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Human Metabolome Database Version 3.5

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Showing metabocard for L-Aspartic acid (HMDB00191)

Record Information
Version 3.5
Creation Date 2005-11-16 08:48:42 -0700
Update Date 2013-02-08 17:08:03 -0700
HMDB ID HMDB00191
Secondary Accession Numbers None
Metabolite Identification
Common Name L-Aspartic acid
Description Aspartic acid (Asp, D), also known as aspartate, the name of its anion, is one of the 20 natural proteinogenic amino acids which are the building blocks of proteins. As its name indicates, aspartic acid is the carboxylic acid analog of asparagine. As a neurotransmitter, aspartic acid may provide resistance to fatigue and thus lead to endurance, although the evidence to support this idea is not strong. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartic_acid) Aspartic acid is a nonessential amino acid which is made from glutamic acid by enzymes using vitamin B6. The amino acid has important roles in the urea cycle and DNA metabolism. Aspartic acid is a major excitatory neurotransmitter, which is sometimes found to be increased in epileptic and stroke patients. It is decreased in depressed patients and in patients with brain atrophy. Aspartic acid supplements are being evaluated. Five grams can raise blood levels. Magnesium and zinc may be natural inhibitors of some of the actions of aspartic acid. Aspartic acid, with the amino acid phenylalanine, is a part of a new natural sweetener, aspartame. This sweetener is an advance in artificial sweeteners, and is probably safe in normal doses to all except phenylketonurics. The jury is still out on the long term effects it has on many brain neurohormones. Aspartic acid may be a significant immunostimulant of the thymus and can protect against some of the damaging effects of radiation. Many claims have been made for the special value of administering aspartic acid in the form of potassium and magnesium salts. Since aspartic acid is relatively nontoxic, studies are now in progress to elucidate its pharmacological and therapeutic roles. (http://www.dcnutrition.com/AminoAcids).
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms
  1. Asp
  2. (+)-Aspartate
  3. (+)-Aspartic acid
  4. (2S)-Aspartate
  5. (2S)-Aspartic acid
  6. (L)-Aspartate
  7. (L)-Aspartic acid
  8. (R)-2-aminosuccinate
  9. (S)-(+)-Aspartate
  10. (S)-(+)-Aspartic acid
  11. (S)-2-aminosuccinate
  12. (S)-2-aminosuccinic acid
  13. (S)-amino-Butanedioate
  14. (S)-amino-Butanedioic acid
  15. (S)-Aminobutanedioate
  16. (S)-Aminobutanedioic acid
  17. (S)-Aspartate
  18. (S)-Aspartic acid
  19. 2-Amino-3-methylsuccinate
  20. 2-Amino-3-methylsuccinic acid
  21. 2-Aminosuccinate
  22. 2-Aminosuccinic acid
  23. alpha-Aminosuccinate
  24. alpha-Aminosuccinic acid
  25. Aminosuccinate
  26. Asparagate
  27. Asparagic acid
  28. Asparaginate
  29. Asparaginic acid
  30. Asparatate
  31. Aspartate
  32. H-Asp-OH
  33. L-(+)-Aspartate
  34. L-(+)-Aspartic acid
  35. L-Aminosuccinate
  36. L-Aminosuccinic acid
  37. L-Asparagate
  38. L-Asparagic acid
  39. L-Asparaginate
  40. L-Asparaginic acid
  41. L-Aspartate
Chemical Formula C4H7NO4
Average Molecular Weight 133.1027
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 133.037507717
IUPAC Name (2S)-2-aminobutanedioic acid
Traditional IUPAC Name L-aspartic acid
CAS Registry Number 56-84-8
SMILES N[C@@H](CC(O)=O)C(O)=O
InChI Identifier InChI=1S/C4H7NO4/c5-2(4(8)9)1-3(6)7/h2H,1,5H2,(H,6,7)(H,8,9)/t2-/m0/s1
InChI Key CKLJMWTZIZZHCS-REOHCLBHSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Kingdom Organic Compounds
Super Class Amino Acids, Peptides, and Analogues
Class Amino Acids and Derivatives
Sub Class Alpha Amino Acids and Derivatives
Other Descriptors
  • Aliphatic Acyclic Compounds
  • Amino acids(KEGG)
  • Common amino acids(KEGG)
  • L-alpha-amino acid(ChEBI)
  • aspartic acid(ChEBI)
Substituents
  • 1,3 Aminoalcohol
  • Carboxylic Acid
  • Dicarboxylic Acid Derivative
  • Primary Aliphatic Amine (Alkylamine)
  • Succinic Acid
Direct Parent Alpha Amino Acids and Derivatives
Ontology
Status Detected and Quantified
Origin
  • Endogenous
Biofunction
  • Component of Alanine and aspartate metabolism
  • Component of Arginine and proline metabolism
  • Component of Cysteine metabolism
  • Component of Glutamate metabolism
  • Component of Histidine metabolism
  • Component of Nitrogen metabolism
  • Component of Novobiocin biosynthesis
  • Component of Phenylalanine metabolism
  • Component of Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis
  • Component of Purine metabolism
  • Component of Tyrosine metabolism
  • Essential amino acid
  • Non-essential amino acid
Application Not Available
Cellular locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
  • Mitochondria
Physical Properties
State Solid
Experimental Properties
Property Value Reference
Melting Point 270 °C Not Available
Boiling Point Not Available Not Available
Water Solubility 5.39 mg/mL YALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992)
LogP -3.89 CHMELIK,J ET AL. (1991)
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
Water Solubility 142 g/L ALOGPS
LogP -3.52 ALOGPS
LogP -3.5 ChemAxon
LogS 0.03 ALOGPS
pKa (strongest acidic) 1.7 ChemAxon
pKa (strongest basic) 9.61 ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count 5 ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count 3 ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area 100.62 A2 ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count 3 ChemAxon
Refractivity 26.53 ChemAxon
Polarizability 11.4 ChemAxon
Formal Charge 0 ChemAxon
Physiological Charge -1 ChemAxon
Spectra
Gas-MS Spectrum
1H NMR Spectrum
13C NMR Spectrum
MS/MS Spectrum Quattro_QQQ 10
MS/MS Spectrum Quattro_QQQ 25
MS/MS Spectrum Quattro_QQQ 40
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic)
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic)
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic)
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic)
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic)
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic)
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic)
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic)
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic)
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic)
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic)
MS/MS Spectrum LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic)
[1H,1H] 2D NMR Spectrum
[1H,13C] 2D NMR Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
  • Mitochondria
Biofluid Locations
  • Blood
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
  • Saliva
  • Urine
Tissue Location
  • All Tissues
  • Prostate
Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Transcription/Translation SMP00019 Not Available
Arginine and Proline Metabolism SMP00020 map00330 Link_out
Aspartate Metabolism SMP00067 map00250 Link_out
Urea Cycle SMP00059 map00330 Link_out
Beta-Alanine Metabolism SMP00007 map00410 Link_out
Malate-Aspartate Shuttle SMP00129 Not Available
Ammonia Recycling SMP00009 map00910 Link_out
Normal Concentrations
Biofluid Status Value Age Sex Condition Comments
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
21.0 +/- 5.0 uM Adult (>18 years old) Male Normal Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
20.0 +/- 5.0 uM Adult (>18 years old) Female Normal Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
20.9 +/- 6.1 uM Adult (>18 years old) Not Specified Normal Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
2.30 (0.0-4.6) uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
2.8 +/- 1.2 uM Adult (>18 years old) Male Normal Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
1.8 +/- 0.2 uM Adult (>18 years old) Female Normal Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
0.6 +/- 0.3 uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
2.19 +/- 2.63 uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
0.23 +/- 0.18 uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Saliva Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
>10 uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
1.36 +/- 1.06 umol/mmol creatinine Infant (0-1 year old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
0.32 (0.30-0.45) umol/mmol creatinine Newborn (0-30 days old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and not Quantified
Article_icon
Not Applicable Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Urine compound detected by GC-MS
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
10.9 (3.5-21.8) umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal urine by NMR
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
5.2 +/- 6.15 umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
10.9 (1.9-26.8) umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal by LC-MS/MS (Biocrates kit)
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
0.5 umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
4.638 (1.711-7.566) umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Biofluid Status Value Age Sex Condition Comments
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
36.0 +/- 9.0 uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Cirrhosis Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
3.9 (3.7-4.1) uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Epilepsy Refractory localization-related epilepsy (RLE)
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
11.8 (10.9-12.7) uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Epilepsy Acute seizures
Blood Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
12.67 +/- 2.86 uM Elderly (>65 years old) Both Alzheimer's disease Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
0.233 +/- 0.081 uM Adult (>18 years old) Not Specified Growth hormone deficiency Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
Article_icon
0.24 +/- 0.10 uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Schizophrenia Not Available
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease References
Epilepsy
  • Rainesalo S, Keranen T, Palmio J, Peltola J, Oja SS, Saransaari P: Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amino acids in epileptic patients. Neurochem Res. 2004 Jan;29(1):319-24. Pubmed: 14992292 Link_out
    Growth hormone deficiency
    • Burman P, Hetta J, Wide L, Mansson JE, Ekman R, Karlsson FA: Growth hormone treatment affects brain neurotransmitters and thyroxine [see comment] Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1996 Mar;44(3):319-24. Pubmed: 8729530 Link_out
      Cirrhosis
      • Cynober LA: Plasma amino acid levels with a note on membrane transport: characteristics, regulation, and metabolic significance. Nutrition. 2002 Sep;18(9):761-6. Pubmed: 12297216 Link_out
        Alzheimer's disease
        • Fonteh AN, Harrington RJ, Tsai A, Liao P, Harrington MG: Free amino acid and dipeptide changes in the body fluids from Alzheimer's disease subjects. Amino Acids. 2007 Feb;32(2):213-24. Epub 2006 Oct 10. Pubmed: 17031479 Link_out
          Schizophrenia
          • Do KQ, Lauer CJ, Schreiber W, Zollinger M, Gutteck-Amsler U, Cuenod M, Holsboer F: gamma-Glutamylglutamine and taurine concentrations are decreased in the cerebrospinal fluid of drug-naive patients with schizophrenic disorders. J Neurochem. 1995 Dec;65(6):2652-62. Pubmed: 7595563 Link_out
            Associated OMIM IDs
            DrugBank ID DB00128 Link_out
            Phenol Explorer Compound ID Not Available
            Phenol Explorer Metabolite ID Not Available
            FoodDB ID FDB012567
            KNApSAcK ID C00001342 Link_out
            Chemspider ID 5745 Link_out
            KEGG Compound ID C00049 Link_out
            BioCyc ID L-ASPARTATE Link_out
            BiGG ID 33663 Link_out
            Wikipedia Link Asp Link_out
            NuGOwiki Link HMDB00191 Link_out
            Metagene Link HMDB00191 Link_out
            METLIN ID 5206 Link_out
            PubChem Compound 5960 Link_out
            PDB ID ASP Link_out
            ChEBI ID 17053 Link_out
            References
            Synthesis Reference Pamfil, Maria; Lupescu, Irina; Savoiu, Valeria Gabriela. L-aspartic acid production from fumarate using Escherichia coli whole cells. Rom. (2005), 3pp.
            Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) Download (PDF)
            General References
            1. Fujii N: D-amino acid in elderly tissues. Biol Pharm Bull. 2005 Sep;28(9):1585-9. Pubmed: 16141520 Link_out
            2. Cynober LA: Plasma amino acid levels with a note on membrane transport: characteristics, regulation, and metabolic significance. Nutrition. 2002 Sep;18(9):761-6. Pubmed: 12297216 Link_out
            3. Grdzelishvili VZ, Smallwood S, Tower D, Hall RL, Hunt DM, Moyer SA: A single amino acid change in the L-polymerase protein of vesicular stomatitis virus completely abolishes viral mRNA cap methylation. J Virol. 2005 Jun;79(12):7327-37. Pubmed: 15919887 Link_out
            4. Rainesalo S, Keranen T, Palmio J, Peltola J, Oja SS, Saransaari P: Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amino acids in epileptic patients. Neurochem Res. 2004 Jan;29(1):319-24. Pubmed: 14992292 Link_out
            5. Lockridge O: Genetic variants of human serum cholinesterase influence metabolism of the muscle relaxant succinylcholine. Pharmacol Ther. 1990;47(1):35-60. Pubmed: 2195556 Link_out
            6. Franklin RB, Zou J, Yu Z, Costello LC: EAAC1 is expressed in rat and human prostate epithelial cells; functions as a high-affinity L-aspartate transporter; and is regulated by prolactin and testosterone. BMC Biochem. 2006 Mar 27;7:10. Pubmed: 16566829 Link_out
            7. Advani SJ, Hagglund R, Weichselbaum RR, Roizman B: Posttranslational processing of infected cell proteins 0 and 4 of herpes simplex virus 1 is sequential and reflects the subcellular compartment in which the proteins localize. J Virol. 2001 Sep;75(17):7904-12. Pubmed: 11483735 Link_out
            8. Wang M, Meng Z, Fu J: Synthesis and biodistribution of six novel 99mTc complexes of 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde-amino acid Schiff bases. Appl Radiat Isot. 2006 Feb;64(2):235-40. Pubmed: 16309915 Link_out
            9. Fisher G, Lopez S, Peterson K, Goff T, Philip I, Gaviria R, Lorenzo N, Tsesarskaia M: Is there a correlation between age and D: -aspartic acid in human knee cartilage? Amino Acids. 2006 Jun 1;. Pubmed: 16738792 Link_out
            10. Baslow MH: Brain N-acetylaspartate as a molecular water pump and its role in the etiology of Canavan disease: a mechanistic explanation. J Mol Neurosci. 2003;21(3):185-90. Pubmed: 14645985 Link_out
            11. Shao B, Belaaouaj A, Verlinde CL, Fu X, Heinecke JW: Methionine sulfoxide and proteolytic cleavage contribute to the inactivation of cathepsin G by hypochlorous acid: an oxidative mechanism for regulation of serine proteinases by myeloperoxidase. J Biol Chem. 2005 Aug 12;280(32):29311-21. Epub 2005 Jun 20. Pubmed: 15967795 Link_out
            12. Silwood CJ, Lynch E, Claxson AW, Grootveld MC: 1H and (13)C NMR spectroscopic analysis of human saliva. J Dent Res. 2002 Jun;81(6):422-7. Pubmed: 12097436 Link_out
            13. Rose CH, Thigpen BD, Bofill JA, Cushman J, May WL, Martin JN Jr: Obstetric implications of antepartum corticosteroid therapy for HELLP syndrome. Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Nov;104(5 Pt 1):1011-4. Pubmed: 15516393 Link_out
            14. Chiara F, Goumans MJ, Forsberg H, Ahgren A, Rasola A, Aspenstrom P, Wernstedt C, Hellberg C, Heldin CH, Heuchel R: A gain of function mutation in the activation loop of platelet-derived growth factor beta-receptor deregulates its kinase activity. J Biol Chem. 2004 Oct 8;279(41):42516-27. Epub 2004 Jul 28. Pubmed: 15284236 Link_out
            15. Bhende PM, Seaman WT, Delecluse HJ, Kenney SC: BZLF1 activation of the methylated form of the BRLF1 immediate-early promoter is regulated by BZLF1 residue 186. J Virol. 2005 Jun;79(12):7338-48. Pubmed: 15919888 Link_out
            16. Nicholson JK, O'Flynn MP, Sadler PJ, Macleod AF, Juul SM, Sonksen PH: Proton-nuclear-magnetic-resonance studies of serum, plasma and urine from fasting normal and diabetic subjects. Biochem J. 1984 Jan 15;217(2):365-75. Pubmed: 6696735 Link_out
            17. Engelborghs S, Marescau B, De Deyn PP: Amino acids and biogenic amines in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Res. 2003 Aug;28(8):1145-50. Pubmed: 12834252 Link_out
            18. Burman P, Hetta J, Wide L, Mansson JE, Ekman R, Karlsson FA: Growth hormone treatment affects brain neurotransmitters and thyroxine [see comment] Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1996 Mar;44(3):319-24. Pubmed: 8729530 Link_out
            19. Butterworth RF: Pathophysiology of hepatic encephalopathy: a new look at ammonia. Metab Brain Dis. 2002 Dec;17(4):221-7. Pubmed: 12602499 Link_out
            20. Hagenfeldt L, Bjerkenstedt L, Edman G, Sedvall G, Wiesel FA: Amino acids in plasma and CSF and monoamine metabolites in CSF: interrelationship in healthy subjects. J Neurochem. 1984 Mar;42(3):833-7. Pubmed: 6198473 Link_out
            21. Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4. Pubmed: 19212411 Link_out
            Enzymes
            Name: Aspartate aminotransferase, cytoplasmic
            Reactions:
            • L-aspartate + 2-oxoglutarate = oxaloacetate + L-glutamate [RN:R00355]
            Gene Name: GOT1
            Uniprot ID: P17174 Link_out
            Protein Sequence: FASTA
            Gene Sequence: FASTA
            Name: Aspartate aminotransferase, mitochondrial
            Reactions:
            • L-aspartate + 2-oxoglutarate = oxaloacetate + L-glutamate [RN:R00355]
            Gene Name: GOT2
            Uniprot ID: P00505 Link_out
            Protein Sequence: FASTA
            Gene Sequence: FASTA
            Name: Ribonuclease pancreatic
            Reactions:
            • Endonucleolytic cleavage to nucleoside 3'-phosphates and 3'-phosphooligonucleotides ending in Cp or Up with 2',3'-cyclic phosphate intermediates REFERENCE 1 AUTHORS Anfinsen, C.B. and White, F.H., Jr. TITLE The ribonucleases: occurrence, structure, and properties. JOURNAL In: Boyer, P.D., Lardy, H. and Myrback, K. (Eds.), The Enzymes, 2nd ed., vol. 5, Academic Press, New York, 1961, p. 95-122. REFERENCE 2 [PMID:14247667] AUTHORS BEARD JR, RAZZELL WE. TITLE PURIFICATION OF ALKALINE RIBONUCLEASE II FROM MITOCHONDRIAL AND SOLUBLE FRACTIONS OF LIVER. JOURNAL J. Biol. Chem. 239 (1964) 4186-93.
            Gene Name: RNASE1
            Uniprot ID: P07998 Link_out
            Protein Sequence: FASTA
            Gene Sequence: FASTA
            Name: Aminoacylase-1
            Reactions:
            • an N-acyl-L-amino acid + H2O = a carboxylate + an L-amino acid [RN:R01263]
            Gene Name: ACY1
            Uniprot ID: Q03154 Link_out
            Protein Sequence: FASTA
            Gene Sequence: FASTA
            Name: Aspartoacylase
            Reactions:
            • N-acyl-L-aspartate + H2O = a carboxylate + L-aspartate [RN:R00546]
            Gene Name: ASPA
            Uniprot ID: P45381 Link_out
            Protein Sequence: FASTA
            Gene Sequence: FASTA
            Name: Aspartoacylase-2
            Reactions:
            • --- []
            Gene Name: ACY3
            Uniprot ID: Q96HD9 Link_out
            Protein Sequence: FASTA
            Gene Sequence: FASTA
            Name: Asparagine synthetase [glutamine-hydrolyzing]
            Reactions:
            • (1) ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O = AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate [RN:R00578]
            • (2) (1a) L-glutamine + H2O = L-glutamate + NH3 [RN:R00256]
            • (3) (1b) ATP + L-aspartate + NH3 = AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine [RN:R00483]
            Gene Name: ASNS
            Uniprot ID: P08243 Link_out
            Protein Sequence: FASTA
            Gene Sequence: FASTA
            Name: Aspartyl-tRNA synthetase, cytoplasmic
            Reactions:
            • ATP + L-aspartate + tRNAAsp = AMP + diphosphate + L-aspartyl-tRNAAsp [RN:R05577]
            Gene Name: DARS
            Uniprot ID: P14868 Link_out
            Protein Sequence: FASTA
            Gene Sequence: FASTA
            Name: Argininosuccinate synthase
            Reactions:
            • ATP + L-citrulline + L-aspartate = AMP + diphosphate + 2-(Nomega-L-arginino)succinate [RN:R01954]
            Gene Name: ASS1
            Uniprot ID: P00966 Link_out
            Protein Sequence: FASTA
            Gene Sequence: FASTA
            Name: Glutamate dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial
            Reactions:
            • L-glutamate + H2O + NAD(P)+ = 2-oxoglutarate + NH3 + NAD(P)H + H+ [RN:R00243 R00248]
            Gene Name: GLUD1
            Uniprot ID: P00367 Link_out
            Protein Sequence: FASTA
            Gene Sequence: FASTA
            Name: Glutamate decarboxylase 2
            Reactions:
            • L-glutamate = 4-aminobutanoate + CO2 [RN:R00261]
            Gene Name: GAD2
            Uniprot ID: Q05329 Link_out
            Protein Sequence: FASTA
            Gene Sequence: FASTA
            Name: Glutamate decarboxylase 1
            Reactions:
            • L-glutamate = 4-aminobutanoate + CO2 [RN:R00261]
            Gene Name: GAD1
            Uniprot ID: Q99259 Link_out
            Protein Sequence: FASTA
            Gene Sequence: FASTA
            Name: Adenylosuccinate synthetase isozyme 2
            Reactions:
            • GTP + IMP + L-aspartate = GDP + phosphate + N6-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)-AMP [RN:R01135]
            Gene Name: ADSS
            Uniprot ID: P30520 Link_out
            Protein Sequence: FASTA
            Gene Sequence: FASTA
            Name: Adenylosuccinate synthetase isozyme 1
            Reactions:
            • GTP + IMP + L-aspartate = GDP + phosphate + N6-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)-AMP [RN:R01135]
            Gene Name: ADSSL1
            Uniprot ID: Q8N142 Link_out
            Protein Sequence: FASTA
            Gene Sequence: FASTA
            Name: Multifunctional protein ADE2
            Reactions:
            • ATP + 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate + L-aspartate = ADP + phosphate + (S)-2-[5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4- carboxamido]succinate [RN:R04591]
            Gene Name: PAICS
            Uniprot ID: P22234 Link_out
            Protein Sequence: FASTA
            Gene Sequence: FASTA
            Name: Aspartyl/asparaginyl beta-hydroxylase
            Reactions:
            • peptide-L-aspartate + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = peptide-3-hydroxy-L-aspartate + succinate + CO2 [RN:R04073]
            Gene Name: ASPH
            Uniprot ID: Q12797 Link_out
            Protein Sequence: FASTA
            Gene Sequence: FASTA
            Name: Lysozyme C
            Reactions:
            • Hydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in a peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrins
            Gene Name: LYZ
            Uniprot ID: P61626 Link_out
            Protein Sequence: FASTA
            Gene Sequence: FASTA
            Name: Calcium-binding mitochondrial carrier protein Aralar2
            Reactions:
            • --- []
            Gene Name: SLC25A13
            Uniprot ID: Q9UJS0 Link_out
            Protein Sequence: FASTA
            Gene Sequence: FASTA
            Name: Excitatory amino acid transporter 3
            Reactions:
            • --- []
            Gene Name: SLC1A1
            Uniprot ID: P43005 Link_out
            Protein Sequence: FASTA
            Gene Sequence: FASTA
            Name: Calcium-binding mitochondrial carrier protein Aralar1
            Reactions:
            • --- []
            Gene Name: SLC25A12
            Uniprot ID: O75746 Link_out
            Protein Sequence: FASTA
            Gene Sequence: FASTA
            Name: CAD protein
            Reactions:
            • (1) 2 ATP + L-glutamine + HCO3- + H2O = 2 ADP + phosphate + L-glutamate + carbamoyl phosphate [RN:R00575]
            • (2) L-glutamine + H2O = L-glutamate + NH3 [RN:R00256]
            • (3) 2 ATP + HCO3- = 2 ADP + phosphate + carbamoyl phosphate [RN:R07641]
            Gene Name: CAD
            Uniprot ID: P27708 Link_out
            Protein Sequence: FASTA
            Gene Sequence: FASTA
            Name: L-asparaginase
            Reactions:
            • L-asparagine + H2O = L-aspartate + NH3 [RN:R00485]
            Gene Name: ASRGL1
            Uniprot ID: Q7L266 Link_out
            Protein Sequence: FASTA
            Gene Sequence: FASTA
            Name: Aspartate aminotransferase
            Reactions:
            • L-aspartate + 2-oxoglutarate = oxaloacetate + L-glutamate [RN:R00355]
            Gene Name: GIG18
            Uniprot ID: Q2TU84 Link_out
            Protein Sequence: FASTA
            Gene Sequence: FASTA
            Name: Argininosuccinate synthase
            Reactions:
            • ATP + L-citrulline + L-aspartate = AMP + diphosphate + 2-(Nomega-L-arginino)succinate [RN:R01954]
            Gene Name: ASS1
            Uniprot ID: Q5T6L4 Link_out
            Protein Sequence: FASTA
            Gene Sequence: FASTA
            Name: Aspartyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial
            Reactions:
            • ATP + L-aspartate + tRNAAsp = AMP + diphosphate + L-aspartyl-tRNAAsp [RN:R05577]
            Gene Name: DARS2
            Uniprot ID: Q6PI48 Link_out
            Protein Sequence: FASTA
            Gene Sequence: FASTA
            Transporters
            Name: Monocarboxylate transporter 10
            Reactions:
              Gene Name: SLC16A10
              Uniprot ID: Q8TF71 Link_out
              Protein Sequence: FASTA
              Gene Sequence: FASTA