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Human Metabolome Database Version 3.5

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Showing metabocard for D-Glucose (HMDB00122)

Record Information
Version 3.5
Creation Date 2005-11-16 08:48:42 -0700
Update Date 2013-02-08 17:07:55 -0700
HMDB ID HMDB00122
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB06564
Metabolite Identification
Common Name D-Glucose
Description Glucose is a monosaccharide containing six carbon atoms and an aldehyde group and is therefore referred to as an aldohexose. The glucose molecule can exist in an open-chain (acyclic) and ring (cyclic) form, the latter being the result of an intramolecular reaction between the aldehyde C atom and the C-5 hydroxyl group to form an intramolecular hemiacetal. In water solution both forms are in equilibrium and at pH 7 the cyclic one is the predominant. Glucose is a primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. In animals glucose arises from the breakdown of glycogen in a process known as glycogenolysis. Glucose is synthesized in the liver and kidneys from non-carbohydrate intermediates, such as pyruvate and glycerol, by a process known as gluconeogenesis.
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms
  1. Roferose ST
  2. (+)-Glucose
  3. Anhydrous dextrose
  4. Cerelose
  5. Cerelose 2001
  6. Clearsweet 95
  7. Clintose L
  8. Corn sugar
  9. CPC hydrate
  10. D(+)-Glucose
  11. Dextropur
  12. Dextrose
  13. Dextrosol
  14. Glucodin
  15. Glucolin
  16. Glucose
  17. Goldsugar
  18. Grape sugar
  19. Meritose
  20. Staleydex 111
  21. Staleydex 95M
  22. Tabfine 097(HS)
  23. Vadex
Chemical Formula C6H12O6
Average Molecular Weight 180.1559
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 180.063388116
IUPAC Name (3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol
Traditional IUPAC Name glucose
CAS Registry Number 50-99-7
SMILES OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O
InChI Identifier InChI=1S/C6H12O6/c7-1-2-3(8)4(9)5(10)6(11)12-2/h2-11H,1H2/t2-,3-,4+,5-,6?/m1/s1
InChI Key WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Kingdom Organic Compounds
Super Class Carbohydrates and Carbohydrate Conjugates
Class Monosaccharides
Sub Class Hexoses
Other Descriptors
  • Aliphatic Heteromonocyclic Compounds
  • Carbohydrates and Carbohydrate Conjugates
  • D-galactopyranose(ChEBI)
Substituents
  • 1,2 Diol
  • Hemiacetal
  • Oxane
  • Primary Alcohol
  • Secondary Alcohol
Direct Parent Hexoses
Ontology
Status Detected and Quantified
Origin
  • Endogenous
Biofunction Not Available
Application Not Available
Cellular locations
  • Extracellular
  • Lysosome
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
Physical Properties
State Solid
Experimental Properties
Property Value Reference
Melting Point 146 - 150 °C Not Available
Boiling Point Not Available Not Available
Water Solubility 1200.0 mg/mL Not Available
LogP -3.24 SANGSTER (1994)
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
Water Solubility 782 g/L ALOGPS
LogP -2.57 ALOGPS
LogP -2.9 ChemAxon
LogS 0.64 ALOGPS
pKa (strongest acidic) 11.3 ChemAxon
pKa (strongest basic) -3 ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count 6 ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count 5 ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area 110.38 A2 ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count 1 ChemAxon
Refractivity 35.92 ChemAxon
Polarizability 16.09 ChemAxon
Formal Charge 0 ChemAxon
Physiological Charge 0 ChemAxon
Spectra
Gas-MS Spectrum
1H NMR Spectrum
13C NMR Spectrum
MS/MS Spectrum Quattro_QQQ 10
MS/MS Spectrum Quattro_QQQ 25
MS/MS Spectrum Quattro_QQQ 40
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50
MS/MS Spectrum GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies)
MS/MS Spectrum GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies)
MS/MS Spectrum GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies)
MS/MS Spectrum GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies)
MS/MS Spectrum GC-MS
MS/MS Spectrum GC-MS
MS/MS Spectrum GC-MS
[1H,13C] 2D NMR Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Extracellular
  • Lysosome
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
Biofluid Locations
  • Blood
  • Breast Milk
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
  • Saliva
  • Urine
Tissue Location
  • Muscle
  • Bladder
  • Fibroblasts
  • Intestine
  • Neuron
  • Pancreas
  • Placenta
  • Kidney
  • Liver
  • Epidermis
  • Brain
  • Myelin
  • Prostate
  • Adrenal Gland
  • Fetus
  • Adipose Tissue
  • Adrenal Cortex
  • Adrenal Medulla
  • Lung
  • Nerve Cells
  • Gonads
  • Gut
  • Eye Lens
  • Mouth
  • Beta Cell
  • Brain Plaques
Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Glycolysis SMP00040 map00010 Link_out
Galactose Metabolism SMP00043 map00052 Link_out
Gluconeogenesis SMP00128 map00010 Link_out
Glucose-Alanine Cycle SMP00127 Not Available
Lactose Synthesis SMP00444 Not Available
Lactose Degradation SMP00457 Not Available
Transfer of Acetyl Groups into Mitochondria SMP00466 Not Available
Normal Concentrations
Biofluid Status Value Age Sex Condition Comments
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
5350.0 +/- 120.0 uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
5400.0 (4700.0 - 6100.0) uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
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5181.0 +/- 394.0 uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
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12000.0 +/- 4440.0 uM Children (1-13 year old) Both Normal Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
5300.0 (4900.0 - 5700.0) uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
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4750.0 +/- 184.0 uM Newborn (0-30 days old) Both Normal Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
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2200.0 (1100.0 - 3300.0) uM Newborn (0-30 days old) Both Normal Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
4440.0 +/- 370.0 uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
4570.0 +/- 411.0 uM Adult (>18 years old) Male Normal Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
2750.0 (2200.0-3300.0) uM Newborn (0-30 days old) Both Normal Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
4470.0 +/- 346.0 uM Adult (>18 years old) Female Normal Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
4400.00 (3300.00-5500.00) uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
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4450.0 (3300.0 - 5600.0) uM Children (1-13 year old) Both Normal Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
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5450.0 (4200.0 - 6700.0) uM Elderly (>65 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
4971.3 +/- 372.8 uM Adult (>18 years old) Not Specified Normal Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
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4440.0 +/- 100.0 uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
4470.0 +/- 110.0 uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Exercise
Breast Milk Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
4500.0+/- 100.0 uM Adult (>18 years old) Female Normal Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
2960 +/- 1110 uM Not Specified Both Normal Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
5390.0 +/- 1650.0 uM Adult (>18 years old) Not Specified Normal Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
1720.0 (1560.0-1880.0) uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Saliva Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
1-2762 uM Adult (>18 years old) Male normal At rest without stimulation
Saliva Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
4-389 uM Adult (>18 years old) Male normal Salivary induction with a citric acid solution...
Saliva Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
>10 uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
35.6 (10.3-56.7) umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal by GC-MS
Urine Detected and not Quantified
Article_icon
Not Applicable Adult (>18 years old) Male Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
15.0 (0.0-50.0) umol/mmol creatinine Newborn (0-30 days old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
9.0 (0.0-19.0) umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and not Quantified
Article_icon
Not Applicable Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
16.66-111.07 umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
37.5 (12.5-58.4) umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal urine by NMR
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
31.12 umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Male Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and not Quantified
Article_icon
Not Applicable Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Urine compound detected by GC-MS
Urine Detected and not Quantified
Article_icon
Not Applicable Adult (>18 years old) Male Normal After green tea sonsumption
Urine Detected and not Quantified
Article_icon
Not Applicable Adult (>18 years old) Male Normal After black tea sonsumption
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
7.0 (0.0-15.0) umol/mmol creatinine Infant (0-1 year old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
25.8 +/- 13.82 umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
143.14 +/- 399.78 umol/mmol creatinine Infant (0-1 year old) Female Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
0 umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Biofluid Status Value Age Sex Condition Comments
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
>11100 uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Diabetes mellitus Casual blood glucose test
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
>7000 uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Diabetes mellitus Fasting glucose test
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
3743 +/- 1272.9 uM Adult (>18 years old) Not Specified Heart Transplant Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
5500.0 +/- 160.0 uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Growth hormone deficiency Induced by severe radiation
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
6000.0 (5000.0 - 6800.0) uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
5114.0 +/- 483.0 uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Hyperlipidaemia Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
3900.0 (2800.0-5000.0) uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Glucagon deficiency Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
1000.0 (0.00-2000.0) uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Glucagon deficiency Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
1750.00 (500.00-3000.00) uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Hypoadrenocorticism Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
4400.0 (3300.0-5500.0) uM Adult (>18 years old) Both 3-Methyl-crotonyl-glycinuria Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
1750.0 (500.0-3000.0) uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Beta-Methylcrotonyl-Coenzyme A carboxylase deficiency Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
3700.0 (3200.0-4200.0) uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Alzheimer's disease Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
19700.0 umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Diabetes Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
79600.0 (68300.0-90900.0) umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Diabetes With ketoacidosis
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
17,449.11 (137.28 – 129,930.33) umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Type 1 diabetes Mellitus Not Available
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease References
Alzheimer's disease
  • Redjems-Bennani N, Jeandel C, Lefebvre E, Blain H, Vidailhet M, Gueant JL: Abnormal substrate levels that depend upon mitochondrial function in cerebrospinal fluid from Alzheimer patients. Gerontology. 1998;44(5):300-4. Pubmed: 9693263 Link_out
    Diabetes mellitus type 2
    • Bales JR, Higham DP, Howe I, Nicholson JK, Sadler PJ: Use of high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for rapid multi-component analysis of urine. Clin Chem. 1984 Mar;30(3):426-32. Pubmed: 6321058 Link_out
    • Hoppel CL, Genuth SM: Urinary excretion of acetylcarnitine during human diabetic and fasting ketosis. Am J Physiol. 1982 Aug;243(2):E168-72. Pubmed: 6810706 Link_out
    • World Health Organisation Department of Noncommunicable Disease Surveillance (1999). "Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications"
    Growth hormone deficiency
    • Darzy KH, Murray RD, Gleeson HK, Pezzoli SS, Thorner MO, Shalet SM: The impact of short-term fasting on the dynamics of 24-hour growth hormone (GH) secretion in patients with severe radiation-induced GH deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Mar;91(3):987-94. Epub 2005 Dec 29. Pubmed: 16384844 Link_out
      Acute myelogenous leukemia
      • Tatidis L, Vitols S, Gruber A, Paul C, Axelson M: Cholesterol catabolism in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia and hypocholesterolemia: suppressed levels of a circulating marker for bile acid synthesis. Cancer Lett. 2001 Sep 20;170(2):169-75. Pubmed: 11463495 Link_out
        Hyperlipidemia
        • Sinha S, Misra A, Kumar V, Jagannathan NR, Bal CS, Pandey RM, Singhania R, Deepak: Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and single photon emission computed tomography study of the brain in asymptomatic young hyperlipidaemic Asian Indians in North India show early abnormalities. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2004 Aug;61(2):182-9. Pubmed: 15272912 Link_out
          3-methyl-crotonyl-glycinuria
            • http://www.metagene.de/program/d.prg?mp=3-METHYL-CROTONYL-GLYCINURIA
            Glucagon deficiency
              • http://www.metagene.de/program/d.prg?mp=GLUCAGON%20DEFICIENCY
              Addison's Disease
                • http://www.metagene.de/program/d.prg?mp=HYPOADRENOCORTICISM,%20FAMILIAL
                Associated OMIM IDs
                DrugBank ID Not Available
                Phenol Explorer Compound ID Not Available
                Phenol Explorer Metabolite ID Not Available
                FoodDB ID FDB012530
                KNApSAcK ID Not Available
                Chemspider ID 5589 Link_out
                KEGG Compound ID C00031 Link_out
                BioCyc ID GLC Link_out
                BiGG ID 33582 Link_out
                Wikipedia Link Dextrose Link_out
                NuGOwiki Link HMDB00122 Link_out
                Metagene Link HMDB00122 Link_out
                METLIN ID 133 Link_out
                PubChem Compound 5793 Link_out
                PDB ID 1A47 Link_out
                ChEBI ID 4167 Link_out
                References
                Synthesis Reference Li, Dalin; Ruan, Yi; Song, Wen; Wang, Yongjun. Improved process for producing glucose. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu (2003), 4 pp
                Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) Not Available
                General References
                1. Badiee P, Kordbacheh P, Alborzi A, Zeini F, Mirhendy H, Mahmoody M: Fungal infections in solid organ recipients. Exp Clin Transplant. 2005 Dec;3(2):385-9. Pubmed: 16417449 Link_out
                2. Surdacki A, Nowicki M, Sandmann J, Tsikas D, Boeger RH, Bode-Boeger SM, Kruszelnicka-Kwiatkowska O, Kokot F, Dubiel JS, Froelich JC: Reduced urinary excretion of nitric oxide metabolites and increased plasma levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine in men with essential hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1999 Apr;33(4):652-8. Pubmed: 10218738 Link_out
                3. Zhao J, Wu LF: [Study of the causes of fetal growth restriction with unclear etiologies] Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi. 2004 May;39(5):329-33. Pubmed: 15196417 Link_out
                4. Flynn DM, Fairney A, Jackson D, Clayton BE: Hormonal changes in thalassaemia major. Arch Dis Child. 1976 Nov;51(11):828-36. Pubmed: 1008588 Link_out
                5. Sokup A, Swiatkowski M, Tyloch M, Skublicki S, Szymanski W, Goralczyk K: [Insulin secretion at the diagnosis of gestational diabetes is lower in multiparas than in primiparas] Ginekol Pol. 2006 Jan;77(1):4-9. Pubmed: 16736954 Link_out
                6. Subramanian A, Gupta A, Saxena S, Gupta A, Kumar R, Nigam A, Kumar R, Mandal SK, Roy R: Proton MR CSF analysis and a new software as predictors for the differentiation of meningitis in children. NMR Biomed. 2005 Jun;18(4):213-25. Pubmed: 15627241 Link_out
                7. Roberts E: The importance of being dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (in the blood of primates): a longer and healthier life? Biochem Pharmacol. 1999 Feb 15;57(4):329-46. Pubmed: 9933021 Link_out
                8. Redjems-Bennani N, Jeandel C, Lefebvre E, Blain H, Vidailhet M, Gueant JL: Abnormal substrate levels that depend upon mitochondrial function in cerebrospinal fluid from Alzheimer patients. Gerontology. 1998;44(5):300-4. Pubmed: 9693263 Link_out
                9. Kodama H, Okada S, Inui K, Yutaka T, Yabuuchi H: Studies on alpha-ketoglutaric aciduria in type I glycogenosis. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1980 Aug;131(4):347-53. Pubmed: 6936873 Link_out
                10. Gollan JL, Huang SN, Billing B, Sherlock S: Prolonged survival in three brothers with severe type 2 Crigler-Najjar syndrome. Ultrastructural and metabolic studies. Gastroenterology. 1975 Jun;68(6):1543-55. Pubmed: 805737 Link_out
                11. Hourd P, Edge JA, Dunger DB, Dalton N, Edwards R: Urinary growth hormone excretion during puberty in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. 1991 Apr;8(3):237-42. Pubmed: 1828739 Link_out
                12. Zebrower ME, Kieras FJ, Brown WT: Analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfates. Anal Biochem. 1986 Aug 15;157(1):93-9. Pubmed: 3094400 Link_out
                13. Commodari F, Arnold DL, Sanctuary BC, Shoubridge EA: 1H NMR characterization of normal human cerebrospinal fluid and the detection of methylmalonic acid in a vitamin B12 deficient patient. NMR Biomed. 1991 Aug;4(4):192-200. Pubmed: 1931558 Link_out
                14. Sakai T, Suzuki J, Marumo F, Kikawada R: A case of Fanconi syndrome with type 1 renal tubular acidosis. Jpn Circ J. 1981 Oct;45(10):1164-9. Pubmed: 7299995 Link_out
                15. Rohdewald VP, Rehder J, Mollmann H, Barth J, Derendorf H: [Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of prednisolone following extremely high dosage as prednisolone hemisuccinate] Arzneimittelforschung. 1987 Feb;37(2):194-8. Pubmed: 3580023 Link_out
                16. Hoppel CL, Genuth SM: Urinary excretion of acetylcarnitine during human diabetic and fasting ketosis. Am J Physiol. 1982 Aug;243(2):E168-72. Pubmed: 6810706 Link_out
                17. Brodehl J, Oemar BS, Hoyer PF: Renal glucosuria. Pediatr Nephrol. 1987 Jul;1(3):502-8. Pubmed: 3153324 Link_out
                18. KASER H, COTTIER P, ANTENER I: Glucoglycinuria, a new familial syndrome. J Pediatr. 1962 Sep;61:386-94. Pubmed: 14454131 Link_out
                19. Bales JR, Higham DP, Howe I, Nicholson JK, Sadler PJ: Use of high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for rapid multi-component analysis of urine. Clin Chem. 1984 Mar;30(3):426-32. Pubmed: 6321058 Link_out
                20. Harada H, Shimizu H, Maeiwa M: 1H-NMR of human saliva. An application of NMR spectroscopy in forensic science. Forensic Sci Int. 1987 Jul;34(3):189-95. Pubmed: 3666622 Link_out
                21. Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4. Pubmed: 19212411 Link_out
                Enzymes
                Name: Glucokinase
                Reactions:
                • ATP + D-glucose = ADP + D-glucose 6-phosphate [RN:R00299]
                Gene Name: GCK
                Uniprot ID: P35557 Link_out
                Protein Sequence: FASTA
                Gene Sequence: FASTA
                Name: Hexokinase-3
                Reactions:
                • ATP + D-hexose = ADP + D-hexose 6-phosphate [RN:R02848]
                Gene Name: HK3
                Uniprot ID: P52790 Link_out
                Protein Sequence: FASTA
                Gene Sequence: FASTA
                Name: Hexokinase-2
                Reactions:
                • ATP + D-hexose = ADP + D-hexose 6-phosphate [RN:R02848]
                Gene Name: HK2
                Uniprot ID: P52789 Link_out
                Protein Sequence: FASTA
                Gene Sequence: FASTA
                Name: Hexokinase-1
                Reactions:
                • ATP + D-hexose = ADP + D-hexose 6-phosphate [RN:R02848]
                Gene Name: HK1
                Uniprot ID: P19367 Link_out
                Protein Sequence: FASTA
                Gene Sequence: FASTA
                Name: Sucrase-isomaltase, intestinal
                Reactions:
                • Hydrolysis of sucrose and maltose by an alpha-D-glucosidase-type action [RN:R00801 R06087] ALL_REAC R00801 R06087(G) > R00802 R06088(G)
                Gene Name: SI
                Uniprot ID: P14410 Link_out
                Protein Sequence: FASTA
                Gene Sequence: FASTA
                Name: Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase
                Reactions:
                • lactose + H2O = D-galactose + D-glucose [RN:R01100 R06114]
                Gene Name: LCT
                Uniprot ID: P09848 Link_out
                Protein Sequence: FASTA
                Gene Sequence: FASTA
                Name: Neutral alpha-glucosidase AB
                Reactions:
                • Hydrolysis of terminal (1->3)-alpha-D-glucosidic links in (1->3)-alpha-D-glucans ALL_REAC (other) R05980(G) R05981(G)
                Gene Name: GANAB
                Uniprot ID: Q14697 Link_out
                Protein Sequence: FASTA
                Gene Sequence: FASTA
                Name: Glycogen debranching enzyme
                Reactions:
                • Hydrolysis of (1->6)-alpha-D-glucosidic branch linkages in glycogen phosphorylase limit dextrin ALL_REAC (other) R02109 R06158(G)
                Gene Name: AGL
                Uniprot ID: P35573 Link_out
                Protein Sequence: FASTA
                Gene Sequence: FASTA
                Name: ADP-dependent glucokinase
                Reactions:
                • ADP + D-glucose = AMP + D-glucose 6-phosphate [RN:R05804]
                Gene Name: ADPGK
                Uniprot ID: Q9BRR6 Link_out
                Protein Sequence: FASTA
                Gene Sequence: FASTA
                Name: Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 2
                Reactions:
                • UDP-galactose + N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = UDP + N-acetyllactosamine [RN:R01205 R06055]
                Gene Name: B4GALT2
                Uniprot ID: O60909 Link_out
                Protein Sequence: FASTA
                Gene Sequence: FASTA
                Name: Alpha-lactalbumin
                Reactions:
                  Gene Name: LALBA
                  Uniprot ID: P00709 Link_out
                  Protein Sequence: FASTA
                  Gene Sequence: FASTA
                  Name: Trehalase
                  Reactions:
                  • alpha,alpha-trehalose + H2O = 2 D-glucose [RN:R00010 R06103]
                  Gene Name: TREH
                  Uniprot ID: O43280 Link_out
                  Protein Sequence: FASTA
                  Gene Sequence: FASTA
                  Name: Glucose-6-phosphatase
                  Reactions:
                  • D-glucose 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucose + phosphate [RN:R00303]
                  Gene Name: G6PC
                  Uniprot ID: P35575 Link_out
                  Protein Sequence: FASTA
                  Gene Sequence: FASTA
                  Name: Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1
                  Reactions:
                  • UDP-galactose + N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = UDP + N-acetyllactosamine [RN:R01205 R06055]
                  Gene Name: B4GALT1
                  Uniprot ID: P15291 Link_out
                  Protein Sequence: FASTA
                  Gene Sequence: FASTA
                  Name: Alpha-galactosidase A
                  Reactions:
                  • Hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-D-galactose residues in alpha-D-galactosides, including galactose oligosaccharides, galactomannans and galactolipids ALL_REAC (other) R01101 R01103 R01104 R01194 R01329 R02926 R03618 R03634 R04019 R04470 R05549 R05961(G) R06070(G) R06091(G) R06093(G) R06094(G) R06096(G) R06142(G) R06152(G)
                  Gene Name: GLA
                  Uniprot ID: P06280 Link_out
                  Protein Sequence: FASTA
                  Gene Sequence: FASTA
                  Name: Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase
                  Reactions:
                  • D-glucose 6-phosphate = D-fructose 6-phosphate [RN:R00771]
                  Gene Name: GPI
                  Uniprot ID: P06744 Link_out
                  Protein Sequence: FASTA
                  Gene Sequence: FASTA
                  Name: Phosphoglucomutase-1
                  Reactions:
                  • alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate = D-glucose 6-phosphate [RN:R08639]
                  Gene Name: PGM1
                  Uniprot ID: P36871 Link_out
                  Protein Sequence: FASTA
                  Gene Sequence: FASTA
                  Name: Glucosylceramidase
                  Reactions:
                  • D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine + H2O = D-glucose + N-acylsphingosine [RN:R01498]
                  Gene Name: GBA
                  Uniprot ID: P04062 Link_out
                  Protein Sequence: FASTA
                  Gene Sequence: FASTA
                  Name: Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1
                  Reactions:
                    Gene Name: SLC2A1
                    Uniprot ID: P11166 Link_out
                    Protein Sequence: FASTA
                    Gene Sequence: FASTA
                    Name: Glucokinase regulatory protein
                    Reactions:
                      Gene Name: GCKR
                      Uniprot ID: Q14397 Link_out
                      Protein Sequence: FASTA
                      Gene Sequence: FASTA
                      Name: Cytosolic beta-glucosidase
                      Reactions:
                      • Hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-glucosyl residues with release of beta-D-glucose ALL_REAC (other) R00026 R02887 R03527 R04949 R04998 R06077(G) R06092(G)
                      Gene Name: GBA3
                      Uniprot ID: Q9H227 Link_out
                      Protein Sequence: FASTA
                      Gene Sequence: FASTA
                      Name: Maltase-glucoamylase, intestinal
                      Reactions:
                      • Hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing (1->4)-linked alpha-D-glucose residues with release of D-glucose ALL_REAC (other) R00028 R00801 R00802 R06084(G) R06087(G) R06088(G) INHIBITOR Castanospermine [CPD:C02256]
                      Gene Name: MGAM
                      Uniprot ID: O43451 Link_out
                      Protein Sequence: FASTA
                      Gene Sequence: FASTA
                      Name: Glucose-6-phosphatase 2
                      Reactions:
                      • D-glucose 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucose + phosphate [RN:R00303]
                      Gene Name: G6PC2
                      Uniprot ID: Q9NQR9 Link_out
                      Protein Sequence: FASTA
                      Gene Sequence: FASTA
                      Name: Neutral alpha-glucosidase C
                      Reactions:
                      • Hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing (1->4)-linked alpha-D-glucose residues with release of D-glucose ALL_REAC (other) R00028 R00801 R00802 R06084(G) R06087(G) R06088(G) INHIBITOR Castanospermine [CPD:C02256]
                      Gene Name: GANC
                      Uniprot ID: Q8TET4 Link_out
                      Protein Sequence: FASTA
                      Gene Sequence: FASTA