| Record Information |
|---|
| Version |
3.5 |
| Creation Date |
2005-11-16 08:48:42 -0700 |
| Update Date |
2013-02-08 17:07:58 -0700 |
| HMDB ID |
HMDB00148 |
| Secondary Accession Numbers |
None |
| Metabolite Identification |
|---|
| Common Name |
L-Glutamic acid |
| Description |
Glutamic acid (Glu), also referred to as glutamate (the anion), is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids. It is not among the essential amino acids. Glutamate is a key molecule in cellular metabolism. In humans, dietary proteins are broken down by digestion into amino acids, which serves as metabolic fuel or other functional roles in the body. Glutamate is the most abundant fast excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian nervous system. At chemical synapses, glutamate is stored in vesicles. Nerve impulses trigger release of glutamate from the pre-synaptic cell. In the opposing post-synaptic cell, glutamate receptors, such as the NMDA receptor, bind glutamate and are activated. Because of its role in synaptic plasticity, it is believed that glutamic acid is involved in cognitive functions like learning and memory in the brain. Glutamate transporters are found in neuronal and glial membranes. They rapidly remove glutamate from the extracellular space. In brain injury or disease, they can work in reverse and excess glutamate can accumulate outside cells. This process causes calcium ions to enter cells via NMDA receptor channels, leading to neuronal damage and eventual cell death, and is called excitotoxicity. The mechanisms of cell death include: * Damage to mitochondria from excessively high intracellular Ca2+. * Glu/Ca2+-mediated promotion of transcription factors for pro-apoptotic genes, or downregulation of transcription factors for anti-apoptotic genes. Excitotoxicity due to glutamate occurs as part of the ischemic cascade and is associated with stroke and diseases like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, lathyrism, and Alzheimer's disease. glutamic acid has been implicated in epileptic seizures. Microinjection of glutamic acid into neurons produces spontaneous depolarization around one second apart, and this firing pattern is similar to what is known as paroxysmal depolarizing shift in epileptic attacks. This change in the resting membrane potential at seizure foci could cause spontaneous opening of voltage activated calcium channels, leading to glutamic acid release and further depolarization. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamic_acid). |
| Structure |
Download:
MOL |
SDF |
SMILES |
InChI
Display:
2D Structure |
3D Structure
|
| Synonyms |
- (2S)-2-Aminopentanedioate
- (2S)-2-Aminopentanedioic acid
- (S)-(+)-Glutamate
- (S)-(+)-Glutamic acid
- (S)-2-Aminopentanedioate
- (S)-2-Aminopentanedioic acid
- (S)-Glutamate
- (S)-Glutamic acid
- 1-Amino-propane-1,3-dicarboxylate
- 1-Amino-propane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid
- 1-Aminopropane-1,3-dicarboxylate
- 1-Aminopropane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid
- 2-Aminoglutarate
- 2-Aminoglutaric acid
- 2-Aminopentanedioate
- 2-Aminopentanedioic acid
- a-Aminoglutarate
- a-Aminoglutaric acid
- a-Glutamate
- a-Glutamic acid
- Aciglut
- alpha-Aminoglutarate
- alpha-Aminoglutaric acid
- alpha-Glutamate
- alpha-Glutamic acid
- Aminoglutarate
- Aminoglutaric acid
- E
- Glt
- Glu
- Glusate
- Glut
- Glutacid
- Glutamicol
- Glutamidex
- Glutaminate
- Glutaminic acid
- Glutaminol
- Glutaton
- L-(+)-Glutamate
- L-(+)-Glutamic acid
- L-a-Aminoglutarate
- L-a-Aminoglutaric acid
- L-alpha-Aminoglutarate
- L-alpha-Aminoglutaric acid
- L-Glu
- L-Glutamate
- L-Glutaminate
- L-Glutaminic acid
|
| Chemical Formula |
C5H9NO4 |
| Average Molecular Weight |
147.1293 |
| Monoisotopic Molecular Weight |
147.053157781 |
| IUPAC Name |
(2S)-2-aminopentanedioic acid |
| Traditional IUPAC Name |
L-glutamic acid |
| CAS Registry Number |
56-86-0 |
| SMILES |
N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(O)=O |
| InChI Identifier |
InChI=1S/C5H9NO4/c6-3(5(9)10)1-2-4(7)8/h3H,1-2,6H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)/t3-/m0/s1 |
| InChI Key |
WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N |
| Chemical Taxonomy |
|---|
| Kingdom |
Organic Compounds |
| Super Class |
Amino Acids, Peptides, and Analogues |
| Class |
Amino Acids and Derivatives |
| Sub Class |
Alpha Amino Acids and Derivatives |
| Other Descriptors |
- Aliphatic Acyclic Compounds
- alpha-amino acid(ChEBI)
|
| Substituents |
- Carboxylic Acid
- Dicarboxylic Acid Derivative
- Primary Aliphatic Amine (Alkylamine)
|
| Direct Parent |
Alpha Amino Acids and Derivatives |
| Ontology |
|---|
| Status |
Detected and Quantified |
| Origin |
|
| Biofunction |
- Component of Alanine and aspartate metabolism
- Component of Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis
- Component of Aminosugars metabolism
- Component of Arginine and proline metabolism
- Component of Butanoate metabolism
- Component of Cyanoamino acid metabolism
- Component of Cysteine metabolism
- Component of D-Glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism
- Component of Folate biosynthesis
- Component of Glutamate metabolism
- Component of Glutathione metabolism
- Component of Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism
- Component of Lysine biosynthesis
- Component of Nitrogen metabolism
- Component of Novobiocin biosynthesis
- Component of Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis
- Component of Peptidoglycan biosynthesis
- Component of Phenylalanine metabolism
- Component of Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis
- Component of Porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism
- Component of Prostaglandin and leukotriene metabolism
- Component of Purine metabolism
- Component of Pyrimidine metabolism
- Component of Selenoamino acid metabolism
- Component of Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism
- Component of Tyrosine metabolism
- Component of Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis
- Component of Vitamin B6 metabolism
- Component of beta-Alanine metabolism
|
| Application |
Not Available |
| Cellular locations |
- Extracellular
- Mitochondria
- Lysosome
- Endoplasmic reticulum
|
| Physical Properties |
|---|
| State |
Solid |
| Experimental Properties |
| Property |
Value |
Reference |
| Melting Point |
Not Available |
Not Available |
| Boiling Point |
Not Available |
Not Available |
| Water Solubility |
8.57 mg/mL |
Not Available |
| LogP |
-3.69 |
HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995) |
|
| Predicted Properties |
|
| Spectra |
|---|
|
| Gas-MS Spectrum |
| 1H NMR Spectrum |
| 13C NMR Spectrum |
| MS/MS Spectrum Quattro_QQQ 10 |
| MS/MS Spectrum Quattro_QQQ 25 |
| MS/MS Spectrum Quattro_QQQ 40 |
| MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) |
| MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) |
| MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) |
| MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) |
| MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) |
| MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) |
| MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) |
| MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) |
| MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) |
| MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) |
| MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) |
| MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) |
| [1H,1H] 2D NMR Spectrum |
| [1H,13C] 2D NMR Spectrum |
|
| Biological Properties |
|---|
| Cellular Locations |
- Extracellular
- Mitochondria
- Lysosome
- Endoplasmic reticulum
|
| Biofluid Locations |
- Blood
- Cellular Cytoplasm
- Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
- Saliva
- Urine
|
| Tissue Location |
- Muscle
- Skeletal Muscle
- Fibroblasts
- Intestine
- Neuron
- Pancreas
- Placenta
- Kidney
- Epidermis
- Myelin
- Prostate
- Adipose Tissue
- Adrenal Medulla
- Nerve Cells
- Platelet
- Spleen
- Stratum Corneum
|
| Pathways |
|
| Normal Concentrations |
|---|
|
| Blood |
Detected and Quantified |
|
24.0 (9.0-39.0) uM |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Both |
Normal |
Aseptic meningitis
|
| Blood |
Detected and Quantified |
|
145.0 +/- 6.0 uM |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Male |
Normal |
Not Available |
| Blood |
Detected and Quantified |
|
97.4 +/- 13.2 uM |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Not Specified |
Normal |
Not Available |
| Blood |
Detected and Quantified |
|
65.0 +/- 35.0 uM |
Newborn (0-30 days old) |
Not Specified |
Normal |
Not Available |
| Blood |
Detected and Quantified |
|
35.0 +/- 14.0 uM |
Children (1-13 year old) |
Male |
Normal |
Not Available |
| Blood |
Detected and Quantified |
|
37.0 +/- 14.0 uM |
Children (1-13 year old) |
Female |
Normal |
Not Available |
| Blood |
Detected and Quantified |
|
60.0 +/- 16.0 uM |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Male |
Normal |
Not Available |
| Blood |
Detected and Quantified |
|
46.0 +/- 13.0 uM |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Female |
Normal |
Not Available |
| Blood |
Detected and Quantified |
|
33.0 +/- 12.0 uM |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Male |
Normal |
Not Available |
| Cellular Cytoplasm |
Detected and Quantified |
|
1400 (1200-1600) uM |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Both |
Normal |
Not Available |
| Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) |
Detected and Quantified |
|
40 +/- 52 uM |
Not Specified |
Both |
Normal |
Not Available |
| Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) |
Detected and Quantified |
|
1.8 +/- 0.7 uM |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Both |
Normal |
Not Available |
| Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) |
Detected and Quantified |
|
0.34 +/- 0.14 uM |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Not Specified |
Normal |
Not Available |
| Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) |
Detected and Quantified |
|
32.6 +/- 6.9 uM |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Not Specified |
Normal |
Not Available |
| Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) |
Detected and Quantified |
|
0.44 +/- 0.29 uM |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Both |
Normal |
Not Available |
| Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) |
Detected and Quantified |
|
0.62 (0.18-1.15) uM |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Both |
Normal |
Not Available |
| Saliva |
Detected and Quantified |
|
>10 uM |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Both |
Normal |
Not Available |
| Urine |
Detected and Quantified |
|
1.711 (0.329-3.092) umol/mmol creatinine |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Both |
Normal |
Not Available |
| Urine |
Detected and Quantified |
|
<4.76-217.61 umol/mmol creatinine |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Both |
Normal |
Not Available |
| Urine |
Detected and Quantified |
|
8.5 (3.3-18.4) umol/mmol creatinine |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Both |
Normal |
urine by NMR
|
| Urine |
Detected and Quantified |
|
0.5 (0.13-1.0) umol/mmol creatinine |
Newborn (0-30 days old) |
Both |
Normal |
Not Available |
| Urine |
Detected and not Quantified |
|
Not Applicable |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Male |
Normal |
After green tea sonsumption
|
| Urine |
Detected and not Quantified |
|
Not Applicable |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Male |
Normal |
After black tea sonsumption
|
| Urine |
Detected and Quantified |
|
6.4 (0.6-17.5) umol/mmol creatinine |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Both |
Normal |
by LC-MS/MS (Biocrates kit)
|
| Urine |
Detected and Quantified |
|
1.38 umol/mmol creatinine |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Both |
Normal |
Not Available |
| Urine |
Detected and Quantified |
|
6.87 +/- 3.51 umol/mmol creatinine |
Infant (0-1 year old) |
Both |
Normal |
Not Available |
|
| Abnormal Concentrations |
|---|
|
| Blood |
Detected and Quantified |
|
72 +/- 36.9 uM |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Not Specified |
Heart Transplant |
Not Available |
| Blood |
Detected and Quantified |
|
32.7 +/- 18.0 uM |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Male |
Schizophrenia |
Not Available |
| Blood |
Detected and Quantified |
|
34.7 +/- 26.0 uM |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Both |
Schizophrenia |
Not Available |
| Blood |
Detected and Quantified |
|
29.8 (27.6-32.0) uM |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Both |
Epilepsy |
Refractory localization-related epilepsy (RLE)
|
| Blood |
Detected and Quantified |
|
39.7 (36.5-42.9) uM |
Children (1-13 year old) |
Both |
Epilepsy |
Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME)
|
| Blood |
Detected and Quantified |
|
33.18 +/- 11.26 uM |
Elderly (>65 years old) |
Both |
Alzheimer's disease |
Not Available |
| Blood |
Detected and Quantified |
|
56.6 (44.6-68.6) uM |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Both |
Epilepsy |
Acute seizures
|
| Blood |
Detected and Quantified |
|
172.0 +/- 6.0 uM |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Both |
Heart failure |
Non-diabetic patients with chronic heart failure
|
| Cellular Cytoplasm |
Detected and Quantified |
|
2500 (2100-2900) uM |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Both |
Anoxia |
Not Available |
| Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) |
Detected and Quantified |
|
0.22 (0.14-0.29) uM |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Both |
Rett syndrome |
Not Available |
| Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) |
Detected and Quantified |
|
0.37 (0.21-0.53) uM |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Both |
Rett syndrome |
Not Available |
| Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) |
Detected and Quantified |
|
26.8 +/- 5.9 uM |
Children (1-13 year old) |
Not Specified |
Leukemia |
Not Available |
| Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) |
Detected and Quantified |
|
23.6 +/- 8.5 uM |
Children (1-13 year old) |
Not Specified |
Leukemia |
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) with Central...
|
| Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) |
Detected and Quantified |
|
0.32 +/- 0.09 uM |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Both |
Schizophrenia |
Not Available |
| Urine |
Detected and Quantified |
|
0.0064 umol/mmol creatinine |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Both |
ADPKD |
Not Available |
|
| Associated Disorders and Diseases |
|---|
| Disease References |
| Anoxia |
|---|
- Zupke C, Sinskey AJ, Stephanopoulos G: Intracellular flux analysis applied to the effect of dissolved oxygen on hybridomas. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 1995 Dec;44(1-2):27-36.
Pubmed: 8579834
|
| Epilepsy |
|---|
- Rainesalo S, Keranen T, Palmio J, Peltola J, Oja SS, Saransaari P: Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amino acids in epileptic patients. Neurochem Res. 2004 Jan;29(1):319-24.
Pubmed: 14992292
|
| Leukemia |
|---|
- Peng CT, Wu KH, Lan SJ, Tsai JJ, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH: Amino acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 2005 May;41(8):1158-63. Epub 2005 Apr 14.
Pubmed: 15911239
|
| Schizophrenia |
|---|
- Alfredsson G, Wiesel FA: Monoamine metabolites and amino acids in serum from schizophrenic patients before and during sulpiride treatment. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1989;99(3):322-7.
Pubmed: 2480613
- Do KQ, Lauer CJ, Schreiber W, Zollinger M, Gutteck-Amsler U, Cuenod M, Holsboer F: gamma-Glutamylglutamine and taurine concentrations are decreased in the cerebrospinal fluid of drug-naive patients with schizophrenic disorders. J Neurochem. 1995 Dec;65(6):2652-62.
Pubmed: 7595563
|
| Alzheimer's disease |
|---|
- Fonteh AN, Harrington RJ, Tsai A, Liao P, Harrington MG: Free amino acid and dipeptide changes in the body fluids from Alzheimer's disease subjects. Amino Acids. 2007 Feb;32(2):213-24. Epub 2006 Oct 10.
Pubmed: 17031479
|
| Heart failure |
|---|
- Norrelund H, Wiggers H, Halbirk M, Frystyk J, Flyvbjerg A, Botker HE, Schmitz O, Jorgensen JO, Christiansen JS, Moller N: Abnormalities of whole body protein turnover, muscle metabolism and levels of metabolic hormones in patients with chronic heart failure. J Intern Med. 2006 Jul;260(1):11-21.
Pubmed: 16789974
|
| Rett syndrome |
|---|
- http://www.metagene.de/program/d.prg?mp=RETT%20SYNDROME
|
|
| Associated OMIM IDs |
|
| External Links |
|---|
| DrugBank ID |
DB00142 |
| Phenol Explorer Compound ID |
Not Available |
| Phenol Explorer Metabolite ID |
Not Available |
| FoodDB ID |
FDB012535 |
| KNApSAcK ID |
C00001358 |
| Chemspider ID |
30572 |
| KEGG Compound ID |
C00025 |
| BioCyc ID |
GLT |
| BiGG ID |
33561 |
| Wikipedia Link |
E |
| NuGOwiki Link |
HMDB00148 |
| Metagene Link |
HMDB00148 |
| METLIN ID |
5174 |
| PubChem Compound |
33032 |
| PDB ID |
GGL |
| ChEBI ID |
16015 |
| References |
|---|
| Synthesis Reference |
Horner, L.; Gross, A. Tertiary phosphines. IV. Use of phosphine imines in causing the introduction of primary amino groups. Ann. (1955), 591 117-34. |
| Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) |
Download (PDF)
|
| General References |
- Mross K, Maessen P, van der Vijgh WJ, Gall H, Boven E, Pinedo HM: Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of epidoxorubicin and doxorubicin in humans. J Clin Oncol. 1988 Mar;6(3):517-26.
Pubmed: 3162516
- Noorlander CW, de Graan PN, Nikkels PG, Schrama LH, Visser GH: Distribution of glutamate transporters in the human placenta. Placenta. 2004 Jul;25(6):489-95.
Pubmed: 15135231
- Peng CT, Wu KH, Lan SJ, Tsai JJ, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH: Amino acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 2005 May;41(8):1158-63. Epub 2005 Apr 14.
Pubmed: 15911239
- Grasselli G, Vigano L, Capri G, Locatelli A, Tarenzi E, Spreafico C, Bertuzzi A, Giani A, Materazzo C, Cresta S, Perotti A, Valagussa P, Gianni L: Clinical and pharmacologic study of the epirubicin and paclitaxel combination in women with metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2001 Apr 15;19(8):2222-31.
Pubmed: 11304775
- Cynober LA: Plasma amino acid levels with a note on membrane transport: characteristics, regulation, and metabolic significance. Nutrition. 2002 Sep;18(9):761-6.
Pubmed: 12297216
- Rainesalo S, Keranen T, Palmio J, Peltola J, Oja SS, Saransaari P: Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amino acids in epileptic patients. Neurochem Res. 2004 Jan;29(1):319-24.
Pubmed: 14992292
- Zupke C, Sinskey AJ, Stephanopoulos G: Intracellular flux analysis applied to the effect of dissolved oxygen on hybridomas. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 1995 Dec;44(1-2):27-36.
Pubmed: 8579834
- Molinari F, Raas-Rothschild A, Rio M, Fiermonte G, Encha-Razavi F, Palmieri L, Palmieri F, Ben-Neriah Z, Kadhom N, Vekemans M, Attie-Bitach T, Munnich A, Rustin P, Colleaux L: Impaired mitochondrial glutamate transport in autosomal recessive neonatal myoclonic epilepsy. Am J Hum Genet. 2005 Feb;76(2):334-9. Epub 2004 Dec 8.
Pubmed: 15592994
- Frayn KN, Khan K, Coppack SW, Elia M: Amino acid metabolism in human subcutaneous adipose tissue in vivo. Clin Sci (Lond). 1991 May;80(5):471-4.
Pubmed: 1851687
- Silwood CJ, Lynch E, Claxson AW, Grootveld MC: 1H and (13)C NMR spectroscopic analysis of human saliva. J Dent Res. 2002 Jun;81(6):422-7.
Pubmed: 12097436
- Alfredsson G, Wiesel FA, Tylec A: Relationships between glutamate and monoamine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in healthy volunteers. Biol Psychiatry. 1988 Apr 1;23(7):689-97.
Pubmed: 2453224
- Zoia C, Cogliati T, Tagliabue E, Cavaletti G, Sala G, Galimberti G, Rivolta I, Rossi V, Frattola L, Ferrarese C: Glutamate transporters in platelets: EAAT1 decrease in aging and in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2004 Feb;25(2):149-57.
Pubmed: 14749132
- Nicholson JK, O'Flynn MP, Sadler PJ, Macleod AF, Juul SM, Sonksen PH: Proton-nuclear-magnetic-resonance studies of serum, plasma and urine from fasting normal and diabetic subjects. Biochem J. 1984 Jan 15;217(2):365-75.
Pubmed: 6696735
- Rizzo V, Anesi A, Montalbetti L, Bellantoni G, Trotti R, Melzi d'Eril GV: Reference values of neuroactive amino acids in the cerebrospinal fluid by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical and fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A. 1996 Apr 5;729(1-2):181-8.
Pubmed: 9004939
- Agnati LF, Ferre S, Lluis C, Franco R, Fuxe K: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutical implications of intramembrane receptor/receptor interactions among heptahelical receptors with examples from the striatopallidal GABA neurons. Pharmacol Rev. 2003 Sep;55(3):509-50. Epub 2003 Jul 17.
Pubmed: 12869660
- Rutten EP, Engelen MP, Wouters EF, Schols AM, Deutz NE: Metabolic effects of glutamine and glutamate ingestion in healthy subjects and in persons with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Jan;83(1):115-23.
Pubmed: 16400059
- Agarwal A, Tripathi LM, Pandey VC: Status of ammonia, glutamate, lactate and pyruvate during Plasmodium yoelii infection and pyrimethamine treatment in mice. J Commun Dis. 1997 Sep;29(3):235-41.
Pubmed: 9465528
- Heuschen UA, Allemeyer EH, Hinz U, Langer K, Heuschen G, Decker-Baumann C, Herfarth C, Stern J: Glutamine distribution in patients with ulcerative colitis and in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis coli before and after restorative proctocolectomy. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2002 Jul;17(4):245-52. Epub 2001 Dec 18.
Pubmed: 12073073
- Olson RC: A proposed role for nerve growth factor in the etiology of multiple sclerosis. Med Hypotheses. 1998 Dec;51(6):493-8.
Pubmed: 10052870
- Nakamura K, Matsumura K, Kobayashi S, Kaneko T: Sympathetic premotor neurons mediating thermoregulatory functions. Neurosci Res. 2005 Jan;51(1):1-8.
Pubmed: 15596234
- Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4.
Pubmed: 19212411
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| Name: |
Asparagine synthetase [glutamine-hydrolyzing]
|
| Reactions: |
- (1) ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O = AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate [RN:R00578]
- (2) (1a) L-glutamine + H2O = L-glutamate + NH3 [RN:R00256]
- (3) (1b) ATP + L-aspartate + NH3 = AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine [RN:R00483]
|
| Gene Name: |
ASNS |
| Uniprot ID: |
P08243 |
| Protein Sequence: |
FASTA |
| Gene Sequence: |
FASTA |
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| Name: |
Glutamine synthetase
|
| Reactions: |
- ATP + L-glutamate + NH3 = ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine [RN:R00253]
|
| Gene Name: |
GLUL |
| Uniprot ID: |
P15104 |
| Protein Sequence: |
FASTA |
| Gene Sequence: |
FASTA |
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| Name: |
CTP synthase 1
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| Reactions: |
- ATP + UTP + NH3 = ADP + phosphate + CTP [RN:R00571]
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| Gene Name: |
CTPS |
| Uniprot ID: |
P17812 |
| Protein Sequence: |
FASTA |
| Gene Sequence: |
FASTA |
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| Name: |
Glutathione synthetase
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| Reactions: |
- ATP + gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine = ADP + phosphate + glutathione [RN:R00497]
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| Gene Name: |
GSS |
| Uniprot ID: |
P48637 |
| Protein Sequence: |
FASTA |
| Gene Sequence: |
FASTA |
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| Name: |
Phosphoserine aminotransferase
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| Reactions: |
- (1) O-phospho-L-serine + 2-oxoglutarate = 3-phosphonooxypyruvate + L-glutamate [RN:R04173]
- (2) 4-phosphonooxy-L-threonine + 2-oxoglutarate = (3R)-3-hydroxy-2-oxo-4-phosphonooxybutanoate + L-glutamate
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| Gene Name: |
PSAT1 |
| Uniprot ID: |
Q9Y617 |
| Protein Sequence: |
FASTA |
| Gene Sequence: |
FASTA |
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| Name: |
Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase
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| Reactions: |
- ATP + N2-formyl-N1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + L-glutamine + H2O = ADP + phosphate + 2-(formamido)-N1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)acetamidine + L-glutamate [RN:R04463]
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| Gene Name: |
PFAS |
| Uniprot ID: |
O15067 |
| Protein Sequence: |
FASTA |
| Gene Sequence: |
FASTA |
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| Name: |
5-oxoprolinase
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| Reactions: |
- ATP + 5-oxo-L-proline + 2 H2O = ADP + phosphate + L-glutamate [RN:R00251]
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| Gene Name: |
OPLAH |
| Uniprot ID: |
O14841 |
| Protein Sequence: |
FASTA |
| Gene Sequence: |
FASTA |
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| Name: |
Glutamate carboxypeptidase 2
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| Reactions: |
- Release of an unsubstituted, C-terminal glutamyl residue, typically from Ac-Asp-Glu or folylpoly-gamma-glutamates EFFECTOR Metal [CPD:C00050]
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| Gene Name: |
FOLH1 |
| Uniprot ID: |
Q04609 |
| Protein Sequence: |
FASTA |
| Gene Sequence: |
FASTA |
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| Name: |
CAD protein
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| Reactions: |
- (1) 2 ATP + L-glutamine + HCO3- + H2O = 2 ADP + phosphate + L-glutamate + carbamoyl phosphate [RN:R00575]
- (2) L-glutamine + H2O = L-glutamate + NH3 [RN:R00256]
- (3) 2 ATP + HCO3- = 2 ADP + phosphate + carbamoyl phosphate [RN:R07641]
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| Gene Name: |
CAD |
| Uniprot ID: |
P27708 |
| Protein Sequence: |
FASTA |
| Gene Sequence: |
FASTA |
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| Name: |
CTP synthase 2
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| Reactions: |
- ATP + UTP + NH3 = ADP + phosphate + CTP [RN:R00571]
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| Gene Name: |
CTPS2 |
| Uniprot ID: |
Q9NRF8 |
| Protein Sequence: |
FASTA |
| Gene Sequence: |
FASTA |
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| Name: |
Glutamine synthetase
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| Reactions: |
- ATP + L-glutamate + NH3 = ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine [RN:R00253]
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| Gene Name: |
PIG59 |
| Uniprot ID: |
A8YXX4 |
| Protein Sequence: |
FASTA |
| Gene Sequence: |
FASTA |
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| Name: |
Glutamyl aminopeptidase
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| Reactions: |
- Release of N-terminal glutamate (and to a lesser extent aspartate) from a peptide COFACTOR Zinc [CPD:C00038]
- Calcium [CPD:C00076]
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| Gene Name: |
ENPEP |
| Uniprot ID: |
Q07075 |
| Protein Sequence: |
FASTA |
| Gene Sequence: |
FASTA |
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| Name: |
Aspartyl aminopeptidase
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| Reactions: |
- Release of an N-terminal aspartate or glutamate from a peptide, with a preference for aspartate
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| Gene Name: |
DNPEP |
| Uniprot ID: |
Q9ULA0 |
| Protein Sequence: |
FASTA |
| Gene Sequence: |
FASTA |
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