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Human Metabolome Database Version 3.5

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Showing metabocard for Glycerol (HMDB00131)

Record Information
Version 3.5
Creation Date 2005-11-16 08:48:42 -0700
Update Date 2013-02-08 17:07:57 -0700
HMDB ID HMDB00131
Secondary Accession Numbers None
Metabolite Identification
Common Name Glycerol
Description Glycerol is an important component of triglycerides (i.e. fats and oils) and of phospholipids. glycerol is a three-carbon substance that forms the backbone of fatty acids in fats. When the body uses stored fat as a source of energy, glycerol and fatty acids are released into the bloodstream. The glycerol component can be converted to glucose by the liver and provides energy for cellular metabolism.
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms
  1. 1,2,3-Trihydroxypropane
  2. Bulbold
  3. Cristal
  4. E 422
  5. Emery 916
  6. Glyceol Opthalgan
  7. Glycerin
  8. Glycerine
  9. Glyceritol
  10. Glycerol
  11. Glycyl alcohol
  12. Glyrol
  13. Glysanin
  14. IFP
  15. Incorporation factor
  16. Mackstat H 66
  17. Osmoglyn
  18. Pricerine 9091
  19. Propanetriol
  20. RG-S
  21. Trihydroxypropane
  22. Tryhydroxypropane
Chemical Formula C3H8O3
Average Molecular Weight 92.0938
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 92.047344122
IUPAC Name propane-1,2,3-triol
Traditional IUPAC Name glycerol
CAS Registry Number 56-81-5
SMILES OCC(O)CO
InChI Identifier InChI=1S/C3H8O3/c4-1-3(6)2-5/h3-6H,1-2H2
InChI Key PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Kingdom Organic Compounds
Super Class Carbohydrates and Carbohydrate Conjugates
Class Sugar Alcohols
Sub Class N/A
Other Descriptors
  • Aliphatic Acyclic Compounds
  • Carbohydrates and Carbohydrate Conjugates
  • Glycerols(KEGG)
  • a sugar alcohol(Cyc)
  • carbohydrate(ChEBI)
  • polyol(ChEBI)
Substituents
  • 1,2 Diol
  • Primary Alcohol
  • Secondary Alcohol
Direct Parent Sugar Alcohols
Ontology
Status Detected and Quantified
Origin
  • Endogenous
Biofunction
  • Component of Glycerolipid metabolism
  • Component of Glycerophospholipid metabolism
Application Not Available
Cellular locations
  • Extracellular
  • Mitochondria
Physical Properties
State Liquid
Experimental Properties
Property Value Reference
Melting Point 20 °C Not Available
Boiling Point Not Available Not Available
Water Solubility 1000.0 mg/mL Not Available
LogP -1.76 HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
Water Solubility 1170 g/L ALOGPS
LogP -1.93 ALOGPS
LogP -1.8 ChemAxon
LogS 1.10 ALOGPS
pKa (strongest acidic) 13.61 ChemAxon
pKa (strongest basic) -3 ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count 3 ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count 3 ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area 60.69 A2 ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count 2 ChemAxon
Refractivity 20.52 ChemAxon
Polarizability 8.93 ChemAxon
Formal Charge 0 ChemAxon
Physiological Charge 0 ChemAxon
Spectra
Gas-MS Spectrum
1H NMR Spectrum
13C NMR Spectrum
MS/MS Spectrum Quattro_QQQ 10
MS/MS Spectrum Quattro_QQQ 25
MS/MS Spectrum Quattro_QQQ 40
MS/MS Spectrum EI-B (HITACHI M-80)
MS/MS Spectrum GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies)
MS/MS Spectrum GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies)
MS/MS Spectrum GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies)
MS/MS Spectrum GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies )
MS/MS Spectrum GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies)
MS/MS Spectrum GC-MS
[1H,1H] 2D NMR Spectrum
[1H,13C] 2D NMR Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Extracellular
  • Mitochondria
Biofluid Locations
  • Blood
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
  • Urine
Tissue Location
  • Muscle
  • Skeletal Muscle
  • Bladder
  • Neuron
  • Pancreas
  • Placenta
  • Testes
  • Kidney
  • Liver
  • Thyroid Gland
  • Brain
  • Myelin
  • Prostate
  • Skin
  • Adipose Tissue
  • Nerve Cells
  • Spleen
  • Stratum Corneum
Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Glycerolipid Metabolism SMP00039 map00561 Link_out
Galactose Metabolism SMP00043 map00052 Link_out
Normal Concentrations
Biofluid Status Value Age Sex Condition Comments
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
40.0 +/- 19.0 uM Newborn (0-30 days old) Both Normal Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
43.0 +/- 9.0 uM Adult (>18 years old) Male Normal Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
50.0 +/- 16.0 uM Adult (>18 years old) Female Normal Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
39.0 +/- 9.0 uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
68.0 (33.0 - 139.0) uM Elderly (>65 years old) Both Normal After an overnight fast
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
53.0 (28.0-102.0) uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
431.6 +/- 100.4 uM Adult (>18 years old) Not Specified Normal Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
17.5 uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
39 +/- 14 uM Not Specified Both Normal Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
13.5 (11.0 - 16.0) uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
13 (4-19) umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal urine by NMR
Urine Detected and not Quantified
Article_icon
Not Applicable Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Urine compound detected by GC-MS
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
17.0 +/- 43.4 umol/mmol creatinine Infant (0-1 year old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
11.5 +/- 138.5 umol/mmol creatinine Children (1-13 year old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
9.9 +/- 16.8 umol/mmol creatinine Children (1-13 year old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
5.1 +/- 8.8 umol/mmol creatinine Adolescent (13-18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
19.6 +/- 34.9 umol/mmol creatinine Newborn (0-30 days old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
18.9 +/- 351.8 umol/mmol creatinine Infant (0-1 year old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
11.6 +/- 858 umol/mmol creatinine Children (1-13 year old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
3.4 +/- 21.6 umol/mmol creatinine Children (1-13 year old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
6.2 +/- 56.7 umol/mmol creatinine Children (1-13 year old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
5.7 +/- 9.8 umol/mmol creatinine Children (1-13 year old) Both Normal Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Biofluid Status Value Age Sex Condition Comments
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
133.9 +/- 87.8 uM Adult (>18 years old) Not Specified Heart Transplant Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
16.0 +/- 6.0 uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Diabetes Type 1
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
145.00 (20.00-270.00) uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Glycerol kinase deficiency Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
5050.00 (1800.00-8300.00) uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Glycerol kinase deficiency Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
4300.0 (1300.0 +/- 7900.0) uM Children (1-13 year old) Not Specified Glycerol Kinase Deficiency Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
20.00 (0.00-40.00) umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Glycerol kinase deficiency Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
140.00 (90.00-190.00) umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Glycerol kinase deficiency Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
4000-28000 umol/mmol creatinine Children (1-13 year old) Male Glycerol Kinase Deficiency Not Available
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease References
Glycerol kinase deficiency
  • Sjarif DR, Hellerud C, van Amstel JK, Kleijer WJ, Sperl W, Lacombe D, Sass JO, Beemer FA, Duran M, Poll-The BT: Glycerol kinase deficiency: residual activity explained by reduced transcription and enzyme conformation. Eur J Hum Genet. 2004 Jun;12(6):424-32. Pubmed: 15026783 Link_out
  • http://www.metagene.de/program/d.prg?mp=GLYCEROL%20KINASE%20DEFICIENCY
Diabetes mellitus type 2
  • Blomqvist G, Alvarsson M, Grill V, Von Heijne G, Ingvar M, Thorell JO, Stone-Elander S, Widen L, Ekberg K: Effect of acute hyperketonemia on the cerebral uptake of ketone bodies in nondiabetic subjects and IDDM patients. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Jul;283(1):E20-8. Pubmed: 12067838 Link_out
    Associated OMIM IDs
    • 125853 Link_out (Diabetes mellitus type 2)
    • 307030 Link_out (Glycerol kinase deficiency)
    DrugBank ID DB04077 Link_out
    Phenol Explorer Compound ID Not Available
    Phenol Explorer Metabolite ID Not Available
    FoodDB ID FDB000756
    KNApSAcK ID C00001163 Link_out
    Chemspider ID 733 Link_out
    KEGG Compound ID C00116 Link_out
    BioCyc ID GLYCEROL Link_out
    BiGG ID 33915 Link_out
    Wikipedia Link Glycerol Link_out
    NuGOwiki Link HMDB00131 Link_out
    Metagene Link HMDB00131 Link_out
    METLIN ID 105 Link_out
    PubChem Compound 753 Link_out
    PDB ID GOL Link_out
    ChEBI ID 17522 Link_out
    References
    Synthesis Reference Yang, Yifang. Purification of glycerol. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu (2007), 3pp.
    Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) Download (PDF)
    General References
    1. Olbermann M, Grunert A, Bassler KH: [Biokinetic characterization of human glycerin utilization] Infusionsther Klin Ernahr. 1977 Apr;4(2):68-70. Pubmed: 558160 Link_out
    2. Titov VN, Lisitsyn DM, Ameliushkina VA, Lupanov VP, Staroverov II, Osipov SG, Kukharchuk VV: [Double bonds of fatty acids, alcohols glycerol, cholesterol and nonpolar serum lipids. Diagnostic value of hypercholesterolemia] Klin Lab Diagn. 2002 May;(5):3-8. Pubmed: 12085703 Link_out
    3. Konig K, Rickels E, Heissler HE, Zumkeller M, Samii M: Artificial elevation of brain tissue glycerol by administration of a glycerol-containing agent. Case report. J Neurosurg. 2001 Apr;94(4):621-3. Pubmed: 11302662 Link_out
    4. Fluhr JW, Mao-Qiang M, Brown BE, Wertz PW, Crumrine D, Sundberg JP, Feingold KR, Elias PM: Glycerol regulates stratum corneum hydration in sebaceous gland deficient (asebia) mice. J Invest Dermatol. 2003 May;120(5):728-37. Pubmed: 12713573 Link_out
    5. Boulat O, Gradwohl M, Matos V, Guignard JP, Bachmann C: Organic acids in the second morning urine in a healthy Swiss paediatric population. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2003 Dec;41(12):1642-58. Pubmed: 14708889 Link_out
    6. Sjostrand M, Gudbjornsdottir S, Holmang A, Strindberg L, Ekberg K, Lonnroth P: Measurements of interstitial muscle glycerol in normal and insulin-resistant subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 May;87(5):2206-11. Pubmed: 11994365 Link_out
    7. Sjarif DR, Hellerud C, van Amstel JK, Kleijer WJ, Sperl W, Lacombe D, Sass JO, Beemer FA, Duran M, Poll-The BT: Glycerol kinase deficiency: residual activity explained by reduced transcription and enzyme conformation. Eur J Hum Genet. 2004 Jun;12(6):424-32. Pubmed: 15026783 Link_out
    8. De Haene H, Taes Y, Christophe A, Delanghe J: Comparison of triglyceride concentration with lipemic index in disorders of triglyceride and glycerol metabolism. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2006;44(2):220-2. Pubmed: 16475911 Link_out
    9. Eriksson A, Lindstedt S, Ransnas L, von Wendt L: Deficiency of glycerol kinase (EC 2.7.1.30). Clin Chem. 1983 Apr;29(4):718-22. Pubmed: 6299616 Link_out
    10. Quisth V, Enoksson S, Blaak E, Hagstrom-Toft E, Arner P, Bolinder J: Major differences in noradrenaline action on lipolysis and blood flow rates in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in vivo. Diabetologia. 2005 May;48(5):946-53. Epub 2005 Mar 19. Pubmed: 15778861 Link_out
    11. Pecora P, Suraci C, Antonelli M, De Maria S, Marrocco W: Blood glycerol meaning in obese patients. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper. 1981 Dec 15;57(23):2389-93. Pubmed: 7337752 Link_out
    12. Berger C, Sakowitz OW, Kiening KL, Schwab S: Neurochemical monitoring of glycerol therapy in patients with ischemic brain edema. Stroke. 2005 Feb;36(2):e4-6. Epub 2004 Dec 23. Pubmed: 15618446 Link_out
    13. Bulow J, Gjeraa K, Enevoldsen LH, Simonsen L: Lipid mobilization from human abdominal, subcutaneous adipose tissue is independent of sex during steady-state exercise. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2006 Jul;26(4):205-11. Pubmed: 16836692 Link_out
    14. Yaqoob M, Nabi A: Flow injection chemiluminescent assays for glycerol and triglycerides using a co-immobilized enzyme reactor. Luminescence. 2003 Mar-Apr;18(2):67-71. Pubmed: 12687625 Link_out
    15. Coppack SW, Chinkes DL, Miles JM, Patterson BW, Klein S: A multicompartmental model of in vivo adipose tissue glycerol kinetics and capillary permeability in lean and obese humans. Diabetes. 2005 Jul;54(7):1934-41. Pubmed: 15983192 Link_out
    16. Sweatman BC, Farrant RD, Holmes E, Ghauri FY, Nicholson JK, Lindon JC: 600 MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy of human cerebrospinal fluid: effects of sample manipulation and assignment of resonances. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 1993 Aug;11(8):651-64. Pubmed: 8257730 Link_out
    17. Ross SE, Erickson RL, Gerin I, DeRose PM, Bajnok L, Longo KA, Misek DE, Kuick R, Hanash SM, Atkins KB, Andresen SM, Nebb HI, Madsen L, Kristiansen K, MacDougald OA: Microarray analyses during adipogenesis: understanding the effects of Wnt signaling on adipogenesis and the roles of liver X receptor alpha in adipocyte metabolism. Mol Cell Biol. 2002 Aug;22(16):5989-99. Pubmed: 12138207 Link_out
    18. Foster KJ, Alberti KG, Hinks L, Lloyd B, Postle A, Smythe P, Turnell DC, Walton R: Blood intermediary metabolite and insulin concentrations after an overnight fast: reference ranges for adults, and interrelations. Clin Chem. 1978 Sep;24(9):1568-72. Pubmed: 688619 Link_out
    19. de Araujo Burgos MG, Bion FM, Campos F: [Lactation and alcohol: clinical and nutritional effects] Arch Latinoam Nutr. 2004 Mar;54(1):25-35. Pubmed: 15332353 Link_out
    20. Ekberg NR, Wisniewski N, Brismar K, Ungerstedt U: Measurement of glucose and metabolites in subcutaneous adipose tissue during hyperglycemia with microdialysis at various perfusion flow rates. Clin Chim Acta. 2005 Sep;359(1-2):53-64. Pubmed: 15939412 Link_out
    21. Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4. Pubmed: 19212411 Link_out

    Enzymes
    Name: Group IIE secretory phospholipase A2
    Reactions:
    • phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 1-acylglycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate [RN:R01313]
    Gene Name: PLA2G2E
    Uniprot ID: Q9NZK7 Link_out
    Protein Sequence: FASTA
    Gene Sequence: FASTA
    Name: Aldose reductase
    Reactions:
    • alditol + NAD(P)+ = aldose + NAD(P)H + H+ [RN:R02819 R02820]
    Gene Name: AKR1B1
    Uniprot ID: P15121 Link_out
    Protein Sequence: FASTA
    Gene Sequence: FASTA
    Name: Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, muscle isoform
    Reactions:
    • palmitoyl-CoA + L-carnitine = CoA + L-palmitoylcarnitine [RN:R01923]
    Gene Name: CPT1B
    Uniprot ID: Q92523 Link_out
    Protein Sequence: FASTA
    Gene Sequence: FASTA
    Name: Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform
    Reactions:
    • palmitoyl-CoA + L-carnitine = CoA + L-palmitoylcarnitine [RN:R01923]
    Gene Name: CPT1A
    Uniprot ID: P50416 Link_out
    Protein Sequence: FASTA
    Gene Sequence: FASTA
    Name: Lipoprotein lipase
    Reactions:
    • triacylglycerol + H2O = diacylglycerol + a carboxylate [RN:R01369]
    Gene Name: LPL
    Uniprot ID: P06858 Link_out
    Protein Sequence: FASTA
    Gene Sequence: FASTA
    Name: Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2, mitochondrial
    Reactions:
    • palmitoyl-CoA + L-carnitine = CoA + L-palmitoylcarnitine [RN:R01923]
    Gene Name: CPT2
    Uniprot ID: P23786 Link_out
    Protein Sequence: FASTA
    Gene Sequence: FASTA
    Name: Monoglyceride lipase
    Reactions:
    • Hydrolyses glycerol monoesters of long-chain fatty acids ALL_REAC (other) R01351 R01352 REFERENCE 1 [PMID:6776896] AUTHORS Mentlein R, Heiland S, Heymann E. TITLE Simultaneous purification and comparative characterization of six serine hydrolases from rat liver microsomes. JOURNAL Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 200 (1980) 547-59. ORGANISM Rattus norvegicus [GN:rno] REFERENCE 2 [PMID:5916497] AUTHORS Pope JL, McPherson JC, Tidwell HC. TITLE A study of a monoglyceride-hydrolyzing enzyme of intestinal mucosa. JOURNAL J. Biol. Chem. 241 (1966) 2306-10. ORGANISM Rattus norvegicus [GN:rno]
    Gene Name: MGLL
    Uniprot ID: Q99685 Link_out
    Protein Sequence: FASTA
    Gene Sequence: FASTA
    Name: Annexin A3
    Reactions:
      Gene Name: ANXA3
      Uniprot ID: P12429 Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      Name: Bifunctional 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthase 1
      Reactions:
      • ATP + sulfate = diphosphate + adenylyl sulfate [RN:R00529]
      Gene Name: PAPSS1
      Uniprot ID: O43252 Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      Name: Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase
      Reactions:
      • lactose + H2O = D-galactose + D-glucose [RN:R01100 R06114]
      Gene Name: LCT
      Uniprot ID: P09848 Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      Name: Alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase
      Reactions:
      • Hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residues in N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminides ALL_REAC (other) R04183 R05966(G)
      Gene Name: NAGA
      Uniprot ID: P17050 Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      Name: Alcohol dehydrogenase [NADP+]
      Reactions:
      • an alcohol + NADP+ = an aldehyde + NADPH + H+ [RN:R07328]
      Gene Name: AKR1A1
      Uniprot ID: P14550 Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      Name: Hormone-sensitive lipase
      Reactions:
      • (1) diacylglycerol + H2O = monoacylglycerol + a carboxylate [RN:R05209]
      • (2) triacylglycerol + H2O = diacylglycerol + a carboxylate [RN:R01369]
      • (3) monoacylglycerol + H2O = glycerol + a carboxylate [RN:R07293]
      Gene Name: LIPE
      Uniprot ID: Q05469 Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      Name: Alpha-galactosidase A
      Reactions:
      • Hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-D-galactose residues in alpha-D-galactosides, including galactose oligosaccharides, galactomannans and galactolipids ALL_REAC (other) R01101 R01103 R01104 R01194 R01329 R02926 R03618 R03634 R04019 R04470 R05549 R05961(G) R06070(G) R06091(G) R06093(G) R06094(G) R06096(G) R06142(G) R06152(G)
      Gene Name: GLA
      Uniprot ID: P06280 Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      Name: Alcohol dehydrogenase class-3
      Reactions:
      • S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione + NAD(P)+ = S-formylglutathione + NAD(P)H + H+ [RN:R06983 R07140]
      Gene Name: ADH5
      Uniprot ID: P11766 Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      Name: Alcohol dehydrogenase 1B
      Reactions:
      • an alcohol + NAD+ = an aldehyde or ketone + NADH + H+ [RN:R07326 R07327]
      Gene Name: ADH1B
      Uniprot ID: P00325 Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      Name: Alcohol dehydrogenase class 4 mu/sigma chain
      Reactions:
      • an alcohol + NAD+ = an aldehyde or ketone + NADH + H+ [RN:R07326 R07327]
      Gene Name: ADH7
      Uniprot ID: P40394 Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      Name: Alcohol dehydrogenase 1A
      Reactions:
      • an alcohol + NAD+ = an aldehyde or ketone + NADH + H+ [RN:R07326 R07327]
      Gene Name: ADH1A
      Uniprot ID: P07327 Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      Name: Alcohol dehydrogenase 6
      Reactions:
      • an alcohol + NAD+ = an aldehyde or ketone + NADH + H+ [RN:R07326 R07327]
      Gene Name: ADH6
      Uniprot ID: P28332 Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      Name: Alcohol dehydrogenase 1C
      Reactions:
      • an alcohol + NAD+ = an aldehyde or ketone + NADH + H+ [RN:R07326 R07327]
      Gene Name: ADH1C
      Uniprot ID: P00326 Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      Name: Glutathione S-transferase P
      Reactions:
      • RX + glutathione = HX + R-S-glutathione [RN:R03522 R08511 R08512]
      Gene Name: GSTP1
      Uniprot ID: P09211 Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      Name: Glycerol kinase 2
      Reactions:
      • ATP + glycerol = ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate [RN:R00847]
      Gene Name: GK2
      Uniprot ID: Q14410 Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      Name: Glycerol kinase
      Reactions:
      • ATP + glycerol = ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate [RN:R00847]
      Gene Name: GK
      Uniprot ID: P32189 Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      Name: Beta-galactosidase
      Reactions:
      • Hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-D-galactosides ALL_REAC (other) R01100 R01105 R01678 R03355 R04633 R04783 R05112 R05994(G) R06010(G) R06098(G) R06099(G) R06114(G) R06144(G) R06202(G) R07807(G)
      Gene Name: GLB1
      Uniprot ID: P16278 Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      Name: TGF-beta receptor type-2
      Reactions:
      • ATP + [receptor-protein] = ADP + [receptor-protein] phosphate
      Gene Name: TGFBR2
      Uniprot ID: P37173 Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      Name: Cytochrome P450 2E1
      Reactions:
      • --- []
      Gene Name: CYP2E1
      Uniprot ID: P05181 Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      Name: Hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase
      Reactions:
      • (5Z,13E,15S)-9alpha,11alpha-epidioxy-15-hydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate = (5Z,13E,15S)-9alpha,15-dihydroxy-11-oxoprosta-5,13-dienoate [RN:R02266]
      Gene Name: HPGDS
      Uniprot ID: O60760 Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      Name: ADP-ribosylation factor 1
      Reactions:
        Gene Name: ARF1
        Uniprot ID: P84077 Link_out
        Protein Sequence: FASTA
        Gene Sequence: FASTA
        Name: Glycophorin-B
        Reactions:
          Gene Name: GYPB
          Uniprot ID: P06028 Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          Name: Glycodelin
          Reactions:
            Gene Name: PAEP
            Uniprot ID: P09466 Link_out
            Protein Sequence: FASTA
            Gene Sequence: FASTA
            Name: Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1
            Reactions:
              Gene Name: ITPR1
              Uniprot ID: Q14643 Link_out
              Protein Sequence: FASTA
              Gene Sequence: FASTA
              Name: Putative glycerol kinase 3
              Reactions:
              • ATP + glycerol = ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate [RN:R00847]
              Gene Name: GK3P
              Uniprot ID: Q14409 Link_out
              Protein Sequence: FASTA
              Gene Sequence: FASTA
              Name: tRNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase
              Reactions:
              • S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 5-methylcytosine [RN:R00595]
              Gene Name: TRDMT1
              Uniprot ID: O14717 Link_out
              Protein Sequence: FASTA
              Gene Sequence: FASTA
              Name: Inositol-3-phosphate synthase 1
              Reactions:
              • D-glucose 6-phosphate = 1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate [RN:R07324]
              Gene Name: ISYNA1
              Uniprot ID: Q9NPH2 Link_out
              Protein Sequence: FASTA
              Gene Sequence: FASTA
              Name: Putative glycerol kinase 5
              Reactions:
              • ATP + glycerol = ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate [RN:R00847]
              Gene Name: GK5
              Uniprot ID: Q6ZS86 Link_out
              Protein Sequence: FASTA
              Gene Sequence: FASTA
              Transporters
              Name: Multidrug resistance protein 1
              Reactions:
              • ATP + H2O + xenobioticin = ADP + phosphate + xenobioticout [RN:R00086]
              Gene Name: ABCB1
              Uniprot ID: P08183 Link_out
              Protein Sequence: FASTA
              Gene Sequence: FASTA