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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected but not Quantified
Creation Date2012-09-06 15:16:51 UTC
Update Date2023-02-21 17:18:27 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0015217
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB15217
Metabolite Identification
Common NamePilocarpine
DescriptionPilocarpine, also known as ocusert pilo-20 or adsorbocarpine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkaloids and derivatives. These are naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Also some synthetic compounds of similar structure are attributed to alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and more rarely other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus. Pilocarpine is a drug which is used for the treatment of radiation-induced dry mouth (xerostomia) and symptoms of dry mouth in patients with sjögrens syndrome. Pilocarpine is a primary metabolite. Primary metabolites are metabolically or physiologically essential metabolites. They are directly involved in an organism’s growth, development or reproduction. Based on a literature review a significant number of articles have been published on Pilocarpine.
Structure
Data?1676999907
Synonyms
ValueSource
(3S,4R)-3-Ethyldihydro-4-((1-methyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)-2(3H)-furanoneChEBI
(3S-cis)-3-Ethyldihydro-4-[(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl]-2(3H)-furanoneChEBI
Ocusert pilo-20Kegg
AdsorbocarpineHMDB
beta-Pilocarpine hydrochlorideHMDB
PilocarpinHMDB
Pilocarpine chlorideHMDB
Pilocarpine HCLHMDB
Pilocarpine hydrochlorideHMDB
Pilocarpine monohydrochlorideHMDB
Pilocarpine muriateHMDB
PilokarpinHMDB
Pilokarpin monohydrochlorideHMDB
SpersacarpineHMDB
Spersacarpine hydrochlorideHMDB
Hydrochloride, pilocarpineHMDB
IsopilocarpineHMDB
Nitrate, pilocarpineHMDB
Pilocarpine mononitrate, (3S-cis)-isomerHMDB
Pilocarpine, monohydrochloride, (3S-cis)-isomerHMDB
SalagenHMDB
OcusertHMDB
IsoptocarpineHMDB
Pilocarpine nitrateHMDB
PilocarpineChEBI
Chemical FormulaC11H16N2O2
Average Molecular Weight208.2569
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight208.121177766
IUPAC Name(3S,4R)-3-ethyl-4-[(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl]oxolan-2-one
Traditional Namepilocarpine
CAS Registry Number54-71-7
SMILES
CC[C@H]1[C@@H](CC2=CN=CN2C)COC1=O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C11H16N2O2/c1-3-10-8(6-15-11(10)14)4-9-5-12-7-13(9)2/h5,7-8,10H,3-4,6H2,1-2H3/t8-,10-/m0/s1
InChI KeyQCHFTSOMWOSFHM-WPRPVWTQSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkaloids and derivatives. These are naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Also some synthetic compounds of similar structure are attributed to alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and more rarely other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassAlkaloids and derivatives
ClassNot Available
Sub ClassNot Available
Direct ParentAlkaloids and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Alkaloid or derivatives
  • Gamma butyrolactone
  • N-substituted imidazole
  • Azole
  • Imidazole
  • Heteroaromatic compound
  • Tetrahydrofuran
  • Carboxylic acid ester
  • Lactone
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Oxacycle
  • Azacycle
  • Organoheterocyclic compound
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic oxide
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
ProcessNot Available
RoleNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point34 °CNot Available
Boiling Point431.80 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)The Good Scents Company Information System
Water Solubility2.07 g/LNot Available
LogP1.1Not Available
Experimental Chromatographic Properties

Experimental Collision Cross Sections

Adduct TypeData SourceCCS Value (Å2)Reference
[M+H]+Not Available146.357http://allccs.zhulab.cn/database/detail?ID=AllCCS00001360
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility2.07 g/LALOGPS
logP1.15ALOGPS
logP0.95ChemAxon
logS-2ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Basic)6.61ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count2ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count0ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area44.12 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count3ChemAxon
Refractivity56.53 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability22.34 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings2ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DarkChem[M+H]+147.47831661259
DarkChem[M-H]-147.00831661259
DeepCCS[M+H]+146.70430932474
DeepCCS[M-H]-144.30830932474
DeepCCS[M-2H]-177.44430932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+152.63630932474
AllCCS[M+H]+146.032859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+141.832859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+149.832859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+150.932859911
AllCCS[M-H]-150.732859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-151.132859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-151.632859911

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
PilocarpineCC[C@H]1[C@@H](CC2=CN=CN2C)COC1=O2686.0Standard polar33892256
PilocarpineCC[C@H]1[C@@H](CC2=CN=CN2C)COC1=O1938.7Standard non polar33892256
PilocarpineCC[C@H]1[C@@H](CC2=CN=CN2C)COC1=O1934.9Semi standard non polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Pilocarpine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0006-9500000000-dadfea39cdf9ef51bb382017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Pilocarpine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pilocarpine 6V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-1090000000-2fd25e6044f26134a0aa2021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pilocarpine 30V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0002-9400000000-20a06057a274f78a95cd2021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pilocarpine 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-0090000000-defeea6e1be7da5df19c2021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pilocarpine 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0002-9000000000-cb6dd4c8fd9faf642a5b2021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pilocarpine 50V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0002-9100000000-a58d77d501ea8e44d2372021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pilocarpine 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-1090000000-90bbfd0f103bf2df23502021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pilocarpine 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4j-5290000000-d69679a4b81e0442184f2021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pilocarpine 6V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-1190000000-b781ed76499fdad467c32021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pilocarpine 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-1090000000-a96142a7f969311e7a5b2021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pilocarpine 35V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4j-7790000000-914d8ed86ae8535d11fa2021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pilocarpine 6V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0002-9300000000-ad4d9d6aa3e5e27b8fc32021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pilocarpine 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-0090000000-2df89b2b774b30adf5142021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pilocarpine 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-0090000000-bb2a8fea255c0847828f2021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pilocarpine 30V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0002-9300000000-3efb8b2920ff65a813d02021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pilocarpine 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-052b-9580000000-49f5b565991796fac6e92021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pilocarpine 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-0090000000-6baeabdd0794d63b5d1d2021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pilocarpine 50V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0002-9100000000-2a0733ac2670b486cead2021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pilocarpine 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-1190000000-7cb82eee0859eb8566412021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pilocarpine 50V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0002-9100000000-9d497ccde6e92e5082ac2021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pilocarpine 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-0690000000-786fb6f080bd545dbc392016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pilocarpine 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0cka-1920000000-56d387d24bcc6e2e36372016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pilocarpine 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0006-9300000000-e57c52a1b125f83b19032016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pilocarpine 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-0190000000-fc43dc1afe8440f3e6072016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pilocarpine 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0bt9-1930000000-b7fcb5510042754cd6662016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pilocarpine 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0a4j-9800000000-0f44a4b4787f9e1195672016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum

IR Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted IR SpectrumIR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+H]+)2023-02-03FELIX labView Spectrum
Predicted IR SpectrumIR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+Na]+)2023-02-03FELIX labView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Membrane
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Sweat
  • Urine
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot AvailableNot AvailableTaking drug identified by DrugBank entry DB01085 details
SweatDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult BothNormal details
UrineExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot AvailableNot AvailableTaking drug identified by DrugBank entry DB01085 details
Abnormal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
SweatDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedInfant (0-1 year old)Not Specifiedscreen-positive CF details
Predicted Concentrations
BiospecimenValueOriginal ageOriginal sexOriginal conditionComments
Blood0.000 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormalPredicted based on drug qualities
Blood0.000 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothNormalPredicted based on drug qualities
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease References
Cystic fibrosis
  1. Adriana Nori de Macedo. Robust capillary electrophoresis methods for biomarker discovery and routine measurements in clinical and epidemiological applications. March 2017 [Link]
Associated OMIM IDs
DrugBank IDDB01085
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDC00002355
Chemspider ID5699
KEGG Compound IDC07474
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkPilocarpine
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound5910
PDB ID9PL
ChEBI ID8207
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDrw1699241
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General ReferencesNot Available

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and midazolam 4-hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Acts as a 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide.
Gene Name:
CYP3A4
Uniprot ID:
P08684
Molecular weight:
57255.585
References
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]
General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Metabolizes several precarcinogens, drugs, and solvents to reactive metabolites. Inactivates a number of drugs and xenobiotics and also bioactivates many xenobiotic substrates to their hepatotoxic or carcinogenic forms.
Gene Name:
CYP2E1
Uniprot ID:
P05181
Molecular weight:
56848.42
References
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]
General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Exhibits a high coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity. Can act in the hydroxylation of the anti-cancer drugs cyclophosphamide and ifosphamide. Competent in the metabolic activation of aflatoxin B1. Constitutes the major nicotine C-oxidase. Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase. Possesses low phenacetin O-deethylation activity.
Gene Name:
CYP2A6
Uniprot ID:
P11509
Molecular weight:
56517.005
References
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]
General function:
Involved in G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
Specific function:
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the action of G proteins. Primary transducing effect is Pi turnover
Gene Name:
CHRM3
Uniprot ID:
P20309
Molecular weight:
66127.4
References
  1. Sykes DA, Dowling MR, Charlton SJ: Exploring the mechanism of agonist efficacy: a relationship between efficacy and agonist dissociation rate at the muscarinic M3 receptor. Mol Pharmacol. 2009 Sep;76(3):543-51. doi: 10.1124/mol.108.054452. Epub 2009 Jun 4. [PubMed:19498041 ]
  2. Figueroa KW, Griffin MT, Ehlert FJ: Selectivity of agonists for the active state of M1 to M4 muscarinic receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009 Jan;328(1):331-42. doi: 10.1124/jpet.108.145219. Epub 2008 Sep 29. [PubMed:18824613 ]
General function:
Involved in G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
Specific function:
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the action of G proteins. Primary transducing effect is Pi turnover
Gene Name:
CHRM1
Uniprot ID:
P11229
Molecular weight:
51420.4
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284 ]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423 ]
  3. Figueroa KW, Griffin MT, Ehlert FJ: Selectivity of agonists for the active state of M1 to M4 muscarinic receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009 Jan;328(1):331-42. doi: 10.1124/jpet.108.145219. Epub 2008 Sep 29. [PubMed:18824613 ]
General function:
Involved in G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
Specific function:
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the action of G proteins. Primary transducing effect is adenylate cyclase inhibition
Gene Name:
CHRM2
Uniprot ID:
P08172
Molecular weight:
51714.6
References
  1. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed:11752352 ]
  2. Moreno-Vinasco L, Verbout NG, Fryer AD, Jacoby DB: Retinoic acid prevents virus-induced airway hyperreactivity and M2 receptor dysfunction via anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2009 Aug;297(2):L340-6. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.90267.2008. Epub 2009 May 22. [PubMed:19465517 ]
  3. Figueroa KW, Griffin MT, Ehlert FJ: Selectivity of agonists for the active state of M1 to M4 muscarinic receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009 Jan;328(1):331-42. doi: 10.1124/jpet.108.145219. Epub 2008 Sep 29. [PubMed:18824613 ]