloning of mammalian betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase. J Biol Chem. 1996 Sep 13;271(37):22831-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Park EI, Garrow TA: Interaction between dietary methionine and methyl donor intake on rat liver betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase gene expression and organization of the human gene. J Biol Chem. 1999 Mar 19;274(12):7816-24. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Sunden SL, Renduchintala MS, Park EI, Miklasz SD, Garrow TA: Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase expression in porcine and human tissues and chromosomal localization of the human gene. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1997 Sep 1;345(1):171-4. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Millian NS, Garrow TA: Human betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase is a zinc metalloenzyme. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1998 Aug 1;356(1):93-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Evans JC, Huddler DP, Jiracek J, Castro C, Millian NS, Garrow TA, Ludwig ML: Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase: zinc in a distorted barrel. Structure. 2002 Sep;10(9):1159-71. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Weisberg IS, Park E, Ballman KV, Berger P, Nunn M, Suh DS, Breksa AP 3rd, Garrow TA, Rozen R: Investigations of a common genetic variant in betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) in coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis. 2003 Apr;167(2):205-14. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 2 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 3 [top]
Enzyme 3 ID 9885
Enzyme 3 Name Betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase 2
Enzyme 3 Synonyms Not Available
Enzyme 3 Gene Name BHMT2
Enzyme 3 Protein Sequence >Betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase 2
MAPAGRPGAKKGILERLESGEVVIGDGSFLITLEKRGYVKAGLWTPEAVIEHPDAVRQLH
MEFLRAGSNVMQTFTFSASEDNMESKWEDVNAAACDLAREVAGKGDALVAGGICQTSIYK
YQKDEARIKKLFRQQLEVFAWKNVDFLIAEYFEHVEEAVWAVEVLKESDRPVAVTMCIGP
EGDMHDITPGECAVRLVKAGASIVGVNCRFGPDTSLKTMELMKEGLEWAGLKAHLMVQPL
GFHAPDCGKEGFVDLPEYPFGLESRVATRWDIQKYAREAYNLGVRYIGGCCGFEPYHIRA
IAEELAPERGFLPPASEKHGSWGSGLDMHTKPWIRARARREYWENLLPASGRPFCPSLSK
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Enzyme 3 Number of Residues 363
Enzyme 3 Molecular Weight 40353.8
Enzyme 3 Theoretical pI 5.68
Enzyme 3 GO Classification
Function
  • S-methyltransferase activity
  • betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase activity
  • binding
  • catalytic activity
  • cation binding
  • homocysteine S-methyltransferase activity
  • ion binding
  • metal ion binding
  • methyltransferase activity
  • transferase activity
  • transferase activity, transferring one-carbon groups
  • transition metal ion binding
  • zinc ion binding
Process
  • cellular amino acid and derivative metabolic process
  • cellular amino acid metabolic process
  • cellular metabolic process
  • metabolic process
  • methionine biosynthetic process
  • sulfur amino acid biosynthetic process
  • sulfur amino acid metabolic process
Component
  • cell part
  • cytoplasm
  • intracellular part
Enzyme 3 General Function Involved in zinc ion binding
Enzyme 3 Specific Function Involved in the regulation of homocysteine metabolism. Converts betaine and homocysteine to dimethylglycine and methionine, respectively. This reaction is also required for the irreversible oxidation of choline
Enzyme 3 Pathways
Enzyme 3 Reactions
  • trimethylammonioacetate + L-homocysteine = dimethylglycine + L-methionine [RN:R02821]
Enzyme 3 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 3 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 3 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 3 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 3 GenBank ID Protein 11907831 Link Image
Enzyme 3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q9H2M3 Link Image
Enzyme 3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name BHMT2_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 3 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 3 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 3 Gene Sequence >1092 bp
ATGGCACCTGCTGGACGCCCGGGGGCCAAGAAGGGGATTTTGGAGCGCCTGGAGAGTGGG
GAGGTTGTGATTGGAGATGGCAGCTTTCTCATTACTCTGGAGAAGAGAGGCTATGTGAAG
GCTGGGCTCTGGACTCCAGAGGCAGTGATAGAACACCCAGACGCAGTTCGTCAACTTCAC
ATGGAATTCTTGAGAGCAGGATCAAATGTCATGCAGACTTTTACCTTTTCTGCCAGTGAG
GACAATATGGAAAGCAAGTGGGAAGATGTAAATGCTGCTGCCTGTGACCTCGCCAGGGAA
GTGGCTGGCAAAGGTGATGCTTTGGTAGCAGGGGGGATCTGCCAGACATCAATATACAAA
TACCAGAAGGATGAAGCTAGAATTAAAAAACTTTTTCGACAACAGCTAGAAGTTTTTGCC
TGGAAAAATGTGGACTTCTTGATTGCAGAGTATTTTGAGCACGTTGAAGAAGCTGTGTGG
GCTGTGGAAGTCTTAAAAGAATCAGATAGACCCGTGGCAGTTACCATGTGCATAGGCCCA
GAGGGAGACATGCATGATATAACCCCCGGAGAATGTGCTGTGAGGCTGGTGAAGGCAGGG
GCTTCCATCGTTGGCGTGAACTGCCGCTTTGGGCCCGACACCAGCTTGAAGACGATGGAG
CTCATGAAGGAGGGTCTTGAGTGGGCAGGGCTGAAAGCGCACCTCATGGTGCAGCCTCTG
GGGTTCCACGCGCCTGACTGTGGCAAAGAGGGGTTTGTGGATCTCCCAGAATATCCCTTT
GGACTGGAGTCCAGAGTTGCCACCAGATGGGATATTCAAAAATACGCCAGAGAGGCCTAC
AACCTGGGGGTCAGGTACATTGGCGGGTGCTGTGGATTTGAGCCCTACCACATCAGGGCA
ATTGCAGAGGAGCTGGCCCCAGAAAGGGGCTTTTTGCCACCAGCTTCAGAAAAACACGGC
AGCTGGGGAAGTGGTTTGGACATGCACACCAAACCCTGGATTAGAGCAAGGGCTCGAAGG
GAGTATTGGGAGAATCTGCTGCCAGCTTCAGGCAGACCTTTCTGTCCTTCGCTGTCAAAG
CCAGACTTCTAA
Enzyme 3 GenBank Gene ID AF257473 Link Image
Enzyme 3 GeneCard ID BHMT2 Link Image
Enzyme 3 GenAtlas ID BHMT2 Link Image
Enzyme 3 HGNC ID HGNC:1048 Link Image
Enzyme 3 Chromosome Location 5
Enzyme 3 Locus 5q13
Enzyme 3 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 3 General References
  1. Chadwick LH, McCandless SE, Silverman GL, Schwartz S, Westaway D, Nadeau JH: Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase-2: cDNA cloning, gene sequence, physical mapping, and expression of the human and mouse genes. Genomics. 2000 Nov 15;70(1):66-73. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 3 Metabolite References Not Available