1. (-)-(R)-Norepinephrine
2. (-)-alpha-(Aminomethyl)protocatechuyl alcohol
3. (-)-Arterenol
4. (-)-Noradrenaline
5. (-)-Norepinephrine
6. (R)-(-)-Norepinephrine
7. (R)-4-(2-Amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-1,2-benzenediol
8. (R)-Noradrenaline
9. (R)-Norepinephrine
10. 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-1,2-benzenediol
11. 4-[(1R)-2-Amino-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,2-benzenediol
12. Adrenor
13. Aktamin
14. Arterenol
15. l-2-Amino-1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanol
16. l-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylethanolamine
17. l-alpha-(Aminomethyl)-3,4-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol
18. l-Arterenol
19. L-Noradrenaline
20. l-Norepinephrine
21. Levarterenol
22. Levoarterenol
23. Levonor
24. Levonoradrenaline
25. Levonorepinephrine
26. Levophed
27. Nor-Epirenan
28. Noradrenalin
29. noradrenaline
30. Norartrinal
31. Norepirenamine
32. Sympathin E

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• Cytoplasm (Predicted from LogP)
• Extracellular

• Blood
• Cerebrospinal Fluid
• Urine

• 218700 (Hypothyroidism)
• 171300 (Pheochromocytoma)
• 105800 (Subarachnoid hemorrhage)

1. Ahlskog JE, Uitti RJ, Tyce GM, O'Brien JF, Petersen RC, Kokmen E: Plasma catechols and monoamine oxidase metabolites in untreated Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. J Neurol Sci. 1996 Mar;136(1-2):162-8. [PubMed ]
2. Kaliner, Michael A., Orange, Robert P., Koopman, William J., Austen, K. Frank, Laraia, Paul J. Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate in human lung. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, General Subjects (1971), 252(1), 160-4
3. Rajda C, Bencsik K, Fuvesi J, Seres E, Vecsei L, Bergquist J: The norepinephrine level is decreased in the lymphocytes of long-term interferon-beta-treated multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler. 2006 Jun;12(3):265-70. [PubMed ]
4. Sjoberg S, Eriksson M, Nordin C: L-thyroxine treatment and neurotransmitter levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of hypothyroid patients: a pilot study. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998 Nov;139(5):493-7. [PubMed ]
5. Panholzer TJ, Beyer J, Lichtwald K: Coupled-column liquid chromatographic analysis of catecholamines, serotonin, and metabolites in human urine. Clin Chem. 1999 Feb;45(2):262-8. [PubMed ]
6. Eklundh T, Eriksson M, Sjoberg S, Nordin C: Monoamine precursors, transmitters and metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid: a prospective study in healthy male subjects. J Psychiatr Res. 1996 May-Jun;30(3):201-8. [PubMed ]
7. Takahashi S, Gjessing LR: A fluorometric method combined with thin layer chromatography for the determination of norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine in human urine. Clin Chim Acta. 1972 Feb;36(2):369-78. [PubMed ]
8. Ross HA, van Gurp PJ, Willemsen JJ, Lenders JW, Tack CJ, Sweep FC: Transport within the interstitial space, rather than membrane permeability, determines norepinephrine recovery in microdialysis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006 Nov;319(2):840-6. Epub 2006 Aug 10. [PubMed ]
9. Martinsons A, Rudzite V, Bratslavska O, Saulite V: The influence of kynurenine, neopterin, and norepinephrine on tubular epithelial cells and alveolar fibroblasts. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1999;467:347-52. [PubMed ]
10. Lake CR, Sternberg DE, van Kammen DP, Ballenger JC, Ziegler MG, Post RM, Kopin IJ, Bunney WE: Schizophrenia: elevated cerebrospinal fluid norepinephrine. Science. 1980 Jan 18;207(4428):331-3. [PubMed ]
11. Kaya M, Moriwaki Y, Ka T, Inokuchi T, Yamamoto A, Takahashi S, Tsutsumi Z, Tsuzita J, Oku Y, Yamamoto T: Plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of purine bases (uric acid, hypoxanthine, and xanthine) and oxypurinol after rigorous exercise. Metabolism. 2006 Jan;55(1):103-7. [PubMed ]
12. Eisenhofer G, Keiser H, Friberg P, Mezey E, Huynh TT, Hiremagalur B, Ellingson T, Duddempudi S, Eijsbouts A, Lenders JW: Plasma metanephrines are markers of pheochromocytoma produced by catechol-O-methyltransferase within tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Jun;83(6):2175-85. [PubMed ]
13. Fernqvist E, Linde B: Potent mental stress and insulin absorption in normal subjects. Diabetes Care. 1988 Sep;11(8):650-5. [PubMed ]
14. Pasternak K, Dabrowski W, Wyciszczok T, Korycinska A, Dobija J, Biernacka J, Rzecki Z: The relationship between magnesium, epinephrine and norepinephrine blood concentrations during CABG with normovolemic hemodilution. Magnes Res. 2005 Dec;18(4):245-52. [PubMed ]
15. Engelborghs S, Marescau B, De Deyn PP: Amino acids and biogenic amines in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Res. 2003 Aug;28(8):1145-50. [PubMed ]
16. Albanese J, Leone M, Garnier F, Bourgoin A, Antonini F, Martin C: Renal effects of norepinephrine in septic and nonseptic patients. Chest. 2004 Aug;126(2):534-9. [PubMed ]
17. Shibahara J, Goto A, Niki T, Tanaka M, Nakajima J, Fukayama M: Primary pulmonary paraganglioma: report of a functioning case with immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. Am J Surg Pathol. 2004 Jun;28(6):825-9. [PubMed ]
18. Wanner A, Horvath G, Brieva JL, Kumar SD, Mendes ES: Nongenomic actions of glucocorticosteroids on the airway vasculature in asthma. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2004;1(3):235-8. [PubMed ]
19. Raw I, Schmidt BJ, Merzel J: Catecholamines and congenital pain insensitivity. Braz J Med Biol Res. 1984;17(3-4):271-9. [PubMed ]
20. Zhu Y, Zhang W, Chen M, Liu N, Guo J: [Study on expression of norepinephrine and dopamine placental tissues of normal pregnancy and pregnancy induced hypertension syndrome] Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi. 2002 Mar;37(3):142-5. [PubMed ]
21. Wikipedia

1. Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B
2. Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A
3. Dopamine beta-hydroxylase
4. Catechol O-methyltransferase
5. Phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase
6. Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase
7. Glycerol kinase
8. Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor
9. Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor
10. Beta-1 adrenergic receptor
11. Beta-2 adrenergic receptor
12. Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter
13. Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor
14. Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor
15. Synaptotagmin-5
16. cDNA, FLJ93072, Homo sapiens monoamine oxidase B (MAOB), nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial protein, mRNA (Monoamine oxidase B, isoform CRA_a)
17. Beta-3 adrenergic receptor
18. Norepinephrine transporter isoform 2
19. Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor
20. Norepinephrine transporter isoform 1
21. Norepinephrine transporter

1. Monoamine oxidase type B
2. MAO-B

MSNKCDVVVVGGGISGMAAAKLLHDSGLNVVVLEARDRVGGRTYTLRNQKVKYVDLGGSY
VGPTQNRILRLAKELGLETYKVNEVERLIHHVKGKSYPFRGPFPPVWNPITYLDHNNFWR
TMDDMGREIPSDAPWKAPLAEEWDNMTMKELLDKLCWTESAKQLATLFVNLCVTAETHEV
SALWFLWYVKQCGGTTRIISTTNGGQERKFVGGSGQVSERIMDLLGDRVKLERPVIYIDQ
TRENVLVETLNHEMYEAKYVISAIPPTLGMKIHFNPPLPMMRNQMITRVPLGSVIKCIVY
YKEPFWRKKDYCGTMIIDGEEAPVAYTLDDTKPEGNYAAIMGFILAHKARKLARLTKEER
LKKLCELYAKVLGSLEALEPVHYEEKNWCEEQYSGGCYTTYFPPGILTQYGRVLRQPVDR
IYFAGTETATHWSGYMEGAVEAGERAAREILHAMGKIPEDEIWQSEPESVDVPAQPITTT
FLERHLPSVPGLLRLIGLTTIFSATALGFLAHKRGLLVRV

• Arginine and Proline Metabolism (map00330 )
• Glycine, Serine and Threonine Metabolism (map00260 )
• Histidine Metabolism (map00340 )
• Phenylalanine Metabolism (map00360 )
• Tryptophan Metabolism (map00380 )
• Tyrosine Metabolism (map00350 )

• RCH2NHR' + H2O + O2 = RCHO + R'NH2 + H2O2 [RN:R01853]

• Amino_oxidase (PF01593 )

• None

• 490-516

ATGAGCAACAAATGCGACGTGGTCGTGGTGGGGGGCGGCATCTCAGGTATGGCAGCAGCC
AAACTTCTGCATGACTCTGGACTGAATGTGGTTGTTCTGGAAGCCCGGGACCGTGTGGGA
GGCAGGACTTACACTCTTAGGAACCAAAAGGTTAAATATGTGGACCTTGGAGGATCCTAT
GTTGGACCAACCCAGAATCGTATCTTGAGATTAGCCAAGGAGCTAGGATTGGAGACCTAC
AAAGTGAATGAGGTTGAGCGTCTGATCCACCATGTAAAGGGCAAATCATACCCCTTCAGG
GGGCCATTCCCACCTGTATGGAATCCAATTACCTACTTAGATCATAACAACTTTTGGAGG
ACAATGGATGACATGGGGCGAGAGATTCCGAGTGATGCCCCATGGAAGGCTCCCCTTGCA
GAAGAGTGGGACAACATGACAATGAAGGAGCTACTGGACAAGCTCTGCTGGACTGAATCT
GCAAAGCAGCTTGCCACTCTCTTTGTGAACCTGTGTGTCACTGCAGAGACCCATGAGGTC
TCTGCTCTCTGGTTCCTGTGGTATGTGAAGCAGTGTGGAGGCACAACAAGAATCATCTCG
ACAACAAATGGAGGACAGGAGAGGAAATTTGTGGGCGGATCTGGTCAAGTGAGTGAGCGG
ATAATGGACCTCCTTGGAGACCGAGTGAAGCTGGAGAGGCCTGTGATCTACATTGACCAG
ACAAGAGAAAATGTCCTTGTGGAGACCCTAAACCATGAGATGTATGAGGCTAAATATGTG
ATTAGTGCTATTCCTCCTACTCTGGGCATGAAGATTCACTTCAATCCCCCTCTGCCAATG
ATGAGAAACCAGATGATCACTCGTGTGCCTTTGGGTTCAGTCATCAAGTGTATAGTTTAT
TATAAAGAGCCTTTCTGGAGGAAAAAGGATTACTGTGGAACCATGATTATTGATGGAGAA
GAAGCTCCAGTTGCCTACACGTTGGATGATACCAAACCTGAAGGCAACTATGCTGCCATA
ATGGGATTTATCCTGGCCCACAAAGCCAGAAAACTGGCACGTCTTACCAAAGAGGAAAGG
TTGAAGAAACTTTGTGAACTCTATGCCAAGGTTCTGGGTTCCCTAGAAGCTCTGGAGCCA
GTGCATTATGAAGAAAAGAACTGGTGTGAGGAGCAGTACTCTGGGGGCTGCTACACAACT
TATTTCCCCCCTGGGATCCTGACTCAATATGGAAGGGTTCTACGCCAGCCAGTGGACAGG
ATTTACTTTGCAGGCACCGAGACTGCCACACACTGGAGCGGCTACATGGAGGGGGCTGTA
GAGGCCGGGGAGAGAGCAGCCCGAGAGATCCTGCATGCCATGGGGAAGATTCCAGAGGAT
GAAATCTGGCAGTCAGAACCAGAGTCTGTGGATGTCCCTGCACAGCCCATCACCACCACC
TTTTTGGAGAGACATTTGCCCTCCGTGCCAGGCCTGCTCAGGCTGATTGGATTGACCACC
ATCTTTTCAGCAACGGCTCTTGGCTTCCTGGCCCACAAAAGGGGGCTACTTGTGAGAGTC

1. Grimsby J, Chen K, Wang LJ, Lan NC, Shih JC: Human monoamine oxidase A and B genes exhibit identical exon-intron organization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 May 1;88(9):3637-41. [PubMed ]
2. Bach AW, Lan NC, Johnson DL, Abell CW, Bembenek ME, Kwan SW, Seeburg PH, Shih JC: cDNA cloning of human liver monoamine oxidase A and B: molecular basis of differences in enzymatic properties. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Jul;85(13):4934-8. [PubMed ]
3. Chen K, Wu HF, Shih JC: The deduced amino acid sequences of human platelet and frontal cortex monoamine oxidase B are identical. J Neurochem. 1993 Jul;61(1):187-90. [PubMed ]
4. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed ]
5. Ross MT, Grafham DV, Coffey AJ, Scherer S, McLay K, Muzny D, Platzer M, Howell GR, Burrows C, Bird CP, Frankish A, Lovell FL, Howe KL, Ashurst JL, Fulton RS, Sudbrak R, Wen G, Jones MC, Hurles ME, Andrews TD, Scott CE, Searle S, Ramser J, Whittaker A, Deadman R, Carter NP, Hunt SE, Chen R, Cree A, Gunaratne P, Havlak P, Hodgson A, Metzker ML, Richards S, Scott G, Steffen D, Sodergren E, Wheeler DA, Worley KC, Ainscough R, Ambrose KD, Ansari-Lari MA, Aradhya S, Ashwell RI, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Ballabio A, Banerjee R, Barker GE, Barlow KF, Barrett IP, Bates KN, Beare DM, Beasley H, Beasley O, Beck A, Bethel G, Blechschmidt K, Brady N, Bray-Allen S, Bridgeman AM, Brown AJ, Brown MJ, Bonnin D, Bruford EA, Buhay C, Burch P, Burford D, Burgess J, Burrill W, Burton J, Bye JM, Carder C, Carrel L, Chako J, Chapman JC, Chavez D, Chen E, Chen G, Chen Y, Chen Z, Chinault C, Ciccodicola A, Clark SY, Clarke G, Clee CM, Clegg S, Clerc-Blankenburg K, Clifford K, Cobley V, Cole CG, Conquer JS, Corby N, Connor RE, David R, Davies J, Davis C, Davis J, Delgado O, Deshazo D, Dhami P, Ding Y, Dinh H, Dodsworth S, Draper H, Dugan-Rocha S, Dunham A, Dunn M, Durbin KJ, Dutta I, Eades T, Ellwood M, Emery-Cohen A, Errington H, Evans KL, Faulkner L, Francis F, Frankland J, Fraser AE, Galgoczy P, Gilbert J, Gill R, Glockner G, Gregory SG, Gribble S, Griffiths C, Grocock R, Gu Y, Gwilliam R, Hamilton C, Hart EA, Hawes A, Heath PD, Heitmann K, Hennig S, Hernandez J, Hinzmann B, Ho S, Hoffs M, Howden PJ, Huckle EJ, Hume J, Hunt PJ, Hunt AR, Isherwood J, Jacob L, Johnson D, Jones S, de Jong PJ, Joseph SS, Keenan S, Kelly S, Kershaw JK, Khan Z, Kioschis P, Klages S, Knights AJ, Kosiura A, Kovar-Smith C, Laird GK, Langford C, Lawlor S, Leversha M, Lewis L, Liu W, Lloyd C, Lloyd DM, Loulseged H, Loveland JE, Lovell JD, Lozado R, Lu J, Lyne R, Ma J, Maheshwari M, Matthews LH, McDowall J, McLaren S, McMurray A, Meidl P, Meitinger T, Milne S, Miner G, Mistry SL, Morgan M, Morris S, Muller I, Mullikin JC, Nguyen N, Nordsiek G, Nyakatura G, O'Dell CN, Okwuonu G, Palmer S, Pandian R, Parker D, Parrish J, Pasternak S, Patel D, Pearce AV, Pearson DM, Pelan SE, Perez L, Porter KM, Ramsey Y, Reichwald K, Rhodes S, Ridler KA, Schlessinger D, Schueler MG, Sehra HK, Shaw-Smith C, Shen H, Sheridan EM, Shownkeen R, Skuce CD, Smith ML, Sotheran EC, Steingruber HE, Steward CA, Storey R, Swann RM, Swarbreck D, Tabor PE, Taudien S, Taylor T, Teague B, Thomas K, Thorpe A, Timms K, Tracey A, Trevanion S, Tromans AC, d'Urso M, Verduzco D, Villasana D, Waldron L, Wall M, Wang Q, Warren J, Warry GL, Wei X, West A, Whitehead SL, Whiteley MN, Wilkinson JE, Willey DL, Williams G, Williams L, Williamson A, Williamson H, Wilming L, Woodmansey RL, Wray PW, Yen J, Zhang J, Zhou J, Zoghbi H, Zorilla S, Buck D, Reinhardt R, Poustka A, Rosenthal A, Lehrach H, Meindl A, Minx PJ, Hillier LW, Willard HF, Wilson RK, Waterston RH, Rice CM, Vaudin M, Coulson A, Nelson DL, Weinstock G, Sulston JE, Durbin R, Hubbard T, Gibbs RA, Beck S, Rogers J, Bentley DR: The DNA sequence of the human X chromosome. Nature. 2005 Mar 17;434(7031):325-37. [PubMed ]
6. Zhu QS, Grimsby J, Chen K, Shih JC: Promoter organization and activity of human monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B genes. J Neurosci. 1992 Nov;12(11):4437-46. [PubMed ]
7. Newton-Vinson P, Hubalek F, Edmondson DE: High-level expression of human liver monoamine oxidase B in Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif. 2000 Nov;20(2):334-45. [PubMed ]
8. Cesura AM, Gottowik J, Lahm HW, Lang G, Imhof R, Malherbe P, Rothlisberger U, Da Prada M: Investigation on the structure of the active site of monoamine oxidase-B by affinity labeling with the selective inhibitor lazabemide and by site-directed mutagenesis. Eur J Biochem. 1996 Mar 15;236(3):996-1002. [PubMed ]
9. Wu HF, Chen K, Shih JC: Site-directed mutagenesis of monoamine oxidase A and B: role of cysteines. Mol Pharmacol. 1993 Jun;43(6):888-93. [PubMed ]
10. Binda C, Newton-Vinson P, Hubalek F, Edmondson DE, Mattevi A: Structure of human monoamine oxidase B, a drug target for the treatment of neurological disorders. Nat Struct Biol. 2002 Jan;9(1):22-6. [PubMed ]
11. Binda C, Li M, Hubalek F, Restelli N, Edmondson DE, Mattevi A: Insights into the mode of inhibition of human mitochondrial monoamine oxidase B from high-resolution crystal structures. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Aug 19;100(17):9750-5. Epub 2003 Aug 11. [PubMed ]
12. Binda C, Hubalek F, Li M, Herzig Y, Sterling J, Edmondson DE, Mattevi A: Crystal structures of monoamine oxidase B in complex with four inhibitors of the N-propargylaminoindan class. J Med Chem. 2004 Mar 25;47(7):1767-74. [PubMed ]
13. Hubalek F, Binda C, Khalil A, Li M, Mattevi A, Castagnoli N, Edmondson DE: Demonstration of isoleucine 199 as a structural determinant for the selective inhibition of human monoamine oxidase B by specific reversible inhibitors. J Biol Chem. 2005 Apr 22;280(16):15761-6. Epub 2005 Feb 14. [PubMed ]
14. Binda C, Hubalek F, Li M, Herzig Y, Sterling J, Edmondson DE, Mattevi A: Binding of rasagiline-related inhibitors to human monoamine oxidases: a kinetic and crystallographic analysis. J Med Chem. 2005 Dec 29;48(26):8148-54. [PubMed ]

1. Monoamine oxidase type A
2. MAO-A

MENQEKASIAGHMFDVVVIGGGISGLSAAKLLTEYGVSVLVLEARDRVGGRTYTIRNEHV
DYVDVGGAYVGPTQNRILRLSKELGIETYKVNVSERLVQYVKGKTYPFRGAFPPVWNPIA
YLDYNNLWRTIDNMGKEIPTDAPWEAQHADKWDKMTMKELIDKICWTKTARRFAYLFVNI
NVTSEPHEVSALWFLWYVKQCGGTTRIFSVTNGGQERKFVGGSGQVSERIMDLLGDQVKL
NHPVTHVDQSSDNIIIETLNHEHYECKYVINAIPPTLTAKIHFRPELPAERNQLIQRLPM
GAVIKCMMYYKEAFWKKKDYCGCMIIEDEDAPISITLDDTKPDGSLPAIMGFILARKADR
LAKLHKEIRKKKICELYAKVLGSQEALHPVHYEEKNWCEEQYSGGCYTAYFPPGIMTQYG
RVIRQPVGRIFFAGTETATKWSGYMEGAVEAGERAAREVLNGLGKVTEKDIWVQEPESKD
VPAVEITHTFWERNLPSVSGLLKIIGFSTSVTALGFVLYKYKLLPRS

• Arginine and Proline Metabolism (map00330 )
• Glycine, Serine and Threonine Metabolism (map00260 )
• Histidine Metabolism (map00340 )
• Phenylalanine Metabolism (map00360 )
• Tryptophan Metabolism (map00380 )
• Tyrosine Metabolism (map00350 )

• RCH2NHR' + H2O + O2 = RCHO + R'NH2 + H2O2 [RN:R01853]

• Amino_oxidase (PF01593 )

• None

• 498-518

ATGGAGAATCAAGAGAAGGCGAGTATCGCGGGCCACATGTTCGACGTAGTCGTGATCGGA
GGTGGCATTTCAGGACTATCTGCTGCCAAACTCTTGACTGAATATGGCGTTAGTGTTTTG
GTTTTAGAAGCTCGGGACAGGGTTGGAGGAAGAACATATACTATAAGGAATGAGCATGTT
GATTACGTAGATGTTGGTGGAGCTTATGTGGGACCAACCCAAAACAGAATCTTACGCTTG
TCTAAGGAGCTGGGCATAGAGACTTACAAAGTGAATGTCAGTGAGCGTCTCGTTCAATAT
GTCAAGGGGAAAACATATCCATTTCGGGGCGCCTTTCCACCAGTATGGAATCCCATTGCA
TATTTGGATTACAATAATCTGTGGAGGACAATAGATAACATGGGGAAGGAGATTCCAACT
GATGCACCCTGGGAGGCTCAACATGCTGACAAATGGGACAAAATGACCATGAAAGAGCTC
ATTGACAAAATCTGCTGGACAAAGACTGCTAGGCGGTTTGCTTATCTTTTTGTGAATATC
AATGTGACCTCTGAGCCTCACGAAGTGTCTGCCCTGTGGTTCTTGTGGTATGTGAAGCAG
TGCGGGGGCACCACTCGGATATTCTCTGTCACCAATGGTGGCCAGGAACGGAAGTTTGTA
GGTGGATCTGGTCAAGTGAGCGAACGGATAATGGACCTCCTCGGAGACCAAGTGAAGCTG
AACCATCCTGTCACTCACGTTGACCAGTCAAGTGACAACATCATCATAGAGACGCTGAAC
CATGAACATTATGAGTGCAAATACGTAATTAATGCGATCCCTCCGACCTTGACTGCCAAG
ATTCACTTCAGACCAGAGCTTCCAGCAGAGAGAAACCAGTTAATTCAGCGTCTTCCAATG
GGAGCTGTCATTAAGTGCATGATGTATTACAAGGAGGCCTTCTGGAAGAAGAAGGATTAC
TGTGGCTGCATGATCATTGAAGATGAAGATGCTCCAATTTCAATAACCTTGGATGACACC
AAGCCAGATGGGTCACTGCCTGCCATCATGGGCTTCATTCTTGCCCGGAAAGCTGATCGA
CTTGCTAAGCTACATAAGGAAATAAGGAAGAAGAAAATCTGTGAGCTCTATGCCAAAGTG
CTGGGATCCCAAGAAGCTTTACATCCAGTGCATTATGAAGAGAAGAACTGGTGTGAGGAG
CAGTACTCTGGGGGCTGCTACACGGCCTACTTCCCTCCTGGGATCATGACTCAATATGGA
AGGGTGATTCGTCAACCCGTGGGCAGGATTTTCTTTGCGGGCACAGAGACTGCCACAAAG
TGGAGCGGCTACATGGAAGGGGCAGTTGAGGCTGGAGAACGAGCAGCTAGGGAGGTCTTA
AATGGTCTCGGGAAGGTGACCGAGAAAGACATCTGGGTACAAGAACCTGAATCAAAGGAC
GTTCCAGCGGTAGAAATCACCCACACCTTCTGGGAAAGGAACCTGCCCTCTGTTTCTGGC
CTGCTGAAGATCATTGGATTTTCCACATCAGTAACTGCCCTGGGGTTTGTGCTGTACAAA
TACAAGCTCCTGCCACGGTCTTGA

1. Hsu YP, Weyler W, Chen S, Sims KB, Rinehart WB, Utterback MC, Powell JF, Breakefield XO: Structural features of human monoamine oxidase A elucidated from cDNA and peptide sequences. J Neurochem. 1988 Oct;51(4):1321-4. [PubMed ]
2. Bach AW, Lan NC, Johnson DL, Abell CW, Bembenek ME, Kwan SW, Seeburg PH, Shih JC: cDNA cloning of human liver monoamine oxidase A and B: molecular basis of differences in enzymatic properties. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Jul;85(13):4934-8. [PubMed ]
3. Chen ZY, Hotamisligil GS, Huang JK, Wen L, Ezzeddine D, Aydin-Muderrisoglu N, Powell JF, Huang RH, Breakefield XO, Craig I, et al.: Structure of the human gene for monoamine oxidase type A. Nucleic Acids Res. 1991 Aug 25;19(16):4537-41. [PubMed ]
4. Grimsby J, Chen K, Wang LJ, Lan NC, Shih JC: Human monoamine oxidase A and B genes exhibit identical exon-intron organization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 May 1;88(9):3637-41. [PubMed ]
5. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
6. Zhu QS, Grimsby J, Chen K, Shih JC: Promoter organization and activity of human monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B genes. J Neurosci. 1992 Nov;12(11):4437-46. [PubMed ]
7. Denney RM: The promoter of the human monoamine oxidase A gene. Prog Brain Res. 1995;106:57-66. [PubMed ]
8. Denney RM, Sharma A, Dave SK, Waguespack A: A new look at the promoter of the human monoamine oxidase A gene: mapping transcription initiation sites and capacity to drive luciferase expression. J Neurochem. 1994 Sep;63(3):843-56. [PubMed ]
9. Chen SA, Weyler W: Partial amino acid sequence analysis of human placenta monoamine oxidase A and bovine liver monoamine oxidase B. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1988 Oct 14;156(1):445-50. [PubMed ]
10. Weyler W: Monoamine oxidase A from human placenta and monoamine oxidase B from bovine liver both have one FAD per subunit. Biochem J. 1989 Jun 15;260(3):725-9. [PubMed ]
11. Li M, Hubalek F, Newton-Vinson P, Edmondson DE: High-level expression of human liver monoamine oxidase A in Pichia pastoris: comparison with the enzyme expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Protein Expr Purif. 2002 Feb;24(1):152-62. [PubMed ]
12. Wu HF, Chen K, Shih JC: Site-directed mutagenesis of monoamine oxidase A and B: role of cysteines. Mol Pharmacol. 1993 Jun;43(6):888-93. [PubMed ]
13. De Colibus L, Li M, Binda C, Lustig A, Edmondson DE, Mattevi A: Three-dimensional structure of human monoamine oxidase A (MAO A): relation to the structures of rat MAO A and human MAO B. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Sep 6;102(36):12684-9. Epub 2005 Aug 29. [PubMed ]
14. Brunner HG, Nelen M, Breakefield XO, Ropers HH, van Oost BA: Abnormal behavior associated with a point mutation in the structural gene for monoamine oxidase A. Science. 1993 Oct 22;262(5133):578-80. [PubMed ]
15. Son SY, Ma J, Kondou Y, Yoshimura M, Yamashita E, Tsukihara T: Structure of human monoamine oxidase A at 2.2-A resolution: the control of opening the entry for substrates/inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Apr 15;105(15):5739-44. Epub 2008 Apr 7. [PubMed ]
16. Sjoblom T, Jones S, Wood LD, Parsons DW, Lin J, Barber TD, Mandelker D, Leary RJ, Ptak J, Silliman N, Szabo S, Buckhaults P, Farrell C, Meeh P, Markowitz SD, Willis J, Dawson D, Willson JK, Gazdar AF, Hartigan J, Wu L, Liu C, Parmigiani G, Park BH, Bachman KE, Papadopoulos N, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW, Velculescu VE: The consensus coding sequences of human breast and colorectal cancers. Science. 2006 Oct 13;314(5797):268-74. Epub 2006 Sep 7. [PubMed ]

1. Dopamine beta-monooxygenase
2. Soluble dopamine beta-hydroxylase

MPALSRWASLPGPSMREAAFMYSTAVAIFLVILVAALQGSAPRESPLPYHIPLDPEGSLE
LSWNVSYTQEAIHFQLLVRRLKAGVLFGMSDRGELENADLVVLWTDGDTAYFADAWSDQK
GQIHLDPQQDYQLLQVQRTPEGLTLLFKRPFGTCDPKDYLIEDGTVHLVYGILEEPFRSL
EAINGSGLQMGLQRVQLLKPNIPEPELPSDACTMEVQAPNIQIPSQETTYWCYIKELPKG
FSRHHIIKYEPIVTKGNEALVHHMEVFQCAPEMDSVPHFSGPCDSKMKPDRLNYCRHVLA
AWALGAKAFYYPEEAGLAFGGPGSSRYLRLEVHYHNPLVIEGRNDSSGIRLYYTAKLRRF
NAGIMELGLVYTPVMAIPPRETAFILTGYCTDKCTQLALPPSGIHIFASQLHTHLTGRKV
VTVLVRDGREWEIVNQDNHYSPHFQEIRMLKKVVSVHPGDVLITSCTYNTEDRELATVGG
FGILEEMCVNYVHYYPQTQLELCKSAVDAGFLQKYFHLINRFNNEDVCTCPQASVSQQFT
SVPWNSFNRDVLKALYSFAPISMHCNKSSAVRFQGEWNLQPLPKVISTLEEPTPQCPTSQ
GRSPAGPTVVSIGGGKG

• Tyrosine Metabolism (map00350 )

• 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine + ascorbate + O2 = noradrenaline + dehydroascorbate + H2O [RN:R02535]

• Cu2_monooxygen (PF01082 )
• DOMON (PF03351 )

• None

• 17-37

ATGCCCGCCCTCAGTCGCTGGGCCAGCCTGCCCGGCCCCAGCATGCGGGAGGCAGCCTTC
ATGTACAGCACAGCAGTGGCCATCTTCCTGGTCATCCTGGTGGCCGCACTGCAGGGCTCG
GCTCCCCGTGAGAGCCCCCTCCCCTATCACATCCCCCTGGACCCGGAGGGGTCCCTGGAG
CTCTCATGGAATGTCAGCTACACCCAGGAGGCCATCCATTTCCAGCTCCTGGTGCGGAGG
CTCAAGGCTGGCGTCCTGTTTGGGATGTCCGACCGTGGCGAGCTTGAGAACGCAGATCTC
GTGGTGCTCTGGACCGATGGGGACACTGCCTATTTTGCGGACGCCTGGAGTGACCAGAAG
GGGCAGATCCACCTGGATCCCCAGCAGGACTACCAGCTGCTGCAGGTGCAGAGGACCCCA
GAAGGCCTGACCCTGCTTTTCAAGAGGCCCTTTGGCACCTGCGACCCCAAGGATTACCTC
ATTGAAGACGGCACTGTCCACTTGGTCTACGGGATCCTGGAGGAGCCGTTCCGGTCACTG
GAGGCCATCAACGGCTCGGGCCTGCAGATGGGGCTGCAGAGGGTGCAGCTCCTGAAGCCC
AATATCCCCGAACCGGAGTTGCCCTCAGACGCGTGCACCATGGAGGTCCAAGCTCCCAAT
ATCCAGATCCCCAGCCAGGAGACCACGTACTGGTGCTACATTAAGGAGCTTCCAAAGGGC
TTCTCTCGGCACCACATTATCAAGTACGAGCCCATCGTCACCAAGGGCAATGAGGCCCTT
GTCCACCACATGGAAGTCTTCCAGTGCGCCCCCGAGATGGACAGCGTCCCCCACTTCAGC
GGGCCCTGCGACTCCAAGATGAAACCCGACCGCCTCAACTACTGCCGCCACGTGCTGGCC
GCCTGGGCCCTGGGTGCCAAGGCATTTTACTACCCAGAGGAAGCCGGCCTTGCCTTCGGG
GGTCCAGGGTCCTCCAGATATCTCCGCCTGGAAGTTCACTACCACAACCCACTGGTGATA
GAAGGACGAAACGACTCCTCAGGCATCCGCTTGTACTACACAGCCAAGCTGCGGCGCTTC
AACGCGGGGATCATGGAGCTGGGACTGGTGTACACGCCAGTGATGGCCATTCCACCACGG
GAGACCGCCTTCATCCTCACTGGCTACTGCACGGACAAGTGCACCCAGCTGGCACTGCCT
CCCTCCGGGATCCACATCTTCGCCTCTCAGCTCCACACACACCTGACTGGGAGAAAGGTG
GTCACAGTGCTGGTCCGGGACGGCCGGGAGTGGGAGATCGTGAACCAGGACAATCACTAC
AGCCCTCACTTCCAGGAGATCCGCATGTTGAAGAAGGTCGTGTCGGTCCATCCGGGAGAT
GTGCTCATCACCTCCTGCACGTACAACACAGAAGACCGGGAGCTGGCCACAGTGGGGGGC
TTCGGGATCCTGGAGGAGATGTGTGTCAACTACGTGCACTACTACCCCCAGACGCAGCTG
GAGCTCTGCAAGAGCGCTGTGGACGCCGGCTTCCTGCAGAAGTACTTCCACCTCATCAAC
AGGTTCAACAACGAGGATGTCTGCACCTGCCCTCAGGCGTCCGTGTCTCAGCAGTTCACC
TCTGTTCCCTGGAACTCCTTCAACCGCGACGTACTGAAGGCCCTGTACAGCTTCGCGCCC
ATCTCCATGCACTGCAACAAGTCCTCAGCCGTCCGCTTCCAGGGTGAATGGAACCTGCAG
CCCCTGCCCAAGGTCATCTCCACACTGGAAGAGCCCACCCCACAGTGCCCCACCAGCCAG
GGCCGAAGCCCTGCTGGCCCCACCGTTGTCAGCATTGGTGGGGGCAAAGGCTGA

1. Humphray SJ, Oliver K, Hunt AR, Plumb RW, Loveland JE, Howe KL, Andrews TD, Searle S, Hunt SE, Scott CE, Jones MC, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Ambrose KD, Ashwell RI, Babbage AK, Babbage S, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Banerjee R, Barker DJ, Barlow KF, Bates K, Beasley H, Beasley O, Bird CP, Bray-Allen S, Brown AJ, Brown JY, Burford D, Burrill W, Burton J, Carder C, Carter NP, Chapman JC, Chen Y, Clarke G, Clark SY, Clee CM, Clegg S, Collier RE, Corby N, Crosier M, Cummings AT, Davies J, Dhami P, Dunn M, Dutta I, Dyer LW, Earthrowl ME, Faulkner L, Fleming CJ, Frankish A, Frankland JA, French L, Fricker DG, Garner P, Garnett J, Ghori J, Gilbert JG, Glison C, Grafham DV, Gribble S, Griffiths C, Griffiths-Jones S, Grocock R, Guy J, Hall RE, Hammond S, Harley JL, Harrison ES, Hart EA, Heath PD, Henderson CD, Hopkins BL, Howard PJ, Howden PJ, Huckle E, Johnson C, Johnson D, Joy AA, Kay M, Keenan S, Kershaw JK, Kimberley AM, King A, Knights A, Laird GK, Langford C, Lawlor S, Leongamornlert DA, Leversha M, Lloyd C, Lloyd DM, Lovell J, Martin S, Mashreghi-Mohammadi M, Matthews L, McLaren S, McLay KE, McMurray A, Milne S, Nickerson T, Nisbett J, Nordsiek G, Pearce AV, Peck AI, Porter KM, Pandian R, Pelan S, Phillimore B, Povey S, Ramsey Y, Rand V, Scharfe M, Sehra HK, Shownkeen R, Sims SK, Skuce CD, Smith M, Steward CA, Swarbreck D, Sycamore N, Tester J, Thorpe A, Tracey A, Tromans A, Thomas DW, Wall M, Wallis JM, West AP, Whitehead SL, Willey DL, Williams SA, Wilming L, Wray PW, Young L, Ashurst JL, Coulson A, Blocker H, Durbin R, Sulston JE, Hubbard T, Jackson MJ, Bentley DR, Beck S, Rogers J, Dunham I: DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 9. Nature. 2004 May 27;429(6990):369-74. [PubMed ]
2. Lamouroux A, Vigny A, Faucon Biguet N, Darmon MC, Franck R, Henry JP, Mallet J: The primary structure of human dopamine-beta-hydroxylase: insights into the relationship between the soluble and the membrane-bound forms of the enzyme. EMBO J. 1987 Dec 20;6(13):3931-7. [PubMed ]
3. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
4. Kobayashi K, Kurosawa Y, Fujita K, Nagatsu T: Human dopamine beta-hydroxylase gene: two mRNA types having different 3'-terminal regions are produced through alternative polyadenylation. Nucleic Acids Res. 1989 Feb 11;17(3):1089-102. [PubMed ]
5. Li B, Tsing S, Kosaka AH, Nguyen B, Osen EG, Bach C, Chan H, Barnett J: Expression of human dopamine beta-hydroxylase in Drosophila Schneider 2 cells. Biochem J. 1996 Jan 1;313 ( Pt 1):57-64. [PubMed ]
6. Liu T, Qian WJ, Gritsenko MA, Camp DG 2nd, Monroe ME, Moore RJ, Smith RD: Human plasma N-glycoproteome analysis by immunoaffinity subtraction, hydrazide chemistry, and mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res. 2005 Nov-Dec;4(6):2070-80. [PubMed ]
7. Williams HJ, Bray N, Murphy KC, Cardno AG, Jones LA, Owen MJ: No evidence for allelic association between schizophrenia and a functional variant of the human dopamine beta-hydroxylase gene (DBH). Am J Med Genet. 1999 Oct 15;88(5):557-9. [PubMed ]
8. Cargill M, Altshuler D, Ireland J, Sklar P, Ardlie K, Patil N, Shaw N, Lane CR, Lim EP, Kalyanaraman N, Nemesh J, Ziaugra L, Friedland L, Rolfe A, Warrington J, Lipshutz R, Daley GQ, Lander ES: Characterization of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in coding regions of human genes. Nat Genet. 1999 Jul;22(3):231-8. [PubMed ]
9. Halushka MK, Fan JB, Bentley K, Hsie L, Shen N, Weder A, Cooper R, Lipshutz R, Chakravarti A: Patterns of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in candidate genes for blood-pressure homeostasis. Nat Genet. 1999 Jul;22(3):239-47. [PubMed ]
10. Kim CH, Zabetian CP, Cubells JF, Cho S, Biaggioni I, Cohen BM, Robertson D, Kim KS: Mutations in the dopamine beta-hydroxylase gene are associated with human norepinephrine deficiency. Am J Med Genet. 2002 Mar 1;108(2):140-7. [PubMed ]

MPEAPPLLLAAVLLGLVLLVVLLLLLRHWGWGLCLIGWNEFILQPIHNLLMGDTKEQRIL
NHVLQHAEPGNAQSVLEAIDTYCEQKEWAMNVGDKKGKIVDAVIQEHQPSVLLELGAYCG
YSAVRMARLLSPGARLITIEINPDCAAITQRMVDFAGVKDKVTLVVGASQDIIPQLKKKY
DVDTLDMVFLDHWKDRYLPDTLLLEECGLLRKGTVLLADNVICPGAPDFLAHVRGSSCFE
CTHYQSFLEYREVVDGLEKAIYKGPGSEAGP

• Tyrosine Metabolism (map00350 )

• S-adenosyl-L-methionine + a catechol = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + a guaiacol [RN:R07330]

• Methyltransf_3 (PF01596 )

• None

• 7-26

ATGCCGGAGGCCCCGCCTCTGCTGTTGGCAGCTGTGTTGCTGGGCCTGGTGCTGCTGGTG
GTGCTGCTGCTGCTTCTGAGGCACTGGGGCTGGGGCCTGTGCCTTATCGGCTGGAACGAG
TTCATCCTGCAGCCCATCCACAACCTGCTCATGGGTGACACCAAGGAGCAGCGCATCCTG
AACCACGTGCTGCAGCATGCGGAGCCCGGGAACGCACAGAGCGTGCTGGAGGCCATTGAC
ACCTACTGCGAGCAGAAGGAGTGGGCCATGAACGTGGGCGACAAGAAAGGCAAGATCGTG
GACGCCGTGATTCAGGAGCACCAGCCCTCCGTGCTGCTGGAGCTGGGGGCCTACTGTGGC
TACTCAGCTGTGCGCATGGCCCGCCTGCTGTCACCAGGGGCGAGGCTCATCACCATCGAG
ATCAACCCCGACTGTGCCGCCATCACCCAGCGGATGGTGGATTTCGCTGGCGTGAAGGAC
AAGGTCACCCTTGTGGTTGGAGCGTCCCAGGACATCATCCCCCAGCTGAAGAAGAAGTAT
GATGTGGACACACTGGACATGGTCTTCCTCGACCACTGGAAGGACCGGTACCTGCCGGAC
ACGCTTCTCTTGGAGGAATGTGGCCTGCTGCGGAAGGGGACAGTGCTACTGGCTGACAAC
GTGATCTGCCCAGGTGCGCCAGACTTCCTAGCACACGTGCGCGGGAGCAGCTGCTTTGAG
TGCACACACTACCAATCGTTCCTGGAATACAGGGAGGTGGTGGACGGCCTGGAGAAGGCC
ATCTACAAGGGCCCAGGCAGCGAAGCAGGGCCCTGA

1. Lundstrom K, Salminen M, Jalanko A, Savolainen R, Ulmanen I: Cloning and characterization of human placental catechol-O-methyltransferase cDNA. DNA Cell Biol. 1991 Apr;10(3):181-9. [PubMed ]
2. Bertocci B, Miggiano V, Da Prada M, Dembic Z, Lahm HW, Malherbe P: Human catechol-O-methyltransferase: cloning and expression of the membrane-associated form. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Feb 15;88(4):1416-20. [PubMed ]
3. Tenhunen J, Salminen M, Lundstrom K, Kiviluoto T, Savolainen R, Ulmanen I: Genomic organization of the human catechol O-methyltransferase gene and its expression from two distinct promoters. Eur J Biochem. 1994 Aug 1;223(3):1049-59. [PubMed ]
4. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed ]
5. Collins JE, Wright CL, Edwards CA, Davis MP, Grinham JA, Cole CG, Goward ME, Aguado B, Mallya M, Mokrab Y, Huckle EJ, Beare DM, Dunham I: A genome annotation-driven approach to cloning the human ORFeome. Genome Biol. 2004;5(10):R84. Epub 2004 Sep 30. [PubMed ]
6. Dunham I, Shimizu N, Roe BA, Chissoe S, Hunt AR, Collins JE, Bruskiewich R, Beare DM, Clamp M, Smink LJ, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Babbage A, Bagguley C, Bailey J, Barlow K, Bates KN, Beasley O, Bird CP, Blakey S, Bridgeman AM, Buck D, Burgess J, Burrill WD, O'Brien KP, et al.: The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22. Nature. 1999 Dec 2;402(6761):489-95. [PubMed ]
7. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
8. Vilbois F, Caspers P, da Prada M, Lang G, Karrer C, Lahm HW, Cesura AM: Mass spectrometric analysis of human soluble catechol O-methyltransferase expressed in Escherichia coli. Identification of a product of ribosomal frameshifting and of reactive cysteines involved in S-adenosyl-L-methionine binding. Eur J Biochem. 1994 Jun 1;222(2):377-86. [PubMed ]
9. Tilgmann C, Kalkkinen N: Purification and partial sequence analysis of the soluble catechol-O-methyltransferase from human placenta: comparison to the rat liver enzyme. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1991 Jan 31;174(2):995-1002. [PubMed ]
10. Ulmanen I, Lundstrom K: Cell-free synthesis of rat and human catechol O-methyltransferase. Insertion of the membrane-bound form into microsomal membranes in vitro. Eur J Biochem. 1991 Dec 18;202(3):1013-20. [PubMed ]
11. Rutherford K, Le Trong I, Stenkamp RE, Parson WW: Crystal structures of human 108V and 108M catechol O-methyltransferase. J Mol Biol. 2008 Jun 27;380(1):120-30. Epub 2008 Apr 23. [PubMed ]
12. Lachman HM, Papolos DF, Saito T, Yu YM, Szumlanski CL, Weinshilboum RM: Human catechol-O-methyltransferase pharmacogenetics: description of a functional polymorphism and its potential application to neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacogenetics. 1996 Jun;6(3):243-50. [PubMed ]
13. Tiihonen J, Hallikainen T, Lachman H, Saito T, Volavka J, Kauhanen J, Salonen JT, Ryynanen OP, Koulu M, Karvonen MK, Pohjalainen T, Syvalahti E, Hietala J: Association between the functional variant of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene and type 1 alcoholism. Mol Psychiatry. 1999 May;4(3):286-9. [PubMed ]
14. Cargill M, Altshuler D, Ireland J, Sklar P, Ardlie K, Patil N, Shaw N, Lane CR, Lim EP, Kalyanaraman N, Nemesh J, Ziaugra L, Friedland L, Rolfe A, Warrington J, Lipshutz R, Daley GQ, Lander ES: Characterization of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in coding regions of human genes. Nat Genet. 1999 Jul;22(3):231-8. [PubMed ]
15. Lee SG, Joo Y, Kim B, Chung S, Kim HL, Lee I, Choi B, Kim C, Song K: Association of Ala72Ser polymorphism with COMT enzyme activity and the risk of schizophrenia in Koreans. Hum Genet. 2005 Mar;116(4):319-28. Epub 2005 Jan 12. [PubMed ]
16. Rutherford K, Alphandery E, McMillan A, Daggett V, Parson WW: The V108M mutation decreases the structural stability of catechol O-methyltransferase. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008 Jul-Aug;1784(7-8):1098-105. Epub 2008 Apr 24. [PubMed ]
17. Annerbrink K, Westberg L, Nilsson S, Rosmond R, Holm G, Eriksson E: Catechol O-methyltransferase val158-met polymorphism is associated with abdominal obesity and blood pressure in men. Metabolism. 2008 May;57(5):708-11. [PubMed ]

1. PAH
2. Phe-4-monooxygenase

MSTAVLENPGLGRKLSDFGQETSYIEDNCNQNGAISLIFSLKEEVGALAKVLRLFEENDV
NLTHIESRPSRLKKDEYEFFTHLDKRSLPALTNIIKILRHDIGATVHELSRDKKKDTVPW
FPRTIQELDRFANQILSYGAELDADHPGFKDPVYRARRKQFADIAYNYRHGQPIPRVEYM
EEEKKTWGTVFKTLKSLYKTHACYEYNHIFPLLEKYCGFHEDNIPQLEDVSQFLQTCTGF
RLRPVAGLLSSRDFLGGLAFRVFHCTQYIRHGSKPMYTPEPDICHELLGHVPLFSDRSFA
QFSQEIGLASLGAPDEYIEKLATIYWFTVEFGLCKQGDSIKAYGAGLLSSFGELQYCLSE
KPKLLPLELEKTAIQNYTVTEFQPLYYVAESFNDAKEKVRNFAATIPRPFSVRYDPYTQR
IEVLDNTQQLKILADSINSEIGILCSALQKIK

• Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Metabolism (map00400 )

• L-phenylalanine + tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 = L-tyrosine + 4a-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin [RN:R07211]

• ACT (PF01842 )
• Biopterin_H (PF00351 )

• None

• None

ATGTCCACTGCGGTCCTGGAAAACCCAGGCTTGGGCAGGAAACTCTCTGACTTTGGACAG
GAAACAAGCTATATTGAAGACAACTGCAATCAAAATGGTGCCATATCACTGATCTTCTCA
CTCAAAGAAGAAGTTGGTGCATTGGCCAAAGTATTGCGCTTATTTGAGGAGAATGATGTA
AACCTGACCCACATTGAATCTAGACCTTCTCGTTTAAAGAAAGATGAGTATGAATTTTTC
ACCCATTTGGATAAACGTAGCCTGCCTGCTCTGACAAACATCATCAAGATCTTGAGGCAT
GACATTGGTGCCACTGTCCATGAGCTTTCACGAGATAAGAAGAAAGACACAGTGCCCTGG
TTCCCAAGAACCATTCAAGAGCTGGACAGATTTGCCAATCAGATTCTCAGCTATGGAGCG
GAACTGGATGCTGACCACCCTGGTTTTAAAGATCCTGTGTACCGTGCAAGACGGAAGCAG
TTTGCTGACATTGCCTACAACTACCGCCATGGGCAGCCCATCCCTCGAGTGGAATACATG
GAGGAAGAAAAGAAAACATGGGGCACAGTGTTCAAGACTCTGAAGTCCTTGTATAAAACC
CATGCTTGCTATGAGTACAATCACATTTTTCCACTTCTTGAAAAGTACTGTGGCTTCCAT
GAAGATAACATTCCCCAGCTGGAAGACGTTTCTCAATTCCTGCAGACTTGCACTGGTTTC
CGCCTCCGACCTGTGGCTGGCCTGCTTTCCTCTCGGGATTTCTTGGGTGGCCTGGCCTTC
CGAGTCTTCCACTGCACACAGTACATCAGACATGGATCCAAGCCCATGTATACCCCCGAA
CCTGACATCTGCCATGAGCTGTTGGGACATGTGCCCTTGTTTTCAGATCGCAGCTTTGCC
CAGTTTTCCCAGGAAATTGGCCTTGCCTCTCTGGGTGCACCTGATGAATACATTGAAAAG
CTCGCCACAATTTACTGGTTTACTGTGGAGTTTGGGCTCTGCAAACAAGGAGACTCCATA
AAGGCATATGGTGCTGGGCTCCTGTCATCCTTTGGTGAATTACAGTACTGCTTATCAGAG
AAGCCAAAGCTTCTCCCCCTGGAGCTGGAGAAGACAGCCATCCAAAATTACACTGTCACG
GAGTTCCAGCCCCTGTATTACGTGGCAGAGAGTTTTAATGATGCCAAGGAGAAAGTAAGG
AACTTTGCTGCCACAATACCTCGGCCCTTCTCAGTTCGCTACGACCCATACACCCAAAGG
ATTGAGGTCTTGGACAATACCCAGCAGCTTAAGATTTTGGCTGATTCCATTAACAGTGAA
ATTGGAATCCTTTGCAGTGCCCTCCAGAAAATAAAGTAA

1. Kwok SC, Ledley FD, DiLella AG, Robson KJ, Woo SL: Nucleotide sequence of a full-length complementary DNA clone and amino acid sequence of human phenylalanine hydroxylase. Biochemistry. 1985 Jan 29;24(3):556-61. [PubMed ]
2. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
3. Cotton RG, McAdam W, Jennings I, Morgan FJ: A monoclonal antibody to aromatic amino acid hydroxylases. Identification of the epitope. Biochem J. 1988 Oct 1;255(1):193-6. [PubMed ]
4. Siltberg-Liberles J, Steen IH, Svebak RM, Martinez A: The phylogeny of the aromatic amino acid hydroxylases revisited by characterizing phenylalanine hydroxylase from Dictyostelium discoideum. Gene. 2008 Dec 31;427(1-2):86-92. Epub 2008 Sep 16. [PubMed ]
5. Erlandsen H, Fusetti F, Martinez A, Hough E, Flatmark T, Stevens RC: Crystal structure of the catalytic domain of human phenylalanine hydroxylase reveals the structural basis for phenylketonuria. Nat Struct Biol. 1997 Dec;4(12):995-1000. [PubMed ]
6. Erlandsen H, Flatmark T, Stevens RC, Hough E: Crystallographic analysis of the human phenylalanine hydroxylase catalytic domain with bound catechol inhibitors at 2.0 A resolution. Biochemistry. 1998 Nov 10;37(45):15638-46. [PubMed ]
7. Fusetti F, Erlandsen H, Flatmark T, Stevens RC: Structure of tetrameric human phenylalanine hydroxylase and its implications for phenylketonuria. J Biol Chem. 1998 Jul 3;273(27):16962-7. [PubMed ]
8. Erlandsen H, Bjorgo E, Flatmark T, Stevens RC: Crystal structure and site-specific mutagenesis of pterin-bound human phenylalanine hydroxylase. Biochemistry. 2000 Mar 7;39(9):2208-17. [PubMed ]
9. Andersen OA, Flatmark T, Hough E: High resolution crystal structures of the catalytic domain of human phenylalanine hydroxylase in its catalytically active Fe(II) form and binary complex with tetrahydrobiopterin. J Mol Biol. 2001 Nov 23;314(2):279-91. [PubMed ]
10. Konecki DS, Lichter-Konecki U: The phenylketonuria locus: current knowledge about alleles and mutations of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene in various populations. Hum Genet. 1991 Aug;87(4):377-88. [PubMed ]
11. Cotton RG: Heterogeneity of phenylketonuria at the clinical, protein and DNA levels. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1990;13(5):739-50. [PubMed ]
12. Eisensmith RC, Woo SL: Molecular basis of phenylketonuria and related hyperphenylalaninemias: mutations and polymorphisms in the human phenylalanine hydroxylase gene. Hum Mutat. 1992;1(1):13-23. [PubMed ]
13. Hoang L, Byck S, Prevost L, Scriver CR: PAH Mutation Analysis Consortium Database: a database for disease-producing and other allelic variation at the human PAH locus. Nucleic Acids Res. 1996 Jan 1;24(1):127-31. [PubMed ]
14. Lichter-Konecki U, Konecki DS, DiLella AG, Brayton K, Marvit J, Hahn TM, Trefz FK, Woo SL: Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency caused by a single base substitution in an exon of the human phenylalanine hydroxylase gene. Biochemistry. 1988 Apr 19;27(8):2881-5. [PubMed ]
15. Lyonnet S, Caillaud C, Rey F, Berthelon M, Frezal J, Rey J, Munnich A: Molecular genetics of phenylketonuria in Mediterranean countries: a mutation associated with partial phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency. Am J Hum Genet. 1989 Apr;44(4):511-7. [PubMed ]
16. Hofman KJ, Antonarakis SE, Missiou-Tsangaraki S, Boehm CD, Valle D: Phenylketonuria in the Greek population. Haplotype analysis of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene and identification of a PKU mutation. Mol Biol Med. 1989 Jun;6(3):245-50. [PubMed ]
17. Svensson E, Andersson B, Hagenfeldt L: Two mutations within the coding sequence of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene. Hum Genet. 1990 Aug;85(3):300-4. [PubMed ]
18. Dianzani I, Forrest SM, Camaschella C, Saglio G, Ponzone A, Cotton RG: Screening for mutations in the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene from Italian patients with phenylketonuria by using the chemical cleavage method: a new splice mutation. Am J Hum Genet. 1991 Mar;48(3):631-5. [PubMed ]
19. Hofman KJ, Steel G, Kazazian HH, Valle D: Phenylketonuria in U.S. blacks: molecular analysis of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene. Am J Hum Genet. 1991 Apr;48(4):791-8. [PubMed ]
20. Okano Y, Wang T, Eisensmith RC, Longhi R, Riva E, Giovannini M, Cerone R, Romano C, Woo SL: Phenylketonuria missense mutations in the Mediterranean. Genomics. 1991 Jan;9(1):96-103. [PubMed ]
21. Dworniczak B, Grudda K, Stumper J, Bartholome K, Aulehla-Scholz C, Horst J: Phenylalanine hydroxylase gene: novel missense mutation in exon 7 causing severe phenylketonuria. Genomics. 1991 Jan;9(1):193-9. [PubMed ]
22. Konecki DS, Schlotter M, Trefz FK, Lichter-Konecki U: The identification of two mis-sense mutations at the PAH gene locus in a Turkish patient with phenylketonuria. Hum Genet. 1991 Aug;87(4):389-93. [PubMed ]
23. Caillaud C, Lyonnet S, Rey F, Melle D, Frebourg T, Berthelon M, Vilarinho L, Vaz Osorio R, Rey J, Munnich A: A 3-base pair in-frame deletion of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene results in a kinetic variant of phenylketonuria. J Biol Chem. 1991 May 25;266(15):9351-4. [PubMed ]
24. Economou-Petersen E, Henriksen KF, Guldberg P, Guttler F: Molecular basis for nonphenylketonuria hyperphenylalaninemia. Genomics. 1992 Sep;14(1):1-5. [PubMed ]
25. Lin CH, Hsiao KJ, Tsai TF, Chao HK, Su TS: Identification of a missense phenylketonuria mutation at codon 408 in Chinese. Hum Genet. 1992 Aug;89(6):593-6. [PubMed ]
26. Jaruzelska J, Melle D, Matuszak R, Borski K, Munnich A: A new 15 bp deletion in exon 11 of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene in phenylketonuria. Hum Mol Genet. 1992 Dec;1(9):763-4. [PubMed ]
27. Desviat LR, Perez B, Ugarte M: A new PKU mutation associated with haplotype 12. Hum Mol Genet. 1992 Dec;1(9):765-6. [PubMed ]
28. Guldberg P, Henriksen KF, Guttler F: Molecular analysis of phenylketonuria in Denmark: 99% of the mutations detected by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Genomics. 1993 Jul;17(1):141-6. [PubMed ]
29. Abadie V, Jaruzelska J, Lyonnet S, Millasseau P, Berthelon M, Rey F, Munnich A, Rey J: Illegitimate transcription of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene in lymphocytes for identification of mutations in phenylketonuria. Hum Mol Genet. 1993 Jan;2(1):31-4. [PubMed ]
30. Goebel-Schreiner B, Schreiner R: Identification of a new missense mutation in Japanese phenylketonuric patients. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1993;16(6):950-6. [PubMed ]
31. Guldberg P, Henriksen KF, Thony B, Blau N, Guttler F: Molecular heterogeneity of nonphenylketonuria hyperphenylalaninemia in 25 Danish patients. Genomics. 1994 May 15;21(2):453-5. [PubMed ]
32. Benit P, Rey F, Melle D, Munnich A, Rey J: Five novel missense mutations of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene in phenylketonuria. Hum Mutat. 1994;4(3):229-31. [PubMed ]
33. Knappskog PM, Eiken HG, Martinez A, Bruland O, Apold J, Flatmark T: PKU mutation (D143G) associated with an apparent high residual enzyme activity: expression of a kinetic variant form of phenylalanine hydroxylase in three different systems. Hum Mutat. 1996;8(3):236-46. [PubMed ]
34. Guldberg P, Mallmann R, Henriksen KF, Guttler F: Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency in a population in Germany: mutational profile and nine novel mutations. Hum Mutat. 1996;8(3):276-9. [PubMed ]
35. Argiolas A, Bosco P, Cali F, Ceratto N, Anello G, Riva E, Biasucci G, Carducci C, Romano V: Two novel PAH gene mutations detected in Italian phenylketonuric patients. Hum Genet. 1997 Feb;99(2):275-8. [PubMed ]
36. Byck S, Tyfield L, Carter K, Scriver CR: Prediction of multiple hypermutable codons in the human PAH gene: codon 280 contains recurrent mutations in Quebec and other populations. Hum Mutat. 1997;9(4):316-21. [PubMed ]
37. Waters PJ, Parniak MA, Nowacki P, Scriver CR: In vitro expression analysis of mutations in phenylalanine hydroxylase: linking genotype to phenotype and structure to function. Hum Mutat. 1998;11(1):4-17. [PubMed ]
38. Bosco P, Cali F, Meli C, Mollica F, Zammarchi E, Cerone R, Vanni C, Palillo L, Greco D, Romano V: Eight new mutations of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene in Italian patients with hyperphenylalaninemia. Hum Mutat. 1998;11(3):240-3. [PubMed ]
39. De Lucca M, Perez B, Desviat LR, Ugarte M: Molecular basis of phenylketonuria in Venezuela: presence of two novel null mutations. Hum Mutat. 1998;11(5):354-9. [PubMed ]
40. Mallolas J, Campistol J, Lambruschini N, Vilaseca MA, Cambra FJ, Estivill X, Mila M: Two novel mutations in exon 11 of the PAH gene (V1163del TG and P362T) associated with classic phenylketonuira and mild phenylketonuria. Mutations in brief no. 143. Online. Hum Mutat. 1998;11(6):482. [PubMed ]
41. Park YS, Seoung CS, Lee SW, Oh KH, Lee DH, Yim J: Identification of three novel mutations in Korean phenylketonuria patients: R53H, N207D, and Y325X. Hum Mutat. 1998;Suppl 1:S121-2. [PubMed ]
42. Michiels L, Francois B, Raus J, Vandevyver C: Identification of seven new mutations in the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene, associated with hyperphenylalaninemia in the Belgian population. Hum Mutat. 1998;Suppl 1:S123-4. [PubMed ]
43. Popescu T, Blazkova M, Kozak L, Jebeleanu G, Popescu A: Mutation spectrum and phenylalanine hydroxylase RFLP/VNTR background in 44 Romanian phenylketonuric alleles. Hum Mutat. 1998;12(5):314-9. [PubMed ]
44. Waters PJ, Parniak MA, Hewson AS, Scriver CR: Alterations in protein aggregation and degradation due to mild and severe missense mutations (A104D, R157N) in the human phenylalanine hydroxylase gene (PAH). Hum Mutat. 1998;12(5):344-54. [PubMed ]
45. Kibayashi M, Nagao M, Chiba S: Mutation analysis of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene and its clinical implications in two Japanese patients with non-phenylketonuria hyperphenylalaninemia. J Hum Genet. 1998;43(4):231-6. [PubMed ]
46. Hennermann JB, Vetter B, Wolf C, Windt E, Buhrdel P, Seidel J, Monch E, Kulozik AE: Phenylketonuria and hyperphenylalaninemia in eastern Germany: a characteristic molecular profile and 15 novel mutations. Hum Mutat. 2000;15(3):254-60. [PubMed ]
47. Gjetting T, Petersen M, Guldberg P, Guttler F: Missense mutations in the N-terminal domain of human phenylalanine hydroxylase interfere with binding of regulatory phenylalanine. Am J Hum Genet. 2001 Jun;68(6):1353-60. Epub 2001 Apr 20. [PubMed ]
48. Acosta A, Silva W Jr, Carvalho T, Gomes M, Zago M: Mutations of the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene in Brazilian patients with phenylketonuria. Hum Mutat. 2001 Feb;17(2):122-30. [PubMed ]
49. Yang Y, Drummond-Borg M, Garcia-Heras J: Molecular analysis of phenylketonuria (PKU) in newborns from Texas. Hum Mutat. 2001 Jun;17(6):523. [PubMed ]
50. Gjetting T, Romstad A, Haavik J, Knappskog PM, Acosta AX, Silva WA Jr, Zago MA, Guldberg P, Guttler F: A phenylalanine hydroxylase amino acid polymorphism with implications for molecular diagnostics. Mol Genet Metab. 2001 Jul;73(3):280-4. [PubMed ]

1. PNMTase
2. Noradrenaline N-methyltransferase

MSGADRSPNAGAAPDSAPGQAAVASAYQRFEPRAYLRNNYAPPRGDLCNPNGVGPWKLRC
LAQTFATGEVSGRTLIDIGSGPTVYQLLSACSHFEDITMTDFLEVNRQELGRWLQEEPGA
FNWSMYSQHACLIEGKGECWQDKERQLRARVKRVLPIDVHQPQPLGAGSPAPLPADALVS
AFCLEAVSPDLASFQRALDHITTLLRPGGHLLLIGALEESWYLAGEARLTVVPVSEEEVR
EALVRSGYKVRDLRTYIMPAHLQTGVDDVKGVFFAWAQKVGL

• Tyrosine Metabolism (map00350 )

• S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phenylethanolamine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N-methylphenylethanolamine [RN:R04033]

• NNMT_PNMT_TEMT (PF01234 )

• None

• None

ATGAGCGGCGCAGACCGTAGCCCCAATGCGGGCGCAGCCCCTGACTCGGCCCCGGGCCAG
GCGGCGGTGGCTTCGGCCTACCAGCGCTTCGAGCCGCGCGCCTACCTCCGCAACAACTAC
GCGCCCCCTCGCGGGGACCTGTGCAACCCGAACGGCGTCGGGCCGTGGAAGCTGCGCTGC
TTGGCGCAGACCTTCGCCACCGGTGAAGTGTCCGGACGCACCCTCATCGACATTGGTTCA
GGCCCCACCGTGTACCAGCTGCTCAGTGCCTGCAGCCACTTTGAGGACATCACCATGACA
GATTTCCTGGAGGTCAACCGCCAGGAGCTGGGGCGCTGGCTGCAGGAGGAGCCGGGGGCC
TTCAACTGGAGCATGTACAGCCAACATGCCTGCCTCATTGAGGGCAAGGGGGAATGCTGG
CAGGATAAGGAGCGCCAGCTGCGAGCCAGGGTGAAACGGGTCCTGCCCATCGACGTGCAC
CAGCCCCAGCCCCTGGGTGCTGGGAGCCCAGCTCCCCTGCCTGCTGACGCCCTGGTCTCT
GCCTTCTGCTTGGAGGCTGTGAGCCCAGATCTTGCCAGCTTTCAGCGGGCCCTGGACCAC
ATCACCACGCTGCTGAGGCCTGGGGGGCACCTCCTCCTCATCGGGGCCCTGGAGGAGTCG
TGGTACCTGGCTGGGGAGGCCAGGCTGACGGTGGTGCCAGTGTCTGAGGAGGAGGTGAGG
GAGGCCCTGGTGCGTAGTGGCTACAAGGTCCGGGACCTCCGCACCTATATCATGCCTGCC
CACCTTCAGACAGGCGTAGATGATGTCAAGGGCGTCTTCTTCGCCTGGGCTCAGAAGGTT
GGGCTGTGA

1. Kaneda N, Ichinose H, Kobayashi K, Oka K, Kishi F, Nakazawa A, Kurosawa Y, Fujita K, Nagatsu T: Molecular cloning of cDNA and chromosomal assignment of the gene for human phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, the enzyme for epinephrine biosynthesis. J Biol Chem. 1988 Jun 5;263(16):7672-7. [PubMed ]
2. Baetge EE, Behringer RR, Messing A, Brinster RL, Palmiter RD: Transgenic mice express the human phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase gene in adrenal medulla and retina. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 May;85(10):3648-52. [PubMed ]
3. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
4. Martin JL, Begun J, McLeish MJ, Caine JM, Grunewald GL: Getting the adrenaline going: crystal structure of the adrenaline-synthesizing enzyme PNMT. Structure. 2001 Oct;9(10):977-85. [PubMed ]
5. Gee CL, Tyndall JD, Grunewald GL, Wu Q, McLeish MJ, Martin JL: Mode of binding of methyl acceptor substrates to the adrenaline-synthesizing enzyme phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase: implications for catalysis. Biochemistry. 2005 Dec 27;44(51):16875-85. [PubMed ]
6. Grunewald GL, Seim MR, Regier RC, Martin JL, Gee CL, Drinkwater N, Criscione KR: Comparison of the binding of 3-fluoromethyl-7-sulfonyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines with their isosteric sulfonamides to the active site of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. J Med Chem. 2006 Sep 7;49(18):5424-33. [PubMed ]
7. Gee CL, Drinkwater N, Tyndall JD, Grunewald GL, Wu Q, McLeish MJ, Martin JL: Enzyme adaptation to inhibitor binding: a cryptic binding site in phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. J Med Chem. 2007 Oct 4;50(20):4845-53. Epub 2007 Sep 11. [PubMed ]
8. Ji Y, Salavaggione OE, Wang L, Adjei AA, Eckloff B, Wieben ED, Weinshilboum RM: Human phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase pharmacogenomics: gene re-sequencing and functional genomics. J Neurochem. 2005 Dec;95(6):1766-76. Epub 2005 Nov 8. [PubMed ]

1. GK
2. Glycerokinase
3. ATP:glycerol 3-phosphotransferase

MAASKKAVLGPLVGAVDQGTSSTRFLVFNSKTAELLSHHQVEIKQEFPREGWVEQDPKEI
LHSVYECIEKTCEKLGQLNIDISNIKAIGVSNQRETTVVWDKITGEPLYNAVVWLDLRTQ
STVESLSKRIPGNNNFVKSKTGLPLSTYFSAVKLRWLLDNVRKVQKAVEEKRALFGTIDS
WLIWSLTGGVNGGVHCTDVTNASRTMLFNIHSLEWDKQLCEFFGIPMEILPNVRSSSEIY
GLMKISHSVKAGALEGVPISGCLGDQSAALVGQMCFQIGQAKNTYGTGCFLLCNTGHKCV
FSDHGLLTTVAYKLGRDKPVYYALEGSVAIAGAVIRWLRDNLGIIKTSEEIEKLAKEVGT
SYGCYFVPAFSGLYAPYWEPSARGIICGLTQFTNKCHIAFAALEAVCFQTREILDAMNRD
CGIPLSHLQVDGGMTSNKILMQLQADILYIPVVKPSMPETTALGAAMAAGAAEGVGVWSL
EPEDLSAVTMERFEPQINAEESEIRYSTWKKAVMKSMGWVTTQSPESGDPSIFCSLPLGF
FIVSSMVMLIGARYISGIP

• Glycerolipid Metabolism (map00561 )

• ATP + glycerol = ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate [RN:R00847]

• FGGY_C (PF02782 )
• FGGY_N (PF00370 )

• None

• None

ATGGCAGCCTCAAAGAAGGCAGTTTTGGGGCCATTGGTGGGGGCGGTGGACCAGGGCACC
AGTTCGACGCGCTTTTTGGTTTTCAATTCAAAAACAGCTGAACTACTTAGTCATCATCAA
GTAGAAATAAAACAAGAGTTCCCAAGAGAAGGATGGGTGGAACAGGACCCTAAGGAAATT
CTACATTCTGTCTATGAGTGTATAGAGAAAACATGTGAGAAACTTGGACAGCTCAATATT
GATATTTCCAACATAAAAGCTATTGGTGTCAGCAACCAGAGGGAAACCACTGTAGTCTGG
GACAAGATAACTGGAGAGCCTCTCTACAATGCTGTGGTGTGGCTTGATCTAAGAACCCAG
TCTACCGTTGAGAGTCTTAGTAAAAGAATTCCAGGAAATAATAACTTTGTCAAGTCCAAG
ACAGGCCTTCCACTTAGCACTTACTTCAGTGCAGTGAAACTTCGTTGGCTCCTTGACAAT
GTGAGAAAAGTTCAAAAGGCCGTTGAAGAAAAACGAGCTCTTTTTGGGACTATTGATTCA
TGGCTTATTTGGAGTTTGACAGGAGGAGTCAATGGAGGTGTCCACTGTACAGATGTAACA
AATGCAAGTAGGACTATGCTTTTCAACATTCATTCTTTGGAATGGGATAAACAACTCTGC
GAATTTTTTGGAATTCCAATGGAAATTCTTCCAAATGTCCGGAGTTCTTCTGAGATCTAT
GGCCTAATGAAAATCTCTCATAGCGTGAAAGCTGGGGCCTTGGAAGGTGTGCCAATATCT
GGGTGTTTAGGGGACCAGTCTGCTGCATTGGTGGGACAAATGTGCTTCCAGATTGGACAA
GCCAAAAATACGTATGGAACAGGATGTTTCTTACTATGTAATACAGGCCATAAGTGTGTA
TTTTCTGATCATGGCCTTCTCACCACAGTGGCTTACAAACTTGGCAGAGACAAACCAGTA
TATTATGCTTTGGAAGGTTCTGTAGCTATAGCTGGTGCTGTTATTCGCTGGCTAAGAGAC
AATCTTGGAATTATAAAGACCTCAGAAGAAATTGAAAAACTTGCTAAAGAAGTAGGTACT
TCTTATGGCTGCTACTTCGTCCCAGCATTTTCGGGGTTATATGCACCTTATTGGGAGCCC
AGCGCAAGAGGGATAATCTGTGGACTCACTCAGTTCACCAATAAATGCCATATTGCTTTT
GCTGCATTAGAAGCTGTTTGTTTCCAAACTCGAGAGATTTTGGATGCCATGAATCGAGAC
TGTGGAATTCCACTCAGTCATTTGCAGGTAGATGGAGGAATGACCAGCAACAAAATTCTT
ATGCAGCTACAAGCAGACATTCTGTATATACCAGTAGTGAAGCCCTCAATGCCCGAAACC
ACTGCACTGGGTGCGGCTATGGCGGCAGGGGCTGCAGAAGGAGTCGGCGTATGGAGTCTC
GAACCCGAGGATTTGTCTGCCGTCACGATGGAGCGGTTTGAACCTCAGATTAATGCGGAG
GAAAGTGAAATTCGTTATTCTACATGGAAGAAAGCTGTGATGAAGTCAATGGGTTGGGTT
ACAACTCAATCTCCAGAAAGTGGTGACCCTAGTATCTTCTGTAGTCTGCCCTTGGGCTTT
TTTATAGTGAGTAGCATGGTAATGTTAATCGGAGCAAGGTACATCTCAGGTATTCCATAA

1. Guo W, Worley K, Adams V, Mason J, Sylvester-Jackson D, Zhang YH, Towbin JA, Fogt DD, Madu S, Wheeler DA, et al.: Genomic scanning for expressed sequences in Xp21 identifies the glycerol kinase gene. Nat Genet. 1993 Aug;4(4):367-72. [PubMed ]
2. Sargent CA, Young C, Marsh S, Ferguson-Smith MA, Affara NA: The glycerol kinase gene family: structure of the Xp gene, and related intronless retroposons. Hum Mol Genet. 1994 Aug;3(8):1317-24. [PubMed ]
3. Sargent CA, Kidd A, Moore S, Dean J, Besley GT, Affara NA: Five cases of isolated glycerol kinase deficiency, including two families: failure to find genotype:phenotype correlation. J Med Genet. 2000 Jun;37(6):434-41. [PubMed ]
4. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed ]
5. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
6. Sargent CA, Affara NA, Bentley E, Pelmear A, Bailey DM, Davey P, Dow D, Leversha M, Aplin H, Besley GT, et al.: Cloning of the X-linked glycerol kinase deficiency gene and its identification by sequence comparison to the Bacillus subtilis homologue. Hum Mol Genet. 1993 Feb;2(2):97-106. [PubMed ]
7. Walker AP, Muscatelli F, Monaco AP: Isolation of the human Xp21 glycerol kinase gene by positional cloning. Hum Mol Genet. 1993 Feb;2(2):107-14. [PubMed ]
8. Walker AP, Muscatelli F, Stafford AN, Chelly J, Dahl N, Blomquist HK, Delanghe J, Willems PJ, Steinmann B, Monaco AP: Mutations and phenotype in isolated glycerol kinase deficiency. Am J Hum Genet. 1996 Jun;58(6):1205-11. [PubMed ]
9. Sjarif DR, Sinke RJ, Duran M, Beemer FA, Kleijer WJ, Ploos van Amstel JK, Poll-The BT: Clinical heterogeneity and novel mutations in the glycerol kinase gene in three families with isolated glycerol kinase deficiency. J Med Genet. 1998 Aug;35(8):650-6. [PubMed ]
10. Gaudet D, Arsenault S, Perusse L, Vohl MC, St-Pierre J, Bergeron J, Despres JP, Dewar K, Daly MJ, Hudson T, Rioux JD: Glycerol as a correlate of impaired glucose tolerance: dissection of a complex system by use of a simple genetic trait. Am J Hum Genet. 2000 May;66(5):1558-68. Epub 2000 Mar 27. [PubMed ]

1. Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor subtype C10
2. Alpha-2A adrenoreceptor
3. Alpha-2A adrenoceptor
4. Alpha-2AAR

MGSLQPDAGNASWNGTEAPGGGARATPYSLQVTLTLVCLAGLLMLLTVFGNVLVIIAVFT
SRALKAPQNLFLVSLASADILVATLVIPFSLANEVMGYWYFGKAWCEIYLALDVLFCTSS
IVHLCAISLDRYWSITQAIEYNLKRTPRRIKAIIITVWVISAVISFPPLISIEKKGGGGG
PQPAEPRCEINDQKWYVISSCIGSFFAPCLIMILVYVRIYQIAKRRTRVPPSRRGPDAVA
APPGGTERRPNGLGPERSAGPGGAEAEPLPTQLNGAPGEPAPAGPRDTDALDLEESSSSD
HAERPPGPRRPERGPRGKGKARASQVKPGDSLPRRGPGATGIGTPAAGPGEERVGAAKAS
RWRGRQNREKRFTFVLAVVIGVFVVCWFPFFFTYTLTAVGCSVPRTLFKFFFWFGYCNSS
LNPVIYTIFNHDFRRAFKKILCRGDRKRIV

• 7tm_1 (PF00001 )

• None

• 34-59 71-96 107-129 152-172 195-217 375-395 410-429

ATGGGCTCCCTGCAGCCGGACGCGGGCAACGCGAGCTGGAACGGGACCGAGGCGCCGGGG
GGCGGCGCCCGGGCCACCCCTTACTCCCTGCAGGTGACGCTGACGCTGGTGTGCCTGGCC
GGCCTGCTCATGCTGCTCACCGTGTTCGGCAACGTGCTCGTCATCATCGCCGTGTTCACG
AGCCGCGCGCTCAAGGCGCCCCAAAACCTCTTCCTGGTGTCTCTGGCCTCGGCCGACATC
CTGGTGGCCACGCTCGTCATCCCTTTCTCGCTGGCCAACGAGGTCATGGGCTACTGGTAC
TTCGGCAAGGCTTGGTGCGAGATCTACCTGGCGCTCGACGTGCTCTTCTGCACGTCGTCC
ATCGTGCACCTGTGCGCCATCAGCCTGGACCGCTACTGGTCCATCACACAGGCCATCGAG
TACAACCTGAAGCGCACGCCGCGCCGCATCAAGGCCATCATCATCACCGTGTGGGTCATC
TCGGCCGTCATCTCCTTCCCGCCGCTCATCTCCATCGAGAAGAAGGGCGGCGGCGGCGGC
CCGCAGCCGGCCGAGCCGCGCTGCGAGATCAACGACCAGAAGTGGTACGTCATCTCGTCG
TGCATCGGCTCCTTCTTCGCTCCCTGCCTCATCATGATCCTGGTCTACGTGCGCATCTAC
CAGATCGCCAAGCGTCGCACCCGCGTGCCACCCAGCCGCCGGGGTCCGGACGCCGTCGCC
GCGCCGCCGGGGGGCACCGAGCGCAGGCCCAACGGTCTGGGCCCCGAGCGCAGCGCGGGC
CCGGGGGGCGCAGAGGCCGAACCGCTGCCCACCCAGCTCAACGGCGCCCCTGGCGAGCCC
GCGCCGGCCGGGCCGCGCGACACCGACGCGCTGGACCTGGAGGAGAGCTCGTCTTCCGAC
CACGCCGAGCGGCCTCCAGGGCCCCGCAGACCCGAGCGCGGTCCCCGGGGCAAAGGCAAG
GCCCGAGCGAGCCAGGTGAAGCCGGGCGACAGCCTGCCGCGGCGCGGGCCGGGGGCGACG
GGGATCGGGACGCCGGCTGCAGGGCCGGGGGAGGAGCGCGTCGGGGCTGCCAAGGCGTCG
CGCTGGCGCGGGCGGCAGAACCGCGAGAAGCGCTTCACGTTCGTGCTGGCCGTGGTCATC
GGAGTGTTCGTGGTGTGCTGGTTCCCCTTCTTCTTCACCTACACGCTCACGGCCGTCGGG
TGCTCCGTGCCACGCACGCTCTTCAAATTCTTCTTCTGGTTCGGCTACTGCAACAGCTCG
TTGAACCCGGTCATCTACACCATCTTCAACCACGATTTCCGCCGCGCCTTCAAGAAGATC
CTCTGTCGGGGGGACAGGAAGCGGATCGTGTGA

1. Kobilka BK, Matsui H, Kobilka TS, Yang-Feng TL, Francke U, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ, Regan JW: Cloning, sequencing, and expression of the gene coding for the human platelet alpha 2-adrenergic receptor. Science. 1987 Oct 30;238(4827):650-6. [PubMed ]
2. Fraser CM, Arakawa S, McCombie WR, Venter JC: Cloning, sequence analysis, and permanent expression of a human alpha 2-adrenergic receptor in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Evidence for independent pathways of receptor coupling to adenylate cyclase attenuation and activation. J Biol Chem. 1989 Jul 15;264(20):11754-61. [PubMed ]
3. Guyer CA, Horstman DA, Wilson AL, Clark JD, Cragoe EJ Jr, Limbird LE: Cloning, sequencing, and expression of the gene encoding the porcine alpha 2-adrenergic receptor. Allosteric modulation by Na+, H+, and amiloride analogs. J Biol Chem. 1990 Oct 5;265(28):17307-17. [PubMed ]
4. Small KM, Forbes SL, Brown KM, Liggett SB: An asn to lys polymorphism in the third intracellular loop of the human alpha 2A-adrenergic receptor imparts enhanced agonist-promoted Gi coupling. J Biol Chem. 2000 Dec 8;275(49):38518-23. [PubMed ]
5. Small KM, Brown KM, Seman CA, Theiss CT, Liggett SB: Complex haplotypes derived from noncoding polymorphisms of the intronless alpha2A-adrenergic gene diversify receptor expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Apr 4;103(14):5472-7. Epub 2006 Mar 27. [PubMed ]
6. Deloukas P, Earthrowl ME, Grafham DV, Rubenfield M, French L, Steward CA, Sims SK, Jones MC, Searle S, Scott C, Howe K, Hunt SE, Andrews TD, Gilbert JG, Swarbreck D, Ashurst JL, Taylor A, Battles J, Bird CP, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Ashwell RI, Ambrose KD, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Banerjee R, Bates K, Beasley H, Bray-Allen S, Brown AJ, Brown JY, Burford DC, Burrill W, Burton J, Cahill P, Camire D, Carter NP, Chapman JC, Clark SY, Clarke G, Clee CM, Clegg S, Corby N, Coulson A, Dhami P, Dutta I, Dunn M, Faulkner L, Frankish A, Frankland JA, Garner P, Garnett J, Gribble S, Griffiths C, Grocock R, Gustafson E, Hammond S, Harley JL, Hart E, Heath PD, Ho TP, Hopkins B, Horne J, Howden PJ, Huckle E, Hynds C, Johnson C, Johnson D, Kana A, Kay M, Kimberley AM, Kershaw JK, Kokkinaki M, Laird GK, Lawlor S, Lee HM, Leongamornlert DA, Laird G, Lloyd C, Lloyd DM, Loveland J, Lovell J, McLaren S, McLay KE, McMurray A, Mashreghi-Mohammadi M, Matthews L, Milne S, Nickerson T, Nguyen M, Overton-Larty E, Palmer SA, Pearce AV, Peck AI, Pelan S, Phillimore B, Porter K, Rice CM, Rogosin A, Ross MT, Sarafidou T, Sehra HK, Shownkeen R, Skuce CD, Smith M, Standring L, Sycamore N, Tester J, Thorpe A, Torcasso W, Tracey A, Tromans A, Tsolas J, Wall M, Walsh J, Wang H, Weinstock K, West AP, Willey DL, Whitehead SL, Wilming L, Wray PW, Young L, Chen Y, Lovering RC, Moschonas NK, Siebert R, Fechtel K, Bentley D, Durbin R, Hubbard T, Doucette-Stamm L, Beck S, Smith DR, Rogers J: The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 10. Nature. 2004 May 27;429(6990):375-81. [PubMed ]
7. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
8. Chhajlani V, Rangel N, Uhlen S, Wikberg JE: Identification of an additional gene belonging to the alpha 2 adrenergic receptor family in the human genome by PCR. FEBS Lett. 1991 Mar 25;280(2):241-4. [PubMed ]
9. Suryanarayana S, Daunt DA, Von Zastrow M, Kobilka BK: A point mutation in the seventh hydrophobic domain of the alpha 2 adrenergic receptor increases its affinity for a family of beta receptor antagonists. J Biol Chem. 1991 Aug 15;266(23):15488-92. [PubMed ]
10. Wang CD, Buck MA, Fraser CM: Site-directed mutagenesis of alpha 2A-adrenergic receptors: identification of amino acids involved in ligand binding and receptor activation by agonists. Mol Pharmacol. 1991 Aug;40(2):168-79. [PubMed ]
11. Olsen JV, Blagoev B, Gnad F, Macek B, Kumar C, Mortensen P, Mann M: Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks. Cell. 2006 Nov 3;127(3):635-48. [PubMed ]
12. Chung DA, Zuiderweg ER, Fowler CB, Soyer OS, Mosberg HI, Neubig RR: NMR structure of the second intracellular loop of the alpha 2A adrenergic receptor: evidence for a novel cytoplasmic helix. Biochemistry. 2002 Mar 19;41(11):3596-604. [PubMed ]

1. Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor subtype C2
2. Alpha-2B adrenoreceptor
3. Alpha-2B adrenoceptor
4. Alpha-2BAR

MDHQDPYSVQATAAIAAAITFLILFTIFGNALVILAVLTSRSLRAPQNLFLVSLAAADIL
VATLIIPFSLANELLGYWYFRRTWCEVYLALDVLFCTSSIVHLCAISLDRYWAVSRALEY
NSKRTPRRIKCIILTVWLIAAVISLPPLIYKGDQGPQPRGRPQCKLNQEAWYILASSIGS
FFAPCLIMILVYLRIYLIAKRSNRRGPRAKGGPGQGESKQPRPDHGGALASAKLPALASV
ASAREVNGHSKSTGEKEEGETPEDTGTRALPPSWAALPNSGQGQKEGVCGASPEDEAEEE
EEEEEEEEECEPQAVPVSPASACSPPLQQPQGSRVLATLRGQVLLGRGVGAIGGQWWRRR
AQLTREKRFTFVLAVVIGVFVLCWFPFFFSYSLGAICPKHCKVPHGLFQFFFWIGYCNSS
LNPVIYTIFNQDFRRAFRRILCRPWTQTAW

• 7tm_1 (PF00001 )

• None

• 13-38 50-75 86-108 131-153 170-193 373-396 406-429

ATGGACCACCAGGACCCCTACTCCGTGCAGGCCACAGCGGCCATAGCGGCGGCCATCACC
TTCCTCATTCTCTTTACCATCTTCGGCAACGCTCTGGTCATCCTGGCTGTGTTGACCAGC
CGCTCGCTGCGCGCCCCTCAGAACCTGTTCCTGGTGTCGCTGGCCGCCGCCGACATCCTG
GTGGCCACGCTCATCATCCCTTTCTCGCTGGCCAACGAGCTGCTGGGCTACTGGTACTTC
CGGCGCACGTGGTGCGAGGTGTACCTGGCGCTCGACGTGCTCTTCTGCACCTCGTCCATC
GTGCACCTGTGCGCCATCAGCCTGGACCGCTACTGGGCCGTGAGCCGCGCGCTGGAGTAC
AACTCCAAGCGCACCCCGCGCCGCATCAAGTGCATCATCCTCACTGTGTGGCTCATCGCC
GCCGTCATCTCGCTGCCGCCCCTCATCTACAAGGGCGACCAGGGCCCCCAGCCGCGCGGG
CGCCCCCAGTGCAAGCTCAACCAGGAGGCCTGGTACATCCTGGCCTCCAGCATCGGATCT
TTCTTTGCTCCTTGCCTCATCATGATCCTTGTCTACCTGCGCATCTACCTGATCGCCAAA
CGCAGCAACCGCAGAGGTCCCAGGGCCAAGGGGGGGCCTGGGCAGGGTGAGTCCAAGCAG
CCCCGACCCGACCATGGTGGGGCTTTGGCCTCAGCCAAACTGCCAGCCCTGGCCTCTGTG
GCTTCTGCCAGAGAGGTCAACGGACACTCGAAGTCCACTGGGGAGAAGGAGGAGGGGGAG
ACCCCTGAAGATACTGGGACCCGGGCCTTGCCACCCAGTTGGGCTGCCCTTCCCAACTCA
GGCCAGGGCCAGAAGGAGGGTGTTTGTGGGGCATCTCCAGAGGATGAAGCTGAAGAGGAG
GAAGAGGAGGAGGAGGAGGAGGAAGAGTGTGAACCCCAGGCAGTGCCAGTGTCTCCGGCC
TCAGCTTGCAGCCCCCCGCTGCAGCAGCCACAGGGCTCCCGGGTGCTGGCCACCCTACGT
GGCCAGGTGCTCCTGGGCAGGGGCGTGGGTGCTATAGGTGGGCAGTGGTGGCGTCGAAGG
GCGCACGTGACCCGGGAGAAGCGCTTCACCTTCGTGCTGGCTGTGGTCATTGGCGTTTTT
GTGCTCTGCTGGTTCCCCTTCTTCTTCAGCTACAGCCTGGGCGCCATCTGCCCGAAGCAC
TGCAAGGTGCCCCATGGCCTCTTCCAGTTCTTCTTCTGGATCGGCTACTGCAACAGCTCA
CTGAACCCTGTTATCTACACCATCTTCAACCAGGACTTCCGCCGTGCCTTCCGGAGGATC
CTGTGCCGCCCGTGGACCCAGACGGCCTGGTGA

1. Lomasney JW, Lorenz W, Allen LF, King K, Regan JW, Yang-Feng TL, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ: Expansion of the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor family: cloning and characterization of a human alpha 2-adrenergic receptor subtype, the gene for which is located on chromosome 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Jul;87(13):5094-8. [PubMed ]
2. Weinshank RL, Zgombick JM, Macchi M, Adham N, Lichtblau H, Branchek TA, Hartig PR: Cloning, expression, and pharmacological characterization of a human alpha 2B-adrenergic receptor. Mol Pharmacol. 1990 Nov;38(5):681-8. [PubMed ]
3. Small KM, Brown KM, Forbes SL, Liggett SB: Polymorphic deletion of three intracellular acidic residues of the alpha 2B-adrenergic receptor decreases G protein-coupled receptor kinase-mediated phosphorylation and desensitization. J Biol Chem. 2001 Feb 16;276(7):4917-22. Epub 2000 Oct 30. [PubMed ]
4. Cayla C, Heinonen P, Viikari L, Schaak S, Snapir A, Bouloumie A, Karvonen MK, Pesonen U, Scheinin M, Paris H: Cloning, characterisation and identification of several polymorphisms in the promoter region of the human alpha2B-adrenergic receptor gene. Biochem Pharmacol. 2004 Feb 1;67(3):469-78. [PubMed ]
5. Hillier LW, Graves TA, Fulton RS, Fulton LA, Pepin KH, Minx P, Wagner-McPherson C, Layman D, Wylie K, Sekhon M, Becker MC, Fewell GA, Delehaunty KD, Miner TL, Nash WE, Kremitzki C, Oddy L, Du H, Sun H, Bradshaw-Cordum H, Ali J, Carter J, Cordes M, Harris A, Isak A, van Brunt A, Nguyen C, Du F, Courtney L, Kalicki J, Ozersky P, Abbott S, Armstrong J, Belter EA, Caruso L, Cedroni M, Cotton M, Davidson T, Desai A, Elliott G, Erb T, Fronick C, Gaige T, Haakenson W, Haglund K, Holmes A, Harkins R, Kim K, Kruchowski SS, Strong CM, Grewal N, Goyea E, Hou S, Levy A, Martinka S, Mead K, McLellan MD, Meyer R, Randall-Maher J, Tomlinson C, Dauphin-Kohlberg S, Kozlowicz-Reilly A, Shah N, Swearengen-Shahid S, Snider J, Strong JT, Thompson J, Yoakum M, Leonard S, Pearman C, Trani L, Radionenko M, Waligorski JE, Wang C, Rock SM, Tin-Wollam AM, Maupin R, Latreille P, Wendl MC, Yang SP, Pohl C, Wallis JW, Spieth J, Bieri TA, Berkowicz N, Nelson JO, Osborne J, Ding L, Meyer R, Sabo A, Shotland Y, Sinha P, Wohldmann PE, Cook LL, Hickenbotham MT, Eldred J, Williams D, Jones TA, She X, Ciccarelli FD, Izaurralde E, Taylor J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Cox DR, Huang X, McPherson JD, Mardis ER, Clifton SW, Warren WC, Chinwalla AT, Eddy SR, Marra MA, Ovcharenko I, Furey TS, Miller W, Eichler EE, Bork P, Suyama M, Torrents D, Waterston RH, Wilson RK: Generation and annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4. Nature. 2005 Apr 7;434(7034):724-31. [PubMed ]
6. Chang AC, Ho TF, Chang NC: In vitro amplification by polymerase chain reaction of a partial gene encoding the third subtype of alpha-2 adrenergic receptor in humans. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1990 Oct 30;172(2):817-23. [PubMed ]

1. Beta-1 adrenoreceptor
2. Beta-1 adrenoceptor

MGAGVLVLGASEPGNLSSAAPLPDGAATAARLLVPASPPASLLPPASESPEPLSQQWTAG
MGLLMALIVLLIVAGNVLVIVAIAKTPRLQTLTNLFIMSLASADLVMGLLVVPFGATIVV
WGRWEYGSFFCELWTSVDVLCVTASIETLCVIALDRYLAITSPFRYQSLLTRARARGLVC
TVWAISALVSFLPILMHWWRAESDEARRCYNDPKCCDFVTNRAYAIASSVVSFYVPLCIM
AFVYLRVFREAQKQVKKIDSCERRFLGGPARPPSPSPSPVPAPAPPPGPPRPAAAAATAP
LANGRAGKRRPSRLVALREQKALKTLGIIMGVFTLCWLPFFLANVVKAFHRELVPDRLFV
FFNWLGYANSAFNPIIYCRSPDFRKAFQRLLCCARRAARRRHATHGDRPRASGCLARPGP
PPSPGAASDDDDDDVVGATPPARLLEPWAGCNGGAAADSDSSLDEPCRPGFASESKV

• 7tm_1 (PF00001 )

• None

• 56-84 94-120 133-154 173-196 223-248 320-349 355-377

ATGGGCGCGGGGGTGCTCGTCCTGGGCGCCTCCGAGCCCGGTAACCTGTCGTCGGCCGCA
CCGCTCCCCGACGGCGCGGCCACCGCGGCGCGGCTGCTGGTGCCCGCGTCGCCGCCCGCC
TCGTTGCTGCCTCCCGCCAGCGAAAGCCCCGAGCCGCTGTCTCAGCAGTGGACAGCGGGC
ATGGGTCTGCTGATGGCGCTCATCGTGCTGCTCATCGTGGCGGGCAATGTGCTGGTGATC
GTGGCCATCGCCAAGACGCCGCGGCTGCAGACGCTCACCAACCTCTTCATCATGTCCCTG
GCCAGCGCCGACCTGGTCATGGGGCTGCTGGTGGTGCCGTTCGGGGCCACCATCGTGGTG
TGGGGCCGCTGGGAGTACGGCTCCTTCTTCTGCGAGCTGTGGACCTCAGTGGACGTGCTG
TGCGTGACGGCCAGCATCGAGACCCTGTGTGTCATTGCCCTGGACCGCTACCTCGCCATC
ACCTCGCCCTTCCGCTACCAGAGCCTGCTGACGCGCGCGCGGGCGCGGGGCCTCGTGTGC
ACCGTGTGGGCCATCTCGGCCCTGGTGTCCTTCCTGCCCATCCTCATGCACTGGTGGCGG
GCGGAGAGCGACGAGGCGCGCCGCTGCTACAACGACCCCAAGTGCTGCGACTTCGTCACC
AACCGGGCCTACGCCATCGCCTCGTCCGTAGTCTCCTTCTACGTGCCCCTGTGCATCATG
GCCTTCGTGTACCTGCGGGTGTTCCGCGAGGCCCAGAAGCAGGTGAAGAAGATCGACAGC
TGCGAGCGCCGTTTCCTCGGCGGCCCAGCGCGGCCGCCCTCGCCCTCGCCCTCGCCCGTC
CCCGCGCCCGCGCCGCCGCCCGGACCCCCGCGCCCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCACCGCCCCG
CTGGCCAACGGGCGTGCGGGTAAGCGGCGGCCCTCGCGCCTCGTGGCCCTACGCGAGCAG
AAGGCGCTCAAGACGCTGGGCATCATCATGGGCGTCTTCACGCTCTGCTGGCTGCCCTTC
TTCCTGGCCAACGTGGTGAAGGCCTTCCACCGCGAGCTGGTGCCCGACCGCCTCTTCGTC
TTCTTCAACTGGCTGGGCTACGCCAACTCGGCCTTCAACCCCATCATCTACTGCCGCAGC
CCCGACTTCCGCAAGGCCTTCCAGGGACTGCTCTGCTGCGCGCGCAGGGCTGCCCGCCGG
CGCCACGCGACCCACGGAGACCGGCCGCGCGCCTCGGGCTGTCTGGCCCGGCCCGGACCC
CCGCCATCGCCCGGGGCCGCCTCGGACGACGACGACGACGATGTCGTCGGGGCCACGCCG
CCCGCGCGCCTGCTGGAGCCCTGGGCCGGCTGCAACGGCGGGGCGGCGGCGGACAGCGAC
TCGAGCCTGGACGAGCCGTGCCGCCCCGGCTTCGCCTCGGAATCCAAGGTGTAG

1. Frielle T, Collins S, Daniel KW, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ, Kobilka BK: Cloning of the cDNA for the human beta 1-adrenergic receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Nov;84(22):7920-4. [PubMed ]
2. Moore JD, Mason DA, Green SA, Hsu J, Liggett SB: Racial differences in the frequencies of cardiac beta(1)-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms: analysis of c145A>G and c1165G>C. Hum Mutat. 1999 Sep 19;14(3):271. [PubMed ]
3. Deloukas P, Earthrowl ME, Grafham DV, Rubenfield M, French L, Steward CA, Sims SK, Jones MC, Searle S, Scott C, Howe K, Hunt SE, Andrews TD, Gilbert JG, Swarbreck D, Ashurst JL, Taylor A, Battles J, Bird CP, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Ashwell RI, Ambrose KD, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Banerjee R, Bates K, Beasley H, Bray-Allen S, Brown AJ, Brown JY, Burford DC, Burrill W, Burton J, Cahill P, Camire D, Carter NP, Chapman JC, Clark SY, Clarke G, Clee CM, Clegg S, Corby N, Coulson A, Dhami P, Dutta I, Dunn M, Faulkner L, Frankish A, Frankland JA, Garner P, Garnett J, Gribble S, Griffiths C, Grocock R, Gustafson E, Hammond S, Harley JL, Hart E, Heath PD, Ho TP, Hopkins B, Horne J, Howden PJ, Huckle E, Hynds C, Johnson C, Johnson D, Kana A, Kay M, Kimberley AM, Kershaw JK, Kokkinaki M, Laird GK, Lawlor S, Lee HM, Leongamornlert DA, Laird G, Lloyd C, Lloyd DM, Loveland J, Lovell J, McLaren S, McLay KE, McMurray A, Mashreghi-Mohammadi M, Matthews L, Milne S, Nickerson T, Nguyen M, Overton-Larty E, Palmer SA, Pearce AV, Peck AI, Pelan S, Phillimore B, Porter K, Rice CM, Rogosin A, Ross MT, Sarafidou T, Sehra HK, Shownkeen R, Skuce CD, Smith M, Standring L, Sycamore N, Tester J, Thorpe A, Torcasso W, Tracey A, Tromans A, Tsolas J, Wall M, Walsh J, Wang H, Weinstock K, West AP, Willey DL, Whitehead SL, Wilming L, Wray PW, Young L, Chen Y, Lovering RC, Moschonas NK, Siebert R, Fechtel K, Bentley D, Durbin R, Hubbard T, Doucette-Stamm L, Beck S, Smith DR, Rogers J: The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 10. Nature. 2004 May 27;429(6990):375-81. [PubMed ]
4. He J, Bellini M, Xu J, Castleberry AM, Hall RA: Interaction with cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator-associated ligand (CAL) inhibits beta1-adrenergic receptor surface expression. J Biol Chem. 2004 Nov 26;279(48):50190-6. Epub 2004 Sep 9. [PubMed ]
5. Mason DA, Moore JD, Green SA, Liggett SB: A gain-of-function polymorphism in a G-protein coupling domain of the human beta1-adrenergic receptor. J Biol Chem. 1999 Apr 30;274(18):12670-4. [PubMed ]
6. Borjesson M, Magnusson Y, Hjalmarson A, Andersson B: A novel polymorphism in the gene coding for the beta(1)-adrenergic receptor associated with survival in patients with heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2000 Nov;21(22):1853-8. [PubMed ]
7. Ranade K, Jorgenson E, Sheu WH, Pei D, Hsiung CA, Chiang FT, Chen YD, Pratt R, Olshen RA, Curb D, Cox DR, Botstein D, Risch N: A polymorphism in the beta1 adrenergic receptor is associated with resting heart rate. Am J Hum Genet. 2002 Apr;70(4):935-42. Epub 2002 Feb 18. [PubMed ]

1. Beta-2 adrenoreceptor
2. Beta-2 adrenoceptor

MGQPGNGSAFLLAPNGSHAPDHDVTQERDEVWVVGMGIVMSLIVLAIVFGNVLVITAIAK
FERLQTVTNYFITSLACADLVMGLAVVPFGAAHILMKMWTFGNFWCEFWTSIDVLCVTAS
IETLCVIAVDRYFAITSPFKYQSLLTKNKARVIILMVWIVSGLTSFLPIQMHWYRATHQE
AINCYANETCCDFFTNQAYAIASSIVSFYVPLVIMVFVYSRVFQEAKRQLQKIDKSEGRF
HVQNLSQVEQDGRTGHGLRRSSKFCLKEHKALKTLGIIMGTFTLCWLPFFIVNIVHVIQD
NLIRKEVYILLNWIGYVNSGFNPLIYCRSPDFRIAFQELLCLRRSSLKAYGNGYSSNGNT
GEQSGYHVEQEKENKLLCEDLPGTEDFVGHQGTVPSDNIDSQGRNCSTNDSLL

• 7tm_1 (PF00001 )

• None

• 35-58 72-95 107-129 151-174 197-220 275-298 306-329

ATGGGGCAACCCGGGAACGGCAGCGCCTTCTTGCTGGCACCCAATGGAAGCCATGCGCCG
GACCACGACGTCACGCAGGAAAGGGACGAGGTGTGGGTGGTGGGCATGGGCATCGTCATG
TCTCTCATCGTCCTGGCCATCGTGTTTGGCAATGTGCTGGTCATCACAGCCATTGCCAAG
TTCGAGCGTCTGCAGACGGTCACCAACTACTTCATCACTTCACTGGCCTGTGCTGATCTG
GTCATGGGCCTGGCAGTGGTGCCCTTTGGGGCCGCCCATATTCTTATGAAAATGTGGACT
TTTGGCAACTTCTGGTGCGAGTTTTGGACTTCCATTGATGTGCTGTGCGTCACGGCCAGC
ATTGAGACCCTGTGCGTGATCGCAGTGGATCGCTACTTTGCCATTACTTCACCTTTCAAG
TACCAGAGCCTGCTGACCAAGAATAAGGCCCGGGTGATCATTCTGATGGTGTGGATTGTG
TCAGGCCTTACCTCCTTCTTGCCCATTCAGATGCACTGGTACCGGGCCACCCACCAGGAA
GCCATCAACTGCTATGCCAATGAGACCTGCTGTGACTTCTTCACGAACCAAGCCTATGCC
ATTGCCTCTTCCATCGTGTCCTTCTACGTTCCCCTGGTGATCATGGTCTTCGTCTACTCC
AGGGTCTTTCAGGAGGCCAAAAGGCAGCTCCAGAAGATTGACAAATCTGAGGGCCGCTTC
CATGTCCAGAACCTTAGCCAGGTGGAGCAGGATGGGCGGACGGGGCATGGACTCCGCAGA
TCTTCCAAGTTCTGCTTGAAGGAGCACAAAGCCCTCAAGACGTTAGGCATCATCATGGGC
ACTTTCACCCTCTGCTGGCTGCCCTTCTTCATCGTTAACATTGTGCATGTGATCCAGGAT
AACCTCATCCGTAAGGAAGTTTACATCCTCCTAAATTGGATAGGCTATGTCAATTCTGGT
TTCAATCCCCTTATCTACTGCCGGAGCCCAGATTTCAGGATTGCCTTCCAGGAGCTTCTG
TGCCTGCGCAGGTCTTCTTTGAAGGCCTATGGGAATGGCTACTCCAGCAACGGCAACACA
GGGGAGCAGAGTGGATATCACGTGGAACAGGAGAAAGAAAATAAACTGCTGTGTGAAGAC
CTCCCAGGCACGGAAGACTTTGTGGGCCATCAAGGTACTGTGCCTAGCGATAACATTGAT
TCACAAGGGAGGAATTGTAGTACAAATGACTCACTGCTGTAA

1. Chung FZ, Lentes KU, Gocayne J, Fitzgerald M, Robinson D, Kerlavage AR, Fraser CM, Venter JC: Cloning and sequence analysis of the human brain beta-adrenergic receptor. Evolutionary relationship to rodent and avian beta-receptors and porcine muscarinic receptors. FEBS Lett. 1987 Jan 26;211(2):200-6. [PubMed ]
2. Kobilka BK, Frielle T, Dohlman HG, Bolanowski MA, Dixon RA, Keller P, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ: Delineation of the intronless nature of the genes for the human and hamster beta 2-adrenergic receptor and their putative promoter regions. J Biol Chem. 1987 May 25;262(15):7321-7. [PubMed ]
3. Schofield PR, Rhee LM, Peralta EG: Primary structure of the human beta-adrenergic receptor gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Apr 24;15(8):3636. [PubMed ]
4. Kobilka BK, Dixon RA, Frielle T, Dohlman HG, Bolanowski MA, Sigal IS, Yang-Feng TL, Francke U, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ: cDNA for the human beta 2-adrenergic receptor: a protein with multiple membrane-spanning domains and encoded by a gene whose chromosomal location is shared with that of the receptor for platelet-derived growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Jan;84(1):46-50. [PubMed ]
5. Emorine LJ, Marullo S, Delavier-Klutchko C, Kaveri SV, Durieu-Trautmann O, Strosberg AD: Structure of the gene for human beta 2-adrenergic receptor: expression and promoter characterization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Oct;84(20):6995-9. [PubMed ]
6. Reihsaus E, Innis M, MacIntyre N, Liggett SB: Mutations in the gene encoding for the beta 2-adrenergic receptor in normal and asthmatic subjects. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1993 Mar;8(3):334-9. [PubMed ]
7. Rupert JL, Monsalve MV, Devine DV, Hochachka PW: Beta2-adrenergic receptor allele frequencies in the Quechua, a high altitude native population. Ann Hum Genet. 2000 Mar;64(Pt 2):135-43. [PubMed ]
8. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed ]
9. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
10. Chung FZ, Wang CD, Potter PC, Venter JC, Fraser CM: Site-directed mutagenesis and continuous expression of human beta-adrenergic receptors. Identification of a conserved aspartate residue involved in agonist binding and receptor activation. J Biol Chem. 1988 Mar 25;263(9):4052-5. [PubMed ]
11. O'Dowd BF, Hnatowich M, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ, Bouvier M: Palmitoylation of the human beta 2-adrenergic receptor. Mutation of Cys341 in the carboxyl tail leads to an uncoupled nonpalmitoylated form of the receptor. J Biol Chem. 1989 May 5;264(13):7564-9. [PubMed ]
12. Valiquette M, Parent S, Loisel TP, Bouvier M: Mutation of tyrosine-141 inhibits insulin-promoted tyrosine phosphorylation and increased responsiveness of the human beta 2-adrenergic receptor. EMBO J. 1995 Nov 15;14(22):5542-9. [PubMed ]
13. Gurevich VV, Dion SB, Onorato JJ, Ptasienski J, Kim CM, Sterne-Marr R, Hosey MM, Benovic JL: Arrestin interactions with G protein-coupled receptors. Direct binding studies of wild type and mutant arrestins with rhodopsin, beta 2-adrenergic, and m2 muscarinic cholinergic receptors. J Biol Chem. 1995 Jan 13;270(2):720-31. [PubMed ]
14. Lin FT, Krueger KM, Kendall HE, Daaka Y, Fredericks ZL, Pitcher JA, Lefkowitz RJ: Clathrin-mediated endocytosis of the beta-adrenergic receptor is regulated by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of beta-arrestin1. J Biol Chem. 1997 Dec 5;272(49):31051-7. [PubMed ]
15. Cao TT, Deacon HW, Reczek D, Bretscher A, von Zastrow M: A kinase-regulated PDZ-domain interaction controls endocytic sorting of the beta2-adrenergic receptor. Nature. 1999 Sep 16;401(6750):286-90. [PubMed ]
16. Luttrell LM, Ferguson SS, Daaka Y, Miller WE, Maudsley S, Della Rocca GJ, Lin F, Kawakatsu H, Owada K, Luttrell DK, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ: Beta-arrestin-dependent formation of beta2 adrenergic receptor-Src protein kinase complexes. Science. 1999 Jan 29;283(5402):655-61. [PubMed ]
17. Moffett S, Rousseau G, Lagace M, Bouvier M: The palmitoylation state of the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor regulates the synergistic action of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and beta-adrenergic receptor kinase involved in its phosphorylation and desensitization. J Neurochem. 2001 Jan;76(1):269-79. [PubMed ]
18. Whistler JL, Enquist J, Marley A, Fong J, Gladher F, Tsuruda P, Murray SR, Von Zastrow M: Modulation of postendocytic sorting of G protein-coupled receptors. Science. 2002 Jul 26;297(5581):615-20. [PubMed ]
19. Matsuoka S, Ballif BA, Smogorzewska A, McDonald ER 3rd, Hurov KE, Luo J, Bakalarski CE, Zhao Z, Solimini N, Lerenthal Y, Shiloh Y, Gygi SP, Elledge SJ: ATM and ATR substrate analysis reveals extensive protein networks responsive to DNA damage. Science. 2007 May 25;316(5828):1160-6. [PubMed ]
20. Berthouze M, Venkataramanan V, Li Y, Shenoy SK: The deubiquitinases USP33 and USP20 coordinate beta2 adrenergic receptor recycling and resensitization. EMBO J. 2009 Jun 17;28(12):1684-96. Epub 2009 May 7. [PubMed ]
21. Rasmussen SG, Choi HJ, Rosenbaum DM, Kobilka TS, Thian FS, Edwards PC, Burghammer M, Ratnala VR, Sanishvili R, Fischetti RF, Schertler GF, Weis WI, Kobilka BK: Crystal structure of the human beta2 adrenergic G-protein-coupled receptor. Nature. 2007 Nov 15;450(7168):383-7. Epub 2007 Oct 21. [PubMed ]
22. Cherezov V, Rosenbaum DM, Hanson MA, Rasmussen SG, Thian FS, Kobilka TS, Choi HJ, Kuhn P, Weis WI, Kobilka BK, Stevens RC: High-resolution crystal structure of an engineered human beta2-adrenergic G protein-coupled receptor. Science. 2007 Nov 23;318(5854):1258-65. Epub 2007 Oct 25. [PubMed ]
23. Hanson MA, Cherezov V, Griffith MT, Roth CB, Jaakola VP, Chien EY, Velasquez J, Kuhn P, Stevens RC: A specific cholesterol binding site is established by the 2.8 A structure of the human beta2-adrenergic receptor. Structure. 2008 Jun;16(6):897-905. [PubMed ]
24. Green SA, Turki J, Innis M, Liggett SB: Amino-terminal polymorphisms of the human beta 2-adrenergic receptor impart distinct agonist-promoted regulatory properties. Biochemistry. 1994 Aug 16;33(32):9414-9. [PubMed ]
25. Turki J, Pak J, Green SA, Martin RJ, Liggett SB: Genetic polymorphisms of the beta 2-adrenergic receptor in nocturnal and nonnocturnal asthma. Evidence that Gly16 correlates with the nocturnal phenotype. J Clin Invest. 1995 Apr;95(4):1635-41. [PubMed ]

1. Norepinephrine transporter
2. NET
3. Solute carrier family 6 member 2

MLLARMNPQVQPENNGADTGPEQPLRARKTAELLVVKERNGVQCLLAPRDGDAQPRETWG
KKIDFLLSVVGFAVDLANVWRFPYLCYKNGGGAFLIPYTLFLIIAGMPLFYMELALGQYN
REGAATVWKICPFFKGVGYAVILIALYVGFYYNVIIAWSLYYLFSSFTLNLPWTDCGHTW
NSPNCTDPKLLNGSVLGNHTKYSKYKFTPAAEFYERGVLHLHESSGIHDIGLPQWQLLLC
LMVVVIVLYFSLWKGVKTSGKVVWITATLPYFVLFVLLVHGVTLPGASNGINAYLHIDFY
RLKEATVWIDAATQIFFSLGAGFGVLIAFASYNKFDNNCYRDALLTSSINCITSFVSGFA
IFSILGYMAHEHKVNIEDVATEGAGLVFILYPEAISTLSGSTFWAVVFFVMLLALGLDSS
MGGMEAVITGLADDFQVLKRHRKLFTFGVTFSTFLLALFCITKGGIYVLTLLDTFAAGTS
ILFAVLMEAIGVSWFYGVDRFSNDIQQMMGFRPGLYWRLCWKFVSPAFLLFVVVVSIINF
KPLTYDDYIFPPWANWVGWGIALSSMVLVPIYVIYKFLSTQGSLWERLAYGITPENEHHL
VAQRDIRQFQLQHWLAI

• SNF (PF00209 )

• None

• 65-85 93-112 136-156 235-253 262-279 315-332 344-365 398-417 444-462 478-498 519-538 557-575

ATGCTTCTGGCGCGGATGAACCCGCAGGTGCAGCCCGAGAACAACGGGGCGGACACGGGT
CCAGAGCAGCCCCTTCGGGCGCGCAAAACTGCGGAGCTGCTGGTGGTGAAGGAGCGCAAC
GGCGTCCAGTGCCTGCTGGCGCCCCGCGACGGCGACGCGCAGCCCCGGGAGACCTGGGGC
AAGAAGATCGACTTCCTGCTGTCCGTAGTCGGCTTCGCAGTGGACCTGGCCAACGTGTGG
CGCTTCCCCTACCTCTGCTACAAGAACGGCGGCGGTGCCTTCTTGATCCCGTACACACTG
TTCCTTATCATCGCGGGGATGCCCCTGTTCTACATGGAGCTGGCTCTGGGACAGTACAAC
CGGGAGGGGGCTGCCACCGTTTGGAAAATCTGCCCATTCTTCAAAGGCGTTGGCTATGCT
GTCATCCTGATCGCCCTGTACGTTGGCTTCTACTACAACGTCATCATCGCCTGGTCACTC
TACTACCTCTTCTCCTCCTTCACCCTCAACCTGCCCTGGACCGACTGTGGCCACACCTGG
AACAGCCCCAACTGTACCGACCCCAAGCTCCTCAATGGCTCCGTGCTTGGCAACCACACC
AAGTACTCCAAGTACAAGTTCACGCCGGCAGCCGAGTTTTATGAGCGTGGTGTCCTGCAC
CTTCACGAGAGCAGCGGGATTCATGACATCGGCCTGCCCCAGTGGCAGCTCTTGCTCTGT
CTGATGGTCGTCGTCATCGTCTTGTATTTTAGCCTCTGGAAAGGGGTGAAGACATCAGGA
AAGGTGGTGTGGATCACAGCCACGCTGCCTTACTTCGTGCTGTTCGTGCTCCTGGTCCAT
GGCGTCACGCTGCCCGGAGCCTCCAATGGCATCAATGCCTACCTGCACATCGACTTCTAC
CGCTTGAAAGAGGCCACGGTATGGATTGATGCCGCAACTCAGATATTTTTTTCCTTGGGG
GCTGGATTTGGAGTATTGATTGCATTTGCCAGTTACAACAAATTTGACAACAACTGTTAC
AGGGATGCCCTGCTGACCAGCAGCATCAACTGTATCACCAGCTTCGTCTCTGGGTTCGCC
ATCTTCTCCATCCTTGGTTACATGGCCCATGAACACAAGGTCAACATTGAGGATGTGGCC
ACAGAAGGAGCTGGCCTAGTGTTCATCCTGTATCCAGAGGCCATTTCTACCCTGTCTGGA
TCTACATTCTGGGCTGTTGTGTTTTTCGTCATGCTCCTGGCGCTGGGCCTTGACAGCTCA
ATGGGAGGCATGGAGGCTGTCATCACGGGCCTGGCAGATGACTTCCAGGTCCTGAAGCGA
CACCGGAAACTCTTCACATTTGGCGTCACCTTCAGCACTTTCCTTCTCGCCCTGTTCTGC
ATAACCAAGGGTGGAATTTACGTCTTGACCCTCCTGGACACCTTTGCTGCGGGCACCTCC
ATCCTTTTTGCTGTCCTCATGGAAGCCATCGGAGTTTCCTGGTTTTATGGAGTGGACAGG
TTCAGCAACGACATCCAGCAGATGATGGGGTTCAGGCCGGGTCTATACTGGAGACTGTGC
TGGAAGTTCGTCAGTCCTGCCTTCCTCCTGTTCGTGGTTGTGGTCAGCATCATCAACTTC
AAGCCACTCACCTACGACGACTACATCTTCCCGCCCTGGGCCAACTGGGTGGGGTGGGGC
ATCGCCCTGTCCTCCATGGTCCTGGTGCCCATCTACGTCATCTATAAGTTCCTCAGCACG
CAGGGCTCTCTTTGGGAGAGACTGGCCTATGGCATCACGCCAGAGAACGAGCACCACCTG
GTGGCTCAGAGGGACATCAGACAGTTCCAGTTGCAACACTGGCTGGCCATCTGA

1. Pacholczyk T, Blakely RD, Amara SG: Expression cloning of a cocaine- and antidepressant-sensitive human noradrenaline transporter. Nature. 1991 Mar 28;350(6316):350-4. [PubMed ]
2. Porzgen P, Bonisch H, Bruss M: Molecular cloning and organization of the coding region of the human norepinephrine transporter gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995 Oct 24;215(3):1145-50. [PubMed ]
3. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed ]
4. Torres GE, Yao WD, Mohn AR, Quan H, Kim KM, Levey AI, Staudinger J, Caron MG: Functional interaction between monoamine plasma membrane transporters and the synaptic PDZ domain-containing protein PICK1. Neuron. 2001 Apr;30(1):121-34. [PubMed ]
5. Shannon JR, Flattem NL, Jordan J, Jacob G, Black BK, Biaggioni I, Blakely RD, Robertson D: Orthostatic intolerance and tachycardia associated with norepinephrine-transporter deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2000 Feb 24;342(8):541-9. [PubMed ]

1. Alpha-1A adrenoreceptor
2. Alpha-1A adrenoceptor
3. Alpha-1C adrenergic receptor
4. Alpha-adrenergic receptor 1c

MVFLSGNASDSSNCTQPPAPVNISKAILLGVILGGLILFGVLGNILVILSVACHRHLHSV
THYYIVNLAVADLLLTSTVLPFSAIFEVLGYWAFGRVFCNIWAAVDVLCCTASIMGLCII
SIDRYIGVSYPLRYPTIVTQRRGLMALLCVWALSLVISIGPLFGWRQPAPEDETICQINE
EPGYVLFSALGSFYLPLAIILVMYCRVYVVAKRESRGLKSGLKTDKSDSEQVTLRIHRKN
APAGGSGMASAKTKTHFSVRLLKFSREKKAAKTLGIVVGCFVLCWLPFFLVMPIGSFFPD
FKPSETVFKIVFWLGYLNSCINPIIYPCSSQEFKKAFQNVLRIQCLCRKQSSKHALGYTL
HPPSQAVEGQHKDMVRIPVGSRETFYRISKTDGVCEWKFFSSMPRGSARITVSKDQSSCT
TARVRSKSFLQVCCCVGPSTPSLDKNHQVPTIKVHTISLSENGEEV

• 7tm_1 (PF00001 )

• None

• 28-51 65-88 100-122 144-167 182-205 274-297 306-329

ATGGTGTTTCTCTCGGGAAATGCTTCCGACAGCTCCAACTGCACCCAACCGCCGGCACCG
GTGAACATTTCCAAGGCCATTCTGCTCGGGGTGATCTTGGGGGGCCTCATTCTTTTCGGG
GTGCTGGGTAACATCCTAGTGATCCTCTCCGTAGCCTGTCACCGACACCTGCACTCAGTC
ACGCACTACTACATCGTCAACCTGGCGGTGGCCGACCTCCTGCTCACCTCCACGGTGCTG
CCCTTCTCCGCCATCTTCGAGGTCCTAGGCTACTGGGCCTTCGGCAGGGTCTTCTGCAAC
ATCTGGGCGGCAGTGGATGTGCTGTGCTGCACCGCGTCCATCATGGGCCTCTGCATCATC
TCCATCGACCGCTACATCGGCGTGAGCTACCCGCTGCGCTACCCAACCATCGTCACCCAG
AGGAGGGGTCTCATGGCTCTGCTCTGCGTCTGGGCACTCTCCCTGGTCATATCCATTGGA
CCCCTGTTCGGCTGGAGGCAGCCGGCCCCCGAGGACGAGACCATCTGCCAGATCAACGAG
GAGCCGGGCTACGTGCTCTTCTCAGCGCTGGGCTCCTTCTACCTGCCTCTGGCCATCATC
CTGGTCATGTACTGCCGCGTCTACGTGGTGGCCAAGAGGGAGAGCCGGGGCCTCAAGTCT
GGCCTCAAGACCGACAAGTCGGACTCGGAGCAAGTGACGCTCCGCATCCATCGGAAAAAC
GCCCCGGCAGGAGGCAGCGGGATGGCCAGCGCCAAGACCAAGACGCACTTCTCAGTGAGG
CTCCTCAAGTTCTCCCGGGAGAAGAAAGCGGCCAAAACGCTGGGCATCGTGGTCGGCTGC
TTCGTCCTCTGCTGGCTGCCTTTTTTCTTAGTCATGCCCATTGGGTCTTTCTTCCCTGAT
TTCAAGCCCTCTGAAACAGTTTTTAAAATAGTATTTTGGCTCGGATATCTAAACAGCTGC
ATCAACCCCATCATATACCCATGCTCCAGCCAAGAGTTCAAAAAGGCCTTTCAGAATGTC
TTGAGAATCCAGTGTCTCTGCAGAAAGCAGTCTTCCAAACATGCCCTGGGCTACACCCTG
CACCCGCCCAGCCAGGCCGTGGAAGGGCAACACAAGGACATGGTGCGCATCCCCGTGGGA
TCAAGAGAGACCTTCTACAGGATCTCCAAGACGGATGGCGTTTGTGAATGGAAATTTTTC
TCTTCCATGCCCCGTGGATCTGCCAGGATTACAGTGTCCAAAGACCAATCCTCCTGTACC
ACAGCCCGGGTGAGAAGTAAAAGCTTTTTGCAGGTCTGCTGCTGTGTAGGGCCCTCAACC
CCCAGCCTTGACAAGAACCATCAAGTTCCAACCATTAAGGTCCACACCATCTCCCTCAGT
GAGAACGGGGAGGAAGTCTAG

1. Hirasawa A, Horie K, Tanaka T, Takagaki K, Murai M, Yano J, Tsujimoto G: Cloning, functional expression and tissue distribution of human cDNA for the alpha 1C-adrenergic receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1993 Sep 15;195(2):902-9. [PubMed ]
2. Weinberg DH, Trivedi P, Tan CP, Mitra S, Perkins-Barrow A, Borkowski D, Strader CD, Bayne M: Cloning, expression and characterization of human alpha adrenergic receptors alpha 1a, alpha 1b and alpha 1c. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994 Jun 30;201(3):1296-304. [PubMed ]
3. Forray C, Bard JA, Wetzel JM, Chiu G, Shapiro E, Tang R, Lepor H, Hartig PR, Weinshank RL, Branchek TA, et al.: The alpha 1-adrenergic receptor that mediates smooth muscle contraction in human prostate has the pharmacological properties of the cloned human alpha 1c subtype. Mol Pharmacol. 1994 Apr;45(4):703-8. [PubMed ]
4. Tseng-Crank J, Kost T, Goetz A, Hazum S, Roberson KM, Haizlip J, Godinot N, Robertson CN, Saussy D: The alpha 1C-adrenoceptor in human prostate: cloning, functional expression, and localization to specific prostatic cell types. Br J Pharmacol. 1995 Aug;115(8):1475-85. [PubMed ]
5. Hirasawa A, Shibata K, Horie K, Takei Y, Obika K, Tanaka T, Muramoto N, Takagaki K, Yano J, Tsujimoto G: Cloning, functional expression and tissue distribution of human alpha 1c-adrenoceptor splice variants. FEBS Lett. 1995 Apr 24;363(3):256-60. [PubMed ]
6. Schwinn DA, Johnston GI, Page SO, Mosley MJ, Wilson KH, Worman NP, Campbell S, Fidock MD, Furness LM, Parry-Smith DJ, et al.: Cloning and pharmacological characterization of human alpha-1 adrenergic receptors: sequence corrections and direct comparison with other species homologues. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1995 Jan;272(1):134-42. [PubMed ]
7. Chang DJ, Chang TK, Yamanishi SS, Salazar FH, Kosaka AH, Khare R, Bhakta S, Jasper JR, Shieh IS, Lesnick JD, Ford AP, Daniels DV, Eglen RM, Clarke DE, Bach C, Chan HW: Molecular cloning, genomic characterization and expression of novel human alpha1A-adrenoceptor isoforms. FEBS Lett. 1998 Jan 30;422(2):279-83. [PubMed ]
8. Coge F, Guenin SP, Renouard-Try A, Rique H, Ouvry C, Fabry N, Beauverger P, Nicolas JP, Galizzi JP, Boutin JA, Canet E: Truncated isoforms inhibit [3H]prazosin binding and cellular trafficking of native human alpha1A-adrenoceptors. Biochem J. 1999 Oct 1;343 Pt 1:231-9. [PubMed ]
9. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed ]
10. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
11. Faure C, Pimoule C, Vallancien G, Langer SZ, Graham D: Identification of alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtypes present in the human prostate. Life Sci. 1994;54(21):1595-605. [PubMed ]
12. Shibata K, Hirasawa A, Moriyama N, Kawabe K, Ogawa S, Tsujimoto G: Alpha 1a-adrenoceptor polymorphism: pharmacological characterization and association with benign prostatic hypertrophy. Br J Pharmacol. 1996 Jul;118(6):1403-8. [PubMed ]
13. Sofowora GG, Dishy V, Landau R, Xie HG, Prasad HC, Byrne DW, Smiley RM, Kim RB, Wood AJ, Stein CM: Alpha 1A-adrenergic receptor polymorphism and vascular response. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2004 Jun;75(6):539-45. [PubMed ]
14. Sjoblom T, Jones S, Wood LD, Parsons DW, Lin J, Barber TD, Mandelker D, Leary RJ, Ptak J, Silliman N, Szabo S, Buckhaults P, Farrell C, Meeh P, Markowitz SD, Willis J, Dawson D, Willson JK, Gazdar AF, Hartigan J, Wu L, Liu C, Parmigiani G, Park BH, Bachman KE, Papadopoulos N, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW, Velculescu VE: The consensus coding sequences of human breast and colorectal cancers. Science. 2006 Oct 13;314(5797):268-74. Epub 2006 Sep 7. [PubMed ]

1. Alpha-1B adrenoreceptor
2. Alpha-1B adrenoceptor

MNPDLDTGHNTSAPAHWGELKNANFTGPNQTSSNSTLPQLDITRAISVGLVLGAFILFAI
VGNILVILSVACNRHLRTPTNYFIVNLAMADLLLSFTVLPFSAALEVLGYWVLGRIFCDI
WAAVDVLCCTASILSLCAISIDRYIGVRYSLQYPTLVTRRKAILALLSVWVLSTVISIGP
LLGWKEPAPNDDKECGVTEEPFYALFSSLGSFYIPLAVILVMYCRVYIVAKRTTKNLEAG
VMKEMSNSKELTLRIHSKNFHEDTLSSTKAKGHNPRSSIAVKLFKFSREKKAAKTLGIVV
GMFILCWLPFFIALPLGSLFSTLKPPDAVFKVVFWLGYFNSCLNPIIYPCSSKEFKRAFV
RILGCQCRGRGRRRRRRRRRLGGCAYTYRPWTRGGSLERSQSRKDSLDDSGSCLSGSQRT
LPSASPSPGYLGRGAPPPVELCAFPEWKAPGALLSLPAPEPPGRRGRHDSGPLFTFKLLT
EPESPGTDGGASNGGCEAAADVANGQPGFKSNMPLAPGQF

• 7tm_1 (PF00001 )

• None

• 46-70 84-105 116-141 162-184 202-224 296-319 327-351

ATGAATCCCGACCTGGACACCGGCCACAACACATCAGCACCTGCCCACTGGGGAGAGTTG
AAAAATGCCAACTTCACTGGCCCCAACCAGACCTCGAGCAACTCCACACTGCCCCAGCTG
GACATCACCAGGGCCATCTCTGTGGGCCTGGTGCTGGGCGCCTTCATCCTCTTTGCCATC
GTGGGCAACATCCTAGTCATCTTGTCTGTGGCCTGCAACCGGCACCTGCGGACGCCCACC
AACTACTTCATTGTCAACCTGGCCATGGCCGACCTGCTGTTGAGCTTCACCGTCCTGCCC
TTCTCAGCGGCCCTAGAGGTGCTCGGCTACTGGGTGCTGGGGCGGATCTTCTGTGACATC
TGGGCAGCCGTGGATGTCCTGTGCTGCACAGCGTCCATTCTGAGCCTGTGCGCCATCTCC
ATCGATCGCTACATCGGGGTGCGCTACTCTCTGCAGTATCCCACGCTGGTCACCCGGAGG
AAGGCCATCTTGGCGCTGCTCAGTGTCTGGGTCTTGTCCACCGTCATCTCCATCGGGCCT
CTCCTTGGGTGGAAGGAGCCGGCACCCAACGATGACAAGGAGTGCGGGGTCACCGAAGAA
CCCTTCTATGCCCTCTTCTCCTCTCTGGGCTCCTTCTACATCCCTCTGGCGGTCATTCTA
GTCATGTACTGCCGTGTCTATATAGTGGCCAAGAGAACCACCAAGAACCTAGAGGCAGGA
GTCATGAAGGAGATGTCCAACTCCAAGGAGCTGACCCTGAGGATCCATTCCAAGAACTTT
CACGAGGACACCCTTAGCAGTACCAAGGCCAAGGGCCACAACCCCAGGAGTTCCATAGCT
GTCAAACTTTTTAAGTTCTCCAGGGAAAAGAAAGCAGCTAAGACGTTGGGCATTGTGGTC
GGTATGTTCATCTTGTGCTGGCTACCCTTCTTCATCGCTCTACCGCTTGGCTCCTTGTTC
TCCACCCTGAAGCCCCCCGACGCCGTGTTCAAGGTGGTGTTCTGGCTGGGCTACTTCAAC
AGCTGCCTCAACCCCATCATCTACCCATGCTCCAGCAAGGAGTTCAAGCGCGCTTTCGTG
CGCATCCTCGGGTGCCAGTGCCGCGGCCGCGGCCGCCGCCGACGCCGCCGCCGCCGTCGC
CTGGGCGGCTGCGCCTACACCTACCGGCCGTGGACGCGCGGCGGCTCGCTGGAGCGCTCG
CAGTCGCGCAAGGACTCGCTGGACGACAGCGGCAGCTGCCTGAGCGGCAGCCAGCGGACC
CTGCCCTCGGCCTCGCCGAGCCCGGGCTACCTGGGCCGCGGCGCGCCACCGCCAGTCGAG
CTGTGCGCCTTCCCCGAGTGGAAGGCGCCCGGCGCCCTCCTGAGCCTGCCCGCGCCTGAG
CCCCCCGGCCGCCGCGGCCGCCACGACTCGGGCCCGCTCTTCACCTTCAAGCTCCTGACC
GAGCCCGAGAGCCCCGGGACCGACGGCGGCGCCAGCAACGGAGGCTGCGAGGCCGCGGCC
GACGTGGCCAACGGGCAGCCGGGCTTCAAAAGCAACATGCCCCTGGCGCCCGGGCAGTTT
TAG

1. Ramarao CS, Denker JM, Perez DM, Gaivin RJ, Riek RP, Graham RM: Genomic organization and expression of the human alpha 1B-adrenergic receptor. J Biol Chem. 1992 Oct 25;267(30):21936-45. [PubMed ]
2. Forray C, Bard JA, Wetzel JM, Chiu G, Shapiro E, Tang R, Lepor H, Hartig PR, Weinshank RL, Branchek TA, et al.: The alpha 1-adrenergic receptor that mediates smooth muscle contraction in human prostate has the pharmacological properties of the cloned human alpha 1c subtype. Mol Pharmacol. 1994 Apr;45(4):703-8. [PubMed ]
3. Schwinn DA, Johnston GI, Page SO, Mosley MJ, Wilson KH, Worman NP, Campbell S, Fidock MD, Furness LM, Parry-Smith DJ, et al.: Cloning and pharmacological characterization of human alpha-1 adrenergic receptors: sequence corrections and direct comparison with other species homologues. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1995 Jan;272(1):134-42. [PubMed ]
4. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]

1. Synaptotagmin V
2. SytV

MFPEPPTPGPPSPDTPPDSSRISHGPVPPWALATIVLVSGLLIFSCCFCLYRKSCRRRTG
KKSQAQAQVHLQEVKGLGQSYIDKVQPEVEELEPAPSGPGQQVADKHELGRLQYSLDYDF
QSGQLLVGILQAMGLAALDLGGSSDPYVRVYLLPDKRRRYETKVHRQTLNPHFGETFAFK
VPYVELGGRVLVMAVYDFDRFSRNDAIGEVRVPMSSVDLGRPVQAWRELQAAPREEQEKL
GDICFSLRYVPTAGKLTVIVLEAKNLKKMDVGGLSDPYVKVHLLQGGKKVRKKKTTIKKN
TLNPYYNEAFSFEVPCDQVQKVQVELTVLDYDKLGKNEAIGRVAVGAAAGGAGLRHWADM
LANPRRPIAQWHSLRPPDRVRLLPAP

• C2 (PF00168 )

• None

• 25-45

ATGTTCCCGGAGCCCCCAACCCCGGGGCCTCCATCGCCCGACACGCCTCCCGACTCCAGT
CGCATCAGCCACGGCCCAGTGCCCCCCTGGGCCCTGGCCACCATCGTGCTGGTCTCAGGC
CTCCTCATCTTCAGCTGCTGTTTCTGTCTCTACCGGAAGAGCTGTCGGAGGCGGACAGGC
AAGAAGAGCCAGGCCCAAGCCCAGGTCCACCTTCAGGAAGTGAAGGGGCTGGGCCAGAGT
TACATAGACAAGGTGCAGCCAGAAGTAGAGGAGCTGGAGCCAGCACCATCCGGGCCAGGG
CAGCAGGTGGCAGACAAGCATGAGCTAGGACAACTGCAGTACTCCCTGGATTATGACTTC
CAGAGTGGCCAGCTGCTGGTGGGCATTCTGCAAGCAATGGGATTGGCAGCCTTGGATCTT
GGTGGCTCCTCGGACCCCTATGTGCGGGTCTACCTGCTGCCGGACAAACGGAGGCGGTAC
GAGACCAAGGTGCATCGGCAGACGCTGAACCCTCACTTTGGGGAGACCTTCGCCTTCAAG
GTCCCCTACGTGGAGCTGGGGGGCAGGGTGCTGGTCATGGCGGTGTACGACTTCGACCGC
TTCTCTCGCAATGACGCCATCGGGGAGGTGCGGGTCCCTATGAGCTCCGTGGACCTGGGG
CGGCCAGTGCAGGCCTGGCGGGAGCTGCAGGCGGCTCCGCGGGAGGAGCAGGAGAAGCTT
GGGGACATCTGCTTCTCCCTCCGCTATGTCCCCACGGCCGGGAAGCTCACCGTCATCGTC
CTGGAGGCTAAAAACCTGAAGAAGATGGACGTAGGAGGACTGTCAGATCCATACGTCAAG
GTCCACCTGCTGCAGGGCGGCAAAAAGGTGCGGAAGAAGAAAACCACCATCAAGAAGAAC
ACTCTGAACCCCTATTACAACGAAGCTTTCAGCTTCGAGGTGCCCTGTGACCAAGTCCAG
AAGGTGCAGGTGGAGCTGACCGTGCTGGACTACGACAAGCTGGGCAAGAACGAGGCCATC
GGGAGGGTGGCCGTGGGGGCGGCCGCCGGCGGGGCTGGCCTGCGGCACTGGGCGGACATG
CTGGCCAACCCGCGGCGGCCCATTGCCCAGTGGCACTCGCTGCGGCCCCCGGACCGAGTG
AGGCTGCTGCCTGCGCCCTGA

1. Craxton M, Olsen A, Goedert M: Human synaptotagmin V (SYT5): sequence, genomic structure, and chromosomal location. Genomics. 1997 May 15;42(1):165-9. [PubMed ]
2. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]

MSNKCDVVVVGGGISGMAAAKLLHDSGLNVVVLEARDRVGGRTYTLRNQKVKYVDLGGSY
VGPTQNRILRLAKELGLETYKVNEVERLIHHVKGKSYPFRGPFPPVWNPITYLDHNNFWR
TMDDMGREIPSDAPWKAPLAEEWDNMTMKELLDKLCWTESAKQLATLFVNLCVTAETHEV
SALWFLWYVKQCGGTTRIISTTNGGQERKFVGGSGQVSERIMDLLGDRVKLERPVIYIDQ
TRENVLVETLNHEMYEAKYVISAIPPTLGMKIHFNPPLPMMRNQMITRVPLGSVIKCIVY
YKEPFWRKKDYCGTMIIDGEEAPVAYTLDDTKPEGNYAAIMGFILAHKARKLARLTKEER
LKKLCELYAKVLGSLEALEPVHYEEKNWCEEQYSGGCYTTYFPPGILTQYGRVLRQPVDR
IYFAGTETATHWSGYMEGAVEAGERAAREILHAMGKIPEDEIWQSEPESVDVPAQPITTT
FLERHLPSVPGLLRLIGLTTIFSATALGFLAHKRGLLVRV

• Amino_oxidase (PF01593 )

• None

• None

1. Beta-3 adrenoreceptor
2. Beta-3 adrenoceptor

MAPWPHENSSLAPWPDLPTLAPNTANTSGLPGVPWEAALAGALLALAVLATVGGNLLVIV
AIAWTPRLQTMTNVFVTSLAAADLVMGLLVVPPAATLALTGHWPLGATGCELWTSVDVLC
VTASIETLCALAVDRYLAVTNPLRYGALVTKRCARTAVVLVWVVSAAVSFAPIMSQWWRV
GADAEAQRCHSNPRCCAFASNMPYVLLSSSVSFYLPLLVMLFVYARVFVVATRQLRLLRG
ELGRFPPEESPPAPSRSLAPAPVGTCAPPEGVPACGRRPARLLPLREHRALCTLGLIMGT
FTLCWLPFFLANVLRALGGPSLVPGPAFLALNWLGYANSAFNPLIYCRSPDFRSAFRRLL
CRCGRRLPPEPCAAARPALFPSGVPAARSSPAQPRLCQRLDGASWGVS

• 7tm_1 (PF00001 )

• None

• 37-63 73-91 112-133 156-178 204-225 293-314 327-347

ATGGCTCCGTGGCCTCACGAGAACAGCTCTCTTGCCCCATGGCCGGACCTCCCCACCCTG
GCGCCCAATACCGCCAACACCAGTGGGCTGCCAGGGGTTCCGTGGGAGGCGGCCCTAGCC
GGGGCCCTGCTGGCGCTGGCGGTGCTGGCCACCGTGGGAGGCAACCTGCTGGTCATCGTG
GCCATCGCCTGGACTCCGAGACTCCAGACCATGACCAACGTGTTCGTGACTTCGCTGGCC
GCAGCCGACCTGGTGATGGGACTCCTGGTGGTGCCGCCGGCGGCCACCTTGGCGCTGACT
GGCCACTGGCCGTTGGGCGCCACTGGCTGCGAGCTGTGGACCTCGGTGGACGTGCTGTGT
GTGACCGCCAGCATCGAAACCCTGTGCGCCCTGGCCGTGGACCGCTACCTGGCTGTGACC
AACCCGCTGCGTTACGGCGCACTGGTCACCAAGCGCTGCGCCCGGACAGCTGTGGTCCTG
GTGTGGGTCGTGTCGGCCGCGGTGTCGTTTGCGCCCATCATGAGCCAGTGGTGGCGCGTA
GGGGCCGACGCCGAGGCGCAGCGCTGCCACTCCAACCCGCGCTGCTGTGCCTTCGCCTCC
AACATGCCCTACGTGCTGCTGTCCTCCTCCGTCTCCTTCTACCTTCCTCTTCTCGTGATG
CTCTTCGTCTACGCGCGGGTTTTCGTGGTGGCTACGCGCCAGCTGCGCTTGCTGCGCGGG
GAGCTGGGCCGCTTTCCGCCCGAGGAGTCTCCGCCGGCGCCGTCGCGCTCTCTGGCCCCG
GCCCCGGTGGGGACGTGCGCTCCGCCCGAAGGGGTGCCCGCCTGCGGCCGGCGGCCCGCG
CGCCTCCTGCCTCTCCGGGAACACCGGGCCCTGTGCACCTTGGGTCTCATCATGGGCACC
TTCACTCTCTGCTGGTTGCCCTTCTTTCTGGCCAACGTGCTGCGCGCCCTGGGGGGCCCC
TCTCTAGTCCCGGGCCCGGCTTTCCTTGCCCTGAACTGGCTAGGTTATGCCAATTCTGCC
TTCAACCCGCTCATCTACTGCCGCAGCCCGGACTTTCGCAGCGCCTTCCGCCGTCTTCTG
TGCCGCTGCGGCCGTCGCCTGCCTCCGGAGCCCTGCGCCGCCGCCCGCCCGGCCCTCTTC
CCCTCGGGCGTTCCTGCGGCCCGGAGCAGCCCAGCGCAGCCCAGGCTTTGCCAACGGCTC
GACGGGGCTTCTTGGGGAGTTTCTTAG

1. Emorine LJ, Marullo S, Briend-Sutren MM, Patey G, Tate K, Delavier-Klutchko C, Strosberg AD: Molecular characterization of the human beta 3-adrenergic receptor. Science. 1989 Sep 8;245(4922):1118-21. [PubMed ]
2. van Spronsen A, Nahmias C, Krief S, Briend-Sutren MM, Strosberg AD, Emorine LJ: The promoter and intron/exon structure of the human and mouse beta 3-adrenergic-receptor genes. Eur J Biochem. 1993 May 1;213(3):1117-24. [PubMed ]
3. Lelias JM, Kaghad M, Rodriguez M, Chalon P, Bonnin J, Dupre I, Delpech B, Bensaid M, LeFur G, Ferrara P, et al.: Molecular cloning of a human beta 3-adrenergic receptor cDNA. FEBS Lett. 1993 Jun 14;324(2):127-30. [PubMed ]
4. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
5. Granneman JG, Lahners KN, Rao DD: Rodent and human beta 3-adrenergic receptor genes contain an intron within the protein-coding block. Mol Pharmacol. 1992 Dec;42(6):964-70. [PubMed ]
6. Clement K, Vaisse C, Manning BS, Basdevant A, Guy-Grand B, Ruiz J, Silver KD, Shuldiner AR, Froguel P, Strosberg AD: Genetic variation in the beta 3-adrenergic receptor and an increased capacity to gain weight in patients with morbid obesity. N Engl J Med. 1995 Aug 10;333(6):352-4. [PubMed ]
7. Fujisawa T, Ikegami H, Yamato E, Takekawa K, Nakagawa Y, Hamada Y, Oga T, Ueda H, Shintani M, Fukuda M, Ogihara T: Association of Trp64Arg mutation of the beta3-adrenergic-receptor with NIDDM and body weight gain. Diabetologia. 1996 Mar;39(3):349-52. [PubMed ]
8. Candelore MR, Deng L, Tota LM, Kelly LJ, Cascieri MA, Strader CD: Pharmacological characterization of a recently described human beta 3-adrenergic receptor mutant. Endocrinology. 1996 Jun;137(6):2638-41. [PubMed ]
9. Halushka MK, Fan JB, Bentley K, Hsie L, Shen N, Weder A, Cooper R, Lipshutz R, Chakravarti A: Patterns of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in candidate genes for blood-pressure homeostasis. Nat Genet. 1999 Jul;22(3):239-47. [PubMed ]

KFLSTQGSLWERLAYGITPENEHHLVAQRDIRQFQMKTRQGRRRATNSCQISC

• None

• None

AAGTTCCTCAGCACGCAGGGCTCTCTTTGGGAGAGACTGGCCTATGGCATCACGCCAGAG
AACGAGCACCACCTGGTGGCTCAGAGGGACATCAGACAGTTCCAGATGAAAACGAGACAA
GGGAGAAGGAGAGCTACCAACTCTTGCCAGATATCCTGCTGA

1. Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor subtype C4
2. Alpha-2C adrenoreceptor
3. Alpha-2C adrenoceptor
4. Alpha-2CAR

MASPALAAALAVAAAAGPNASGAGERGSGGVANASGASWGPPRGQYSAGAVAGLAAVVGF
LIVFTVVGNVLVVIAVLTSRALRAPQNLFLVSLASADILVATLVMPFSLANELMAYWYFG
QVWCGVYLALDVLFCTSSIVHLCAISLDRYWSVTQAVEYNLKRTPRRVKATIVAVWLISA
VISFPPLVSLYRQPDGAAYPQCGLNDETWYILSSCIGSFFAPCLIMGLVYARIYRVAKLR
TRTLSEKRAPVGPDGASPTTENGLGAAAGAGENGHCAPPPADVEPDESSAAAERRRRRGA
LRRGGRRRAGAEGGAGGADGQGAGPGAAESGALTASRSPGPGGRLSRASSRSVEFFLSRR
RRARSSVCRRKVAQAREKRFTFVLAVVMGVFVLCWFPFFFSYSLYGICREACQVPGPLFK
FFFWIGYCNSSLNPVIYTVFNQDFRRSFKHILFRRRRRGFRQ

• 7tm_1 (PF00001 )

• None

• 52-76 89-114 125-147 169-191 208-231 380-407 421-441

ATGGCGTCCCCGGCGCTGGCGGCGGCGCTGGCGGTGGCGGCAGCGGCGGGCCCCAATGCG
AGCGGCGCGGGCGAGAGGGGCAGCGGCGGGGTTGCCAATGCCTCGGGGGCTTCCTGGGGG
CCGCCGCGCGGCCAGTACTCGGCGGGCGCGGTGGCAGGGCTGGCTGCCGTGGTGGGCTTC
CTCATCGTCTTCACCGTGGTGGGCAACGTGCTGGTGGTGATCGCCGTGCTGACCAGCCGG
GCGCTGCGCGCGCCACAGAACCTCTTCCTGGTGTCGCTGGCCTCGGCCGACATCCTGGTG
GCCACGCTGGTCATGCCCTTCTCGTTGGCCAACGAGCTCATGGCCTACTGGTACTTCGGG
CAGGTGTGGTGCGGCGTGTACCTGGCGCTCGATGTGCTGTTTTGCACCTCGTCGATCGTG
CATCTGTGTGCCATCAGCCTGGACCGCTACTGGTCGGTGACGCAGGCCGTCGAGTACAAC
CTGAAGCGCACACCACGCCGCGTCAAGGCCACCATCGTCGCCGTGTGGCTCATCTCGGCC
GTCATCTCCTTCCCGCCGCTGGTCTCGCTCTACCGCCAGCCCGACGGCGCCGCCTACCCG
CAGTGCGGCCTCAACGACGAGACCTGGTACATCCTGTCCTCCTGCATCGGCTCCTTCTTC
GCGCCCTGCCTCATCATGGGCCTGGTCTACGCGCGCATCTACCGAGTGGCCAAGCTGCGC
ACGCGCACGCTCAGCGAGAAGCGCGCCCCCGTGGGCCCCGACGGTGCGTCCCCGACTACC
GAAAACGGGCTGGGCGCGGCGGCAGGCGCAGGCGAGAACGGGCACTGCGCGCCCCCGCCC
GCCGACGTGGAGCCGGACGAGAGCAGCGCAGCGGCCGAGAGGCGGCGGCGCCGGGGCGCG
TTGCGGCGGGGCGGGCGGCGGCGAGCGGGCGCGGAGGGGGGCGCGGGCGGTGCGGACGGG
CAGGGGGCGGGGCCGGGGGCGGCTGAGTCGGGGGCGCTGACCGCCTCCAGGTCCCCGGGG
CCCGGTGGCCGCCTCTCGCGCGCCAGCTCGCGCTCCGTCGAGTTCTTCCTGTCGCGCCGG
CGCCGGGCGCGCAGCAGCGTGTGCCGCCGCAAGGTGGCCCAGGCGCGCGAGAAGCGCTTC
ACCTTTGTGCTGGCTGTGGTCATGGGCGTGTTCGTGCTCTGCTGGTTCCCCTTCTTCTTC
AGCTACAGCCTGTACGGCATCTGCCGCGAGGCCTGCCAGGTGCCCGGCCCGCTCTTCAAG
TTCTTCTTCTGGATCGGCTACTGCAACAGCTCGCTCAACCCGGTCATCTACACGGTCTTC
AACCAGGATTTCCGGCGATCCTTTAAGCACATCCTCTTCCGACGGAGGAGAAGGGGCTTC
AGGCAGTGA

1. Regan JW, Kobilka TS, Yang-Feng TL, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ, Kobilka BK: Cloning and expression of a human kidney cDNA for an alpha 2-adrenergic receptor subtype. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Sep;85(17):6301-5. [PubMed ]
2. Schaak S, Devedjian JC, Cayla C, Sender Y, Paris H: Molecular cloning, sequencing and functional study of the promoter region of the human alpha2C4-adrenergic receptor gene. Biochem J. 1997 Dec 1;328 ( Pt 2):431-8. [PubMed ]
3. Small KM, Forbes SL, Rahman FF, Bridges KM, Liggett SB: A four amino acid deletion polymorphism in the third intracellular loop of the human alpha 2C-adrenergic receptor confers impaired coupling to multiple effectors. J Biol Chem. 2000 Jul 28;275(30):23059-64. [PubMed ]
4. Small KM, Mialet-Perez J, Seman CA, Theiss CT, Brown KM, Liggett SB: Polymorphisms of cardiac presynaptic alpha2C adrenergic receptors: Diverse intragenic variability with haplotype-specific functional effects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Aug 31;101(35):13020-5. Epub 2004 Aug 19. [PubMed ]
5. Chhajlani V, Rangel N, Uhlen S, Wikberg JE: Identification of an additional gene belonging to the alpha 2 adrenergic receptor family in the human genome by PCR. FEBS Lett. 1991 Mar 25;280(2):241-4. [PubMed ]

KFLSTQGSLWERLAYGITPENEHHLVAQRDIRQFQLQHWLAI

• None

• None

AAGTTCCTCAGCACGCAGGGCTCTCTTTGGGAGAGACTGGCCTATGGCATCACGCCAGAG
AACGAGCACCACCTGGTGGCTCAGAGGGACATCAGACAGTTCCAGTTGCAACACTGGCTG
GCCATCTGA

MLLARMNPQVQPENNGAD

• None

• None

ATGCTTCTGGCGCGGATGAACCCGCAGGTGCAGCCCGAGAACAACGGGGCGGAC

1. Kim CH, Kim HS, Cubells JF, Kim KS: A previously undescribed intron and extensive 5' upstream sequence, but not Phox2a-mediated transactivation, are necessary for high level cell type-specific expression of the human norepinephrine transporter gene. J Biol Chem. 1999 Mar 5;274(10):6507-18. [PubMed ]