1. 2-Oxopropanoate
2. 2-Oxopropanoic acid
3. 2-Oxopropionate
4. 2-Oxopropionic acid
5. Acetylformate
6. Acetylformic acid
7. BTS
8. Pyroracemate
9. Pyroracemic acid
10. Pyruvate
11. a-Ketopropionate
12. a-Ketopropionic acid
13. alpha-Ketopropionate
14. alpha-Ketopropionic acid

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• Cytoplasm (Predicted from LogP)
• Extracellular
• mitochondria
• peroxisome

• Blood
• Cellular Cytoplasm
• Cerebrospinal Fluid
• Saliva
• Urine

• 302060 (3-methylglutaconic aciduria type II, X-linked)

1. Nielsen J, Ytrebo LM, Borud O: Lactate and pyruvate concentrations in capillary blood from newborns. Acta Paediatr. 1994 Sep;83(9):920-2. [PubMed ]
2. Ka T, Yamamoto T, Moriwaki Y, Kaya M, Tsujita J, Takahashi S, Tsutsumi Z, Fukuchi M, Hada T: Effect of exercise and beer on the plasma concentration and urinary excretion of purine bases. J Rheumatol. 2003 May;30(5):1036-42. [PubMed ]
3. Talseth T, Haegele KD, McNay JL, Skrdlant HB, Clementi WA, Shepherd AM: Pharmacokinetics and cardiovascular effects in rabbits of a major hydralazine metabolite, the hydralazine pyruvic-acid hydrazone. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1979 Dec;211(3):509-13. [PubMed ]
4. Subramanian A, Gupta A, Saxena S, Gupta A, Kumar R, Nigam A, Kumar R, Mandal SK, Roy R: Proton MR CSF analysis and a new software as predictors for the differentiation of meningitis in children. NMR Biomed. 2005 Jun;18(4):213-25. [PubMed ]
5. Zupke C, Sinskey AJ, Stephanopoulos G: Intracellular flux analysis applied to the effect of dissolved oxygen on hybridomas. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 1995 Dec;44(1-2):27-36. [PubMed ]
6. Reece PA, Cozamanis I, Zacest R: Selective high-performance liquid chromatographic assays for hydralazine and its metabolites in plasma of man. J Chromatogr. 1980 Mar 14;181(3-4):427-40. [PubMed ]
7. Guneral F, Bachmann C: Age-related reference values for urinary organic acids in a healthy Turkish pediatric population. Clin Chem. 1994 Jun;40(6):862-6. [PubMed ]
8. Meijer-Severs GJ, Van Santen E, Meijer BC: Short-chain fatty acid and organic acid concentrations in feces of healthy human volunteers and their correlations with anaerobe cultural counts during systemic ceftriaxone administration. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1990 Jul;25(7):698-704. [PubMed ]
9. Silwood CJ, Lynch E, Claxson AW, Grootveld MC: 1H and (13)C NMR spectroscopic analysis of human saliva. J Dent Res. 2002 Jun;81(6):422-7. [PubMed ]
10. Nakayama Y, Kinoshita A, Tomita M: Dynamic simulation of red blood cell metabolism and its application to the analysis of a pathological condition. Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 May 9;2(1):18. [PubMed ]
11. Elling D, Bader K: [Biochemical changes in cervix mucus in stepwise malignant transformation of cervix epithelium] Zentralbl Gynakol. 1990;112(9):555-60. [PubMed ]
12. Mongan PD, Capacchione J, West S, Karaian J, Dubois D, Keneally R, Sharma P: Pyruvate improves redox status and decreases indicators of hepatic apoptosis during hemorrhagic shock in swine. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2002 Oct;283(4):H1634-44. Epub 2002 Jun 20. [PubMed ]
13. Hoffmann GF, Meier-Augenstein W, Stockler S, Surtees R, Rating D, Nyhan WL: Physiology and pathophysiology of organic acids in cerebrospinal fluid. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1993;16(4):648-69. [PubMed ]
14. Foster KJ, Alberti KG, Hinks L, Lloyd B, Postle A, Smythe P, Turnell DC, Walton R: Blood intermediary metabolite and insulin concentrations after an overnight fast: reference ranges for adults, and interrelations. Clin Chem. 1978 Sep;24(9):1568-72. [PubMed ]
15. Tsuchiya H, Hashizume I, Tokunaga T, Tatsumi M, Takagi N, Hayashi T: High-performance liquid chromatography of alpha-keto acids in human saliva. Arch Oral Biol. 1983;28(11):989-92. [PubMed ]
16. Wikipedia

1. Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit beta, mitochondrial
2. Pyruvate carboxylase, mitochondrial
3. Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit alpha, somatic form, mitochondrial
4. Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit alpha, testis-specific form, mitochondrial
5. Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, mitochondrial
6. Dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, mitochondrial
7. D-amino-acid oxidase
8. 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial
9. Alanine--glyoxylate aminotransferase 2, mitochondrial
10. Cystathionine gamma-lyase
11. L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain
12. L-lactate dehydrogenase C chain
13. L-lactate dehydrogenase A-like 6B
14. L-serine dehydratase/L-threonine deaminase
15. Adenylate cyclase type 7
16. Adenylate cyclase type 4
17. Adenylate cyclase type 6
18. Adenylate cyclase type 5
19. Adenylate cyclase type 8
20. Adenylate cyclase type 3
21. Adenylate cyclase type 1
22. Pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2
23. Pyruvate kinase isozymes R/L
24. 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase
25. Serine--pyruvate aminotransferase
26. Alanine aminotransferase 1
27. NADP-dependent malic enzyme
28. NADP-dependent malic enzyme, mitochondrial
29. NAD-dependent malic enzyme, mitochondrial
30. Histidine decarboxylase
31. L-lactate dehydrogenase A-like 6A
32. Adenylate cyclase type 2
33. Monocarboxylate transporter 3
34. Monocarboxylate transporter 4
35. Monocarboxylate transporter 7
36. Monocarboxylate transporter 1
37. Monocarboxylate transporter 8
38. Monocarboxylate transporter 6
39. Monocarboxylate transporter 5
40. Monocarboxylate transporter 2
41. Probable D-lactate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial
42. Alanine aminotransferase 2
43. Alanine aminotransferase
44. N-acetylneuraminate lyase
45. Acetolactate synthase-like protein
46. cDNA FLJ75824, highly similar to Homo sapiens serine dehydratase
47. Phosphatidylserine decarboxylase
48. Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase 1
49. Malic enzyme
50. Adenylate cyclase 9 (Adenylate cyclase 9, isoform CRA_a)
51. L-lactate dehydrogenase
52. cDNA, FLJ93456, highly similar to Homo sapiens D-amino-acid oxidase (DAO), mRNA (D-amino-acid oxidase, isoform CRA_c)
53. cDNA FLJ16206 fis, clone CTONG2019590, highly similar to Adenylate cyclase type 4 (EC 4.6.1.1)
54. cDNA, FLJ92548, highly similar to Homo sapiens pyruvate kinase, muscle (PKM2), mRNA (Pyruvate kinase, muscle, isoform CRA_e)
55. Putative uncharacterized protein
56. cDNA, FLJ93492, highly similar to Homo sapiens pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) beta (PDHB), mRNA (Pyruvate dehydrogenase (Lipoamide) beta, isoform CRA_a)

1. PDHE1-B

MAAVSGLVRRPLREVSGLLKRRFHWTAPAALQVTVRDAINQGMDEELERDEKVFLLGEEV
AQYDGAYKVSRGLWKKYGDKRIIDTPISEMGFAGIAVGAAMAGLRPICEFMTFNFSMQAI
DQVINSAAKTYYMSGGLQPVPIVFRGPNGASAGVAAQHSQCFAAWYGHCPGLKVVSPWNS
EDAKGLIKSAIRDNNPVVVLENELMYGVPFEFPPEAQSKDFLIPIGKAKIERQGTHITVV
SHSRPVGHCLEAAAVLSKEGVECEVINMRTIRPMDMETIEASVMKTNHLVTVEGGWPQFG
VGAEICARIMEGPAFNFLDAPAVRVTGADVPMPYAKILEDNSIPQVKDIIFAIKKTLNI

• Butyrate Metabolism (map00650 )
• Gluconeogenesis (map00010 )
• Pyruvate Metabolism (map00620 )

• pyruvate + [dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase] lipoyllysine = [dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase] S-acetyldihydrolipoyllysine + CO2 [RN:R01699]

• Transket_pyr (PF02779 )
• Transketolase_C (PF02780 )

• None

• None

ATGGCGGCGGTGTCTGGCTTGGTGCGGAGACCCCTTCGGGAGGTCTCCGGGCTGCTGAAG
AGGCGCTTTCACTGGACCGCGCCGGCTGCGCTGCAGGTGACAGTTCGTGATGCTATAAAT
CAGGGTATGGATGAGGAGCTGGAAAGAGATGAGAAGGTATTTCTGCTTGGAGAAGAAGTT
GCCCAGTATGATGGGGCATACAAGGTTAGTCGAGGGCTGTGGAAGAAATATGGAGACAAG
AGGATTATTGACACTCCCATATCAGAGATGGGCTTTGCTGGAATTGCTGTAGGTGCAGCT
ATGGCTGGGTTGCGGCCCATTTGTGAATTTATGACCTTCAATTTCTCCATGCAAGCCATT
GACCAGGTTATAAACTCAGCTGCCAAGACCTACTACATGTCTGGTGGCCTTCAGCCTGTG
CCTATAGTCTTCAGGGGGCCCAATGGTGCCTCAGCAGGTGTAGCTGCCCAGCACTCACAG
TGCTTTGCTGCCTGGTATGGGCACTGCCCAGGCTTAAAGGTGGTCAGTCCCTGGAATTCA
GAGGATGCTAAAGGACTTATTAAATCAGCCATTCGGGATAACAATCCAGTGGTGGTGCTA
GAGAATGAATTGATGTATGGGGTTCCTTTTGAATTTCCTCCGGAAGCTCAGTCAAAAGAT
TTTCTGATTCCTATTGGAAAAGCCAAAATAGAAAGGCAAGGAACACATATAACTGTGGTT
TCCCATTCAAGACCTGTGGGCCACTGCTTAGAAGCTGCAGCAGTGCTATCTAAAGAAGGA
GTTGAATGTGAGGTGATAAATATGCGTACCATTAGACCAATGGACATGGAAACCATAGAA
GCCAGTGTCATGAAGACAAATCATCTTGTAACTGTGGAAGGAGGCTGGCCACAGTTTGGA
GTAGGAGCTGAAATCTGTGCCAGGATCATGGAAGGTCCTGCGTTCAATTTCCTGGATGCT
CCTGCTGTTCGTGTCACTGGTGCTGATGTCCCTATGCCTTATGCAAAGATTCTAGAGGAC
AACTCTATACCTCAGGTCAAAGACATCATATTTGCAATAAAGAAAACATTAAATATTTAG

1. Ho L, Patel MS: Cloning and cDNA sequence of the beta-subunit component of human pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Gene. 1990 Feb 14;86(2):297-302. [PubMed ]
2. Chun K, Mackay N, Willard HF, Robinson BH: Isolation, characterization and chromosomal localization of cDNA clones for the E1 beta subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Eur J Biochem. 1990 Dec 12;194(2):587-92. [PubMed ]
3. Huh TL, Casazza JP, Huh JW, Chi YT, Song BJ: Characterization of two cDNA clones for pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 beta subunit and its regulation in tricarboxylic acid cycle-deficient fibroblast. J Biol Chem. 1990 Aug 5;265(22):13320-6. [PubMed ]
4. Koike K, Urata Y, Koike M: Molecular cloning and characterization of human pyruvate dehydrogenase beta subunit gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Aug;87(15):5594-7. [PubMed ]
5. Koike K, Ohta S, Urata Y, Kagawa Y, Koike M: Cloning and sequencing of cDNAs encoding alpha and beta subunits of human pyruvate dehydrogenase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Jan;85(1):41-5. [PubMed ]
6. Wiemann S, Weil B, Wellenreuther R, Gassenhuber J, Glassl S, Ansorge W, Bocher M, Blocker H, Bauersachs S, Blum H, Lauber J, Dusterhoft A, Beyer A, Kohrer K, Strack N, Mewes HW, Ottenwalder B, Obermaier B, Tampe J, Heubner D, Wambutt R, Korn B, Klein M, Poustka A: Toward a catalog of human genes and proteins: sequencing and analysis of 500 novel complete protein coding human cDNAs. Genome Res. 2001 Mar;11(3):422-35. [PubMed ]
7. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed ]
8. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
9. Ho L, Javed AA, Pepin RA, Thekkumkara TJ, Raefsky C, Mole JE, Caliendo AM, Kwon MS, Kerr DS, Patel MS: Identification of a cDNA clone for the beta-subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase component of human pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1988 Feb 15;150(3):904-8. [PubMed ]
10. Corbett JM, Wheeler CH, Baker CS, Yacoub MH, Dunn MJ: The human myocardial two-dimensional gel protein database: update 1994. Electrophoresis. 1994 Nov;15(11):1459-65. [PubMed ]
11. Muno D, Kominami E, Ishii H, Usui K, Saifuku K, Sakakibara Y, Namihisa T: Isolation of tryptic fragment of antigen from mitochondrial inner membrane proteins reacting with antimitochondrial antibody in sera of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology. 1990 Jan;11(1):16-23. [PubMed ]
12. Ciszak EM, Korotchkina LG, Dominiak PM, Sidhu S, Patel MS: Structural basis for flip-flop action of thiamin pyrophosphate-dependent enzymes revealed by human pyruvate dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem. 2003 Jun 6;278(23):21240-6. Epub 2003 Mar 21. [PubMed ]
13. Brown RM, Head RA, Boubriak II, Leonard JV, Thomas NH, Brown GK: Mutations in the gene for the E1beta subunit: a novel cause of pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency. Hum Genet. 2004 Jul;115(2):123-7. Epub 2004 May 11. [PubMed ]

1. Pyruvic carboxylase
2. PCB

MLKFRTVHGGLRLLGIRRTSTAPAASPNVRRLEYKPIKKVMVANRGEIAIRVFRACTELG
IRTVAIYSEQDTGQMHRQKADEAYLIGRGLAPVQAYLHIPDIIKVAKENNVDAVHPGYGF
LSERADFAQACQDAGVRFIGPSPEVVRKMGDKVEARAIAIAAGVPVVPGTDAPITSLHEA
HEFSNTYGFPIIFKAAYGGGGRGMRVVHSYEELEENYTRAYSEALAAFGNGALFVEKFIE
KPRHIEVQILGDQYGNILHLYERDCSIQRRHQKVVEIAPAAHLDPQLRTRLTSDSVKLAK
QVGYENAGTVEFLVDRHGKHYFIEVNSRLQVEHTVTEEITDVDLVHAQIHVAEGRSLPDL
GLRQENIRINGCAIQCRVTTEDPARSFQPDTGRIEVFRSGEGMGIRLDNASAFQGAVISP
HYDSLLVKVIAHGKDHPTAATKMSRALAEFRVRGVKTNIAFLQNVLNNQQFLAGTVDTQF
IDENPELFQLRPAQNRAQKLLHYLGHVMVNGPTTPIPVKASPSPTDPVVPAVPIGPPPAG
FRDILLREGPEGFARAVRNHPGLLLMDTTFRDAHQSLLATRVRTHDLKKIAPYVAHNFSK
LFSMENWGGATFDVAMRFLYECPWRRLQELRELIPNIPFQMLLRGANAVGYTNYPDNVVF
KFCEVAKENGMDVFRVFDSLNYLPNMLLGMEAAGSAGGVVEAAISYTGDVADPSRTKYSL
QYYMGLAEELVRAGTHILCIKDMAGLLKPTACTMLVSSLRDRFPDLPLHIHTHDTSGAGV
AAMLACAQAGADVVDVAADSMSGMTSQPSMGALVACTRGTPLDTEVPMERVFDYSEYWEG
ARGLYAAFDCTATMKSGNSDVYENEIPGGQYTNLHFQAHSMGLGSKFKEVKKAYVEANQM
LGDLIKVTPSSKIVGDLAQFMVQNGLSRAEAEAQAEELSFPRSVVEFLQGYIGVPHGGFP
EPFRSKVLKDLPRVEGRPGASLPPLDLQALEKELVDRHGEEVTPEDVLSAAMYPDVFAHF
KDFTATFGPLDSLNTRLFLQGPKIAEEFEVELERGKTLHIKALAVSDLNRAGQRQVFFEL
NGQLRSILVKDTQAMKEMHFHPKALKDVKGQIGAPMPGKVIDIKVVAGAKVAKGQPLCVL
SAMKMETVVTSPMEGTVRKVHVTKDMTLEGDDLILEIE

• Citrate Cycle (map00020 )
• Pyruvate Metabolism (map00620 )

• ATP + pyruvate + HCO3- = ADP + phosphate + oxaloacetate [RN:R00344]

• Biotin_carb_C (PF02785 )
• Biotin_lipoyl (PF00364 )
• CPSase_L_chain (PF00289 )
• CPSase_L_D2 (PF02786 )
• HMGL-like (PF00682 )
• PYC_OADA (PF02436 )

• None

• None

ATGCTGAAGTTCCGAACAGTCCATGGGGGCCTGAGGCTCCTGGGAATCCGCCGAACCTCC
ACCGCCCCCGCTGCCTCCCCAAATGTCCGGCGCCTGGAGTATAAGCCCATCAAGAAAGTC
ATGGTGGCCAACAGAGGTGAGATTGCCATCCGTGTGTTCCGGGCCTGCACGGAGCTGGGC
ATCCGCACCGTAGCCATCTACTCTGAGCAGGACACGGGCCAGATGCACCGGCAGAAAGCA
GATGAAGCCTATCTCATCGGCCGCGGCCTGGCCCCCGTGCAGGCCTACCTGCACATCCCA
GACATCATCAAGGTGGCCAAGGAGAACAACGTAGATGCAGTGCACCCTGGCTACGGGTTC
CTCTCTGAGCGAGCGGACTTCGCCCAGGCCTGCCAGGATGCAGGGGTCCGGTTTATTGGG
CCAAGCCCAGAAGTGGTCCGCAAGATGGGAGACAAGGTGGAGGCCCGGGCCATCGCCATT
GCTGCGGGTGTTCCCGTTGTCCCTGGCACAGATGCCCCCATCACGTCCCTGCATGAGGCC
CACGAGTTCTCCAACACCTACGGCTTCCCCATCATCTTCAAGGCGGCCTATGGGGGTGGA
GGGCGTGGCATGAGGGTGGTGCACAGCTACGAGGAGCTGGAGGAGAATTACACCCGGGCC
TACTCAGAGGCTCTGGCCGCCTTTGGGAATGGGGCGCTGTTTGTGGAGAAGTTCATCGAG
AAGCCACGGCACATCGAGGTGCAGATCTTGGGGGACCAGTATGGGAACATCCTGCACCTG
TACGAGCGAGACTGCTCCATCCAGCGGCGGCACCAGAAGGTGGTCGAGATTGCCCCCGCC
GCCCACCTGGACCCGCAGCTTCGGACTCGGCTCACCAGCGACTCTGTGAAACTCGCTAAA
CAGGTGGGCTACGAGAACGCAGGCACCGTGGAGTTCCTGGTGGACAGGCACGGCAAGCAC
TACTTCATCGAGGTCAACTCCCGCCTGCAGGTGGAGCACACGGTCACAGAGGAGATCACC
GACGTAGACCTGGTCCATGCTCAGATCCACGTGGCTGAGGGCAGGAGCCTACCCGACCTG
GGCCTGCGGCAGGAGAACATCCGCATCAACGGGTGTGCCATCCAGTGCCGGGTCACCACC
GAGGACCCCGCGCGCAGCTTCCAGCCGGACACCGGCCGCATTGAGGTGTTCCGGAGCGGA
GAGGGCATGGGCATCCGCCTGGATAATGCTTCCGCCTTCCAAGGAGCCGTCATCTCGCCC
CACTACGACTCCCTGCTGGTCAAAGTCATTGCCCACGGCAAAGACCACCCCACGGCCGCC
ACCAAGATGAGCAGGGCCCTTGCGGAGTTCCGCGTCCGAGGTGTGAAGACCAACATCGCC
TTCCTGCAGAATGTGCTCAACAACCAGCAGTTCCTGGCAGGCACTGTGGACACCCAGTTC
ATCGACGAGAACCCAGAGCTGTTCCAGCTGCGGCCTGCACAGAACCGGGCCCAAAAGCTG
TTGCACTACCTCGGCCATGTCATGGTAAACGGTCCAACCACCCCGATTCCCGTCAAGGCC
AGCCCCAGCCCCACGGACCCCGTTGTCCCTGCAGTGCCCATAGGCCCGCCCCCGGCTGGT
TTCAGAGACATCCTGCTGCGAGAGGGGCCTGAGGGCTTTGCTCGAGCTGTGCGGAACCAC
CCGGGGCTGCTGCTGATGGACACGACCTTCAGGGACGCCCACCAGTCACTGCTGGCCACT
CGTGTGCGCACCCACGATCTCAAAAAGATCGCCCCCTATGTTGCCCACAACTTCAGCAAG
CTCTTCAGCATGGAGAACTGGGGAGGAGCCACGTTTGACGTCGCCATGCGCTTCCTGTAT
GAGTGCCCCTGGCGGCGGCTGCAGGAGCTCCGGGAGCTCATCCCCAACATCCCTTTCCAG
ATGCTGCTGCGGGGGGCCAATGCTGTGGGCTACACCAACTACCCAGACAACGTGGTCTTC
AAGTTCTGTGAAGTGGCCAAAGAGAATGGCATGGATGTCTTCCGTGTGTTTGACTCCCTC
AACTACTTGCCCAACATGCTGCTGGGCATGGAGGCGGCAGGAAGTGCCGGAGGCGTGGTG
GAGGCTGCCATCTCATACACGGGCGACGTGGCCGACCCCAGCCGCACCAAGTACTCACTG
CAGTACTACATGGGCTTGGCCGAAGAGCTGGTGCGAGCTGGCACCCACATCCTGTGCATC
AAGGACATGGCCGGGCTGCTGAAGCCCACGGCCTGCACCATGCTGGTCAGCTCCCTCCGG
GACCGCTTCCCCGACCTCCCACTGCACATCCACACCCACGACACGTCAGGGGCAGGCGTG
GCAGCCATGCTGGCCTGTGCCCAGGCTGGAGCTGATGTGGTGGATGTGGCAGCTGATTCC
ATGTCTGGGATGACTTCACAGCCCAGCATGGGGGCCCTGGTGGCCTGTACCAGAGGGACT
CCCCTGGACACAGAGGTGCCCATGGAGCGCGTGTTTGACTACAGTGAGTACTGGGAGGGG
GCTCGGGGACTGTACGCGGCCTTCGACTGCACGGCCACCATGAAGTCTGGCAACTCGGAC
GTGTATGAAAATGAGATCCCAGGGGGCCAGTACACCAACCTGCACTTCCAGGCCCACAGC
ATGGGGCTTGGCTCCAAGTTCAAGGAGGTCAAGAAGGCCTATGTGGAGGCCAACCAGATG
CTGGGCGATCTCATCAAGGTGACGCCCTCCTCCAAGATCGTGGGGGACCTGGCCCAGTTT
ATGGTGCAGAATGGATTGAGCCGGGCAGAGGCCGAAGCTCAGGCGGAAGAGCTGTCCTTT
CCCCGCTCCGTGGTGGAGTTCCTGCAGGGCTACATCGGTGTCCCCCATGGGGGGTTCCCC
GAACCCTTTCGCTCTAAGGTACTGAAGGACCTGCCAAGGGTGGAGGGGCGGCCTGGAGCC
TCCCTCCCTCCCCTGGATCTGCAGGCACTGGAGAAGGAGCTGGTAGACCGGCATGGGGAG
GAGGTGACGCCGGAAGATGTGCTCTCAGCAGCTATGTACCCCGATGTGTTTGCCCACTTC
AAGGACTTCACTGCCACCTTTGGCCCCCTGGATAGCCTGAATACTCGCCTCTTCCTGCAG
GGACCCAAGATCGCAGAGGAGTTTGAGGTGGAGCTGGAGCGGGGCAAGACGCTGCACATC
AAAGCCCTGGCCGTGAGCGACCTGAACCGGGCCGGCCAGAGGCAGGTCTTCTTTGAGCTC
AATGGGCAGCTGCGGTCCATCTTGGTCAAGGACACCCAGGCCATGAAGGAGATGCACTTC
CACCCCAAGGCCCTAAAGGACGTGAAGGGCCAGATCGGGGCGCCCATGCCTGGGAAGGTG
ATAGACATCAAAGTGGTGGCAGGGGCCAAGGTGGCCAAGGGCCAGCCCCTGTGTGTGCTC
AGTGCCATGAAGATGGAGACTGTGGTGACCTCACCCATGGAGGGTACTGTCCGCAAGGTT
CATGTGACCAAGGACATGACACTGGAAGGTGACGACCTCATCCTGGAGATCGAGTGA

1. Wexler ID, Du Y, Lisgaris MV, Mandal SK, Freytag SO, Yang BS, Liu TC, Kwon M, Patel MS, Kerr DS: Primary amino acid sequence and structure of human pyruvate carboxylase. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1994 Oct 21;1227(1-2):46-52. [PubMed ]
2. MacKay N, Rigat B, Douglas C, Chen HS, Robinson BH: cDNA cloning of human kidney pyruvate carboxylase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994 Jul 29;202(2):1009-14. [PubMed ]
3. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
4. Lamhonwah AM, Quan F, Gravel RA: Sequence homology around the biotin-binding site of human propionyl-CoA carboxylase and pyruvate carboxylase. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1987 May 1;254(2):631-6. [PubMed ]
5. Freytag SO, Collier KJ: Molecular cloning of a cDNA for human pyruvate carboxylase. Structural relationship to other biotin-containing carboxylases and regulation of mRNA content in differentiating preadipocytes. J Biol Chem. 1984 Oct 25;259(20):12831-7. [PubMed ]
6. Yu LR, Zhu Z, Chan KC, Issaq HJ, Dimitrov DS, Veenstra TD: Improved titanium dioxide enrichment of phosphopeptides from HeLa cells and high confident phosphopeptide identification by cross-validation of MS/MS and MS/MS/MS spectra. J Proteome Res. 2007 Nov;6(11):4150-62. Epub 2007 Oct 9. [PubMed ]
7. Choudhary C, Kumar C, Gnad F, Nielsen ML, Rehman M, Walther TC, Olsen JV, Mann M: Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions. Science. 2009 Aug 14;325(5942):834-40. Epub 2009 Jul 16. [PubMed ]
8. Xiang S, Tong L: Crystal structures of human and Staphylococcus aureus pyruvate carboxylase and molecular insights into the carboxyltransfer reaction. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2008 Mar;15(3):295-302. Epub 2008 Feb 24. [PubMed ]
9. Carbone MA, MacKay N, Ling M, Cole DE, Douglas C, Rigat B, Feigenbaum A, Clarke JT, Haworth JC, Greenberg CR, Seargeant L, Robinson BH: Amerindian pyruvate carboxylase deficiency is associated with two distinct missense mutations. Am J Hum Genet. 1998 Jun;62(6):1312-9. [PubMed ]
10. Wexler ID, Kerr DS, Du Y, Kaung MM, Stephenson W, Lusk MM, Wappner RS, Higgins JJ: Molecular characterization of pyruvate carboxylase deficiency in two consanguineous families. Pediatr Res. 1998 May;43(5):579-84. [PubMed ]
11. Monnot S, Serre V, Chadefaux-Vekemans B, Aupetit J, Romano S, De Lonlay P, Rival JM, Munnich A, Steffann J, Bonnefont JP: Structural insights on pathogenic effects of novel mutations causing pyruvate carboxylase deficiency. Hum Mutat. 2009 May;30(5):734-40. [PubMed ]

1. PDHE1-A type I

MRKMLAAVSRVLSGASQKPASRVLVASRNFANDATFEIKKCDLHRLEEGPPVTTVLTRED
GLKYYRMMQTVRRMELKADQLYKQKIIRGFCHLCDGQEACCVGLEAGINPTDHLITAYRA
HGFTFTRGLSVREILAELTGRKGGCAKGKGGSMHMYAKNFYGGNGIVGAQVPLGAGIALA
CKYNGKDEVCLTLYGDGAANQGQIFEAYNMAALWKLPCIFICENNRYGMGTSVERAAAST
DYYKRGDFIPGLRVDGMDILCVREATRFAAAYCRSGKGPILMELQTYRYHGHSMSDPGVS
YRTREEIQEVRSKSDPIMLLKDRMVNSNLASVEELKEIDVEVRKEIEDAAQFATADPEPP
LEELGYHIYSSDPPFEVRGANQWIKFKSVS

• Butyrate Metabolism (map00650 )
• Gluconeogenesis (map00010 )
• Pyruvate Metabolism (map00620 )

• pyruvate + [dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase] lipoyllysine = [dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase] S-acetyldihydrolipoyllysine + CO2 [RN:R01699]

• E1_dh (PF00676 )

• None

• None

ATGAGGAAGATGCTCGCCGCCGTCTCCCGCGTGCTGTCTGGCGCTTCTCAGAAGCCGGCA
AGCAGAGTGCTGGTAGCATCCCGTAATTTTGCAAATGATGCTACATTTGAAATTAAGAAA
TGTGACCTTCACCGGCTGGAAGAAGGCCCTCCTGTCACAACAGTGCTCACCAGGGAGGAT
GGGCTCAAATACTACAGGATGATGCAGACTGTACGCCGAATGGAGTTGAAAGCAGATCAG
CTGTATAAACAGAAAATTATTCGTGGTTTCTGTCACTTGTGTGATGGTCAGGAAGCTTGC
TGTGTGGGCCTGGAGGCCGGCATCAACCCCACAGACCATCTCATCACAGCCTACCGGGCT
CACGGCTTTACTTTCACCCGGGGCCTTTCCGTCCGAGAAATTCTCGCAGAGCTTACAGGA
CGAAAAGGAGGTTGTGCTAAAGGGAAAGGAGGATCGATGCACATGTATGCCAAGAACTTC
TACGGGGGCAATGGCATCGTGGGAGCGCAGGTGCCCCTGGGCGCTGGGATTGCTCTAGCC
TGTAAGTATAATGGAAAAGATGAGGTCTGCCTGACTTTATATGGCGATGGTGCTGCTAAC
CAGGGCCAGATATTCGAAGCTTACAACATGGCAGCTTTGTGGAAATTACCTTGTATTTTC
ATCTGTGAGAATAATCGCTATGGAATGGGAACGTCTGTTGAGAGAGCGGCAGCCAGCACT
GATTACTACAAGAGAGGCGATTTCATTCCTGGGCTGAGAGTGGATGGAATGGATATCCTG
TGCGTCCGAGAGGCAACAAGGTTTGCTGCTGCCTATTGTAGATCTGGGAAGGGGCCCATC
CTGATGGAGCTGCAGACTTACCGTTACCACGGACACAGTATGAGTGACCCTGGAGTCAGT
TACCGTACACGAGAAGAAATTCAGGAAGTAAGAAGTAAGAGTGACCCTATTATGCTTCTC
AAGGACAGGATGGTGAACAGCAATCTTGCCAGTGTGGAAGAACTAAAGGAAATTGATGTG
GAAGTGAGGAAGGAGATTGAGGATGCTGCCCAGTTTGCCACGGCCGATCCTGAGCCACCT
TTGGAAGAGCTGGGCTACCACATCTACTCCAGCGACCCACCTTTTGAAGTTCGTGGTGCC
AATCAGTGGATCAAGTTTAAGTCAGTCAGTTAA

1. Koike K, Urata Y, Matsuo S, Koike M: Characterization and nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the human pyruvate dehydrogenase alpha-subunit. Gene. 1990 Sep 14;93(2):307-11. [PubMed ]
2. Ho L, Wexler ID, Liu TC, Thekkumkara TJ, Patel MS: Characterization of cDNAs encoding human pyruvate dehydrogenase alpha subunit. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Jul;86(14):5330-4. [PubMed ]
3. Dahl HH, Hunt SM, Hutchison WM, Brown GK: The human pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Isolation of cDNA clones for the E1 alpha subunit, sequence analysis, and characterization of the mRNA. J Biol Chem. 1987 May 25;262(15):7398-403. [PubMed ]
4. Maragos C, Hutchison WM, Hayasaka K, Brown GK, Dahl HH: Structural organization of the gene for the E1 alpha subunit of the human pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. J Biol Chem. 1989 Jul 25;264(21):12294-8. [PubMed ]
5. De Meirleir L, MacKay N, Lam Hon Wah AM, Robinson BH: Isolation of a full-length complementary DNA coding for human E1 alpha subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. J Biol Chem. 1988 Feb 5;263(4):1991-5. [PubMed ]
6. Koike K, Ohta S, Urata Y, Kagawa Y, Koike M: Cloning and sequencing of cDNAs encoding alpha and beta subunits of human pyruvate dehydrogenase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Jan;85(1):41-5. [PubMed ]
7. Ross MT, Grafham DV, Coffey AJ, Scherer S, McLay K, Muzny D, Platzer M, Howell GR, Burrows C, Bird CP, Frankish A, Lovell FL, Howe KL, Ashurst JL, Fulton RS, Sudbrak R, Wen G, Jones MC, Hurles ME, Andrews TD, Scott CE, Searle S, Ramser J, Whittaker A, Deadman R, Carter NP, Hunt SE, Chen R, Cree A, Gunaratne P, Havlak P, Hodgson A, Metzker ML, Richards S, Scott G, Steffen D, Sodergren E, Wheeler DA, Worley KC, Ainscough R, Ambrose KD, Ansari-Lari MA, Aradhya S, Ashwell RI, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Ballabio A, Banerjee R, Barker GE, Barlow KF, Barrett IP, Bates KN, Beare DM, Beasley H, Beasley O, Beck A, Bethel G, Blechschmidt K, Brady N, Bray-Allen S, Bridgeman AM, Brown AJ, Brown MJ, Bonnin D, Bruford EA, Buhay C, Burch P, Burford D, Burgess J, Burrill W, Burton J, Bye JM, Carder C, Carrel L, Chako J, Chapman JC, Chavez D, Chen E, Chen G, Chen Y, Chen Z, Chinault C, Ciccodicola A, Clark SY, Clarke G, Clee CM, Clegg S, Clerc-Blankenburg K, Clifford K, Cobley V, Cole CG, Conquer JS, Corby N, Connor RE, David R, Davies J, Davis C, Davis J, Delgado O, Deshazo D, Dhami P, Ding Y, Dinh H, Dodsworth S, Draper H, Dugan-Rocha S, Dunham A, Dunn M, Durbin KJ, Dutta I, Eades T, Ellwood M, Emery-Cohen A, Errington H, Evans KL, Faulkner L, Francis F, Frankland J, Fraser AE, Galgoczy P, Gilbert J, Gill R, Glockner G, Gregory SG, Gribble S, Griffiths C, Grocock R, Gu Y, Gwilliam R, Hamilton C, Hart EA, Hawes A, Heath PD, Heitmann K, Hennig S, Hernandez J, Hinzmann B, Ho S, Hoffs M, Howden PJ, Huckle EJ, Hume J, Hunt PJ, Hunt AR, Isherwood J, Jacob L, Johnson D, Jones S, de Jong PJ, Joseph SS, Keenan S, Kelly S, Kershaw JK, Khan Z, Kioschis P, Klages S, Knights AJ, Kosiura A, Kovar-Smith C, Laird GK, Langford C, Lawlor S, Leversha M, Lewis L, Liu W, Lloyd C, Lloyd DM, Loulseged H, Loveland JE, Lovell JD, Lozado R, Lu J, Lyne R, Ma J, Maheshwari M, Matthews LH, McDowall J, McLaren S, McMurray A, Meidl P, Meitinger T, Milne S, Miner G, Mistry SL, Morgan M, Morris S, Muller I, Mullikin JC, Nguyen N, Nordsiek G, Nyakatura G, O'Dell CN, Okwuonu G, Palmer S, Pandian R, Parker D, Parrish J, Pasternak S, Patel D, Pearce AV, Pearson DM, Pelan SE, Perez L, Porter KM, Ramsey Y, Reichwald K, Rhodes S, Ridler KA, Schlessinger D, Schueler MG, Sehra HK, Shaw-Smith C, Shen H, Sheridan EM, Shownkeen R, Skuce CD, Smith ML, Sotheran EC, Steingruber HE, Steward CA, Storey R, Swann RM, Swarbreck D, Tabor PE, Taudien S, Taylor T, Teague B, Thomas K, Thorpe A, Timms K, Tracey A, Trevanion S, Tromans AC, d'Urso M, Verduzco D, Villasana D, Waldron L, Wall M, Wang Q, Warren J, Warry GL, Wei X, West A, Whitehead SL, Whiteley MN, Wilkinson JE, Willey DL, Williams G, Williams L, Williamson A, Williamson H, Wilming L, Woodmansey RL, Wray PW, Yen J, Zhang J, Zhou J, Zoghbi H, Zorilla S, Buck D, Reinhardt R, Poustka A, Rosenthal A, Lehrach H, Meindl A, Minx PJ, Hillier LW, Willard HF, Wilson RK, Waterston RH, Rice CM, Vaudin M, Coulson A, Nelson DL, Weinstock G, Sulston JE, Durbin R, Hubbard T, Gibbs RA, Beck S, Rogers J, Bentley DR: The DNA sequence of the human X chromosome. Nature. 2005 Mar 17;434(7031):325-37. [PubMed ]
8. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
9. Harris EE, Hey J: X chromosome evidence for ancient human histories. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Mar 16;96(6):3320-4. [PubMed ]
10. Beausoleil SA, Jedrychowski M, Schwartz D, Elias JE, Villen J, Li J, Cohn MA, Cantley LC, Gygi SP: Large-scale characterization of HeLa cell nuclear phosphoproteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Aug 17;101(33):12130-5. Epub 2004 Aug 9. [PubMed ]
11. Olsen JV, Blagoev B, Gnad F, Macek B, Kumar C, Mortensen P, Mann M: Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks. Cell. 2006 Nov 3;127(3):635-48. [PubMed ]
12. Rikova K, Guo A, Zeng Q, Possemato A, Yu J, Haack H, Nardone J, Lee K, Reeves C, Li Y, Hu Y, Tan Z, Stokes M, Sullivan L, Mitchell J, Wetzel R, Macneill J, Ren JM, Yuan J, Bakalarski CE, Villen J, Kornhauser JM, Smith B, Li D, Zhou X, Gygi SP, Gu TL, Polakiewicz RD, Rush J, Comb MJ: Global survey of phosphotyrosine signaling identifies oncogenic kinases in lung cancer. Cell. 2007 Dec 14;131(6):1190-203. [PubMed ]
13. Giorgianni F, Zhao Y, Desiderio DM, Beranova-Giorgianni S: Toward a global characterization of the phosphoproteome in prostate cancer cells: identification of phosphoproteins in the LNCaP cell line. Electrophoresis. 2007 Jun;28(12):2027-34. [PubMed ]
14. Zahedi RP, Lewandrowski U, Wiesner J, Wortelkamp S, Moebius J, Schutz C, Walter U, Gambaryan S, Sickmann A: Phosphoproteome of resting human platelets. J Proteome Res. 2008 Feb;7(2):526-34. Epub 2007 Dec 19. [PubMed ]
15. Cantin GT, Yi W, Lu B, Park SK, Xu T, Lee JD, Yates JR 3rd: Combining protein-based IMAC, peptide-based IMAC, and MudPIT for efficient phosphoproteomic analysis. J Proteome Res. 2008 Mar;7(3):1346-51. Epub 2008 Jan 26. [PubMed ]
16. Daub H, Olsen JV, Bairlein M, Gnad F, Oppermann FS, Korner R, Greff Z, Keri G, Stemmann O, Mann M: Kinase-selective enrichment enables quantitative phosphoproteomics of the kinome across the cell cycle. Mol Cell. 2008 Aug 8;31(3):438-48. [PubMed ]
17. Gauci S, Helbig AO, Slijper M, Krijgsveld J, Heck AJ, Mohammed S: Lys-N and trypsin cover complementary parts of the phosphoproteome in a refined SCX-based approach. Anal Chem. 2009 Jun 1;81(11):4493-501. [PubMed ]
18. Oppermann FS, Gnad F, Olsen JV, Hornberger R, Greff Z, Keri G, Mann M, Daub H: Large-scale proteomics analysis of the human kinome. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2009 Jul;8(7):1751-64. Epub 2009 Apr 15. [PubMed ]
19. Mayya V, Lundgren DH, Hwang SI, Rezaul K, Wu L, Eng JK, Rodionov V, Han DK: Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of T cell receptor signaling reveals system-wide modulation of protein-protein interactions. Sci Signal. 2009 Aug 18;2(84):ra46. [PubMed ]
20. Choudhary C, Kumar C, Gnad F, Nielsen ML, Rehman M, Walther TC, Olsen JV, Mann M: Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions. Science. 2009 Aug 14;325(5942):834-40. Epub 2009 Jul 16. [PubMed ]
21. Ciszak EM, Korotchkina LG, Dominiak PM, Sidhu S, Patel MS: Structural basis for flip-flop action of thiamin pyrophosphate-dependent enzymes revealed by human pyruvate dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem. 2003 Jun 6;278(23):21240-6. Epub 2003 Mar 21. [PubMed ]
22. Dahl HH, Brown GK, Brown RM, Hansen LL, Kerr DS, Wexler ID, Patel MS, De Meirleir L, Lissens W, Chun K, et al.: Mutations and polymorphisms in the pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha gene. Hum Mutat. 1992;1(2):97-102. [PubMed ]
23. Hansen LL, Brown GK, Kirby DM, Dahl HH: Characterization of the mutations in three patients with pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1991;14(2):140-51. [PubMed ]
24. De Meirleir L, Lissens W, Vamos E, Liebaers I: Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) deficiency caused by a 21-base pair insertion mutation in the E1 alpha subunit. Hum Genet. 1992 Mar;88(6):649-52. [PubMed ]
25. Dahl HH, Hansen LL, Brown RM, Danks DM, Rogers JG, Brown GK: X-linked pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha subunit deficiency in heterozygous females: variable manifestation of the same mutation. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1992;15(6):835-47. [PubMed ]
26. Ito M, Huq AH, Naito E, Saijo T, Takeda E, Kuroda Y: Mutation of E1 alpha gene in a female patient with pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency due to rapid degradation of E1 protein. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1992;15(6):848-56. [PubMed ]
27. Matthews PM, Marchington DR, Squier M, Land J, Brown RM, Brown GK: Molecular genetic characterization of an X-linked form of Leigh's syndrome. Ann Neurol. 1993 Jun;33(6):652-5. [PubMed ]
28. Chun K, MacKay N, Petrova-Benedict R, Robinson BH: Mutations in the X-linked E1 alpha subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase leading to deficiency of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Hum Mol Genet. 1993 Apr;2(4):449-54. [PubMed ]
29. Matthews PM, Brown RM, Otero LJ, Marchington DR, LeGris M, Howes R, Meadows LS, Shevell M, Scriver CR, Brown GK: Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency. Clinical presentation and molecular genetic characterization of five new patients. Brain. 1994 Jun;117 ( Pt 3):435-43. [PubMed ]
30. Hansen LL, Horn N, Dahl HH, Kruse TA: Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency caused by a 33 base pair duplication in the PDH E1 alpha subunit. Hum Mol Genet. 1994 Jun;3(6):1021-2. [PubMed ]
31. Dahl HH, Brown GK: Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency in a male caused by a point mutation (F205L) in the E1 alpha subunit. Hum Mutat. 1994;3(2):152-5. [PubMed ]
32. Awata H, Endo F, Tanoue A, Kitano A, Matsuda I: Characterization of a point mutation in the pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha gene from two boys with primary lactic acidaemia. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1994;17(2):189-95. [PubMed ]
33. Chun K, MacKay N, Petrova-Benedict R, Federico A, Fois A, Cole DE, Robertson E, Robinson BH: Mutations in the X-linked E1 alpha subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase: exon skipping, insertion of duplicate sequence, and missense mutations leading to the deficiency of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Am J Hum Genet. 1995 Mar;56(3):558-69. [PubMed ]
34. Takakubo F, Cartwright P, Hoogenraad N, Thorburn DR, Collins F, Lithgow T, Dahl HH: An amino acid substitution in the pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha gene, affecting mitochondrial import of the precursor protein. Am J Hum Genet. 1995 Oct;57(4):772-80. [PubMed ]
35. Hemalatha SG, Kerr DS, Wexler ID, Lusk MM, Kaung M, Du Y, Kolli M, Schelper RL, Patel MS: Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency due to a point mutation (P188L) within the thiamine pyrophosphate binding loop of the E1 alpha subunit. Hum Mol Genet. 1995 Feb;4(2):315-8. [PubMed ]
36. Lissens W, De Meirleir L, Seneca S, Benelli C, Marsac C, Poll-The BT, Briones P, Ruitenbeek W, van Diggelen O, Chaigne D, Ramaekers V, Liebaers I: Mutation analysis of the pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha gene in eight patients with a pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency. Hum Mutat. 1996;7(1):46-51. [PubMed ]
37. Tripatara A, Kerr DS, Lusk MM, Kolli M, Tan J, Patel MS: Three new mutations of the pyruvate dehydrogenase alpha subunit: a point mutation (M181V), 3 bp deletion (-R282), and 16 bp insertion/frameshift (K358SVS-->TVDQS). Hum Mutat. 1996;8(2):180-2. [PubMed ]
38. Naito E, Ito M, Yokota I, Saijo T, Matsuda J, Osaka H, Kimura S, Kuroda Y: Biochemical and molecular analysis of an X-linked case of Leigh syndrome associated with thiamin-responsive pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1997 Aug;20(4):539-48. [PubMed ]
39. Otero LJ, Brown RM, Brown GK: Arginine 302 mutations in the pyruvate dehydrogenase E1alpha subunit gene: identification of further patients and in vitro demonstration of pathogenicity. Hum Mutat. 1998;12(2):114-21. [PubMed ]

1. PDHE1-A type II

MLAAFISRVLRRVAQKSARRVLVASRNSSNDATFEIKKCDLYLLEEGPPVTTVLTRAEGL
KYYRMMLTVRRMELKADQLYKQKFIRGFCHLCDGQEACCVGLEAGINPSDHVITSYRAHG
VCYTRGLSVRSILAELTGRRGGCAKGKGGSMHMYTKNFYGGNGIVGAQGPLGAGIALACK
YKGNDEICLTLYGDGAANQGQIAEAFNMAALWKLPCVFICENNLYGMGTSTERAAASPDY
YKRGNFIPGLKVDGMDVLCVREATKFAANYCRSGKGPILMELQTYRYHGHSMSDPGVSYR
TREEIQEVRSKRDPIIILQDRMVNSKLATVEELKEIGAEVRKEIDDAAQFATTDPEPHLE
ELGHHIYSSDSSFEVRGANPWIKFKSVS

• Butyrate Metabolism (map00650 )
• Gluconeogenesis (map00010 )
• Pyruvate Metabolism (map00620 )

• pyruvate + [dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase] lipoyllysine = [dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase] S-acetyldihydrolipoyllysine + CO2 [RN:R01699]

• E1_dh (PF00676 )

• None

• None

ATGCTGGCCGCCTTCATCTCCCGCGTGTTGAGGCGAGTTGCCCAGAAATCAGCTCGCAGA
GTGCTGGTGGCATCCCGTAACTCCTCAAATGACGCTACATTTGAAATTAAGAAATGTGAT
CTTTATCTGTTGGAAGAGGGTCCCCCTGTCACTACAGTGCTCACTAGGGCGGAGGGGCTT
AAATACTACAGGATGATGCTGACTGTTCGCCGCATGGAATTGAAGGCAGATCAGCTGTAC
AAACAGAAATTCATTCGCGGTTTCTGTCACCTGTGCGATGGTCAGGAAGCTTGTTGCGTG
GGCCTTGAGGCCGGCATAAACCCCTCGGATCACGTCATTACATCCTATAGGGCTCATGGT
GTGTGCTATACTCGGGGACTTTCTGTCCGATCCATTCTCGCAGAGCTGACGGGAAGAAGA
GGAGGTTGTGCTAAAGGAAAAGGAGGATCGATGCATATGTATACCAAGAACTTCTATGGG
GGCAATGGCATCGTCGGTGCACAGGGCCCCCTGGGCGCTGGCATTGCTCTGGCCTGTAAA
TATAAAGGAAACGATGAGATCTGTTTGACTTTATATGGGGATGGCGCTGCGAATCAGGGG
CAGATAGCCGAAGCTTTCAATATGGCAGCTTTATGGAAATTACCTTGTGTTTTCATCTGT
GAGAATAACCTATATGGAATGGGAACATCTACTGAGAGAGCAGCAGCCAGCCCTGATTAC
TACAAGAGGGGCAATTTTATCCCTGGGCTAAAGGTCGATGGAATGGATGTTCTGTGTGTT
CGTGAGGCAACAAAATTTGCAGCTAACTACTGTAGATCTGGAAAGGGGCCCATACTGATG
GAGCTGCAAACCTACCGTTATCATGGACACAGTATGAGTGATCCTGGAGTCAGTTATCGT
ACACGAGAAGAAATTCAGGAAGTAAGAAGTAAGAGGGATCCTATAATAATTCTCCAAGAT
AGAATGGTAAACAGCAAGCTCGCCACTGTGGAAGAATTAAAGGAAATTGGGGCTGAGGTG
AGGAAAGAAATTGATGATGCTGCCCAGTTTGCTACCACTGATCCTGAGCCACATTTGGAA
GAATTAGGCCATCACATCTACAGCAGTGATTCATCTTTTGAAGTTCGTGGTGCAAATCCA
TGGATCAAGTTTAAGTCCGTCAGTTAA

1. Dahl HH, Brown RM, Hutchison WM, Maragos C, Brown GK: A testis-specific form of the human pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha subunit is coded for by an intronless gene on chromosome 4. Genomics. 1990 Oct;8(2):225-32. [PubMed ]
2. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed ]
3. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
4. Olsen JV, Blagoev B, Gnad F, Macek B, Kumar C, Mortensen P, Mann M: Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks. Cell. 2006 Nov 3;127(3):635-48. [PubMed ]
5. Rikova K, Guo A, Zeng Q, Possemato A, Yu J, Haack H, Nardone J, Lee K, Reeves C, Li Y, Hu Y, Tan Z, Stokes M, Sullivan L, Mitchell J, Wetzel R, Macneill J, Ren JM, Yuan J, Bakalarski CE, Villen J, Kornhauser JM, Smith B, Li D, Zhou X, Gygi SP, Gu TL, Polakiewicz RD, Rush J, Comb MJ: Global survey of phosphotyrosine signaling identifies oncogenic kinases in lung cancer. Cell. 2007 Dec 14;131(6):1190-203. [PubMed ]
6. Zahedi RP, Lewandrowski U, Wiesner J, Wortelkamp S, Moebius J, Schutz C, Walter U, Gambaryan S, Sickmann A: Phosphoproteome of resting human platelets. J Proteome Res. 2008 Feb;7(2):526-34. Epub 2007 Dec 19. [PubMed ]
7. Dephoure N, Zhou C, Villen J, Beausoleil SA, Bakalarski CE, Elledge SJ, Gygi SP: A quantitative atlas of mitotic phosphorylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Aug 5;105(31):10762-7. Epub 2008 Jul 31. [PubMed ]
8. Oppermann FS, Gnad F, Olsen JV, Hornberger R, Greff Z, Keri G, Mann M, Daub H: Large-scale proteomics analysis of the human kinome. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2009 Jul;8(7):1751-64. Epub 2009 Apr 15. [PubMed ]

1. Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase
2. Glycine cleavage system L protein

MQSWSRVYCSLAKRGHFNRISHGLQGLSAVPLRTYADQPIDADVTVIGSGPGGYVAAIKA
AQLGFKTVCIEKNETLGGTCLNVGCIPSKALLNNSHYYHMAHGKDFASRGIEMSEVRLNL
DKMMEQKSTAVKALTGGIAHLFKQNKVVHVNGYGKITGKNQVTATKADGGTQVIDTKNIL
IATGSEVTPFPGITIDEDTIVSSTGALSLKKVPEKMVVIGAGVIGVELGSVWQRLGADVT
AVEFLGHVGGVGIDMEISKNFQRILQKQGFKFKLNTKVTGATKKSDGKIDVSIEAASGGK
AEVITCDVLLVCIGRRPFTKNLGLEELGIELDPRGRIPVNTRFQTKIPNIYAIGDVVAGP
MLAHKAEDEGIICVEGMAGGAVHIDYNCVPSVIYTHPEVAWVGKSEEQLKEEGIEYKVGK
FPFAANSRAKTNADTDGMVKILGQKSTDRVLGAHILGPGAGEMVNEAALALEYGASCEDI
ARVCHAHPTLSEAFREANLAASFGKSINF

• Citrate Cycle (map00020 )
• Gluconeogenesis (map00010 )
• Glycine, Serine and Threonine Metabolism (map00260 )
• Pyruvate Metabolism (map00620 )

• protein N6-(dihydrolipoyl)lysine + NAD+ = protein N6-(lipoyl)lysine + NADH + H+ [RN:R08550]

• Pyr_redox (PF00070 )
• Pyr_redox_2 (PF07992 )
• Pyr_redox_dim (PF02852 )

• None

• None

ATGCAGAGCTGGAGTCGTGTGTACTGCTCCTTGGCCAAGAGAGGCCATTTCAATCGAATA
TCTCATGGCCTACAGGGACTTTCTGCAGTGCCTCTGAGAACTTACGCAGATCAGCCGATT
GATGCTGATGTAACAGTTATAGGTTCTGGTCCTGGAGGATATGTTGCTGCTATTAAAGCT
GCCCAGTTAGGCTTCAAGACAGTCTGCATTGAGAAAAATGAAACACTTGGTGGAACATGC
TTGAATGTTGGTTGTATTCCTTCTAAGGCTTTATTGAACAACTCTCATTATTACCATATG
GCCCATGGAAAAGATTTTGCATCTAGAGGAATTGAAATGTCCGAAGTTCGCTTGAATTTA
GACAAGATGATGGAGCAGAAGAGTACTGCAGTAAAAGCTTTAACAGGTGGAATTGCCCAC
TTATTCAAACAGAATAAGGTTGTTCATGTCAATGGATATGGAAAGATAACTGGCAAAAAT
CAAGTCACTGCTACGAAAGCTGATGGCGGCACTCAGGTTATTGATACAAAGAACATTCTT
ATAGCCACGGGTTCAGAAGTTACTCCTTTTCCTGGAATCACGATAGATGAAGATACAATA
GTGTCATCTACAGGTGCTTTATCTTTAAAAAAAGTTCCAGAAAAGATGGTTGTTATTGGT
GCAGGAGTAATAGGTGTAGAATTGGGTTCAGTTTGGCAAAGACTTGGTGCAGATGTGACA
GCAGTTGAATTTTTAGGTCATGTAGGTGGAGTTGGAATTGATATGGAGATATCTAAAAAC
TTTCAACGCATCCTTCAAAAACAGGGGTTTAAATTTAAATTGAATACAAAGGTTACTGGT
GCTACCAAGAAGTCAGATGGAAAAATTGATGTTTCTATTGAAGCTGCTTCTGGTGGTAAA
GCTGAAGTTATCACTTGTGATGTACTCTTGGTTTGCATTGGCCGACGACCCTTTACTAAG
AATTTGGGACTAGAAGAGCTGGGAATTGAACTAGATCCCAGAGGTAGAATTCCAGTCAAT
ACCAGATTTCAAACTAAAATTCCAAATATCTATGCCATTGGTGATGTAGTTGCTGGTCCA
ATGCTGGCTCACAAAGCAGAGGATGAAGGCATTATCTGTGTTGAAGGAATGGCTGGTGGT
GCTGTGCACATTGACTACAATTGTGTGCCATCAGTGATTTACACACACCCTGAAGTTGCT
TGGGTTGGCAAATCAGAAGAGCAGTTGAAAGAAGAGGGTATTGAGTACAAAGTTGGGAAA
TTCCCATTTGCTGCTAACAGCAGAGCTAAGACAAATGCTGACACAGATGGCATGGTGAAG
ATCCTTGGGCAGAAATCGACAGACAGAGTACTGGGAGCACATATTCTTGGACCAGGTGCT
GGAGAAATGGTAAATGAAGCTGCTCTTGCTTTGGAATATGGAGCATCCTGTGAAGATATA
GCTAGAGTCTGTCATGCACATCCGACCTTATCAGAAGCTTTTAGAGAAGCAAATCTTGCT
GCGTCATTTGGCAAATCAATCAACTTTTGA

1. Otulakowski G, Robinson BH: Isolation and sequence determination of cDNA clones for porcine and human lipoamide dehydrogenase. Homology to other disulfide oxidoreductases. J Biol Chem. 1987 Dec 25;262(36):17313-8. [PubMed ]
2. Pons G, Raefsky-Estrin C, Carothers DJ, Pepin RA, Javed AA, Jesse BW, Ganapathi MK, Samols D, Patel MS: Cloning and cDNA sequence of the dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase component human alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Mar;85(5):1422-6. [PubMed ]
3. Feigenbaum AS, Robinson BH: The structure of the human dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase gene (DLD) and its upstream elements. Genomics. 1993 Aug;17(2):376-81. [PubMed ]
4. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed ]
5. Scherer SW, Cheung J, MacDonald JR, Osborne LR, Nakabayashi K, Herbrick JA, Carson AR, Parker-Katiraee L, Skaug J, Khaja R, Zhang J, Hudek AK, Li M, Haddad M, Duggan GE, Fernandez BA, Kanematsu E, Gentles S, Christopoulos CC, Choufani S, Kwasnicka D, Zheng XH, Lai Z, Nusskern D, Zhang Q, Gu Z, Lu F, Zeesman S, Nowaczyk MJ, Teshima I, Chitayat D, Shuman C, Weksberg R, Zackai EH, Grebe TA, Cox SR, Kirkpatrick SJ, Rahman N, Friedman JM, Heng HH, Pelicci PG, Lo-Coco F, Belloni E, Shaffer LG, Pober B, Morton CC, Gusella JF, Bruns GA, Korf BR, Quade BJ, Ligon AH, Ferguson H, Higgins AW, Leach NT, Herrick SR, Lemyre E, Farra CG, Kim HG, Summers AM, Gripp KW, Roberts W, Szatmari P, Winsor EJ, Grzeschik KH, Teebi A, Minassian BA, Kere J, Armengol L, Pujana MA, Estivill X, Wilson MD, Koop BF, Tosi S, Moore GE, Boright AP, Zlotorynski E, Kerem B, Kroisel PM, Petek E, Oscier DG, Mould SJ, Dohner H, Dohner K, Rommens JM, Vincent JB, Venter JC, Li PW, Mural RJ, Adams MD, Tsui LC: Human chromosome 7: DNA sequence and biology. Science. 2003 May 2;300(5620):767-72. Epub 2003 Apr 10. [PubMed ]
6. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
7. Johanning GL, Morris JI, Madhusudhan KT, Samols D, Patel MS: Characterization of the transcriptional regulatory region of the human dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Nov 15;89(22):10964-8. [PubMed ]
8. Choudhary C, Kumar C, Gnad F, Nielsen ML, Rehman M, Walther TC, Olsen JV, Mann M: Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions. Science. 2009 Aug 14;325(5942):834-40. Epub 2009 Jul 16. [PubMed ]
9. Brautigam CA, Chuang JL, Tomchick DR, Machius M, Chuang DT: Crystal structure of human dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase: NAD+/NADH binding and the structural basis of disease-causing mutations. J Mol Biol. 2005 Jul 15;350(3):543-52. [PubMed ]
10. Ciszak EM, Makal A, Hong YS, Vettaikkorumakankauv AK, Korotchkina LG, Patel MS: How dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase-binding protein binds dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase in the human pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. J Biol Chem. 2006 Jan 6;281(1):648-55. Epub 2005 Nov 1. [PubMed ]
11. Brautigam CA, Wynn RM, Chuang JL, Machius M, Tomchick DR, Chuang DT: Structural insight into interactions between dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) and E3 binding protein of human pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Structure. 2006 Mar;14(3):611-21. Epub 2006 Jan 26. [PubMed ]
12. Liu TC, Kim H, Arizmendi C, Kitano A, Patel MS: Identification of two missense mutations in a dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase-deficient patient. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Jun 1;90(11):5186-90. [PubMed ]
13. Hong YS, Kerr DS, Craigen WJ, Tan J, Pan Y, Lusk M, Patel MS: Identification of two mutations in a compound heterozygous child with dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency. Hum Mol Genet. 1996 Dec;5(12):1925-30. [PubMed ]
14. Shaag A, Saada A, Berger I, Mandel H, Joseph A, Feigenbaum A, Elpeleg ON: Molecular basis of lipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency in Ashkenazi Jews. Am J Med Genet. 1999 Jan 15;82(2):177-82. [PubMed ]

1. 70 kDa mitochondrial autoantigen of primary biliary cirrhosis
2. PBC
3. Dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
4. M2 antigen complex 70 kDa subunit
5. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex component E2
6. PDC-E2
7. PDCE2

MWRVCARRAQNVAPWAGLEARWTALQEVPGTPRVTSRSGPAPARRNSVTTGYGGVRALCG
WTPSSGATPRNRLLLQLLGSPGRRYYSLPPHQKVPLPSLSPTMQAGTIARWEKKEGDKIN
EGDLIAEVETDKATVGFESLEECYMAKILVAEGTRDVPIGAIICITVGKPEDIEAFKNYT
LDSSAAPTPQAAPAPTPAATASPPTPSAQAPGSSYPPHMQVLLPALSPTMTMGTVQRWEK
KVGEKLSEGDLLAEIETDKATIGFEVQEEGYLAKILVPEGTRDVPLGTPLCIIVEKEADI
SAFADYRPTEVTDLKPQVPPPTPPPVAAVPPTPQPLAPTPSAPCPATPAGPKGRVFVSPL
AKKLAVEKGIDLTQVKGTGPDGRITKKDIDSFVPSKVAPAPAAVVPPTGPGMAPVPTGVF
TDIPISNIRRVIAQRLMQSKQTIPHYYLSIDVNMGEVLLVRKELNKILEGRSKISVNDFI
IKASALACLKVPEANSSWMDTVIRQNHVVDVSVAVSTPAGLITPIVFNAHIKGVETIAND
VVSLATKAREGKLQPHEFQGGTFTISNLGMFGIKNFSAIINPPQACILAIGASEDKLVPA
DNEKGFDVASMMSVTLSCDHRVVDGAVGAQWLAEFRKYLEKPITMLL

• Gluconeogenesis (map00010 )
• Pyruvate Metabolism (map00620 )

• acetyl-CoA + enzyme N6-(dihydrolipoyl)lysine = CoA + enzyme N6-(S-acetyldihydrolipoyl)lysine [RN:R02569]

• 2-oxoacid_dh (PF00198 )
• Biotin_lipoyl (PF00364 )
• E3_binding (PF02817 )

• None

• None

ATGTGGCGCGTCTGTGCGCGACGGGCTCAGAATGTAGCCCCATGGGCGGGACTCGAGGCT
CGGTGGACGGCCTTGCAGGAGGTACCCGGAACTCCACGAGTGACCTCGCGATCTGGCCCG
GCTCCCGTTCGTCGCAACAGCGTGACTACAGGGTATGGCGGGGTCCGGGCACTGTGCGGC
TGGACCCCCAGTTCTGGGGCCACGCCGCGGAACCGCTTACTGCTGCAGCTTTTGGGGTCG
CCCGGCCGCCGCTATTACAGTCTTCCCCCGCATCAGAAGGTTCCATTGCCTTCTCTTTCC
CCCACAATGCAGGCAGGCACCATAGCCCGTTGGGAAAAAAAAGAGGGAGACAAAATCAAT
GAAGGTGACCTAATTGCAGAGGTTGAAACTGATAAAGCCACTGTTGGATTTGAGAGCCTG
GAGGAGTGTTATATGGCAAAGATACTTGTTGCTGAAGGTACCAGGGATGTTCCCATCGGA
GCGATCATCTGTATCACAGTTGGCAAGCCTGAGGATATTGAGGCCTTTAAAAATTATACA
CTGGATTCCTCAGCAGCACCTACCCCACAAGCGGCCCCAGCACCAACCCCTGCTGCCACT
GCTTCGCCACCTACACCTTCTGCTCAGGCTCCTGGTAGCTCATATCCCCCTCACATGCAG
GTACTTCTTCCTGCCCTCTCTCCCACCATGACCATGGGCACAGTTCAGAGATGGGAAAAA
AAAGTGGGTGAGAAGCTAAGTGAAGGAGACTTACTGGCAGAGATAGAAACTGACAAAGCC
ACTATAGGTTTTGAAGTACAGGAAGAAGGTTATCTGGCAAAAATCCTGGTCCCTGAAGGC
ACAAGAGATGTCCCTCTAGGAACCCCACTCTGTATCATTGTAGAAAAAGAGGCAGATATA
TCAGCATTTGCTGACTATAGGCCAACCGAAGTAACAGATTTAAAACCACAAGCGCCACCA
CCTACCCCACCCCCGGTGGCCGCTGTTCCTCCAACTCCCCAGCCTTTAGCTCCTACACCT
TCAGCACCCTGCCCAGCTACTCCTGCTGGACCAAAGGGAAGGGTGTTTGTTAGCCCTCTT
GCAAAGAAGTTGGCAGTAGAGAAAGGGATTGATCTTACACAAGTAAAAGGGACAGGACCA
GATGGTAGAATCACCAAGAAGGATATCGACTCTTTTGTGCCTAGTAAAGTTGCTCCTGCT
CCGGCAGCTGTTGTGCCTCCCACAGGTCCTGGAATGGCACCAGTTCCTACAGGTGTCTTC
ACAGATATCCCAATCAGCAACATTCGTCGGGTTATTGCACAGCGATTAATGCAATCAAAG
CAAACCATACCTCATTATTACCTTTCTATCAATGTAAATATGGGAGAAGTTTTGTTGGTA
CGGAAAGAACTTAATAAGATATTAGAAGGGAGAAGCAAAATTTCTGTCAATGACTTCATC
ATAAAAGCTTCAGCTTTGGCATGTTTAAAAGTTCCCGAAGCAAATTCTTCTTGGATGGAC
ACAGTTATAAGACAAAATCATGTTGTTGATGTCAGTGTTGCGGTCAGTACTCCTGCAGGA
CTCATCACACCTATTGTGTTTAATGCACATATAAAAGGAGTGGAAACCATTGCTAATGAT
GTTGTTTCTTTAGCAACCAAAGCAAGAGAGGGTAAACTACAGCCACATGAATTCCAGGGT
GGCACTTTTACGATCTCCAATTTAGGAATGTTTGGAATTAAGAATTTCTCTGCTATTATT
AACCCACCTCAAGCATGTATTTTGGCAATTGGTGCTTCAGAGGATAAACTGGTCCCTGCA
GATAATGAAAAAGGGTTTGATGTGGCTAGCATGATGTCTGTTACACTCAGTTGTGATCAC
CGGGTGGTGGATGGAGCAGTTGGAGCCCAGTGGCTTGCTGAGTTTAGAAAGTACCTTGAA
AAACCTATCACTATGTTGTTGTAA

1. Taylor TD, Noguchi H, Totoki Y, Toyoda A, Kuroki Y, Dewar K, Lloyd C, Itoh T, Takeda T, Kim DW, She X, Barlow KF, Bloom T, Bruford E, Chang JL, Cuomo CA, Eichler E, FitzGerald MG, Jaffe DB, LaButti K, Nicol R, Park HS, Seaman C, Sougnez C, Yang X, Zimmer AR, Zody MC, Birren BW, Nusbaum C, Fujiyama A, Hattori M, Rogers J, Lander ES, Sakaki Y: Human chromosome 11 DNA sequence and analysis including novel gene identification. Nature. 2006 Mar 23;440(7083):497-500. [PubMed ]
2. Coppel RL, McNeilage LJ, Surh CD, Van de Water J, Spithill TW, Whittingham S, Gershwin ME: Primary structure of the human M2 mitochondrial autoantigen of primary biliary cirrhosis: dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Oct;85(19):7317-21. [PubMed ]
3. Thekkumkara TJ, Ho L, Wexler ID, Pons G, Liu TC, Patel MS: Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA for the dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase component of human pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. FEBS Lett. 1988 Nov 21;240(1-2):45-8. [PubMed ]
4. Choudhary C, Kumar C, Gnad F, Nielsen ML, Rehman M, Walther TC, Olsen JV, Mann M: Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions. Science. 2009 Aug 14;325(5942):834-40. Epub 2009 Jul 16. [PubMed ]
5. Howard MJ, Fuller C, Broadhurst RW, Perham RN, Tang JG, Quinn J, Diamond AG, Yeaman SJ: Three-dimensional structure of the major autoantigen in primary biliary cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 1998 Jul;115(1):139-46. [PubMed ]
6. Head RA, Brown RM, Zolkipli Z, Shahdadpuri R, King MD, Clayton PT, Brown GK: Clinical and genetic spectrum of pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency: dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (E2) deficiency. Ann Neurol. 2005 Aug;58(2):234-41. [PubMed ]
7. Kato M, Chuang JL, Tso SC, Wynn RM, Chuang DT: Crystal structure of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 3 bound to lipoyl domain 2 of human pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. EMBO J. 2005 May 18;24(10):1763-74. Epub 2005 Apr 28. [PubMed ]
8. Devedjiev Y, Steussy CN, Vassylyev DG: Crystal structure of an asymmetric complex of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 3 with lipoyl domain 2 and its biological implications. J Mol Biol. 2007 Jul 13;370(3):407-16. Epub 2007 May 10. [PubMed ]
9. Kato M, Li J, Chuang JL, Chuang DT: Distinct structural mechanisms for inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isoforms by AZD7545, dichloroacetate, and radicicol. Structure. 2007 Aug;15(8):992-1004. Epub 2007 Aug 2. [PubMed ]

1. DAAO
2. DAMOX
3. DAO

MRVVVIGAGVIGLSTALCIHERYHSVLQPLDIKVYADRFTPLTTTDVAAGLWQPYLSDPN
NPQEADWSQQTFDYLLSHVHSPNAENLGLFLISGYNLFHEAIPDPSWKDTVLGFRKLTPR
ELDMFPDYGYGWFHTSLILEGKNYLQWLTERLTERGVKFFQRKVESFEEVAREGADVIVN
CTGVWAGALQRDPLLQPGRGQIMKVDAPWMKHFILTHDPERGIYNSPYIIPGTQTVTLGG
IFQLGNWSELNNIQDHNTIWEGCCRLEPTLKNARIIGERTGFRPVRPQIRLEREQLRTGP
SNTEVIHNYGHGGYGLTIHWGCALEAAKLFGRILEEKKLSRMPPSHL

• Arginine and Proline Metabolism (map00330 )
• D-Arginine and D-ornithine Metabolism (map00472 )
• Glycine, Serine and Threonine Metabolism (map00260 )

• a D-amino acid + H2O + O2 = a 2-oxo acid + NH3 + H2O2 [RN:R01340]

• DAO (PF01266 )

• None

• None

ATGCGTGTGGTGGTGATTGGAGCAGGAGTCATCGGGCTGTCCACCGCCCTCTGCATCCAT
GAGCGCTACCACTCAGTCCTGCAGCCACTGCACATAAAGGTCTACGCGGACCGCTTCACC
CCACTCACCACCACCGACGTGGCTGCCGGCCTCTGGCAGCCCTACCTTTCTGACCCCAAC
AACCCACAGGAGGCGGACTGGAGCCAACAGACCTTTGACTATCTCCTGAGCCATGTCCAT
TCTCCCAACGCTGAAAACCTGGGCCTGTTCCTAATCTCGGGCTACAACCTCTTCCATGAA
GCCATTCCGGACCCTTCCTGGAAGGACACAGTTCTGGGATTTCGGAAGCTGACCCCCAGA
GAGCTGGATATGTTCCCAGATTACGGCTATGGCTGGTTCCACACAAGCCTAATTCTGGAG
GGAAAGAACTATCTACAGTGGCTGACTGAAAGGTTAACTGAGAGGGGAGTGAAGTTCTTC
CAGCGGAAAGTGGAGTCTTTTGAGGAGGTGGCAAGAGAAGGCGCAGACGTGATTGTCAAC
TGCACTGGGGTATGGGCTGGGGCGCTACAACGAGACCCCCTGCTGCAGCCAGGCCGGGGG
CAGATCATGAAGGTGGACGCCCCTTGGATGAAGCACTTCATTCTCACCCATGACCCAGAG
AGAGGCATCTACAATTCCCCGTACATCATCCCAGGGACCCAGACAGTTACTCTTGGAGGC
ATCTTCCAGTTGGGAAACTGGAGTGAACTAAACAATATCCAGGACCACAACACCATTTGG
GAAGGCTGCTGCAGACTGGAGCCCACACTGAAGAATGCAAGAATTATTGGTGAAGCAACT
GGCTTCCGGCCAGTACGCCCCCAGATTCGGCTAGAAAGAGAACAGCTTCGCACTGGACCT
TCAAACACAGAGGTCATCCACAACTATGGCCATGGAGGCTACGGGCTCACCATCCACTGG
GGATGTGCCCTGGAGGCAGCCAAGCTCTTTGGGAGAATCCTGGAAGAAAAGAAATTGTCC
AGAATGCCACCATCCCACCTCTGA

1. Momoi K, Fukui K, Watanabe F, Miyake Y: Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA encoding human kidney D-amino acid oxidase. FEBS Lett. 1988 Sep 26;238(1):180-4. [PubMed ]
2. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed ]
3. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
4. Fukui K, Miyake Y: Molecular cloning and chromosomal localization of a human gene encoding D-amino-acid oxidase. J Biol Chem. 1992 Sep 15;267(26):18631-8. [PubMed ]
5. Kawazoe T, Tsuge H, Pilone MS, Fukui K: Crystal structure of human D-amino acid oxidase: context-dependent variability of the backbone conformation of the VAAGL hydrophobic stretch located at the si-face of the flavin ring. Protein Sci. 2006 Dec;15(12):2708-17. Epub 2006 Nov 6. [PubMed ]
6. Kawazoe T, Tsuge H, Imagawa T, Aki K, Kuramitsu S, Fukui K: Structural basis of D-DOPA oxidation by D-amino acid oxidase: alternative pathway for dopamine biosynthesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007 Apr 6;355(2):385-91. Epub 2007 Feb 8. [PubMed ]
7. Sparey T, Abeywickrema P, Almond S, Brandon N, Byrne N, Campbell A, Hutson PH, Jacobson M, Jones B, Munshi S, Pascarella D, Pike A, Prasad GS, Sachs N, Sakatis M, Sardana V, Venkatraman S, Young MB: The discovery of fused pyrrole carboxylic acids as novel, potent D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2008 Jun 1;18(11):3386-91. Epub 2008 Apr 13. [PubMed ]

1. (S)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate transaminase
2. GABA aminotransferase
3. GABA-AT
4. Gamma-amino-N-butyrate transaminase
5. GABA transaminase
6. GABA-T
7. L-AIBAT

MASMLLAQRLACSFQHSYRLLVPGSRHISQAAAKVDVEFDYDGPLMKTEVPGPRSQELMK
QLNIIQNAEAVHFFCNYEESRGNYLVDVDGNRMLDLYSQISSVPIGYSHPALLKLIQQPQ
NASMFVNRPALGILPPENFVEKLRQSLLSVAPKGMSQLITMACGSCSNENALKTIFMWYR
SKERGQRGFSQEELETCMINQAPGCPDYSILSFMGAFHGRTMGCLATTHSKAIHKIDIPS
FDWPIAPFPRLKYPLEEFVKENQQEEARCLEEVEDLIVKYRKKKKTVAGIIVEPIQSEGG
DNHASDDFFRKLRDIARKHGCAFLVDEVQTGGGCTGKFWAHEHWGLDDPADVMTFSKKMM
TGGFFHKEEFRPNAPYRIFNTWLGDPSKNLLLAEVINIIKREDLLNNAAHAGKALLTGLL
DLQARYPQFISRVRGRGTFCSFDTPDDSIRNKLILIARNKGVVLGGCGDKSIRFRPTLVF
RDHHAHLFLNIFSDILADFK

• Valine, Leucine and Isoleucine Degradation (map00280 )

• (S)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate + 2-oxoglutarate = 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + L-glutamate

• Aminotran_3 (PF00202 )

• None

• None

ATGGCCTCCATGTTGCTCGCCCAGCGCCTGGCCTGCAGCTTCCAGCACAGCTACCGCCTG
CTGGTGCCTGGATCCAGACACATTAGTCAAGCTGCAGCCAAAGTCGACGTTGAATTTGAT
TATGATGGGCCTCTGATGAAGACGGAAGTCCCAGGGCCTAGATCTCAGGAGTTAATGAAA
CAGCTGAATATAATTCAGAATGCAGAGGCTGTGCATTTTTTCTGCAATTACGAAGAGAGC
CGAGGCAATTACCTGGTTGATGTGGACGGCAACCGAATGCTGGATCTTTATTCCCAGATC
TCCTCTGTTCCCATAGGTTACAGCCACCCCGCCCTGCTGAAACTCATCCAACAGCCTCAA
AATGCGAGCATGTTTGTCAACAGACCCGCCCTCGGAATCCTGCCTCCGGAGAACTTTGTG
GAGAAGCTCCGGCAGTCCTTGCTCTCGGTGGCTCCCAAAGGGATGTCCCAGCTCATCACC
ATGGCCTGCGGCTCCTGCTCCAATGAAAACGCCTTAAAGACCATCTTCATGTGGTACCGG
AGCAAGGAAAGAGGGCAGAGGGGCTTCTCCCAGGAGGAGCTGGAGACGTGCATGATTAAC
CAGGCCCCTGGCTGCCCCGACTACAGCATCCTCTCCTTCATGGGCGCGTTCCATGGGAGG
ACCATGGGTTGCTTAGCGACCACGCACTCTAAAGCCATTCACAAGATCGACATCCCTTCC
TTTGACTGGCCCATCGCACCGTTCCCACGGCTGAAATACCCTCTGGAAGAGTTTGTGAAA
GAGAACCAACAGGAGGAGGCCCGCTGTCTGGAAGAGGTGGAGGATCTGATTGTGAAATAT
CGGAAAAAGAAGAAGACGGTGGCCGGGATCATCGTGGAGCCCATCCAGTCCGAGGGTGGA
GACAACCACGCATCCGATGACTTCTTTCGGAAGCTGAGAGACATCGCCAGGAAGCATGGC
TGCGCCTTCTTGGTGGACGAGGTACAGACCGGAGGAGGCTGCACGGGCAAGTTCTGGGCC
CATGAGCACTGGGGCCTGGATGACCCAGCAGACGTGATGACCTTCAGCAAGAAGATGATG
ACTGGGGGCTTCTTCCACAAGGAGGAGTTCAGGCCTAATGCTCCCTACCGGATCTTCAAC
ACCTGGCTGGGGGACCCGTCCAAGAACCTGTTGCTGGCTGAGGTCATCAACATCATCAAG
CGGGAGGACCTGCTAAATAATGCAGCCCATGCCGGGAAGGCCCTGCTCACAGGACTGCTG
GACCTCCAGGCCCGGTACCCCCAGTTCATCAGCAGGGTGAGAGGACGAGGCACCTTTTGC
TCCTTCGATACTCCCGATGATTCCATACGGAATAAGCTCATTTTAATTGCCAGAAACAAA
GGTGTGGTGTTGGGTGGCTGTGGTGACAAATCCATTCGTTTCCGTCCCACGCTGGTCTTC
AGGGATCACCACGCTCACCTGTTCCTCAATATTTTCAGTGACATCTTAGCAGACTTCAAG
TAA

1. Osei YD, Churchich JE: Screening and sequence determination of a cDNA encoding the human brain 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase. Gene. 1995 Apr 3;155(2):185-7. [PubMed ]
2. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed ]
3. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
4. De Biase D, Barra D, Simmaco M, John RA, Bossa F: Primary structure and tissue distribution of human 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase. Eur J Biochem. 1995 Jan 15;227(1-2):476-80. [PubMed ]
5. Medina-Kauwe LK, Tobin AJ, De Meirleir L, Jaeken J, Jakobs C, Nyhan WL, Gibson KM: 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase (GABA-transaminase) deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1999 Jun;22(4):414-27. [PubMed ]

1. AGT 2
2. (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate--pyruvate transaminase
3. Beta-ALAAT II
4. Beta-alanine-pyruvate aminotransferase
5. D-AIBAT

MTLIWRHLLRPLCLVTSAPRILEMHPFLSLGTSRTSVTKLSLHTKPRMPPCDFMPERYQS
LGYNRVLEIHKEHLSPVVTAYFQKPLLLHQGHMEWLFDAEGSRYLDFFSGIVTVSVGHCH
PKVNAVAQKQLGRLWHTSTVFFHPPMHEYAEKLAALLPEPLKVIFLVNSGSEANELAMLM
ARAHSNNIDIISFRGAYHGCSPYTLGLTNVGTYKMELPGGTGCQPTMCPDVFRGPWGGSH
CRDSPVQTIRKCSCAPDCCQAKDQYIEQFKDTLSTSVAKSIAGFFAEPIQGVNGVVQYPK
GFLKEAFELVRARGGVCIADEVQTGFGRLGSHFWGFQTHDVLPDIVTMAKGIGNGFPMAA
VITTPEIAKSLAKCLQHFNTFGGNPMACAIGSAVLEVIKEENLQENSQEVGTYMLLKFAK
LRDEFEIVGDVRGKGLMIGIEMVQDKISCRPLPREEVNQIHEDCKHMGLLVGRGSIFSQT
FRIAPSMCITKPEVDFAVEVFRSALTQHMERRAK

• Glycine, Serine and Threonine Metabolism (map00260 )

• L-alanine + glyoxylate = pyruvate + glycine [RN:R00369]

• Aminotran_3 (PF00202 )

• None

• None

ATGACTCTAATCTGGAGACATTTGCTGAGACCCTTGTGCCTGGTCACTTCCGCTCCCAGG
ATCCTTGAGATGCATCCTTTCCTGAGCCTAGGTACTTCCCGGACATCAGTAACCAAGCTC
AGTCTTCATACAAAGCCCAGAATGCCTCCATGTGACTTCATGCCTGAAAGATACCAGTCC
CTTGGCTACAACCGTGTCCTGGAAATCCACAAGGAACATCTTTCTCCTGTGGTGACGGCA
TATTTCCAGAAACCCCTGCTGCTCCACCAGGGGCACATGGAGTGGCTCTTTGATGCTGAA
GGAAGCAGATACCTGGATTTCTTTTCCGGGATTGTTACTGTCAGTGTTGGCCATTGCCAC
CCAAAGGTGAATGCAGTGGCACAAAAGCAGCTCGGCCGCCTGTGGCATACAAGCACCGTC
TTCTTCCACCCTCCAATGCATGAATATGCAGAGAAGCTTGCCGCACTTCTTCCTGAGCCT
CTTAAGGTCATTTTCTTGGTGAACAGTGGCTCAGAAGCCAATGAGCTGGCCATGCTGATG
GCCAGGGCGCACTCAAACAACATAGACATCATTTCTTTCAGAGGAGCCTACCATGGATGC
AGTCCTTACACACTTGGCTTGACAAACGTAGGGACCTACAAGATGGAACTCCCTGGTGGG
ACAGGTTGCCAACCAACAATGTGTCCAGATGTTTTTCGTGGCCCTTGGGGAGGAAGCCAC
TGTCGAGATTCTCCAGTGCAAACAATCAGGAAGTGCAGCTGTGCACCAGACTGCTGCCAA
GCTAAAGATCAGTATATTGAGCAATTCAAAGATACGCTGAGCACATCTGTGGCCAAGTCA
ATTGCTGGATTTTTCGCAGAACCTATTCAAGGTGTGAATGGAGTTGTCCAGTACCCAAAG
GGGTTTCTAAAGGAAGCCTTTGAGCTGGTGCGAGCAAGGGGAGGCGTGTGCATTGCAGAT
GAAGTGCAGACAGGATTTGGAAGGTTGGGCTCTCACTTCTGGGGCTTCCAAACCCACGAT
GTCCTGCCTGACATTGTCACCATGGCTAAAGGGATTGGGAATGGCTTTCCCATGGCAGCA
GTCATAACCACTCCAGAGATTGCCAAATCTTTGGCGAAATGCCTGCAGCACTTCAACACC
TTTGGAGGGAACCCCATGGCCTGTGCCATTGGATCTGCTGTGCTTGAGGTGATTAAAGAA
GAAAATCTACAGGAAAACAGTCAAGAAGTTGGGACCTACATGTTACTAAAGTTTGCTAAG
CTGCGGGATGAATTTGAAATTGTTGGAGACGTCCGAGGCAAAGGTCTCATGATAGGCATA
GAAATGGTGCAGGATAAGATAAGCTGTCGGCCTCTTCCCCGTGAAGAAGTAAATCAGATC
CATGAGGACTGCAAGCACATGGGACTCCTCGTTGGCAGAGGCAGCATTTTTTCTCAGACA
TTTCGCATTGCGCCCTCAATGTGCATCACTAAACCAGAAGTTGATTTTGCAGTAGAAGTA
TTTCGTTCTGCCTTAACCCAACACATGGAAAGAAGAGCTAAGTAA

1. Choudhary C, Kumar C, Gnad F, Nielsen ML, Rehman M, Walther TC, Olsen JV, Mann M: Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions. Science. 2009 Aug 14;325(5942):834-40. Epub 2009 Jul 16. [PubMed ]

1. Gamma-cystathionase

MQEKDASSQGFLPHFQHFATQAIHVGQDPEQWTSRAVVPPISLSTTFKQGAPGQHSGFEY
SRSGNPTRNCLEKAVAALDGAKYCLAFASGLAATVTITHLLKAGDQIICMDDVYGGTNRY
FRQVASEFGLKISFVDCSKIKLLEAAITPETKLVWIETPTNPTQKVIDIEGCAHIVHKHG
DIILVVDNTFMSPYFQRPLALGADISMYSATKYMNGHSDVVMGLVSVNCESLHNRLRFLQ
NSLGAVPSPIDCYLCNRGLKTLHVRMEKHFKNGMAVAQFLESNPWVEKVIYPGLPSHPQH
ELVKRQCTGCTGMVTFYIKGTLQHAEIFLKNLKLFTLAESLGGFESLAELPAIMTHASVL
KNDRDVLGISDTLIRLSVGLEDEEDLLEDLDQALKAAHPPSGSHS

• Cysteine Metabolism (map00272 )
• Glycine, Serine and Threonine Metabolism (map00260 )
• Methionine Metabolism (map00271 )
• Nitrogen Metabolism (map00910 )
• Selenoamino Acid Metabolism (map00450 )

• (1) L-cystathionine + H2O = L-cysteine + NH3 + 2-oxobutanoate (overall reaction) [RN:R01001]
• (2) (1a) L-cystathionine = L-cysteine + 2-ammoniobut-2-enoate [RN:R08632]
• (3) (1b) 2-ammoniobut-2-enoate + H2O = 2-oxobutanoate + NH3 (spontaneous) [RN:R08637]

• Cys_Met_Meta_PP (PF01053 )

• None

• None

ATGCAGGAAAAAGACGCCTCCTCACAAGGTTTCCTGCCACACTTCCAACATTTCGCCACG
CAGGCGATCCATGTGGGCCAGGATCCAGAGCAATGGACCTCCAGGGCTGTAGTGCCCCCC
ATCTCACTGTCCACCACGTTCAAGCAAGGGGCGCCTGGCCAGCACTCGGGTTTTGAATAT
AGCCGTTCTGGAAATCCCACTAGGAATTGCCTTGAAAAAGCAGTGGCAGCACTGGATGGG
GCTAAGTACTGTTTGGCCTTTGCTTCAGGTTTAGCAGCCACTGTAACTATTACCCATCTT
TTAAAAGCAGGAGACCAAATTATTTGTATGGATGATGTGTATGGAGGTACAAACAGGTAC
TTCAGGCAAGTGGCATCTGAATTTGGATTAAAGATTTCTTTTGTTGATTGTTCCAAAATC
AAATTACTAGAGGCAGCAATTACACCAGAAACCAAGCTTGTTTGGATCGAAACCCCCACA
AACCCCACCCAGAAGGTGATTGACATTGAAGGCTGTGCACATATTGTCCATAAGCATGGA
GACATTATTTTGGTCGTGGATAACACTTTTATGTCACCATATTTCCAGCGCCCTTTGGCT
CTGGGAGCTGATATTTCTATGTATTCTGCAACAAAATACATGAATGGCCACAGTGATGTT
GTAATGGGCCTGGTGTCTGTTAATTGTGAAAGCCTTCATAATAGACTTCGTTTCTTGCAA
AACTCTCTTGGAGCAGTTCCATCTCCTATTGATTGTTACCTCTGCAATCGAGGTCTGAAG
ACTCTACATGTCCGAATGGAAAAGCATTTCAAAAACGGAATGGCAGTTGCCCAGTTCCTG
GAATCTAATCCTTGGGTAGAAAAGGTTATTTATCCTGGGCTGCCCTCTCATCCACAGCAT
GAGTTGGTGAAGCGTCAGTGTACAGGTTGTACAGGGATGGTCACCTTTTATATTAAGGGC
ACTCTTCAGCATGCTGAGATTTTCCTCAAGAACCTAAAGCTATTTACTCTGGCCGAGAGC
TTGGGAGGATTCGAAAGCCTTGCTGAGCTTCCGGCAATCATGACTCATGCATCAGTTCTT
AAGAATGACAGAGATGTCCTTGGAATTAGTGACACACTGATTCGACTTTCTGTGGGCTTA
GAGGATGAGGAAGACCTACTGGAAGATCTAGATCAAGCTTTGAAGGCAGCACACCCTCCA
AGTGGAATTCACAGCTAG

1. Lu Y, O'Dowd BF, Orrego H, Israel Y: Cloning and nucleotide sequence of human liver cDNA encoding for cystathionine gamma-lyase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992 Dec 15;189(2):749-58. [PubMed ]
2. Gregory SG, Barlow KF, McLay KE, Kaul R, Swarbreck D, Dunham A, Scott CE, Howe KL, Woodfine K, Spencer CC, Jones MC, Gillson C, Searle S, Zhou Y, Kokocinski F, McDonald L, Evans R, Phillips K, Atkinson A, Cooper R, Jones C, Hall RE, Andrews TD, Lloyd C, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Ambrose KD, Anderson F, Andrew RW, Ashwell RI, Aubin K, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Beasley H, Bethel G, Bird CP, Bray-Allen S, Brown JY, Brown AJ, Buckley D, Burton J, Bye J, Carder C, Chapman JC, Clark SY, Clarke G, Clee C, Cobley V, Collier RE, Corby N, Coville GJ, Davies J, Deadman R, Dunn M, Earthrowl M, Ellington AG, Errington H, Frankish A, Frankland J, French L, Garner P, Garnett J, Gay L, Ghori MR, Gibson R, Gilby LM, Gillett W, Glithero RJ, Grafham DV, Griffiths C, Griffiths-Jones S, Grocock R, Hammond S, Harrison ES, Hart E, Haugen E, Heath PD, Holmes S, Holt K, Howden PJ, Hunt AR, Hunt SE, Hunter G, Isherwood J, James R, Johnson C, Johnson D, Joy A, Kay M, Kershaw JK, Kibukawa M, Kimberley AM, King A, Knights AJ, Lad H, Laird G, Lawlor S, Leongamornlert DA, Lloyd DM, Loveland J, Lovell J, Lush MJ, Lyne R, Martin S, Mashreghi-Mohammadi M, Matthews L, Matthews NS, McLaren S, Milne S, Mistry S, Moore MJ, Nickerson T, O'Dell CN, Oliver K, Palmeiri A, Palmer SA, Parker A, Patel D, Pearce AV, Peck AI, Pelan S, Phelps K, Phillimore BJ, Plumb R, Rajan J, Raymond C, Rouse G, Saenphimmachak C, Sehra HK, Sheridan E, Shownkeen R, Sims S, Skuce CD, Smith M, Steward C, Subramanian S, Sycamore N, Tracey A, Tromans A, Van Helmond Z, Wall M, Wallis JM, White S, Whitehead SL, Wilkinson JE, Willey DL, Williams H, Wilming L, Wray PW, Wu Z, Coulson A, Vaudin M, Sulston JE, Durbin R, Hubbard T, Wooster R, Dunham I, Carter NP, McVean G, Ross MT, Harrow J, Olson MV, Beck S, Rogers J, Bentley DR, Banerjee R, Bryant SP, Burford DC, Burrill WD, Clegg SM, Dhami P, Dovey O, Faulkner LM, Gribble SM, Langford CF, Pandian RD, Porter KM, Prigmore E: The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1. Nature. 2006 May 18;441(7091):315-21. [PubMed ]
3. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
4. Steegborn C, Clausen T, Sondermann P, Jacob U, Worbs M, Marinkovic S, Huber R, Wahl MC: Kinetics and inhibition of recombinant human cystathionine gamma-lyase. Toward the rational control of transsulfuration. J Biol Chem. 1999 Apr 30;274(18):12675-84. [PubMed ]
5. Matsuoka S, Ballif BA, Smogorzewska A, McDonald ER 3rd, Hurov KE, Luo J, Bakalarski CE, Zhao Z, Solimini N, Lerenthal Y, Shiloh Y, Gygi SP, Elledge SJ: ATM and ATR substrate analysis reveals extensive protein networks responsive to DNA damage. Science. 2007 May 25;316(5828):1160-6. [PubMed ]
6. Chiku T, Padovani D, Zhu W, Singh S, Vitvitsky V, Banerjee R: H2S biogenesis by human cystathionine gamma-lyase leads to the novel sulfur metabolites lanthionine and homolanthionine and is responsive to the grade of hyperhomocysteinemia. J Biol Chem. 2009 Apr 24;284(17):11601-12. Epub 2009 Mar 4. [PubMed ]
7. Sun Q, Collins R, Huang S, Holmberg-Schiavone L, Anand GS, Tan CH, van-den-Berg S, Deng LW, Moore PK, Karlberg T, Sivaraman J: Structural basis for the inhibition mechanism of human cystathionine gamma-lyase, an enzyme responsible for the production of H(2)S. J Biol Chem. 2009 Jan 30;284(5):3076-85. Epub 2008 Nov 19. [PubMed ]
8. Wang J, Hegele RA: Genomic basis of cystathioninuria (MIM 219500) revealed by multiple mutations in cystathionine gamma-lyase (CTH). Hum Genet. 2003 Apr;112(4):404-8. Epub 2003 Feb 6. [PubMed ]
9. Zhu W, Lin A, Banerjee R: Kinetic properties of polymorphic variants and pathogenic mutants in human cystathionine gamma-lyase. Biochemistry. 2008 Jun 10;47(23):6226-32. Epub 2008 May 14. [PubMed ]

1. LDH-B
2. LDH heart subunit
3. LDH-H
4. Renal carcinoma antigen NY-REN-46

MATLKEKLIAPVAEEEATVPNNKITVVGVGQVGMACAISILGKSLADELALVDVLEDKLK
GEMMDLQHGSLFLQTPKIVADKDYSVTANSKIVVVTAGVRQQEGESRLNLVQRNVNVFKF
IIPQIVKYSPDCIIIVVSNPVDILTYVTWKLSGLPKHRVIGSGCNLDSARFRYLMAEKLG
IHPSSCHGWILGEHGDSSVAVWSGVNVAGVSLQELNPEMGTDNDSENWKEVHKMVVESAY
EVIKLKGYTNWAIGLSVADLIESMLKNLSRIHPVSTMVKGMYGIENEVFLSLPCILNARG
LTSVINQKLKDDEVAQLKKSADTLWDIQKDLKDL

• Cysteine Metabolism (map00272 )
• Gluconeogenesis (map00010 )
• Propanoate Metabolism (map00640 )
• Pyruvate Metabolism (map00620 )

• (S)-lactate + NAD+ = pyruvate + NADH + H+ [RN:R00703]

• Ldh_1_C (PF02866 )
• Ldh_1_N (PF00056 )

• None

• None

ATGGCAACTCTTAAGGAAAAACTCATTGCACCAGTTGCGGAAGAAGAGGCAACAGTTCCA
AACAATAAGATCACTGTAGTGGGTGTTGGACAAGTTGGTATGGCGTGTGCTATCAGCATT
CTGGGAAAGTCTCTGGCTGATGAACTTGCTCTTGTGGATGTTTTGGAAGATAAGCTTAAA
GGAGAAATGATGGATCTGCAGCATGGGAGCTTATTTCTTCAGACACCTAAAATTGTGGCA
GATAAAGATTATTCTGTGACCGCCAATTCTAAGATTGTAGTGGTAACTGCAGGAGTCCGT
CAGCAAGAAGGGGAGAGTCGGCTCAATCTGGTGCAGAGAAATGTTAATGTCTTCAAATTC
ATTATTCCTCAGATCGTCAAGTACAGTCCTGATTGCATCATAATTGTGGTTTCCAACCCA
GTGGACATTCTTACGTATGTTACCTGGAAACTAAGTGGATTACCCAAACACCGCGTGATT
GGAAGTGGATGTAATCTGGATTCTGCTAGATTTCGCTACCTTATGGCTGAAAAACTTGGC
ATTCATCCCAGCAGCTGCCATGGATGGATTTTGGGGGAACATGGCGACTCAAGTGTGGCT
GTGTGGAGTGGTGTGAATGTGGCAGGTGTTTCTCTCCAGGAATTGAATCCAGAAATGGGA
ACTGACAATGATAGTGAAAATTGGAAGGAAGTGCATAAGATGGTGGTTGAAAGTGCCTAT
GAAGTCATCAAGCTAAAAGGATATACCAACTGGGCTATTGGATTAAGTGTGGCTGATCTT
ATTGAATCCATGTTGAAAAATCTATCCAGGATTCATCCCGTGTCAACAATGGTAAAGGGG
ATGTATGGCATTGAGAATGAAGTCTTCCTGAGCCTTCCATGTATCCTCAATGCCCGGGGA
TTAACCAGCGTTATCAACCAGAAGCTAAAGGATGATGAGGTTGCTCAGCTCAAGAAAAGT
GCAGATACCCTGTGGGACATCCAGAAGGACCTAAAAGACCTGTGA

1. Takeno T, Li SS: Structure of the human lactate dehydrogenase B gene. Biochem J. 1989 Feb 1;257(3):921-4. [PubMed ]
2. Sakai I, Sharief FS, Pan YC, Li SS: The cDNA and protein sequences of human lactate dehydrogenase B. Biochem J. 1987 Dec 15;248(3):933-6. [PubMed ]
3. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
4. Scanlan MJ, Gordan JD, Williamson B, Stockert E, Bander NH, Jongeneel V, Gure AO, Jager D, Jager E, Knuth A, Chen YT, Old LJ: Antigens recognized by autologous antibody in patients with renal-cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer. 1999 Nov 12;83(4):456-64. [PubMed ]
5. Rush J, Moritz A, Lee KA, Guo A, Goss VL, Spek EJ, Zhang H, Zha XM, Polakiewicz RD, Comb MJ: Immunoaffinity profiling of tyrosine phosphorylation in cancer cells. Nat Biotechnol. 2005 Jan;23(1):94-101. Epub 2004 Dec 12. [PubMed ]
6. Rikova K, Guo A, Zeng Q, Possemato A, Yu J, Haack H, Nardone J, Lee K, Reeves C, Li Y, Hu Y, Tan Z, Stokes M, Sullivan L, Mitchell J, Wetzel R, Macneill J, Ren JM, Yuan J, Bakalarski CE, Villen J, Kornhauser JM, Smith B, Li D, Zhou X, Gygi SP, Gu TL, Polakiewicz RD, Rush J, Comb MJ: Global survey of phosphotyrosine signaling identifies oncogenic kinases in lung cancer. Cell. 2007 Dec 14;131(6):1190-203. [PubMed ]
7. Heibeck TH, Ding SJ, Opresko LK, Zhao R, Schepmoes AA, Yang F, Tolmachev AV, Monroe ME, Camp DG 2nd, Smith RD, Wiley HS, Qian WJ: An extensive survey of tyrosine phosphorylation revealing new sites in human mammary epithelial cells. J Proteome Res. 2009 Aug;8(8):3852-61. [PubMed ]
8. Mayya V, Lundgren DH, Hwang SI, Rezaul K, Wu L, Eng JK, Rodionov V, Han DK: Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of T cell receptor signaling reveals system-wide modulation of protein-protein interactions. Sci Signal. 2009 Aug 18;2(84):ra46. [PubMed ]
9. Choudhary C, Kumar C, Gnad F, Nielsen ML, Rehman M, Walther TC, Olsen JV, Mann M: Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions. Science. 2009 Aug 14;325(5942):834-40. Epub 2009 Jul 16. [PubMed ]
10. Read JA, Winter VJ, Eszes CM, Sessions RB, Brady RL: Structural basis for altered activity of M- and H-isozyme forms of human lactate dehydrogenase. Proteins. 2001 May 1;43(2):175-85. [PubMed ]
11. Maekawa M, Sudo K, Kitajima M, Matsuura Y, Li SS, Kanno T: Analysis of a genetic mutation in an electrophoretic variant of the human lactate dehydrogenase-B(H) subunit. Hum Genet. 1993 Jun;91(5):423-6. [PubMed ]
12. Maekawa M, Sudo K, Kitajima M, Matsuura Y, Li SS, Kanno T: Detection and characterization of new genetic mutations in individuals heterozygous for lactate dehydrogenase-B(H) deficiency using DNA conformation polymorphism analysis and silver staining. Hum Genet. 1993 Mar;91(2):163-8. [PubMed ]
13. Sudo K, Maekawa M, Tomonaga A, Tsukada T, Nakayama T, Kitamura M, Li SS, Kanno T, Toriumi J: Molecular characterization of genetic mutations in human lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) B (H) variant. Hum Genet. 1992 May;89(2):158-62. [PubMed ]
14. Sudo K, Maekawa M, Ikawa S, Machida K, Kitamura M, Li SS: A missense mutation found in human lactate dehydrogenase-B (H) variant gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1990 Apr 30;168(2):672-6. [PubMed ]
15. Shonnard GC, Hud NV, Mohrenweiser HW: Arginine to tryptophan substitution in the active site of a human lactate dehydrogenase variant--LDHB GUA1: postulated effects on subunit structure and catalysis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1996 Jan 17;1315(1):9-14. [PubMed ]
16. Sudo K, Maekawa M, Houki N, Okuda T, Akizuki S, Magara T, Kawano K: A novel in-frame deletion mutation in a case of lactate dehydrogenase (LD) H subunit deficiency showing an atypical LD isoenzyme pattern in serum and erythrocytes. Clin Biochem. 1999 Mar;32(2):137-41. [PubMed ]
17. Hidaka K, Ueda N, Hirata I, Watanabe Y, Minatogawa Y, Iuchi I: First case of missense mutation (LDH-H:R171P) in exon 4 of the lactate dehydrogenase gene detected in a Japanese patient. J Hum Genet. 1999;44(1):69-72. [PubMed ]
18. Takatani T, Takaoka N, Tatsumi M, Kawamoto H, Okuno Y, Morita K, Masutani T, Murakawa K, Okamoto Y: A novel missense mutation in human lactate dehydrogenase B-subunit gene. Mol Genet Metab. 2001 Aug;73(4):344-8. [PubMed ]

1. LDH-C
2. Cancer/testis antigen 32
3. CT32
4. LDH testis subunit
5. LDH-X

MSTVKEQLIEKLIEDDENSQCKITIVGTGAVGMACAISILLKDLADELALVDVALDKLKG
EMMDLQHGSLFFSTSKITSGKDYSVSANSRIVIVTAGARQQEGETRLALVQRNVAIMKSI
IPAIVHYSPDCKILVVSNPVDILTYIVWKISGLPVTRVIGSGCNLDSARFRYLIGEKLGV
HPTSCHGWIIGEHGDSSVPLWSGVNVAGVALKTLDPKLGTDSDKEHWKNIHKQVIQSAYE
IIKLKGYTSWAIGLSVMDLVGSILKNLRRVHPVSTMVKGLYGIKEELFLSIPCVLGRNGV
SDVVKINLNSEEEALFKKSAETLWNIQKDLIF

• Cysteine Metabolism (map00272 )
• Gluconeogenesis (map00010 )
• Propanoate Metabolism (map00640 )
• Pyruvate Metabolism (map00620 )

• (S)-lactate + NAD+ = pyruvate + NADH + H+ [RN:R00703]

• Ldh_1_C (PF02866 )
• Ldh_1_N (PF00056 )

• None

• None

ATGTCAACTGTCAAGGAGCAGCTAATTGAGAAGCTAATTGAGGATGATGAAAACTCCCAG
TGTAAAATTACTATTGTTGGAACTGGTGCCGTAGGCATGGCTTGTGCTATTAGTATCTTA
CTGAAGGATTTGGCTGATGAACTTGCCCTTGTTGATGTTGCATTGGACAAACTGAAGGGA
GAAATGATGGATCTTCAGCATGGCAGTCTTTTCTTTAGTACTTCAAAGGTTACTTCTGGA
AAAGATTACAGTGTATCTGCAAACTCCAGAATAGTTATTGTCACAGCAGGTGCAAGGCAG
CAGGAGGGAGAAACTCGCCTTGCCCTGGTCCAACGTAATGTGGCTATAATGAAAATAATC
ATTCCTGCCATAGTCCATTATAGTCCTGATTGTAAAATTCTTGTTGTTTCAAATCCAGTG
GATATTTTGACATATATAGTCTGGAAGATAAGTGGCTTACCTGTAACTCGTGTAATTGGA
AGTGGTTGTAATCTAGACTCTGCCCGTTTCCGTTACCTAATTGGAGAAAAGTTGGGTGTC
CACCCCACAAGCTGCCATGGTTGGATTATTGGAGAACATGGTGATTCTAGTGTGCCCTTA
TGGAGTGGGGTGAATGTTGCTGGTGTTGCTCTGAAGACTCTGGACCCTAAATTAGGAACG
GATTCAGATAAGGAACACTGGAAAAATATCCATAAACAAGTTATTCAAAGTGCCTATGAA
ATTATCAAGCTGAAGGGGTATACCTCTTGGGCTATTGGACTGTCTGTGATGGATCTGGTA
GGATCCATTTTGAAAAATCTTAGGAGAGTGCACCCAGTTTCCACCATGGTTAAGGGATTA
TATGGAATAAAAGAAGAACTCTTTCTCAGTATCCCTTGTGTCTTGGGGCGGAATGGTGTC
TCAGATGTTGTGAAAATTAACTTGAATTCTGAGGAGGAGGCCCTTTTCAAGAAGAGTGCA
GAAACACTTTGGAATATTCAAAAGGATCTAATATTTTAA

1. Millan JL, Driscoll CE, LeVan KM, Goldberg E: Epitopes of human testis-specific lactate dehydrogenase deduced from a cDNA sequence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Aug;84(15):5311-5. [PubMed ]
2. Takano T, Li SS: Human testicular lactate dehydrogenase-C gene is interrupted by six introns at positions homologous to those of LDH-A (muscle) and LDH-B (heart) genes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Mar 15;159(2):579-83. [PubMed ]
3. Wang H, Zhou Z, Xu M, Li J, Xiao J, Xu ZY, Sha J: A spermatogenesis-related gene expression profile in human spermatozoa and its potential clinical applications. J Mol Med. 2004 May;82(5):317-24. Epub 2004 Feb 24. [PubMed ]
4. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]

MSWTVPVVRASQRVSSVGANFLCLGMALCPRQATRIPLNGTWLFTPVSKMATVKSELIER
FTSEKPVHHSKVSIIGTGSVGMACAISILLKGLSDELALVDLDEDKLKGETMDLQHGSPF
TKMPNIVCSKDYFVTANSNLVIITAGARQEKGETRLNLVQRNVAIFKLMISSIVQYSPHC
KLIIVSNPVDILTYVAWKLSAFPKNRIIGSGCNLDTARFRFLIGQKLGIHSESCHGWILG
EHGDSSVPVWSGVNIAGVPLKDLNSDIGTDKDPEQWKNVHKEVTATAYEIIKMKGYTSWA
IGLSVADLTESILKNLRRIHPVSTIIKGLYGIDEEVFLSIPCILGENGITNLIKIKLTPE
EEAHLKKSAKTLWEIQNKLKL

• Cysteine Metabolism (map00272 )
• Gluconeogenesis (map00010 )
• Propanoate Metabolism (map00640 )
• Pyruvate Metabolism (map00620 )

• (S)-lactate + NAD+ = pyruvate + NADH + H+ [RN:R00703]

• Ldh_1_C (PF02866 )
• Ldh_1_N (PF00056 )

• None

• None

ATGAGTTGGACTGTGCCTGTTGTGCGGGCCAGCCAGAGAGTGAGCTCGGTGGGAGCGAAT
TTCCTATGCCTGGGGATGGCCCTGTGTCCGCGTCAAGCAACGCGCATCCCGCTCAACGGC
ACCTGGCTCTTCACCCCCGTGAGCAAGATGGCGACTGTGAAGAGTGAGCTTATTGAGCGT
TTCACTTCCGAGAAGCCCGTTCATCACAGTAAGGTCTCCATCATAGGAACTGGATCGGTG
GGCATGGCCTGCGCTATCAGCATCTTATTAAAAGGCTTGAGTGATGAACTTGCCCTTGTG
GATCTTGATGAAGACAAACTGAAGGGTGAGACGATGGATCTTCAACATGGCAGCCCTTTC
ACGAAAATGCCAAATATTGTTTGTAGCAAAGATTACTTTGTCACAGCAAACTCCAACCTA
GTGATTATCACAGCAGGTGCACGCCAAGAAAAGGGAGAAACGCGCCTTAATTTAGTCCAG
CGAAATGTGGCCATCTTCAAGTTAATGATTTCCAGTATTGTCCAGTACAGCCCCCACTGC
AAACTGATTATTGTTTCCAATCCAGTGGATATCTTAACTTATGTAGCTTGGAAGTTGAGT
GCATTTCCCAAAAACCGTATTATTGGAAGCGGCTGTAATCTGGATACTGCTCGTTTTCGT
TTCTTGATTGGACAAAAGCTTGGTATCCATTCTGAAAGCTGCCATGGATGGATCCTCGGA
GAGCATGGAGACTCAAGTGTTCCTGTGTGGAGTGGAGTGAACATAGCTGGTGTCCCTTTG
AAGGATCTGAACTCTGATATAGGAACTGATAAAGATCCTGAGCAATGGAAAAATGTCCAC
AAAGAAGTGACTGCAACTGCCTATGAGATTATTAAAATGAAAGGTTATACTTCTTGGGCC
ATTGGCCTATCTGTGGCCGATTTAACAGAAAGTATTTTGAAGAATCTTAGGAGAATACAT
CCAGTTTCCACCATAATTAAGGGCCTCTATGGAATAGATGAAGAAGTATTCCTCAGTATT
CCTTGTATCCTGGGAGAGAACGGTATTACCAACCTTATAAAGATAAAGCTGACCCCTGAA
GAAGAGGCCCATCTGAAAAAAAGTGCAAAAACACTCTGGGAAATTCAGAATAAGCTTAAG
CTTTAA

1. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed ]
2. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]

1. SDH
2. L-serine deaminase
3. L-threonine dehydratase
4. TDH

MMSGEPLHVKTPIRDSMALSKMAGTSVYLKMDSAQPSGSFKIRGIGHFCKRWAKQGCAHF
VCSSAGNAGMAAAYAARQLGVPATIVVPSTTPALTIERLKNEGATVKVVGELLDEAFELA
KALAKNNPGWVYIPPFDDPLIWEGHASIVKELKETLWEKPGAIALSVGGGGLLCGVVQGL
QEVGWGDVPVIAMETFGAHSFHAATTAGKLVSLPKITSVAKALGVKTVGAQALKLFQEHP
IFSEVISDQEAVAAIEKFVDDEKILVEPACGAALAAVYSHVIQKLQLEGNLRTPLPSLVV
IVCGGSNISLAQLRALKEQLGMTNRLPK

• Cysteine Metabolism (map00272 )
• Glycine, Serine and Threonine Metabolism (map00260 )

• L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH3 [RN:R00996]

• PALP (PF00291 )

• None

• None

ATGATGTCTGGAGAACCCCTGCACGTGAAGACCCCCATCCGTGACAGCATGGCCCTGTCC
AAAATGGCCGGCACCAGCGTCTACCTCAAGATGGACAGTGCCCAGCCCTCCGGCTCCTTC
AAGATCCGGGGCATTGGGCACTTCTGCAAGAGGTGGGCCAAGCAAGGCTGTGCACATTTT
GTCTGCTCCTCGGCGGGCAACGCAGGCATGGCGGCTGCATATGCGGCCAGGCAACTCGGC
GTCCCCGCCACCATCGTGGTGCCCAGCACCACACCTGCTCTCACCATTGAGCGCCTCAAG
AATGAAGGTGCCACAGTCAAGGTGGTGGGTGAGTTATTGGATGAAGCCTTCGAGCTGGCC
AAGGCCCTAGCGAAGAACAACCCGGGTTGGGTCTACATTCCCCCCTTTGATGACCCCCTC
ATCTGGGAAGGCCACGCTTCCATCGTGAAAGAGCTGAAGGAGACACTGTGGGAAAAGCCG
GGGGCCATCGCGCTGTCAGTGGGCGGCGGGGGCCTGCTGTGTGGAGTGGTCCAGGGGCTG
CAGGAGGTGGGCTGGGGGGACGTGCCTGTCATCGCCATGGAGACTTTTGGTGCCCACAGC
TTCCACGCTGCCACCACCGCAGGCAAACTTGTCTCCCTGCCCAAGATCACCAGTGTTGCC
AAGGCCCTGGGCGTGAAGACTGTGGGGGCTCAGGCCCTGAAGCTGTTTCAGGAACACCCC
ATTTTCTCTGAAGTTATCTCGGACCAGGAGGCTGTGGCCGCCATTGAGAAGTTCGTGGAT
GATGAGAAGATCCTGGTGGAGCCCGCCTGCGGGGCAGCCCTGGCCGCTGTCTATAGCCAC
GTGATCCAGAAGCTCCAACTGGAGGGGAATCTCCGAACCCCGCTGCCATCCCTCGTGGTC
ATCGTCTGCGGGGGCAGCAACATCAGCCTGGCCCAGCTGCGGGCGCTCAAGGAACAGCTG
GGCATGACAAATAGGTTGCCCAAGTGA

1. Ogawa H, Gomi T, Konishi K, Date T, Nakashima H, Nose K, Matsuda Y, Peraino C, Pitot HC, Fujioka M: Human liver serine dehydratase. cDNA cloning and sequence homology with hydroxyamino acid dehydratases from other sources. J Biol Chem. 1989 Sep 25;264(27):15818-23. [PubMed ]
2. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed ]
3. Yamada T, Komoto J, Kasuya T, Takata Y, Ogawa H, Mori H, Takusagawa F: A catalytic mechanism that explains a low catalytic activity of serine dehydratase like-1 from human cancer cells: crystal structure and site-directed mutagenesis studies. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008 May;1780(5):809-18. Epub 2008 Feb 19. [PubMed ]
4. Sun L, Li X, Dong Y, Yang M, Liu Y, Han X, Zhang X, Pang H, Rao Z: Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of human serine dehydratase. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2003 Dec;59(Pt 12):2297-9. Epub 2003 Nov 27. [PubMed ]

1. ATP pyrophosphate-lyase 7
2. Adenylate cyclase type VII
3. Adenylyl cyclase 7

MPAKGRYFLNEGEEGPDQDALYEKYQLTSQHGPLLLTLLLVAATACVALIIIAFSQGDPS
RHQAILGMAFLVLAVFAALSVLMYVECLLRRWLRALALLTWACLVALGYVLVFDAWTKAA
CAWEQVPFFLFIVFVVYTLLPFSMRGAVAVGAVSTASHLLVLGSLMGGFTTPSVRVGLQL
LANAVIFLCGNLTGAFHKHQMQDASRDLFTYTVKCIQIRRKLRIEKRQQENLLLSVLPAH
ISMGMKLAIIERLKEHGDRRCMPDNNFHSLYVKRHQNVSILYADIVGFTQLASDCSPKEL
VVVLNELFGKFDQIAKANECMRIKILGDCYYCVSGLPVSLPTHARNCVKMGLDMCQAIKQ
VREATGVDINMRVGIHSGNVLCGVIGLRKWQYDVWSHDVSLANRMEAAGVPGRVHITEAT
LKHLDKAYEVEDGHGQQRDPYLKEMNIRTYLVIDPRSQQPPPPSQHLPRPKGDAALKMRA
SVRMTRYLESWGAARPFAHLNHRESVSSGETHVPNGRRPKSVPQRHRRTPDRSMSPKGRS
EDDSYDDEMLSAIEGLSSTRPCCSKSDDFYTFGSIFLEKGFEREYRLAPIPRARHDFACA
SLIFVCILLVHVLLMPRTAALGVSFGLVACVLGLVLGLCFATKFSRCCPARGTLCTISER
VETQPLLRLTLAVLTIGSLLTVAIINLPLMPFQVPELPVGNETGLLAASSKTRALCEPLP
YYTCSCVLGFIACSVFLRMSLEPKVVLLTVALVAYLVLFNLSPCWQWDCCGQGLGNLTKP
NGTTSGTPSCSWKDLKTMTNFYLVLFYITLLTLSRQIDYYCRLDCLWKKKFKKEHEEFET
MENVNRLLLENVLPAHVAAHFIGDKLNEDWYHQSYDCVCVMFASVPDFKVFYTECDVNKE
GLECLRLLNEIIADFDELLLKPKFSGVEKIKTIGSTYMAAAGLSVASGHENQELERQHAH
IGVMVEFSIALMSKLDGINRHSFNSFRLRVGINHGPVIAGVIGARKPQYDIWGNTVNVAS
RMESTGELGKIQVTEETCTILQGLGYSCECRGLINVKGKGELRTYFVCTDTAKFQGLGLN

• Purine Metabolism (map00230 )

• ATP = 3',5'-cyclic AMP + diphosphate [RN:R00089]

• DUF1053 (PF06327 )
• Guanylate_cyc (PF00211 )

• None

• 34-54 63-83 95-117 122-142 147-167 176-196 595-615 620-640 669-688 718-737 746-773 794-814

ATGCCAGCCAAGGGGCGCTACTTCCTCAACGAGGGCGAGGAGGGCCCTGACCAAGATGCG
CTCTACGAGAAGTACCAGCTCACCAGCCAGCATGGGCCGCTGCTGCTCACGCTCCTGCTG
GTGGCCGCCACTGCCTGCGTGGCCCTCATCATCATTGCCTTCAGCCAGGGGGACCCCTCC
AGACACCAGGCCATTCTGGGCATGGCGTTCCTGGTGCTGGCGGTGTTTGCGGCCCTCTCT
GTGCTGATGTACGTCGAGTGTCTCCTGCGGCGCTGGCTCAGGGCCTTGGCGCTGCTCACC
TGGGCCTGCTTGGTGGCGCTGGGCTATGTGCTGGTGTTCGACGCATGGACAAAGGCGGCC
TGTGCGTGGGAGCAGGTGCCCTTCTTCCTGTTCATTGTCTTCGTGGTGTACACACTACTG
CCCTTCAGCATGCGGGGCGCTGTCGCCGTTGGGGCCGTCTCCACTGCCTCCCACCTCCTG
GTGCTCGGTTCTTTGATGGGAGGCTTCACGACACCCAGTGTCCGGGTGGGGCTGCAGCTG
CTGGCCAACGCAGTCATCTTCCTGTGTGGGAACCTGACAGGCGCCTTCCACAAGCACCAA
ATGCAGGATGCGTCCCGGGACCTCTTCACCTACACTGTGAAGTGCATCCAGATCCGCCGG
AAGCTGCGCATCGAGAAGCGCCAGCAGGAGAACCTGCTGCTGTCAGTGCTTCCGGCCCAC
ATCTCCATGGGCATGAAGCTGGCCATCATCGAACGGCTCAAGGAGCATGGTGACCGTCGC
TGCATGCCTGACAACAACTTCCACAGCCTCTACGTCAAGAGGCACCAGAATGTCAGCATC
CTCTATGCGGACATCGTGGGCTTCACGCAGCTGGCCAGCGACTGTTCTCCCAAGGAGCTG
GTGGTGGTGCTGAATGAGCTCTTTGGCAAGTTCGACCAGATCGCCAAGGCCAACGAGTGC
ATGCGAATCAAGATCCTCGGCGACTGCTACTACTGTGTATCGGGCCTGCCCGTGTCGCTG
CCTACCCACGCCCGGAACTGCGTGAAGATGGGGCTGGACATGTGCCAGGCCATCAAGCAG
GTGCGGGAGGCCACGGGCGTGGACATCAACATGCGTGTGGGCATACACTCGGGGAATGTG
CTGTGCGGGGTCATCGGGCTGCGCAAGTGGCAGTATGACGTGTGGTCCCACGACGTGTCC
CTGGCCAACCGGATGGAGGCAGCCGGAGTACCCGGCCGGGTGCACATCACGGAGGCCACG
CTAAAGCACCTGGACAAGGCGTACGAGGTGGAGGATGGGCACGGGCAGCAGCGGGACCCC
TACCTCAAGGAGATGAACATCCGCACCTACCTGGTCATCGACCCCCGGAGCCAGCAGCCA
CCCCCGCCCAGCCAACACCTCCCCAGGCCCAAGGGGGACGCGGCCCTGAAGATGCGGGCG
TCAGTGCGCATGACCCGGTACCTCGAGTCCTGGGGGGCGGCACGGCCCTTTGCACATCTC
AACCACCGTGAGAGCGTGAGCAGTGGTGAGACCCACGTCCCCAACGGGCGGAGGCCTAAG
AGCGTTCCCCAGCGCCACCGCCGGACCCCAGACAGAAGCATGTCCCCCAAGGGGCGGTCG
GAGGATGACTCGTACGATGACGAGATGCTGTCAGCCATTGAGGGGCTCAGCTCCACGAGG
CCCTGCTGCTCCAAGTCCGATGACTTCTACACCTTTGGGTCCATCTTCCTGGAGAAGGGC
TTTGAGCGCGAGTACCGCCTGGCACCCATCCCCCGGGCCCGCCACGACTTTGCCTGCGCC
AGCCTGATCTTCGTCTGCATCCTGCTCGTCCATGTCCTGCTCATGCCCAGGACGGCGGCA
CTGGGTGTGTCCTTCGGGCTGGTGGCCTGTGTACTGGGGCTGGTGCTGGGCCTGTGCTTT
GCCACCAAGTTCTCGAGGTGCTGCCCAGCTCGGGGGACGCTCTGCACTATCTCTGAGAGG
GTGGAGACACAGCCCCTGCTGAGGCTGACCCTGGCCGTCCTGACCATCGGCAGCCTGCTC
ACTGTGGCCATCATCAACCTGCCCCTGATGCCTTTCCAAGTTCCAGAGCTGCCTGTTGGC
AATGAGACAGGCCTACTGGCCGCGAGCAGCAAGACAAGAGCCCTGTGTGAGCCCCTCCCG
TACTACACCTGCAGCTGTGTCCTGGGCTTCATCGCCTGCTCGGTCTTCCTGAGGATGAGC
CTGGAGCCAAAGGTTGTGCTGCTGACAGTGGCCCTGGTGGCCTACCTGGTGCTCTTCAAC
CTCTCCCCATGCTGGCAGTGGGACTGCTGCGGCCAAGGCCTGGGCAACCTCACCAAGCCC
AACGGCACCACCAGTGGCACCCCTAGCTGTTCCTGGAAGGACCTGAAGACCATGACCAAT
TTCTACCTGGTCCTGTTCTACATCACCCTGCTTACACTCTCCAGACAGATTGACTATTAC
TGCCGCTTGGACTGCCTATGGAAGAAGAAGTTCAAGAAGGAGCACGAGGAGTTTGAGACC
ATGGAGAACGTGAACCGCCTTCTTCTGGAGAACGTCCTGCCAGCCCACGTGGCTGCCCAC
TTTATCGGTGACAAGTTAAACGAGGACTGGTACCATCAGTCCTATGACTGCGTCTGTGTC
ATGTTTGCCTCCGTGCCGGACTTCAAAGTGTTCTACACAGAGTGCGATGTCAACAAAGAA
GGGCTGGAGTGCCTACGCCTGCTCAATGAGATCATTGCCGACTTCGACGAGCTCCTACTG
AAGCCCAAGTTCAGCGGCGTGGAGAAGATCAAGACCATCGGCAGCACGTACATGGCAGCT
GCAGGGCTCAGCGTCGCCTCAGGGCACGAGAACCAGGAGCTGGAGCGGCAGCATGCCCAC
ATTGGTGTCATGGTGGAGTTCAGCATCGCCCTGATGAGTAAGCTGGACGGCATCAACAGG
CACTCCTTCAACTCCTTCCGCCTCCGCGTCGGCATAAACCATGGGCCTGTGATTGCTGGA
GTGATTGGGGCCCGAAAACCTCAGTATGACATCTGGGGAAACACTGTCAATGTGGCCAGC
CGAATGGAAAGCACTGGAGAACTTGGGAAAATCCAGGTTACCGAGGAGACCTGCACCATC
CTCCAGGGCCTCGGGTACTCTTGTGAATGCCGTGGCCTGATCAACGTCAAAGGCAAAGGC
GAGCTGAGGACTTACTTTGTCTGTACGGACACTGCCAAGTTTCAGGGGCTGGGGCTGAAC
TGA

1. Nomura N, Miyajima N, Sazuka T, Tanaka A, Kawarabayasi Y, Sato S, Nagase T, Seki N, Ishikawa K, Tabata S: Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. I. The coding sequences of 40 new genes (KIAA0001-KIAA0040) deduced by analysis of randomly sampled cDNA clones from human immature myeloid cell line KG-1. DNA Res. 1994;1(1):27-35. [PubMed ]
2. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]

1. ATP pyrophosphate-lyase 4
2. Adenylate cyclase type IV
3. Adenylyl cyclase 4

MARLFSPRPPPSEDLFYETYYSLSQQYPLLLLLLGIVLCALAALLAVAWASGRELTSDPS
FLTTVLCALGGFSLLLGLASREQRLQRWTRPLSGLVWVALLALGHAFLFTGGVVSAWDQV
SYFLFVIFTAYAMLPLGMRDAAVAGLASSLSHLLVLGLYLGPQPDSRPALLPQLAANAVL
FLCGNVAGVYHKALMERALRATFREALSSLHSRRRLDTEKKHQEHLLLSILPAYLAREMK
AEIMARLQAGQGSRPESTNNFHSLYVKRHQGVSVLYADIVGFTRLASECSPKELVLMLNE
LFGKFDQIAKEHECMRIKILGDCYYCVSGLPLSLPDHAINCVRMGLDMCRAIRKLRAATG
VDINMRVGVHSGSVLCGVIGLQKWQYDVWSHDVTLANHMEAGGVPGRVHITGATLALLAG
AYAVEDAGMEHRDPYLRELGEPTYLVIDPRAEEEDEKGTAGGLLSSLEGLKMRPSLLMTR
YLESWGAAKPFAHLSHGDSPVSTSTPLPEKTLASFSTQWSLDRSRTPRGLDDELDTGDAK
FFQVIEQLNSQKQWKQSKDFNPLTLYFREKEMEKEYRLSAIPAFKYYEACTFLVFLSNFI
IQMLVTNRPPALAITYSITFLLFLLILFVCFSEDLMRCVLKGPKMLHWLPALSGLVATRP
GLRIALGTATILLVFAMAITSLFFFPTSSDCPFQAPNVSSMISNLSWELPGSLPLISVPY
SMHCCTLGFLSCSLFLHMSFELKLLLLLLWLAASCSLFLHSHAWLSECLIVRLYLGPLDS
RPGVLKEPKLMGAISFFIFFFTLLVLARQNEYYCRLDFLWKKKLRQEREETETMENLTRL
LLENVLPAHVAPQFIGQNRRNEDLYHQSYECVCVLFASVPDFKEFYSESNINHEGLECLR
LLNEIIADFDELLSKPKFSGVEKIKTIGSTYMAATGLNATSGQDAQQDAERSCSHLGTMV
EFAVALGSKLDVINKHSFNNFRLRVGLNHGPVVAGVIGAQKPQYDIWGNTVNVASRMEST
GVLGKIQVTEETAWALQSLGYTCYSRGVIKVKGKGQLCTYFLNTDLTRTGPPSATLG

• Purine Metabolism (map00230 )

• ATP = 3',5'-cyclic AMP + diphosphate [RN:R00089]

• DUF1053 (PF06327 )
• Guanylate_cyc (PF00211 )

• None

• 29-50 61-80 94-117 120-138 141-162 170-190 586-607 611-633 664-687 715-736 744-764 791-807

ATGGCCCGCCTCTTCAGCCCCCGGCCGCCCCCCAGCGAAGACCTCTTCTACGAGACCTAC
TACAGCCTGAGCCAGCAGTACCCGCTGCTGCTGCTGCTGCTGGGGATCGTGCTCTGTGCG
CTCGCGGCGCTGCTCGCAGTGGCCTGGGCCAGCGGCAGGGAGCTGACCTCAGACCCGAGC
TTCCTGACCACTGTGCTGTGCGCGCTGGGCGGCTTCTCGCTGCTGCTGGGCCTCGCTTCC
CGGGAGCAGCGACTGCAGCGCTGGACGCGTCCCCTGTCCGGCTTGGTATGGGTCGCGCTG
CTAGCGCTAGGCCACGCCTTCCTGTTCACCGGGGGCGTGGTGAGCGCCTGGGACCAGGTG
TCCTATTTTCTCTTCGTCATCTTCACGGCGTATGCCATGCTGCCCTTGGGCATGCGGGAC
GCCGCCGTCGCGGGCCTCGCCTCCTCACTCTCGCATCTGCTGGTCCTCGGGCTGTATCTT
GGGCCACAGCCGGACTCACGGCCTGCACTGCTGCCGCAGTTGGCAGCAAACGCAGTGCTG
TTCCTGTGCGGGAACGTGGCAGGAGTGTACCACAAGGCGCTGATGGAGCGCGCCCTGCGG
GCCACGTTCCGGGAGGCACTCAGCTCCCTGCACTCACGCCGGCGGCTGGACACCGAGAAG
AAGCACCAGGAACACCTTCTCTTGTCCATCCTTCCTGCCTACCTGGCCCGAGAGATGAAG
GCAGAGATCATGGCACGGCTGCAGGCAGGACAGGGGTCACGGCCAGAGAGCACTAACAAT
TTCCACAGCCTCTATGTCAAGAGGCACCAGGGAGTCAGCGTGCTGTATGCTGACATCGTG
GGCTTCACGCGGCTGGCCAGCGAGTGTTCCCCTAAGGAGCTGGTGCTCATGCTCAATGAG
CTCTTTGGCAAGTTCGACCAGATTGCCAAGGAGCATGAATGCATGCGGATCAAGATCCTG
GGGGACTGTTACTACTGTGTCTCTGGGCTGCCACTCTCACTGCCAGACCATGCCATCAAC
TGCGTGCGCATGGGCCTGGACATGTGCCGGGCCATCAGGAAACTGCGGGCAGCCACTGGC
GTGGACATCAACATGCGTGTGGGCGTGCACTCAGGCAGCGTACTGTGTGGAGTCATCGGG
CTGCAGAAGTGGCAGTACGACGTTTGGTCACATGATGTCACACTGGCTAACCACATGGAG
GCAGGCGGTGTACCAGGGCGAGTGCACATCACAGGGGCTACCCTGGCCCTGCTGGCAGGG
GCTTATGCTGTGGAGGACGCAGGCATGGAGCATCGGGACCCCTACCTTCGGGAGCTAGGG
GAGCCTACCTATCTGGTCATCGATCCACGGGCAGAGGAGGAGGATGAGAAGGGCACTGCA
GGAGGCTTGCTGTCCTCGCTTGAGGGCCTCAAGATGCGTCCATCACTGCTGATGACCCGT
TACCTGGAGTCCTGGGGCGCAGCCAAGCCTTTTGCCCACCTGAGCCACGGAGACAGCCCT
GTGTCCACCTCCACCCCTCTCCCGGAGAAGACCCTGGCTTCCTTCAGCACCCAGTGGAGC
CTGGATCGGAGCCGTACCCCCCGGGGACTAGATGATGAACTGGACACCGGGGATGCCAAG
TTCTTCCAGGTCATTGAGCAGCTCAACTCGCAGAAACAGTGGAAGCAGTCGAAGGACTTC
AACCCACTGACACTGTACTTCAGAGAGAAGGAGATGGAGAAAGAGTACCGACTCTCTGCA
ATCCCCGCCTTCAAATACTATGAAGCCTGCACCTTCCTGGTTTTTCTCTCCAACTTCATC
ATCCAGATGCTAGTGACAAACAGGCCCCCAGCTCTGGCCATCACGTATAGCATCACCTTC
CTCCTCTTCCTCCTCATCCTTTTTGTCTGCTTCTCAGAGGACCTGATGAGGTGTGTCCTG
AAAGGCCCCAAGATGCTGCACTGGCTGCCTGCACTGTCTGGCCTGGTGGCCACACGACCA
GGACTGAGAATAGCCTTGGGCACCGCCACCATCCTCCTTGTCTTTGCCATGGCCATTACC
AGCCTGTTCTTCTTCCCAACATCATCAGACTGCCCTTTCCAAGCTCCCAATGTGTCCTCC
ATGATTTCCAACCTCTCCTGGGAGCTCCCTGGGTCTCTGCCTCTCATCAGTGTCCCATAC
TCCATGCACTGCTGCACGCTGGGCTTCCTCTCCTGCTCCCTCTTTCTGCACATGAGCTTC
GAGCTGAAGCTGCTGCTGCTCCTGCTGTGGCTGGCGGCATCCTGCTCCCTCTTCCTGCAC
TCCCATGCCTGGCTGTCGGAATGCCTCATCGTCCGCCTCTATCTGGGCCCCTTGGACTCC
AGGCCCGGAGTGCTGAAGGAGCCCAAACTGATGGGTGCTATCTCCTTCTTCATCTTCTTC
TTCACCCTCCTTGTCCTGGCTCGCCAGAATGAGTACTACTGCCGCCTGGACTTCCTGTGG
AAGAAGAAGCTGAGGCAGGAGAGGGAGGAGACAGAGACGATGGAGAACCTGACTCGGCTG
CTCTTGGAGAACGTGCTCCCTGCACACGTGGCCCCCCAGTTCATTGGCCAGAACCGGCGC
AACGAGGATCTCTACCACCAGTCCTATGAATGCGTTTGTGTCCTCTTCGCCTCAGTCCCA
GACTTCAAGGAGTTCTACTCTGAATCCAACATCAATCATGAGGGCCTAGAGTGTCTGAGG
CTGCTCAATGAGATAATTGCTGATTTTGATGAGCTGCTCTCCAAGCCCAAGTTCAGTGGG
GTGGAGAAGATCAAGACCATCGGCAGCACCTACATGGCAGCCACAGGCTTAAATGCCACC
TCTGGACAGGATGCACAACAGGATGCTGAACGGAGCTGCAGCCACCTTGGCACTATGGTG
GAATTTGCCGTGGCCCTGGGGTCTAAGCTGGACGTCATCAACAAGCATTCATTCAACAAC
TTCCGCCTGCGAGTGGGGTTGAACCATGGACCCGTAGTAGCTGGAGTTATTGGGGCCCAG
AAGCCGCAATATGACATTTGGGGCAACACAGTGAACGTGGCCAGCCGCATGGAGAGTACA
GGAGTCCTTGGCAAAATCCAAGTGACTGAGGAGACAGCATGGGCCCTACAGTCCCTGGGC
TACACCTGCTACAGCCGGGGTGTCATCAAGGTGAAAGGCAAAGGGCAGCTCTGCACCTAC
TTCCTGAACACAGACTTGACACGAACTGGACCTCCTTCAGCTACCCTAGGCTGA

1. Ludwig MG, Seuwen K: Characterization of the human adenylyl cyclase gene family: cDNA, gene structure, and tissue distribution of the nine isoforms. J Recept Signal Transduct Res. 2002 Feb-Nov;22(1-4):79-110. [PubMed ]
2. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed ]
3. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]

1. ATP pyrophosphate-lyase 6
2. Adenylate cyclase type VI
3. Adenylyl cyclase 6
4. Ca(2+)-inhibitable adenylyl cyclase

MSWFSGLLVPKVDERKTAWGERNGQKRSRRRGTRAGGFCTPRYMSCLRDAEPPSPTPAGP
PRCPWQDDAFIRRGGPGKGKELGLRAVALGFEDTEVTTTAGGTAEVAPDAVPRSGRSCWR
RLVQVFQSKQFRSAKLERLYQRYFFQMNQSSLTLLMAVLVLLTAVLLAFHAAPARPQPAY
VALLACAAALFVGLMVVCNRHSFRQDSMWVVSYVVLGILAAVQVGGALAADPRSPSAGLW
CPVFFVYIAYTLLPIRMRAAVLSGLGLSTLHLILAWQLNRGDAFLWKQLGANVLLFLCTN
VIGICTHYPAEVSQRQAFQETRGYIQARLHLQHENRQQERLLLSVLPQHVAMEMKEDINT
KKEDMMFHKIYIQKHDNVSILFADIEGFTSLASQCTAQELVMTLNELFARFDKLAAENHC
LRIKILGDCYYCVSGLPEARADHAHCCVEMGVDMIEAISLVREVTGVNVNMRVGIHSGRV
HCGVLGLRKWQFDVWSNDVTLANHMEAGGRAGRIHITRATLQYLNGDYEVEPGRGGERNA
YLKEQHIETFLILGASQKRKEEKAMLAKLQRTRANSMEGLMPRWVPDRAFSRTKDSKAFR
QMGIDDSSKDNRGTQDALNPEDEVDEFLSRAIDARSIDQLRKDHVRRFLLTFQREDLEKK
YSRKVDPRFGAYVACALLVFCFICFIQLLIFPHSTLMLGIYASIFLLLLITVLICAVYSC
GSLFPKALQRLSRSIVRSRAHSTAVGIFSVLLVFTSAIANMFTCNHTPIRSCAARMLNLT
PADITACHLQQLNYSLGLDAPLCEGTMPTCSFPEYFIGNMLLSLLASSVFLHISSIGKLA
MIFVLGLIYLVLLLLGPPATIFDNYDLLLGVHGLASSNETFDGLDCPAAGRVALKYMTPV
ILLVFALALYLHAQQVESTARLDFLWKLQATGEKEEMEELQAYNRRLLHNILPKDVAAHF
LARERRNDELYYQSCECVAVMFASIANFSEFYVELEANNEGVECLRLLNEIIADFDEIIS
EERFRQLEKIKTIGSTYMAASGLNASTYDQVGRSHITALADYAMRLMEQMKHINEHSFNN
FQMKIGLNMGPVVAGVIGARKPQYDIWGNTVNVSSRMDSTGVPDRIQVTTDLYQVLAAKG
YQLECRGVVKVKGKGEMTTYFLNGGPSS

• Purine Metabolism (map00230 )

• ATP = 3',5'-cyclic AMP + diphosphate [RN:R00089]

• DUF1053 (PF06327 )
• Guanylate_cyc (PF00211 )

• None

• 152-168 181-197 214-230 239-255 259-275 289-305 674-691 702-718 743-759 820-836 839-855 897-913

ATGTCATGGTTTAGTGGCCTCCTGGTCCCTAAAGTGGATGAACGGAAAACAGCCTGGGGC
GAACGCAATGGGCAGAAGCGTTCGCGGCGCCGTGGCACTCGGGCAGGTGGCTTCTGCACG
CCCCGCTATATGAGCTGCCTCCGGGATGCAGAGCCACCCAGCCCCACCCCTGCCGGCCCC
CCTCGGTGCCCCTGGCAGGATGACGCCTTCATCCGGAGGGGCGGCCCAGGCAAGGGCAAG
GAGCTGGGGCTGCGGGCAGTGGCCCTGGGCTTCGAGGATACCGAGGTGACAACGACAGCG
GGCGGGACGGCTGAGGTGGCGCCCGACGCGGTGCCCAGGAGTGGGCGATCCTGCTGGCGC
CGTCTGGTGCAGGTGTTCCAGTCGAAGCAGTTCCGTTCGGCCAAGCTGGAGCGCCTGTAC
CAGCGGTACTTCTTCCAGATGAACCAGAGCAGCCTGACGCTGCTGATGGCGGTGCTGGTG
CTGCTCACAGCGGTGCTGCTGGCTTTCCACGCCGCACCCGCCCGCCCTCAGCCTGCCTAT
GTGGCACTGTTGGCCTGTGCCGCCGCCCTGTTCGTGGGGCTCATGGTGGTGTGTAACCGG
CATAGCTTCCGCCAGGACTCCATGTGGGTGGTGAGCTACGTGGTGCTGGGCATCCTGGCG
GCAGTGCAGGTCGGGGGCGCTCTCGCAGCAGACCCGCGCAGCCCCTCTGCGGGCCTCTGG
TGCCCTGTGTTCTTTGTCTACATCGCCTACACGCTCCTCCCCATCCGCATGCGGGCTGCC
GTCCTCAGCGGCCTGGGCCTCTCCACCTTGCATTTGATCTTGGCCTGGCAACTTAACCGT
GGTGATGCCTTCCTCTGGAAGCAGCTCGGTGCCAATGTGCTGCTGTTCCTCTGCACCAAC
GTCATTGGCATCTGCACACACTATCCAGCAGAGGTGTCTCAGCGCCAGGCCTTTCAGGAG
ACCCGCGGTTACATCCAGGCCCGGCTCCACCTGCAGCATGAGAATCGGCAGCAGGAGCGG
CTGCTGCTGTCGGTATTGCCCCAGCACGTTGCCATGGAGATGAAAGAAGACATCAACACA
AAAAAAGAAGACATGATGTTCCACAAGATCTACATACAGAAGCATGACAATGTCAGCATC
CTGTTTGCAGACATTGAGGGCTTCACCAGCCTGGCATCCCAGTGCACTGCGCAGGAGCTG
GTCATGACCCTGAATGAGCTCTTTGCCCGGTTTGACAAGCTGGCTGCGGAGAATCACTGC
CTGAGGATCAAGATCTTGGGGGACTGTTACTACTGTGTGTCAGGGCTGCCGGAGGCCCGG
GCCGACCATGCCCACTGCTGTGTGGAGATGGGGGTAGACATGATTGAGGCCATCTCGCTG
GTACGTGAGGTGACAGGTGTGAATGTGAACATGCGCGTGGGCATCCACAGCGGGCGCGTG
CACTGCGGCGTCCTTGGCTTGCGGAAATGGCAGTTCGATGTGTGGTCCAATGATGTGACC
CTGGCCAACCACATGGAGGCAGGAGGCCGGGCTGGCCGCATCCACATCACTCGGGCAACA
CTGCAGTACCTGAACGGGGACTACGAGGTGGAGCCAGGCCGTGGTGGCGAGCGCAACGCG
TACCTCAAGGAGCAGCACATTGAGACTTTCCTCATCCTGGGCGCCAGCCAGAAACGGAAA
GAGGAGAAGGCCATGCTGGCCAAGCTGCAGCGGACTCGGGCCAACTCCATGGAAGGGCTG
ATGCCGCGCTGGGTTCCTGATCGTGCCTTCTCCCGGACCAAGGACTCCAAGGCCTTCCGC
CAGATGGGCATTGATGATTCCAGCAAAGACAACCGGGGCACCCAAGATGCCCTGAACCCT
GAGGATGAGGTGGATGAGTTCCTGAGCCGTGCCATCGATGCCCGCAGCATTGATCAGCTG
CGGAAGGACCATGTGCGCCGGTTTCTGCTCACCTTCCAGAGAGAGGATCTTGAGAAGAAG
TACTCCCGGAAGGTGGATCCCCGCTTCGGAGCCTACGTTGCCTGTGCCCTGTTGGTCTTC
TGCTTCATCTGCTTCATCCAGCTTCTCATCTTCCCACACTCCACCCTGATGCTTGGGATC
TATGCCAGCATCTTCCTGCTGCTGCTAATCACCGTGCTGATCTGTGCTGTGTACTCCTGT
GGTTCTCTGTTCCCTAAGGCCCTGCAACGTCTGTCCCGCAGCATTGTCCGCTCACGGGCA
CATAGCACCGCAGTTGGCATCTTTTCCGTCCTGCTTGTGTTTACTTCTGCCATTGCCAAC
ATGTTCACCTGTAACCACACCCCCATACGGAGCTGTGCAGCCCGGATGCTGAATTTAACA
CCTGCTGACATCACTGCCTGCCACCTGCAGCAGCTCAATTACTCTCTGGGCCTGGATGCT
CCCCTGTGTGAGGGCACCATGCCCACCTGCAGCTTTCCTGAGTACTTCATCGGGAACATG
CTGCTGAGTCTCTTGGCCAGCTCTGTCTTCCTGCACATCAGCAGCATCGGGAAGTTGGCC
ATGATCTTTGTCTTGGGGCTCATCTATTTGGTGCTGCTTCTGCTGGGTCCCCCAGCCACC
ATCTTTGACAACTATGACCTACTGCTTGGCGTCCATGGCTTGGCTTCTTCCAATGAGACC
TTTGATGGGCTGGACTGTCCAGCTGCAGGGAGGGTGGCCCTCAAATATATGACCCCTGTG
ATTCTGCTGGTGTTTGCGCTGGCGCTGTATCTGCATGCTCAGCAGGTGGAGTCGACTGCC
CGCCTAGACTTCCTCTGGAAACTACAGGCAACAGGGGAGAAGGAGGAGATGGAGGAGCTA
CAGGCATACAACCGGAGGCTGCTGCATAACATTCTGCCCAAGGACGTGGCGGCCCACTTC
CTGGCCCGGGAGCGCCGCAATGATGAACTCTACTATCAGTCGTGTGAGTGTGTGGCTGTT
ATGTTTGCCTCCATTGCCAACTTCTCTGAGTTCTATGTGGAGCTGGAGGCAAACAATGAG
GGTGTCGAGTGCCTGCGGCTGCTCAACGAGATCATCGCTGACTTTGATGAGATTATCAGC
GAGGAGCGGTTCCGGCAGCTGGAAAAGATCAAGACGATTGGTAGCACCTACATGGCTGCC
TCAGGGCTGAACGCCAGCACCTACGATCAGGTGGGCCGCTCCCACATCACTGCCCTGGCT
GACTACGCCATGCGGCTCATGGAGCAGATGAAGCACATCAATGAGCACTCCTTCAACAAT
TTCCAGATGAAGATTGGGCTGAACATGGGCCCAGTCGTGGCAGGTGTCATCGGGGCTCGG
AAGCCACAGTATGACATCTGGGGGAACACAGTGAATGTCTCTAGTCGTATGGACAGCACG
GGGGTCCCCGACCGAATCCAGGTGACCACGGACCTGTACCAGGTTCTAGCTGCCAAGGGC
TACCAGCTGGAGTGTCGAGGGGTGGTCAAGGTGAAGGGCAAGGGGGAGATGACCACCTAC
TTCCTCAATGGGGGCCCCAGCAGTTAA

1. Wicker R, Catalan AG, Cailleux A, Starenki D, Stengel D, Sarasin A, Suarez HG: Cloning and expression of human adenylyl cyclase type VI in normal thyroid tissues. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000 Sep 7;1493(1-2):279-83. [PubMed ]
2. Ishikawa K, Nagase T, Nakajima D, Seki N, Ohira M, Miyajima N, Tanaka A, Kotani H, Nomura N, Ohara O: Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. VIII. 78 new cDNA clones from brain which code for large proteins in vitro. DNA Res. 1997 Oct 31;4(5):307-13. [PubMed ]
3. Nakajima D, Okazaki N, Yamakawa H, Kikuno R, Ohara O, Nagase T: Construction of expression-ready cDNA clones for KIAA genes: manual curation of 330 KIAA cDNA clones. DNA Res. 2002 Jun 30;9(3):99-106. [PubMed ]
4. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
5. Hellevuo K, Yoshimura M, Kao M, Hoffman PL, Cooper DM, Tabakoff B: A novel adenylyl cyclase sequence cloned from the human erythroleukemia cell line. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1993 Apr 15;192(1):311-8. [PubMed ]
6. Beausoleil SA, Jedrychowski M, Schwartz D, Elias JE, Villen J, Li J, Cohn MA, Cantley LC, Gygi SP: Large-scale characterization of HeLa cell nuclear phosphoproteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Aug 17;101(33):12130-5. Epub 2004 Aug 9. [PubMed ]
7. Zahedi RP, Lewandrowski U, Wiesner J, Wortelkamp S, Moebius J, Schutz C, Walter U, Gambaryan S, Sickmann A: Phosphoproteome of resting human platelets. J Proteome Res. 2008 Feb;7(2):526-34. Epub 2007 Dec 19. [PubMed ]
8. Dephoure N, Zhou C, Villen J, Beausoleil SA, Bakalarski CE, Elledge SJ, Gygi SP: A quantitative atlas of mitotic phosphorylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Aug 5;105(31):10762-7. Epub 2008 Jul 31. [PubMed ]

1. ATP pyrophosphate-lyase 5
2. Adenylate cyclase type V
3. Adenylyl cyclase 5

MSGSKSVSPPGYAAQKTAAPAPRGGPEHRSAWGEADSRANGYPHAPGGSARGSTKKPGGA
VTPQQQQRLASRWRSDDDDDPPLSGDDPLAGGFGFSFRSKSAWQERGGDDCGRGSRRQRR
GAASGGSTRAPPAGGGGGSAAAAASAGGTEVRPRSVEVGLEERRGKGRAADELEAGAVEG
GEGSGDGGSSADSGSGAGPGAVLSLGACCLALLQIFRSKKFPSDKLERLYQRYFFRLNQS
SLTMLMAVLVLVCLVMLAFHAARPPLQLPYLAVLAAAVGVILIMAVLCNRAAFHQDHMGL
ACYALIAVVLAVQVVGLLLPQPRSASEGIWWTVFFIYTIYTLLPVRMRAAVLSGVLLSAL
HLAIALRTNAQDQFLLKQLVSNVLIFSCTNIVGVCTHYPAEVSQRQAFQETRECIQARLH
SQRENQQQERLLLSVLPRHVAMEMKADINAKQEDMMFHKIYIQKHDNVSILFADIEGFTS
LASQCTAQELVMTLNELFARFDKLAAENHCLRIKILGDCYYCVSGLPEARADHAHCCVEM
GMDMIEAISLVREVTGVNVNMRVGIHSGRVHCGVLGLRKWQFDVWSNDVTLANHMEAGGK
AGRIHITKATLNYLNGDYEVEPGCGGERNAYLKEHSIETFLILRCTQKRKEEKAMIAKMN
RQRTNSIGHNPPHWGAERPFYNHLGGNQVSKEMKRMGFEDPKDKNAQESANPEDEVDEFL
GRAIDARSIDRLRSEHVRKFLLTFREPDLEKKYSKQVDDRFGAYVACASLVFLFICFVQI
TIVPHSIFMLSFYLTCSLLLTLVVFVSVIYSCVKLFPSPLQTLSRKIVRSKMNSTLVGVF
TITLVFLAAFVNMFTCNSRDLLGCLAQEHNISASQVNACHVAESAVNYSLGDEQGFCGSP
WPNCNFPEYFTYSVLLSLLACSVFLQISCIGKLVLMLAIELIYVLIVEVPGVTLFDNADL
LVTANAIDFFNNGTSQCPEHATKVALKVVTPIIISVFVLALYLHAQQVESTARLDFLWKL
QATEEKEEMEELQAYNRRLLHNILPKDVAAHFLARERRNDELYYQSCECVAVMFASIANF
SEFYVELEANNEGVECLRLLNEIIADFDEIISEDRFRQLEKIKTIGSTYMAASGLNDSTY
DKVGKTHIKALADFAMKLMDQMKYINEHSFNNFQMKIGLNIGPVVAGVIGARKPQYDIWG
NTVNVASRMDSTGVPDRIQVTTDMYQVLAANTYQLECRGVVKVKGKGEMMTYFLNGGPPL
S

• Purine Metabolism (map00230 )

• ATP = 3',5'-cyclic AMP + diphosphate [RN:R00089]

• DUF1053 (PF06327 )
• Guanylate_cyc (PF00211 )

• None

• 196-216 242-262 268-288 299-319 325-345 374-394 770-790 792-812 836-856 910-930 935-955 984-1004

ATGTCCGGCTCCAAAAGCGTGAGCCCCCCGGGCTACGCGGCGCAGAAGACTGCGGCGCCG
GCGCCCCGGGGAGGCCCCGAACACCGCTCTGCGTGGGGCGAGGCCGATTCCCGCGCGAAT
GGCTACCCCCATGCCCCCGGGGGCTCTGCCCGCGGCTCCACCAAGAAACCCGGGGGGGCG
GTGACCCCGCAGCAGCAGCAGCGCCTGGCCAGCCGCTGGCGCAGCGACGACGACGACGAT
CCTCCGCTGAGCGGTGACGACCCCCTGGCCGGGGGCTTCGGCTTCAGCTTCCGCTCCAAG
TCCGCCTGGCAGGAGCGCGGCGGCGACGACTGCGGTCGCGGCAGCCGCCGGCAGCGGCGG
GGCGCGGCCAGCGGGGGCAGCACCCGGGCGCCCCCTGCGGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCTCGGCG
GCGGCGGCTGCCTCGGCGGGCGGGACGGAGGTGCGCCCTCGCTCGGTGGAGGTGGGTCTG
GAGGAGCGGCGGGGCAAGGGGCGCGCGGCCGACGAGCTGGAGGCCGGCGCCGTCGAGGGC
GGCGAGGGGTCCGGGGATGGCGGCAGCTCGGCGGACTCGGGCTCGGGCGCGGGGCCCGGC
GCGGTGCTGTCCCTGGGCGCCTGCTGCCTGGCGTTGCTGCAGATATTCCGCTCCAAGAAG
TTCCCGTCGGACAAACTGGAGCGGCTGTACCAGCGCTACTTCTTCCGCCTGAACCAGAGC
AGCCTCACCATGCTCATGGCCGTGCTGGTGCTCGTGTGCCTGGTCATGTTGGCCTTCCAC
GCGGCGCGGCCCCCGCTCCAGCTGCCCTACCTGGCCGTGCTGGCGGCCGCCGTCGGCGTG
ATCCTCATCATGGCTGTGCTTTGCAACCGCGCCGCCTTCCACCAGGACCACATGGGCCTG
GCCTGCTATGCGCTCATCGCCGTGGTGCTGGCCGTCCAGGTGGTGGGCCTGCTGCTGCCG
CAGCCACGCAGCGCCTCTGAGGGCATCTGGTGGACCGTGTTCTTCATCTACACCATCTAC
ACGCTGCTGCCCGTGCGCATGCGGGCCGCAGTGCTCAGCGGGGTGCTCCTGTCCGCCCTC
CACCTGGCCATCGCCCTGCGCACCAACGCCCAGGACCAGTTCCTGCTGAAGCAGCTTGTC
TCCAATGTTCTCATTTTCTCCTGCACCAACATCGTGGGTGTCTGCACCCACTATCCGGCT
GAGGTCTCCCAGAGACAGGCTTTCCAGGAGACCCGAGAGTGCATCCAGGCGCGGCTCCAC
TCGCAGCGGGAGAACCAGCAGCAGGAACGGCTCCTGCTGTCTGTCCTTCCCCGTCATGTT
GCCATGGAGATGAAAGCAGACATCAACGCCAAGCAGGAGGATATGATGTTCCATAAGATT
TACATCCAGAAACATGACAACGTGAGCATCCTGTTTGCTGACATCGAGGGCTTCACCAGC
CTGGCGTCCCAGTGCACTGCACAGGAACTGGTCATGACCCTCAACGAGCTCTTCGCCCGC
TTTGACAAGCTGGCCGCAGAGAATCACTGTTTACGTATTAAGATCCTTGGGGATTGTTAT
TACTGCGTCTCGGGGCTGCCTGAAGCAAGGGCTGACCACGCCCACTGCTGTGTGGAGATG
GGCATGGACATGATCGAGGCCATCTCGTTGGTCCGGGAGGTGACAGGGGTGAACGTGAAC
ATGCGTGTGGGAATTCACAGCGGGCGAGTACACTGCGGTGTCCTTGGTCTCAGGAAGTGG
CAGTTCGACGTCTGGTCTAACGATGTCACGCTAGCCAACCACATGGAGGCTGGCGGCAAG
GCAGGACGCATCCACATCACCAAGGCTACACTCAACTACCTGAATGGGGACTACGAGGTG
GAGCCAGGCTGTGGGGGCGAGCGCAACGCCTACCTCAAGGAGCACAGTATCGAGACCTTC
CTCATCCTGCGCTGCACCCAGAAGCGGAAAGAAGAGAAGGCCATGATCGCCAAGATGAAC
CGCCAGAGAACCAACTCCATCGGGCACAACCCACCACACTGGGGGGCTGAGCGCCCCTTC
TACAACCACCTGGGTGGCAACCAGGTGTCCAAGGAGATGAAGCGGATGGGCTTTGAAGAC
CCCAAGGACAAGAACGCCCAGGAGAGTGCGAACCCTGAGGATGAAGTGGATGAGTTTCTG
GGCCGTGCCATTGACGCCAGGAGCATTGATAGGCTTCGGTCTGAGCACGTCCGCAAGTTC
CTCCTGACCTTCAGGGAGCCTGACTTAGAGAAGAAGTACTCCAAGCAGGTAGACGACCGA
TTTGGTGCCTATGTGGCGTGTGCCTCGCTCGTCTTCCTCTTCATCTGCTTTGTCCAGATC
ACCATCGTGCCCCACTCCATATTCATGCTCAGCTTCTACCTGACCTGTTCCCTGCTGCTG
ACCTTGGTGGTGTTTGTGTCTGTGATCTACTCCTGCGTAAAGCTCTTCCCCTCCCCACTG
CAGACCCTCTCCAGGAAGATCGTGCGGTCCAAGATGAACAGCACCCTGGTTGGGGTGTTC
ACCATCACCCTGGTGTTCCTGGCGGCTTTTGTCAACATGTTCACGTGCAACTCCAGGGAC
CTGCTGGGCTGCTTGGCACAGGAGCACAACATCAGCGCGAGCCAGGTCAACGCGTGTCAC
GTGGCGGAGTCGGCCGTCAACTACAGCCTGGGCGATGAGCAGGGCTTCTGTGGCAGCCCC
TGGCCCAACTGCAACTTCCCCGAGTACTTCACCTACAGCGTGCTGCTCAGCCTGCTGGCC
TGCTCCGTGTTCCTGCAGATCAGCTGCATCGGGAAGCTGGTGCTCATGCTGGCCATCGAG
CTCATCTACGTGCTCATCGTGGAGGTGCCAGGTGTCACGCTCTTCGACAACGCCGACCTG
CTGGTCACCGCCAACGCCATAGACTTCTTCAACAACGGGACCTCCCAGTGCCCTGAGCAT
GCAACCAAGGTGGCATTGAAGGTGGTGACGCCCATCATCATCTCAGTCTTTGTGCTGGCC
CTGTACCTGCACGCCCAGCAGGTGGAGTCCACTGCCCGCCTCGACTTCCTCTGGAAACTG
CAGGCCACAGAGGAGAAAGAGGAGATGGAGGAGCTGCAGGCCTACAACCGGCGGCTGCTG
CACAACATCCTGCCCAAGGACGTGGCCGCTCACTTCCTGGCCCGCGAGCGGCGCAATGAT
GAGCTCTACTATCAGTCCTGTGAGTGTGTGGCGGTCATGTTCGCCTCCATCGCCAACTTC
TCCGAGTTCTACGTTGAGCTGGAGGCCAACAACGAGGGTGTCGAGTGCCTGCGGCTACTC
AATGAGATCATCGCTGACTTTGATGAGATCATCAGCGAGGATCGGTTCCGGCAGCTGGAG
AAGATCAAGACCATCGGCAGCACCTACATGGCTGCCTCCGGCCTCAACGACTCTACCTAC
GACAAGGTGGGCAAGACCCACATCAAGGCACTGGCCGACTTTGCCATGAAGCTGATGGAC
CAGATGAAGTACATCAATGAGCACTCCTTCAACAACTTCCAGATGAAGATCGGGCTCAAC
ATCGGCCCCGTGGTGGCCGGGGTGATAGGGGCACGAAAGCCTCAGTACGACATCTGGGGC
AATACCGTGAACGTGGCCAGCCGCATGGACAGCACCGGTGTACCCGACCGCATCCAGGTC
ACCACAGACATGTACCAGGTGCTGGCTGCCAACACGTACCAGCTGGAGTGCCGGGGCGTG
GTCAAGGTCAAGGGCAAAGGCGAGATGATGACCTACTTCCTCAATGGAGGGCCCCCGCTC
AGTTAG

1. Muzny DM, Scherer SE, Kaul R, Wang J, Yu J, Sudbrak R, Buhay CJ, Chen R, Cree A, Ding Y, Dugan-Rocha S, Gill R, Gunaratne P, Harris RA, Hawes AC, Hernandez J, Hodgson AV, Hume J, Jackson A, Khan ZM, Kovar-Smith C, Lewis LR, Lozado RJ, Metzker ML, Milosavljevic A, Miner GR, Morgan MB, Nazareth LV, Scott G, Sodergren E, Song XZ, Steffen D, Wei S, Wheeler DA, Wright MW, Worley KC, Yuan Y, Zhang Z, Adams CQ, Ansari-Lari MA, Ayele M, Brown MJ, Chen G, Chen Z, Clendenning J, Clerc-Blankenburg KP, Chen R, Chen Z, Davis C, Delgado O, Dinh HH, Dong W, Draper H, Ernst S, Fu G, Gonzalez-Garay ML, Garcia DK, Gillett W, Gu J, Hao B, Haugen E, Havlak P, He X, Hennig S, Hu S, Huang W, Jackson LR, Jacob LS, Kelly SH, Kube M, Levy R, Li Z, Liu B, Liu J, Liu W, Lu J, Maheshwari M, Nguyen BV, Okwuonu GO, Palmeiri A, Pasternak S, Perez LM, Phelps KA, Plopper FJ, Qiang B, Raymond C, Rodriguez R, Saenphimmachak C, Santibanez J, Shen H, Shen Y, Subramanian S, Tabor PE, Verduzco D, Waldron L, Wang J, Wang J, Wang Q, Williams GA, Wong GK, Yao Z, Zhang J, Zhang X, Zhao G, Zhou J, Zhou Y, Nelson D, Lehrach H, Reinhardt R, Naylor SL, Yang H, Olson M, Weinstock G, Gibbs RA: The DNA sequence, annotation and analysis of human chromosome 3. Nature. 2006 Apr 27;440(7088):1194-8. [PubMed ]
2. Ludwig MG, Seuwen K: Characterization of the human adenylyl cyclase gene family: cDNA, gene structure, and tissue distribution of the nine isoforms. J Recept Signal Transduct Res. 2002 Feb-Nov;22(1-4):79-110. [PubMed ]
3. Raimundo S, Giray J, Volff JN, Schwab M, Altenbuchner J, Ratge D, Wisser H: Cloning and sequence of partial cDNAs encoding the human type V and VI adenylyl cyclases and subsequent RNA-quantification in various tissues. Clin Chim Acta. 1999 Jul;285(1-2):155-61. [PubMed ]

1. ATP pyrophosphate-lyase 8
2. Adenylate cyclase type VIII
3. Adenylyl cyclase 8
4. Ca(2+)/calmodulin-activated adenylyl cyclase

MELSDVRCLTGSEELYTIHPTPPAGDGRSASRPQRLLWQTAVRHITEQRFIHGHRGGSGS
GSGGSGKASDPAGGGPNHHAPQLSGDSALPLYSLGPGERAHSTCGTKVFPERSGSGSASG
SGGGGDLGFLHLDCAPSNSDFFLNGGYSYRGVIFPTLRNSFKSRDLERLYQRYFLGQRRK
SEVVMNVLDVLTKLTLLVLHLSLASAPMDPLKGILLGFFTGIEVVICALVVVRKDTTSHT
YLQYSGVVTWVAMTTQILAAGLGYGLLGDGIGYVLFTLFATYSMLPLPLTWAILAGLGTS
LLQVILQVVIPRLAVISINQVVAQAVLFMCMNTAGIFISYLSDRAQRQAFLETRRCVEAR
LRLETENQRQERLVLSVLPRFVVLEMINDMTNVEDEHLQHQFHRIYIHRYENVSILFADV
KGFTNLSTTLSAQELVRMLNELFARFDRLAHEHHCLRIKILGDCYYCVSGLPEPRQDHAH
CCVEMGLSMIKTIRYVRSRTKHDVDMRIGIHSGSVLCGVLGLRKWQFDVWSWDVDIANKL
ESGGIPGRIHISKATLDCLNGDYNVEEGHGKERNEFLRKHNIETYLIKQPEDSLLSLPED
IVKESVSSSDRRNSGATFTEGSWSPELPFDNIVGKQNTLAALTRNSINLLPNHLAQALHV
QSGPEEINKRIEHTIDLRSGDKLRREHIKPFSLMFKDSSLEHKYSQMRDEVFKSNLVCAF
IVLLFITAIQSLLPSSRVMPMTIQFSILIMLHSALVLITTAEDYKCLPLILRKTCCWINE
TYLARNVIIFASILINFLGAILNILWCDFDKSIPLKNLTFNSSAVFTDICSYPEYFVFTG
VLAMVTCAVFLRLNSVLKLAVLLIMIAIYALLTETVYAGLFLRYDNLNHSGEDFLGTKEV
SLLLMAMFLLAVFYHGQQLEYTARLDFLWRVQAKEEINEMKELREHNENMLRNILPSHVA
RHFLEKDRDNEELYSQSYDAVGVMFASIPGFADFYSQTEMNNQGVECLRLLNEIIADFDE
LLGEDRFQDIEKIKTIGSTYMAVSGLSPEKQQCEDKWGHLCALADFSLALTESIQEINKH
SFNNFELRIGISHGSVVAGVIGAKKPQYDIWGKTVNLASRMDSTGVSGRIQVPEETYLIL
KDQGFAFDYRGEIYVKGISEQEGKIKTYFLLGRVQPNPFILPPRRLPGQYSLAAVVLGLV
QSLNRQRQKQLLNENNNTGIIKGHYNRRTLLSPSGTEPGAQAEGTDKSDLP

• Purine Metabolism (map00230 )

• ATP = 3',5'-cyclic AMP + diphosphate [RN:R00089]

• DUF1053 (PF06327 )
• Guanylate_cyc (PF00211 )

• None

• 183-203 212-232 247-267 274-294 296-316 321-341 716-736 738-758 787-807 831-851 861-881 894-914

ATGGAGCTCTCCGATGTGCGCTGCCTTACAGGCAGCGAGGAACTCTACACCATCCACCCG
ACGCCCCCGGCCGGCGACGGCAGGAGCGCCTCCCGGCCGCAGCGGCTGCTGTGGCAGACG
GCGGTGCGACACATCACGGAGCAGCGCTTCATTCACGGGCACCGGGGAGGCAGCGGCAGC
GGGAGTGGAGGCTCGGGCAAAGCCTCGGACCCTGCGGGCGGCGGCCCCAACCACCACGCG
CCGCAGCTGTCAGGCGACTCGGCGCTGCCCCTCTACTCGCTGGGCCCGGGAGAGCGAGCG
CACAGCACCTGCGGCACCAAAGTCTTCCCGGAACGCAGCGGGAGCGGCAGTGCCAGCGGC
AGCGGAGGCGGGGGCGACCTGGGCTTCCTGCACCTTGACTGTGCCCCTAGCAACTCGGAT
TTCTTTCTTAATGGGGGCTATAGCTACCGAGGGGTCATTTTCCCCACCCTGCGCAACTCC
TTCAAATCTCGGGATTTGGAACGCCTCTACCAGCGCTATTTCTTGGGCCAAAGGCGCAAA
TCGGAAGTGGTGATGAACGTGCTGGACGTGCTGACCAAACTCACTCTCTTGGTCCTACAC
TTGAGCCTGGCCTCGGCCCCCATGGACCCGCTCAAGGGCATCCTGCTGGGCTTCTTCACC
GGCATTGAGGTAGTGATCTGCGCCCTGGTGGTGGTCAGGAAGGACACCACCTCCCACACG
TACCTGCAGTACAGCGGCGTGGTCACCTGGGTGGCCATGACCACCCAGATCCTGGCAGCA
GGCCTCGGCTACGGGCTCCTGGGCGACGGCATAGGCTACGTGCTCTTCACGCTCTTCGCC
ACCTACAGTATGCTGCCGCTGCCGCTCACCTGGGCCATCCTGGCCGGCCTGGGCACCTCG
CTGCTGCAGGTCATCCTCCAAGTGGTCATACCCCGGCTGGCGGTCATTTCCATCAACCAG
GTTGTGGCCCAGGCAGTGCTATTCATGTGTATGAACACAGCTGGAATCTTCATCAGTTAC
CTGTCAGACCGGGCCCAGCGCCAAGCTTTCCTGGAGACTCGGAGGTGTGTGGAGGCCAGG
CTGCGCCTGGAGACAGAGAACCAAAGACAGGAGCGGCTCGTGCTTTCTGTGCTCCCCCGG
TTTGTTGTCCTGGAAATGATCAACGACATGACCAATGTGGAAGATGAGCACCTGCAGCAC
CAGTTCCATCGGATCTACATCCATCGCTATGAGAACGTCAGTATTCTTTTTGCAGATGTT
AAAGGATTTACCAACCTCTCCACGACCTTGTCTGCTCAGGAGCTGGTCAGGATGCTCAAC
GAGCTCTTTGCCAGATTTGATCGACTGGCCCATGAGCATCACTGCCTTCGTATTAAAATC
CTGGGGGACTGCTACTACTGCGTGTCTGGACTTCCTGAGCCCCGCCAGGACCATGCCCAC
TGCTGTGTTGAAATGGGTCTCAGCATGATCAAAACCATCAGGTATGTGCGGTCAAGGACA
AAACACGATGTTGACATGAGGATTGGAATCCACTCCGGCTCGGTGCTGTGCGGTGTTTTG
GGACTACGGAAGTGGCAGTTTGATGTCTGGTCTTGGGATGTGGATATTGCAAACAAACTC
GAATCTGGAGGAATCCCCGGGAGGATTCACATTTCCAAAGCCACGCTGGACTGTCTCAAC
GGTGACTATAACGTGGAAGAGGGCCATGGTAAAGAGAGGAATGAATTCCTGAGGAAGCAT
AATATCGAAACTTACTTAATTAAGCAGCCTGAGGACAGTCTGCTGTCCTTGCCTGAAGAT
ATCGTCAAGGAGTCAGTGAGCTCCTCAGACCGGAGAAACAGTGGGGCCACATTCACTGAA
GGATCCTGGAGCCCTGAACTGCCCTTTGATAATATCGTGGGGAAACAGAATACTCTGGCT
GCCCTAACAAGAAATTCAATAAATCTGCTTCCAAACCATCTTGCACAAGCTTTGCATGTC
CAGTCTGGGCCTGAGGAAATTAACAAGAGAATAGAACATACCATCGACTTGCGGAGTGGC
GATAAATTGAGAAGAGAGCATATCAAGCCATTCTCACTGATGTTTAAAGACTCCAGCCTG
GAGCACAAGTATTCTCAAATGAGGGATGAAGTGTTCAAGTCAAACTTGGTCTGTGCATTT
ATCGTTCTTCTATTTATCACGGCAATACAAAGTTTGCTTCCTTCTTCAAGAGTGATGCCA
ATGACCATCCAGTTCTCCATTCTGATTATGCTGCACTCGGCTCTGGTCCTCATCACCACA
GCAGAGGATTATAAATGTTTGCCCCTCATCCTCCGGAAAACTTGCTGTTGGATTAATGAG
ACCTATTTGGCCCGGAACGTCATCATCTTTGCATCCATTTTGATTAATTTCCTGGGTGCC
ATCTTAAATATCCTGTGGTGTGATTTTGACAAGTCGATACCCTTGAAGAACCTGACTTTC
AATTCCTCAGCTGTGTTTACAGATATCTGCTCCTACCCAGAGTACTTTGTCTTCACGGGG
GTGTTGGCCATGGTGACCTGTGCAGTTTTCCTCCGGCTGAACTCCGTCCTGAAGCTGGCA
GTGCTGCTGATCATGATTGCCATCTATGCCCTGCTCACTGAGACCGTCTACGCAGGCCTC
TTTCTGCGTTATGACAACCTCAACCACAGTGGAGAAGATTTCCTGGGGACCAAGGAGGTA
TCACTGCTACTGATGGCCATGTTCCTCCTGGCTGTGTTCTACCATGGACAGCAGCTGGAG
TACACAGCCCGCCTGGACTTCCTTTGGCGAGTACAGGCCAAAGAGGAGATCAATGAGATG
AAGGAGCTGAGGGAACACAATGAGAACATGCTCCGGAATATCTTACCCAGCCATGTGGCC
CGCCATTTCCTAGAGAAGGACCGAGACAATGAGGAGCTGTATTCTCAATCCTATGATGCT
GTTGGGGTGATGTTTGCCTCCATCCCAGGATTTGCGGACTTTTACTCTCAGACTGAAATG
AATAACCAGGGAGTGGAATGCCTGCGCTTGCTCAATGAGATCATTGCTGACTTCGATGAG
TTGCTTGGTGAAGACCGATTTCAAGACATTGAAAAGATTAAGACCATTGGCAGCACCTAC
ATGGCCGTGTCAGGCCTGTCACCTGAAAAACAGCAATGTGAAGACAAGTGGGGACATTTG
TGTGCTCTGGCTGACTTCTCACTCGCCCTGACAGAAAGCATACAGGAGATCAACAAGCAT
TCATTCAACAATTTTGAACTCCGGATTGGCATCAGCCACGGCTCAGTGGTAGCTGGCGTT
ATCGGCGCTAAGAAACCACAGTATGACATTTGGGGCAAAACTGTGAACCTGGCAAGCCGA
ATGGACAGCACGGGGGTTAGTGGCCGGATCCAAGTCCCAGAGGAGACCTATCTCATCCTG
AAGGACCAGGGCTTTGCCTTTGATTACCGAGGGGAGATCTATGTGAAGGGTATCAGTGAA
CAGGAAGGAAAAATCAAAACGTACTTTCTTCTGGGAAGAGTCCAACCCAACCCATTCATC
TTGCCCCCAAGAAGACTGCCTGGGCAGTACTCCCTGGCCGCGGTTGTCCTGGGACTTGTC
CAGTCCCTCAATAGGCAAAGGCAGAAGCAGCTACTCAATGAGAACAACAACACAGGAATC
ATCAAGGGTCATTACAACCGGCGGACTTTGTTGTCACCCAGCGGCACAGAGCCTGGAGCC
CAGGCTGAAGGCACCGACAAATCTGATTTGCCATAA

1. Defer N, Marinx O, Stengel D, Danisova A, Iourgenko V, Matsuoka I, Caput D, Hanoune J: Molecular cloning of the human type VIII adenylyl cyclase. FEBS Lett. 1994 Aug 29;351(1):109-13. [PubMed ]
2. Parma J, Stengel D, Gannage MH, Poyard M, Barouki R, Hanoune J: Sequence of a human brain adenylyl cyclase partial cDNA: evidence for a consensus cyclase specific domain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1991 Aug 30;179(1):455-62. [PubMed ]
3. Sjoblom T, Jones S, Wood LD, Parsons DW, Lin J, Barber TD, Mandelker D, Leary RJ, Ptak J, Silliman N, Szabo S, Buckhaults P, Farrell C, Meeh P, Markowitz SD, Willis J, Dawson D, Willson JK, Gazdar AF, Hartigan J, Wu L, Liu C, Parmigiani G, Park BH, Bachman KE, Papadopoulos N, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW, Velculescu VE: The consensus coding sequences of human breast and colorectal cancers. Science. 2006 Oct 13;314(5797):268-74. Epub 2006 Sep 7. [PubMed ]

1. ATP pyrophosphate-lyase 3
2. Adenylate cyclase type III
3. AC-III
4. Adenylate cyclase, olfactive type
5. Adenylyl cyclase 3
6. AC3

MPRNQGFSEPEYSAEYSAEYSVSLPSDPDRGVGRTHEISVRNSGSCLCLPRFMRLTFVPE
SLENLYQTYFKRQRHETLLVLVVFAALFDCYVVVMCAVVFSSDKLASLAVAGIGLVLDII
LFVLCKKGLLPDRVTRRVLPYVLWLLITAQIFSYLGLNFARAHAASDTVGWQVFFVFSFF
ITLPLSLSPIVIISVVSCVVHTLVLGVTVAQQQQEELKGMQLLREILANVFLYLCAIAVG
IMSYYMADRKHRKAFLEARQSLEVKMNLEEQSQQQENLMLSILPKHVADEMLKDMKKDES
QKDQQQFNTMYMYRHENVSILFADIVGFTQLSSACSAQELVKLLNELFARFDKLAAKYHQ
LRIKILGDCYYCICGLPDYREDHAVCSILMGLAMVEAISYVREKTKTGVDMRVGVHTGTV
LGGVLGQKRWQYDVWSTDVTVANKMEAGGIPGRVHISQSTMDCLKGEFDVEPGDGGSRCD
YLEEKGIETYLIIASKPEVKKTATQNGLNGSALPNGAPASSKSSSPALIETKEPNGSAHS
SGSTSEKPEEQDAQADNPSFPNPRRRLRLQDLADRVVDASEDEHELNQLLNEALLERESA
QVVKKRNTFLLSMRFMDPEMETRYSVEKEKQSGAAFSCSCVVLLCTALVEILIDPWLMTN
YVTFMVGEILLLILTICSLAAIFPRAFPKKLVAFSTWIDRTRWARNTWAMLAIFILVMAN
VVDMLSCLQYYTGPSNATAGMETEGSCLENPKYYNYVAVLSLIATIMLVQVSHMVKLTLM
LLVAGAVATINLYAWRPVFDEYDHKRFREHDLPMVALEQMQGFNPGLNGTDRLPLVPSKY
SMTVMVFLMMLSFYYFSRHVEKLARTLFLWKIEVHDQKERVYEMRRWNEALVTNMLPEHV
ARHFLGSKKRDEELYSQTYDEIGVMFASLPNFADFYTEESINNGGIECLRFLNEIISDFD
SLLDNPKFRVITKIKTIGSTYMAASGVTPDVNTNGFASSNKEDKSERERWQHLADLADFA
LAMKDTLTNINNQSFNNFMLRIGMNKGGVLAGVIGARKPHYDIWGNTVNVASRMESTGVM
GNIQVVEETQVILREYGFRFVRRGPIFVKGKGELLTFFLKGRDKLATFPNGPSVTLPHQV
VDNS

• Purine Metabolism (map00230 )

• ATP = 3',5'-cyclic AMP + diphosphate [RN:R00089]

• Guanylate_cyc (PF00211 )

• None

• 80-100 105-125 139-159 173-193 226-246 381-401 633-653 664-684 708-728 754-774 775-795 833-853

ATGCCGAGGAACCAGGGCTTCTCCGAGCCCGAATACTCGGCCGAGTACTCAGCCGAGTAC
TCCGTCAGCCTGCCCTCCGACCCTGACCGCGGGGTGGGCCGGACCCATGAAATCTCGGTC
CGGAACTCGGGCTCCTGCCTGTGCCTGCCTCGCTTCATGCGGCTGACTTTCGTGCCGGAG
TCCTTGGAGAACCTCTACCAGACCTACTTCAAAAGGCAGCGCCACGAGACCCTGCTGGTG
CTGGTGGTCTTTGCAGCCCTCTTTGACTGCTACGTGGTGGTCATGTGTGCTGTGGTCTTC
TCCAGCGACAAGCTGGCTTCCCTCGCCGTGGCTGGAATTGGACTGGTGTTGGACATCATC
CTCTTCGTGCTCTGCAAAAAGGGGCTGCTCCCGGACCGGGTCACCCGCAGAGTGCTGCCC
TACGTGCTGTGGCTGCTCATAACCGCCCAGATCTTCTCCTACCTGGGCCTGAACTTCGCG
CGTGCCCACGCGGCTAGTGACACGGTGGGCTGGCAGGTCTTCTTTGTCTTCTCCTTCTTC
ATCACGCTGCCCCTCAGCCTCAGCCCCATCGTGATCATCTCCGTGGTCTCCTGTGTGGTG
CACACGTTGGTCCTGGGGGTCACCGTGGCCCAGCAGCAGCAGGAGGAGCTCAAGGGGATG
CAGCTGCTGCGGGAGATCCTGGCCAACGTCTTCCTCTACCTGTGCGCCATCGCTGTGGGC
ATCATGTCCTACTACATGGCTGACCGCAAGCACCGCAAGGCCTTCCTGGAGGCCCGCCAG
TCGCTGGAGGTGAAGATGAACCTGGAAGAGCAGAGCCAGCAGCAGGAGAACCTCATGCTT
TCCATCCTGCCCAAGCACGTGGCTGACGAGATGCTGAAAGACATGAAGAAAGACGAGAGC
CAGAAGGACCAGCAGCAGTTCAACACCATGTACATGTACCGTCACGAGAACGTCAGCATC
CTCTTTGCCGACATCGTGGGCTTTACCCAGCTGTCTTCTGCCTGCAGTGCCCAGGAGCTT
GTGAAGCTGCTCAACGAGCTCTTTGCCCGCTTTGACAAGCTGGCAGCTAAATACCACCAG
CTGCGGATTAAGATCCTGGGCGACTGCTACTACTGCATCTGCGGCTTGCCCGACTACCGG
GAGGACCACGCCGTCTGCTCCATCCTCATGGGGCTGGCCATGGTGGAGGCCATCTCGTAT
GTGCGGGAGAAGACCAAGACTGGGGTGGACATGCGTGTGGGGGTGCACACGGGCACCGTG
CTGGGGGGCGTCCTGGGCCAGAAGCGCTGGCAGTACGACGTGTGGTCGACTGATGTCACT
GTAGCCAACAAGATGGAGGCCGGCGGCATCCCTGGGCGCGTGCACATCTCCCAGAGCACC
ATGGACTGCCTGAAAGGGGAGTTTGATGTGGAGCCAGGCGATGGGGGCAGCCGCTGTGAT
TACCTAGAAGAGAAGGGTATTGAAACCTACCTCATCATTGCCTCCAAGCCAGAGGTGAAG
AAAACAGCCACCCAGAATGGCCTCAATGGCTCGGCCCTGCCCAATGGAGCACCAGCTTCC
TCAAAGTCCAGCTCCCCTGCCCTCATTGAGACCAAGGAGCCCAACGGGAGTGCCCACAGC
AGTGGGTCCACGTCGGAGAAGCCCGAGGAGCAGGATGCCCAGGCCGACAACCCCTCATTC
CCCAACCCACGCCGGAGGCTGCGCCTGCAGGACCTGGCTGACCGAGTGGTGGATGCCTCT
GAAGATGAGCACGAGCTCAACCAGCTGCTCAACGAGGCCCTGCTTGAGCGAGAGTCCGCC
CAAGTAGTAAAGAAGAGAAACACCTTCCTCTTGTCCATGCGGTTCATGGACCCCGAGATG
GAAACCCGCTACTCGGTGGAGAAGGAGAAGCAGAGTGGGGCTGCCTTCAGCTGCTCCTGC
GTCGTCCTGCTCTGCACGGCCCTGGTCGAGATACTCATCGACCCCTGGCTAATGACAAAC
TATGTGACCTTCATGGTGGGGGAGATTCTGCTCCTCATCCTGACCATCTGCTCCCTGGCT
GCCATCTTTCCCCGGGCCTTTCCTAAGAAGCTTGTGGCCTTCTCAACTTGGATTGACCGG
ACCCGCTGGGCCAGGAACACCTGGGCCATGCTCGCCATCTTCATCCTGGTGATGGCAAAT
GTCGTGGACATGCTCAGCTGTCTCCAGTACTACACGGGACCCAGCAATGCAACGGCAGGG
ATGGAAACGGAGGGCAGCTGCCTGGAGAACCCCAAGTATTACAACTATGTGGCCGTGCTG
TCCCTCATCGCCACCATCATGCTGGTGCAGGTCAGCCACATGGTGAAGCTCACGCTCATG
CTGCTCGTCGCAGGCGCCGTGGCCACCATCAACCTCTATGCCTGGCGTCCCGTCTTTGAT
GAATACGACCACAAGCGTTTTCGGGAGCACGACTTACCTATGGTGGCCTTAGAGCAGATG
CAAGGATTCAACCCTGGGCTCAATGGCACTGACAGGCTGCCCCTGGTGCCTTCCAAGTAC
TCTATGACGGTGATGGTGTTCCTCATGATGCTCAGCTTCTACTACTTCTCCCGCCACGTA
GAAAAACTGGCACGGACACTTTTCTTGTGGAAGATTGAGGTCCACGACCAGAAGGAACGT
GTCTATGAGATGCGACGCTGGAACGAGGCCTTGGTCACCAACATGTTGCCTGAGCACGTG
GCACGCCATTTCCTGGGGTCCAAGAAGAGAGATGAGGAGCTGTATAGCCAGACGTATGAT
GAGATTGGAGTCATGTTTGCCTCCCTGCCCAACTTTGCTGACTTCTACACAGAGGAGAGC
ATCAACAATGGTGGTATTGAGTGTCTGCGTTTCCTCAATGAAATCATCTCAGATTTTGAC
TCTCTCCTGGACAATCCCAAGTTCCGGGTGATCACCAAGATCAAAACCATTGGCAGCACG
TATATGGCGGCTTCAGGAGTCACCCCCGATGTCAACACCAATGGCTTTGCCAGCTCCAAC
AAGGAAGACAAGTCCGAGAGAGAGCGCTGGCAGCACCTGGCTGACCTGGCCGACTTCGCG
CTGGCCATGAAGGATACGCTCACCAACATCAACAACCAGTCCTTCAATAACTTCATGCTG
CGCATAGGCATGAACAAAGGCGGGGTTCTGGCTGGGGTCATCGGAGCCCGGAAACCACAC
TACGACATCTGGGGCAATACAGTCAATGTAGCCAGCAGGATGGAGTCCACGGGGGTCATG
GGCAACATTCAGGTGGTAGAAGAAACCCAAGTCATCCTCCGAGAGTACGGCTTCCGCTTT
GTGAGGCGAGGCCCCATCTTTGTGAAGGGGAAGGGGGAGCTGCTGACCTTCTTCTTGAAG
GGGCGGGATAAGCTAGCCACCTTCCCCAATGGCCCCTCTGTCACACTGCCCCACCAGGTG
GTGGACAACTCCTGA

1. Yang B, He B, Abdel-Halim SM, Tibell A, Brendel MD, Bretzel RG, Efendic S, Hillert J: Molecular cloning of a full-length cDNA for human type 3 adenylyl cyclase and its expression in human islets. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999 Jan 27;254(3):548-51. [PubMed ]
2. Hillier LW, Graves TA, Fulton RS, Fulton LA, Pepin KH, Minx P, Wagner-McPherson C, Layman D, Wylie K, Sekhon M, Becker MC, Fewell GA, Delehaunty KD, Miner TL, Nash WE, Kremitzki C, Oddy L, Du H, Sun H, Bradshaw-Cordum H, Ali J, Carter J, Cordes M, Harris A, Isak A, van Brunt A, Nguyen C, Du F, Courtney L, Kalicki J, Ozersky P, Abbott S, Armstrong J, Belter EA, Caruso L, Cedroni M, Cotton M, Davidson T, Desai A, Elliott G, Erb T, Fronick C, Gaige T, Haakenson W, Haglund K, Holmes A, Harkins R, Kim K, Kruchowski SS, Strong CM, Grewal N, Goyea E, Hou S, Levy A, Martinka S, Mead K, McLellan MD, Meyer R, Randall-Maher J, Tomlinson C, Dauphin-Kohlberg S, Kozlowicz-Reilly A, Shah N, Swearengen-Shahid S, Snider J, Strong JT, Thompson J, Yoakum M, Leonard S, Pearman C, Trani L, Radionenko M, Waligorski JE, Wang C, Rock SM, Tin-Wollam AM, Maupin R, Latreille P, Wendl MC, Yang SP, Pohl C, Wallis JW, Spieth J, Bieri TA, Berkowicz N, Nelson JO, Osborne J, Ding L, Meyer R, Sabo A, Shotland Y, Sinha P, Wohldmann PE, Cook LL, Hickenbotham MT, Eldred J, Williams D, Jones TA, She X, Ciccarelli FD, Izaurralde E, Taylor J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Cox DR, Huang X, McPherson JD, Mardis ER, Clifton SW, Warren WC, Chinwalla AT, Eddy SR, Marra MA, Ovcharenko I, Furey TS, Miller W, Eichler EE, Bork P, Suyama M, Torrents D, Waterston RH, Wilson RK: Generation and annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4. Nature. 2005 Apr 7;434(7034):724-31. [PubMed ]
3. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
4. Nagase T, Ishikawa K, Miyajima N, Tanaka A, Kotani H, Nomura N, Ohara O: Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. IX. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which can code for large proteins in vitro. DNA Res. 1998 Feb 28;5(1):31-9. [PubMed ]
5. Hellevuo K, Yoshimura M, Kao M, Hoffman PL, Cooper DM, Tabakoff B: A novel adenylyl cyclase sequence cloned from the human erythroleukemia cell line. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1993 Apr 15;192(1):311-8. [PubMed ]

1. ATP pyrophosphate-lyase 1
2. Adenylate cyclase type I
3. Adenylyl cyclase 1
4. Ca(2+)/calmodulin-activated adenylyl cyclase

MAGAPRGGGGGGGGAGEPGGAERAAGTSRRRGLRACDEEFACPELEALFRGYTLRLEQAA
TLKALAVLSLLAGALALAELLGAPGPAPGLAKGSHPVHCVLFLALLVVTNVRSLQVPQLQ
QVGQLALLFSLTFALLCCPFALGGPARGSAGAAGGPATAEQGVWQLLLVTFVSYALLPVR
SLLAIGFGLVVAASHLLVTATLVPAKRPRLWRTLGANALLFVGVNMYGVFVRILTERSQR
KAFLQARSCIEDRLRLEDENEKQERLLMSLLPRNVAMEMKEDFLKPPERIFHKIYIQRHD
NVSILFADIVGFTGLASQCTAQELVKLLNELFGKFDELATENHCRRIKILGDCYYCVSGL
TQPKTDHAHCCVEMGLDMIDTITSVAEATEVDLNMRVGLHTGRVLCGVLGLRKWQYDVWS
NDVTLANVMEAAGLPGKVHITKTTLACLNGDYEVEPGYGHERNSFLKTHNIETFFIVPSH
RRKIFPGLILSDIKPAKRMKFKTVCYLLVQLMHCRKMFKAEIPFSNVMTCEDDDKRRALR
TASEKLRNRSSFSTNVVYTTPGTRVNRYISRLLEARQTELEMADLNFFTLKYKHVEREQK
YHQLQDEYFTSAVVLTLILAALFGLVYLLIFPQSVVVLLLLVFCICFLVACVLYLHITRV
QCFPGCLTIQIRTVLCIFIVVLIYSVAQGCVVGCLPWAWSSKPNSSLVVLSSGGQRTALP
TLPCESTHHALLCCLVGTLPLAIFFRVSSLPKMILLSGLTTSYILVLELSGYTRTGGGAV
SGRSYEPIVAILLFSCALALHARQVDIRLRLDYLWAAQAEEEREDMEKVKLDNRRILFNL
LPAHVAQHFLMSNPRNMDLYYQSYSQVGVMFASIPNFNDFYIELDGNNMGVECLRLLNEI
IADFDELMEKDFYKDIEKIKTIGSTYMAAVGLAPTSGTKAKKSISSHLSTLADFAIEMFD
VLDEINYQSYNDFVLRVGINVGPVVAGVIGARRPQYDIWGNTVNVASRMDSTGVQGRIQV
TEEVHRLLRRCPYHFVCRGKVSVKGKGEMLTYFLEGRTDGNGSQIRSLGLDRKMCPFGRA
GLQGRRPPVCPMPGVSVRAGLPPHSPGQYLPSAAAGKEA

• Purine Metabolism (map00230 )

• ATP = 3',5'-cyclic AMP + diphosphate [RN:R00089]

• Guanylate_cyc (PF00211 )

• None

• 64-84 88-108 125-145 158-178 183-203 214-234 611-631 635-655 674-694 725-745 753-773 775-794

ATGGCGGGGGCGCCGCGCGGCGGAGGCGGCGGCGGAGGCGGCGCGGGCGAGCCCGGGGGC
GCCGAGCGGGCGGCCGGGACAAGCCGCCGGCGCGGGCTCCGGGCGTGCGACGAGGAGTTC
GCTTGCCCAGAGCTGGAGGCGCTGTTCCGCGGCTACACGCTGCGGCTGGAGCAGGCGGCC
ACGCTGAAGGCGCTGGCCGTTCTCAGCCTGCTGGCGGGCGCGCTGGCGCTGGCCGAGCTG
CTGGGCGCGCCGGGGCCCGCGCCCGGCCTGGCCAAGGGCTCACACCCGGTGCACTGCGTC
CTCTTCCTGGCGCTGCTCGTGGTAACCAACGTCCGGTCCCTGCAGGTGCCCCAGCTGCAG
CAGGTCGGCCAGCTGGCGCTGCTCTTCAGCCTCACCTTCGCGCTGCTCTGCTGTCCTTTC
GCGCTGGGCGGCCCCGCCCGGGGTTCCGCCGGGGCCGCTGGGGGGCCAGCGACCGCCGAA
CAAGGGGTTTGGCAGCTCCTTTTGGTCACCTTCGTGTCCTATGCCTTGCTGCCCGTGCGC
AGCCTGCTGGCCATAGGCTTTGGGCTCGTGGTGGCTGCGTCGCACTTGCTGGTCACAGCC
ACCTTGGTCCCCGCCAAGCGCCCACGTCTCTGGAGGACGCTCGGTGCCAATGCCTTGCTC
TTCGTCGGTGTGAACATGTATGGGGTCTTTGTGCGGATTCTGACTGAGCGTTCACAGAGG
AAGGCGTTCCTGCAGGCCCGGAGCTGCATTGAGGACCGACTGAGGCTGGAGGATGAGAAC
GAGAAGCAGGAGCGGCTCCTCATGAGCCTCCTGCCCCGGAACGTTGCCATGGAGATGAAG
GAGGACTTCCTGAAGCCCCCTGAGAGGATTTTCCACAAGATTTACATCCAGAGGCACGAC
AATGTGAGCATCCTGTTTGCTGACATCGTGGGTTTCACGGGCTTGGCATCCCAGTGCACA
GCCCAGGAGCTGGTGAAACTCCTCAATGAGCTCTTCGGCAAGTTCGATGAATTAGCCACG
GAGAACCACTGTCGCCGCATCAAGATTCTCGGGGACTGCTACTACTGCGTGTCGGGCCTC
ACCCAGCCCAAGACTGACCATGCCCACTGCTGTGTGGAGATGGGACTCGACATGATTGAT
ACCATCACATCTGTGGCTGAAGCCACCGAGGTGGATCTGAACATGCGTGTGGGTCTGCAC
ACGGGCAGGGTCCTCTGTGGTGTCCTGGGCTTGCGCAAGTGGCAGTACGACGTGTGGTCC
AATGATGTGACCTTGGCCAATGTCATGGAAGCCGCTGGCCTGCCAGGGAAGGTTCATATC
ACAAAGACGACCCTAGCGTGCTTGAATGGGGACTACGAGGTAGAACCGGGTTACGGACAT
GAGAGGAACAGTTTCTTGAAAACTCATAACATCGAAACCTTTTTTATTGTGCCATCCCAT
CGCCGAAAGATATTTCCAGGCCTGATTCTCTCAGATATAAAACCGGCCAAAAGGATGAAG
TTCAAGACTGTCTGCTACCTGCTGGTGCAGCTCATGCACTGCCGGAAAATGTTCAAGGCC
GAGATCCCCTTCTCCAATGTCATGACCTGCGAGGACGATGACAAGCGGAGGGCATTAAGA
ACAGCCTCGGAAAAACTCAGAAACCGCTCATCTTTTTCTACCAACGTTGTCTACACCACC
CCGGGCACTCGCGTCAACAGGTACATCAGCCGCCTCTTAGAAGCCCGCCAGACAGAGCTG
GAGATGGCAGACCTGAACTTCTTTACCCTGAAGTACAAACATGTCGAACGGGAGCAAAAG
TACCACCAGCTTCAGGACGAGTATTTCACCAGCGCCGTTGTCCTCACCCTCATCCTGGCT
GCCTTATTTGGCCTTGTCTACCTTCTAATATTCCCACAGAGTGTGGTCGTCCTGCTCCTG
CTAGTATTCTGCATCTGCTTCCTGGTGGCCTGTGTCCTGTACCTGCACATCACCCGGGTC
CAGTGTTTTCCAGGGTGCCTGACGATTCAGATTCGCACTGTCCTGTGTATTTTCATAGTG
GTCTTAATCTACTCAGTAGCCCAAGGTTGTGTGGTGGGCTGCCTGCCTTGGGCCTGGAGC
TCCAAGCCCAACAGTTCCCTGGTGGTCCTTTCGTCTGGGGGCCAGCGCACAGCCCTGCCC
ACCCTGCCCTGCGAGTCTACACACCATGCCCTGCTCTGCTGCCTGGTGGGCACCCTCCCG
CTAGCCATATTTTTCCGGGTGTCCTCCTTGCCAAAAATGATCCTGCTCTCCGGGCTCACC
ACGTCCTACATCCTCGTTCTGGAGCTCAGCGGATACACCAGGACTGGGGGTGGTGCCGTC
TCCGGGCGCAGCTACGAGCCGATTGTGGCCATCCTGCTCTTCTCCTGTGCGCTGGCCCTG
CATGCCAGGCAGGTGGACATCAGGCTGAGGCTGGACTACCTCTGGGCCGCACAGGCAGAG
GAGGAGCGAGAGGACATGGAGAAGGTGAAGCTGGACAACAGGCGCATCCTCTTCAACCTC
CTGCCGGCCCACGTCGCCCAGCACTTCCTCATGTCCAACCCTCGGAACATGGACCTCTAC
TACCAGTCCTACTCCCAGGTGGGCGTCATGTTTGCCTCCATCCCCAACTTCAATGACTTC
TACATCGAGCTGGACGGCAACAACATGGGGGTGGAGTGTCTGCGGCTTCTCAACGAGATC
ATCGCCGACTTTGACGAGCTCATGGAAAAAGACTTTTACAAGGACATAGAGAAGATCAAG
ACCATCGGGAGCACCTACATGGCCGCTGTGGGGCTAGCGCCCACCTCGGGGACCAAGGCT
AAGAAGTCCATCTCCTCCCACCTGAGCACGCTGGCGGACTTTGCCATTGAGATGTTTGAC
GTTCTGGATGAAATCAACTACCAGTCTTACAACGACTTTGTCCTCCGAGTTGGCATCAAT
GTTGGCCCTGTGGTGGCTGGAGTGATTGGCGCTCGCAGGCCCCAGTACGACATCTGGGGA
AACACAGTCAACGTGGCCAGTCGGATGGATAGCACAGGGGTCCAGGGCAGAATCCAGGTG
ACTGAGGAAGTCCACCGGCTGCTGAGAAGGTGCCCCTACCACTTTGTGTGCCGAGGCAAA
GTCAGTGTCAAGGGCAAAGGCGAGATGTTGACATACTTTCTAGAAGGCAGGACTGATGGA
AACGGCTCCCAAATCAGGTCCCTGGGCTTGGATCGGAAAATGTGTCCATTTGGGAGAGCT
GGCCTTCAGGGCAGACGTCCCCCCGTGTGCCCCATGCCTGGCGTCTCAGTCAGGGCTGGG
CTCCCTCCACACTCCCCAGGCCAGTACCTGCCCTCTGCAGCAGCTGGGAAGGAGGCTTAG

1. Hillier LW, Fulton RS, Fulton LA, Graves TA, Pepin KH, Wagner-McPherson C, Layman D, Maas J, Jaeger S, Walker R, Wylie K, Sekhon M, Becker MC, O'Laughlin MD, Schaller ME, Fewell GA, Delehaunty KD, Miner TL, Nash WE, Cordes M, Du H, Sun H, Edwards J, Bradshaw-Cordum H, Ali J, Andrews S, Isak A, Vanbrunt A, Nguyen C, Du F, Lamar B, Courtney L, Kalicki J, Ozersky P, Bielicki L, Scott K, Holmes A, Harkins R, Harris A, Strong CM, Hou S, Tomlinson C, Dauphin-Kohlberg S, Kozlowicz-Reilly A, Leonard S, Rohlfing T, Rock SM, Tin-Wollam AM, Abbott A, Minx P, Maupin R, Strowmatt C, Latreille P, Miller N, Johnson D, Murray J, Woessner JP, Wendl MC, Yang SP, Schultz BR, Wallis JW, Spieth J, Bieri TA, Nelson JO, Berkowicz N, Wohldmann PE, Cook LL, Hickenbotham MT, Eldred J, Williams D, Bedell JA, Mardis ER, Clifton SW, Chissoe SL, Marra MA, Raymond C, Haugen E, Gillett W, Zhou Y, James R, Phelps K, Iadanoto S, Bubb K, Simms E, Levy R, Clendenning J, Kaul R, Kent WJ, Furey TS, Baertsch RA, Brent MR, Keibler E, Flicek P, Bork P, Suyama M, Bailey JA, Portnoy ME, Torrents D, Chinwalla AT, Gish WR, Eddy SR, McPherson JD, Olson MV, Eichler EE, Green ED, Waterston RH, Wilson RK: The DNA sequence of human chromosome 7. Nature. 2003 Jul 10;424(6945):157-64. [PubMed ]
2. Scherer SW, Cheung J, MacDonald JR, Osborne LR, Nakabayashi K, Herbrick JA, Carson AR, Parker-Katiraee L, Skaug J, Khaja R, Zhang J, Hudek AK, Li M, Haddad M, Duggan GE, Fernandez BA, Kanematsu E, Gentles S, Christopoulos CC, Choufani S, Kwasnicka D, Zheng XH, Lai Z, Nusskern D, Zhang Q, Gu Z, Lu F, Zeesman S, Nowaczyk MJ, Teshima I, Chitayat D, Shuman C, Weksberg R, Zackai EH, Grebe TA, Cox SR, Kirkpatrick SJ, Rahman N, Friedman JM, Heng HH, Pelicci PG, Lo-Coco F, Belloni E, Shaffer LG, Pober B, Morton CC, Gusella JF, Bruns GA, Korf BR, Quade BJ, Ligon AH, Ferguson H, Higgins AW, Leach NT, Herrick SR, Lemyre E, Farra CG, Kim HG, Summers AM, Gripp KW, Roberts W, Szatmari P, Winsor EJ, Grzeschik KH, Teebi A, Minassian BA, Kere J, Armengol L, Pujana MA, Estivill X, Wilson MD, Koop BF, Tosi S, Moore GE, Boright AP, Zlotorynski E, Kerem B, Kroisel PM, Petek E, Oscier DG, Mould SJ, Dohner H, Dohner K, Rommens JM, Vincent JB, Venter JC, Li PW, Mural RJ, Adams MD, Tsui LC: Human chromosome 7: DNA sequence and biology. Science. 2003 May 2;300(5620):767-72. Epub 2003 Apr 10. [PubMed ]
3. Villacres EC, Xia Z, Bookbinder LH, Edelhoff S, Disteche CM, Storm DR: Cloning, chromosomal mapping, and expression of human fetal brain type I adenylyl cyclase. Genomics. 1993 May;16(2):473-8. [PubMed ]

1. Cytosolic thyroid hormone-binding protein
2. CTHBP
3. Opa-interacting protein 3
4. OIP-3
5. Pyruvate kinase 2/3
6. Pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme
7. Thyroid hormone-binding protein 1
8. THBP1
9. Tumor M2-PK
10. p58

MSKPHSEAGTAFIQTQQLHAAMADTFLEHMCRLDIDSPPITARNTGIICTIGPASRSVET
LKEMIKSGMNVARLNFSHGTHEYHAETIKNVRTATESFASDPILYRPVAVALDTKGPEIR
TGLIKGSGTAEVELKKGATLKITLDNAYMEKCDENILWLDYKNICKVVEVGSKIYVDDGL
ISLQVKQKGADFLVTEVENGGSLGSKKGVNLPGAAVDLPAVSEKDIQDLKFGVEQDVDMV
FASFIRKASDVHEVRKVLGEKGKNIKIISKIENHEGVRRFDEILEASDGIMVARGDLGIE
IPAEKVFLAQKMMIGRCNRAGKPVICATQMLESMIKKPRPTRAEGSDVANAVLDGADCIM
LSGETAKGDYPLEAVRMQHLIAREAEAAIYHLQLFEELRRLAPITSDPTEATAVGAVEAS
FKCCSGAIIVLTKSGRSAHQVARYRPRAPIIAVTRNPQTARQAHLYRGIFPVLCKDPVQE
AWAEDVDLRVNFAMNVGKARGFFKKGDVVIVLTGWRPGSGFTNTMRVVPVP

• Carbon fixation (map00710 )
• Gluconeogenesis (map00010 )
• Purine Metabolism (map00230 )
• Pyruvate Metabolism (map00620 )

• ATP + pyruvate = ADP + phosphoenolpyruvate [RN:R00200]

• PK (PF00224 )
• PK_C (PF02887 )

• None

• None

ATGTCGAAGCCCCATAGTGAAGCCGGGACTGCCTTCATTCAGACCCAGCAGCTGCACGCA
GCCATGGCTGACACATTCCTGGAGCACATGTGCCGCCTGGACATTGATTCACCACCCATC
ACAGCCCGGAACACTGGCATCATCTGTACCATTGGCCCAGCTTCCCGATCAGTGGAGACG
TTGAAGGAGATGATTAAGTCTGGAATGAATGTGGCTCGTCTGAACTTCTCTCATGGAACT
CATGAGTACCATGCGGAGACCATCAAGAATGTGCGCACAGCCACGGAAAGCTTTGCTTCT
GACCCCATCCTCTACCGGCCCGTTGCTGTGGCTCTAGACACTAAAGGACCTGAGATCCGA
ACTGGGCTCATCAAGGGCAGCGGCACTGCAGAGGTGGAGCTGAAGAAGGGAGCCACTCTC
AAAATCACGCTGGATAACGCCTACATGGAAAAGTGTGACGAGAACATCCTGTGGCTGGAC
TACAAGAACATCTGCAAGGTGGTGGAAGTGGGCAGCAAGATCTACGTGGATGATGGGCTT
ATTTCTCTCCAGGTGAAGCAGAAAGGTGCCGACTTCCTGGTGACGGAGGTGGAAAATGGT
GGCTCCTTGGGCAGCAAGAAGGGTGTGAACCTTCCTGGGGCTGCTGTGGACTTGCCTGCT
GTGTCGGAGAAGGACATCCAGGATCTGAAGTTTGGGGTCGAGCAGGATGTTGATATGGTG
TTTGCGTCATTCATCCGCAAGGCATCTGATGTCCATGAAGTTAGGAAGGTCCTGGGAGAG
AAGGGAAAGAACATCAAGATTATCAGCAAAATCGAGAATCATGAGGGGGTTCGGAGGTTT
GATGAAATCCTGGAGGCCAGTGATGGGATCATGGTGGCTCGTGGTGATCTAGGCATTGAG
ATTCCTGCAGAGAAGGTCTTCCTTGCTCAGAAGATGATGATTGGACGGTGCAACCGAGCT
GGGAAGCCTGTCATCTGTGCTACTCAGATGCTGGAGAGCATGATCAAGAAGCCCCGCCCC
ACTCGGGCTGAAGGCAGTGATGTGGCCAATGCAGTCCTGGATGGAGCCGACTGCATCATG
CTGTCTGGAGAAACAGCCAAAGGGGACTATCCTCTGGAGGCTGTGCGCATGCAGCACCTG
ATTGCCCGTGAGGCAGAGGCTGCCATCTACCACTTGCAATTATTTGAGGAACTCCGCCGC
CTGGCGCCCATTACCAGCGACCCCACAGAAGCCACCGCCGTGGGTGCCGTGGAGGCCTCC
TTCAAGTGCTGCAGTGGGGCCATAATCGTCCTCACCAAGTCTGGCAGGTCTGCTCACCAG
GTGGCCAGATACCGCCCACGTGCCCCCATCATTGCTGTGACCCGGAATCCCCAGACAGCT
CGTCAGGCCCACCTGTACCGTGGCATCTTCCCTGTGCTGTGCAAGGACCCAGTCCAGGAG
GCCTGGGCTGAGGACGTGGACCTCCGGGTGAACTTTGCCATGAATGTTGGCAAGGCCCGA
GGCTTCTTCAAGAAGGGAGATGTGGTCATTGTGCTGACCGGATGGCGCCCTGGCTCCGGC
TTCACCAACACCATGCGTGTTGTTCCTGTGCCGTGA

1. Tani K, Yoshida MC, Satoh H, Mitamura K, Noguchi T, Tanaka T, Fujii H, Miwa S: Human M2-type pyruvate kinase: cDNA cloning, chromosomal assignment and expression in hepatoma. Gene. 1988 Dec 20;73(2):509-16. [PubMed ]
2. Kato H, Fukuda T, Parkison C, McPhie P, Cheng SY: Cytosolic thyroid hormone-binding protein is a monomer of pyruvate kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Oct;86(20):7861-5. [PubMed ]
3. Takenaka M, Noguchi T, Sadahiro S, Hirai H, Yamada K, Matsuda T, Imai E, Tanaka T: Isolation and characterization of the human pyruvate kinase M gene. Eur J Biochem. 1991 May 23;198(1):101-6. [PubMed ]
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5. Zody MC, Garber M, Sharpe T, Young SK, Rowen L, O'Neill K, Whittaker CA, Kamal M, Chang JL, Cuomo CA, Dewar K, FitzGerald MG, Kodira CD, Madan A, Qin S, Yang X, Abbasi N, Abouelleil A, Arachchi HM, Baradarani L, Birditt B, Bloom S, Bloom T, Borowsky ML, Burke J, Butler J, Cook A, DeArellano K, DeCaprio D, Dorris L 3rd, Dors M, Eichler EE, Engels R, Fahey J, Fleetwood P, Friedman C, Gearin G, Hall JL, Hensley G, Johnson E, Jones C, Kamat A, Kaur A, Locke DP, Madan A, Munson G, Jaffe DB, Lui A, Macdonald P, Mauceli E, Naylor JW, Nesbitt R, Nicol R, O'Leary SB, Ratcliffe A, Rounsley S, She X, Sneddon KM, Stewart S, Sougnez C, Stone SM, Topham K, Vincent D, Wang S, Zimmer AR, Birren BW, Hood L, Lander ES, Nusbaum C: Analysis of the DNA sequence and duplication history of human chromosome 15. Nature. 2006 Mar 30;440(7084):671-5. [PubMed ]
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7. Ashizawa K, McPhie P, Lin KH, Cheng SY: An in vitro novel mechanism of regulating the activity of pyruvate kinase M2 by thyroid hormone and fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate. Biochemistry. 1991 Jul 23;30(29):7105-11. [PubMed ]
8. Gevaert K, Goethals M, Martens L, Van Damme J, Staes A, Thomas GR, Vandekerckhove J: Exploring proteomes and analyzing protein processing by mass spectrometric identification of sorted N-terminal peptides. Nat Biotechnol. 2003 May;21(5):566-9. Epub 2003 Mar 31. [PubMed ]
9. Williams JM, Chen GC, Zhu L, Rest RF: Using the yeast two-hybrid system to identify human epithelial cell proteins that bind gonococcal Opa proteins: intracellular gonococci bind pyruvate kinase via their Opa proteins and require host pyruvate for growth. Mol Microbiol. 1998 Jan;27(1):171-86. [PubMed ]
10. Garcia-Gonzalo FR, Cruz C, Munoz P, Mazurek S, Eigenbrodt E, Ventura F, Bartrons R, Rosa JL: Interaction between HERC1 and M2-type pyruvate kinase. FEBS Lett. 2003 Mar 27;539(1-3):78-84. [PubMed ]
11. Rush J, Moritz A, Lee KA, Guo A, Goss VL, Spek EJ, Zhang H, Zha XM, Polakiewicz RD, Comb MJ: Immunoaffinity profiling of tyrosine phosphorylation in cancer cells. Nat Biotechnol. 2005 Jan;23(1):94-101. Epub 2004 Dec 12. [PubMed ]
12. Olsen JV, Blagoev B, Gnad F, Macek B, Kumar C, Mortensen P, Mann M: Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks. Cell. 2006 Nov 3;127(3):635-48. [PubMed ]
13. Beausoleil SA, Villen J, Gerber SA, Rush J, Gygi SP: A probability-based approach for high-throughput protein phosphorylation analysis and site localization. Nat Biotechnol. 2006 Oct;24(10):1285-92. Epub 2006 Sep 10. [PubMed ]
14. Stetak A, Veress R, Ovadi J, Csermely P, Keri G, Ullrich A: Nuclear translocation of the tumor marker pyruvate kinase M2 induces programmed cell death. Cancer Res. 2007 Feb 15;67(4):1602-8. [PubMed ]
15. Molina H, Horn DM, Tang N, Mathivanan S, Pandey A: Global proteomic profiling of phosphopeptides using electron transfer dissociation tandem mass spectrometry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Feb 13;104(7):2199-204. Epub 2007 Feb 7. [PubMed ]
16. Matsuoka S, Ballif BA, Smogorzewska A, McDonald ER 3rd, Hurov KE, Luo J, Bakalarski CE, Zhao Z, Solimini N, Lerenthal Y, Shiloh Y, Gygi SP, Elledge SJ: ATM and ATR substrate analysis reveals extensive protein networks responsive to DNA damage. Science. 2007 May 25;316(5828):1160-6. [PubMed ]
17. Imami K, Sugiyama N, Kyono Y, Tomita M, Ishihama Y: Automated phosphoproteome analysis for cultured cancer cells by two-dimensional nanoLC-MS using a calcined titania/C18 biphasic column. Anal Sci. 2008 Jan;24(1):161-6. [PubMed ]
18. Shimada N, Shinagawa T, Ishii S: Modulation of M2-type pyruvate kinase activity by the cytoplasmic PML tumor suppressor protein. Genes Cells. 2008 Mar;13(3):245-54. [PubMed ]
19. Lee J, Kim HK, Han YM, Kim J: Pyruvate kinase isozyme type M2 (PKM2) interacts and cooperates with Oct-4 in regulating transcription. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2008;40(5):1043-54. Epub 2007 Nov 29. [PubMed ]
20. Zahedi RP, Lewandrowski U, Wiesner J, Wortelkamp S, Moebius J, Schutz C, Walter U, Gambaryan S, Sickmann A: Phosphoproteome of resting human platelets. J Proteome Res. 2008 Feb;7(2):526-34. Epub 2007 Dec 19. [PubMed ]
21. Daub H, Olsen JV, Bairlein M, Gnad F, Oppermann FS, Korner R, Greff Z, Keri G, Stemmann O, Mann M: Kinase-selective enrichment enables quantitative phosphoproteomics of the kinome across the cell cycle. Mol Cell. 2008 Aug 8;31(3):438-48. [PubMed ]
22. Dephoure N, Zhou C, Villen J, Beausoleil SA, Bakalarski CE, Elledge SJ, Gygi SP: A quantitative atlas of mitotic phosphorylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Aug 5;105(31):10762-7. Epub 2008 Jul 31. [PubMed ]
23. Gauci S, Helbig AO, Slijper M, Krijgsveld J, Heck AJ, Mohammed S: Lys-N and trypsin cover complementary parts of the phosphoproteome in a refined SCX-based approach. Anal Chem. 2009 Jun 1;81(11):4493-501. [PubMed ]
24. Heibeck TH, Ding SJ, Opresko LK, Zhao R, Schepmoes AA, Yang F, Tolmachev AV, Monroe ME, Camp DG 2nd, Smith RD, Wiley HS, Qian WJ: An extensive survey of tyrosine phosphorylation revealing new sites in human mammary epithelial cells. J Proteome Res. 2009 Aug;8(8):3852-61. [PubMed ]
25. Mayya V, Lundgren DH, Hwang SI, Rezaul K, Wu L, Eng JK, Rodionov V, Han DK: Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of T cell receptor signaling reveals system-wide modulation of protein-protein interactions. Sci Signal. 2009 Aug 18;2(84):ra46. [PubMed ]
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27. Dombrauckas JD, Santarsiero BD, Mesecar AD: Structural basis for tumor pyruvate kinase M2 allosteric regulation and catalysis. Biochemistry. 2005 Jul 12;44(27):9417-29. [PubMed ]

1. Pyruvate kinase 1
2. R-type/L-type pyruvate kinase
3. Red cell/liver pyruvate kinase

MSIQENISSLQLRSWVSKSQRDLAKSILIGAPGGPAGYLRRASVAQLTQELGTAFFQQQQ
LPAAMADTFLEHLCLLDIDSEPVAARSTSIIATIGPASRSVERLKEMIKAGMNIARLNFS
HGSHEYHAESIANVREAVESFAGSPLSYRPVAIALDTKGPEIRTGILQGGPESEVELVKG
SQVLVTVDPAFRTRGNANTVWVDYPNIVRVVPVGGRIYIDDGLISLVVQKIGPEGLVTQV
ENGGVLGSRKGVNLPGAQVDLPGLSEQDVRDLRFGVEHGVDIVFASFVRKASDVAAVRAA
LGPEGHGIKIISKIENHEGVKRFDEILEVSDGIMVARGDLGIEIPAEKVFLAQKMMIGRC
NLAGKPVVCATQMLESMITKPRPTRAETSDVANAVLDGADCIMLSGETAKGNFPVEAVKM
QHAIAREAEAAVYHRQLFEELRRAAPLSRDPTEVTAIGAVEAAFKCCAAAIIVLTTTGRS
AQLLSRYRPRAAVIAVTRSAQAARQVHLCRGVFPLLYREPPEAIWADDVDRRVQFGIESG
KLRGFLRVGDLVIVVTGWRPGSGYTNIMRVLSIS

• Carbon fixation (map00710 )
• Gluconeogenesis (map00010 )
• Purine Metabolism (map00230 )
• Pyruvate Metabolism (map00620 )

• ATP + pyruvate = ADP + phosphoenolpyruvate [RN:R00200]

• PK (PF00224 )
• PK_C (PF02887 )

• None

• None

ATGTCGATCCAGGAGAACATATCATCCCTGCAGCTTCGGTCATGGGTCTCTAAGTCCCAA
AGAGACTTAGCAAAGTCCATCCTGATTGGGGCTCCAGGAGGGCCAGCGGGGTATCTGCGG
CGGGCCAGTGTGGCCCAACTGACCCAGGAGCTGGGCACTGCCTTCTTCCAGCAGCAGCAG
CTGCCAGCTGCTATGGCAGACACCTTCCTGGAACACCTCTGCCTACTGGACATTGACTCC
GAGCCCGTGGCTGCTCGCAGTACCAGCATCATTGCCACCATCGGGCCAGCATCTCGCTCC
GTGGAGCGCCTCAAGGAGATGATCAAGGCCGGGATGAACATTGCGCGACTCAACTTCTCC
CACGGCTCCCACGAGTACCATGCTGAGTCCATCGCCAACGTCCGGGAGGCGGTGGAGAGC
TTTGCAGGTTCCCCACTCAGCTACCGGCCCGTGGCCATCGCCCTGGACACCAAGGGACCG
GAGATCCGCACTGGGATCCTGCAGGGGGGTCCAGAGTCGGAAGTGGAGCTGGTGAAGGGC
TCCCAGGTGCTGGTGACTGTGGACCCCGCGTTCCGGACGCGGGGGAACGCGAACACCGTG
TGGGTGGACTACCCCAATATTGTCCGGGTCGTGCCGGTGGGGGGCCGCATCTACATTGAC
GACGGGCTCATCTCCCTAGTGGTCCAGAAAATCGGCCCAGAGGGACTGGTGACCCAAGTG
GAGAACGGCGGCGTCCTGGGCAGCCGGAAGGGCGTGAACTTGCCAGGGGCCCAGGTGGAC
TTGCCCGGGCTGTCCGAGCAGGACGTCCGAGACCTGCGCTTCGGGGTGGAGCATGGGGTG
GACATCGTCTTTGCCTCCTTTGTGCGGAAAGCCAGCGACGTGGCTGCCGTCAGGGCTGCT
CTGGGTCCGGAAGGACACGGCATCAAGATCATCAGCAAAATTGAGAACCACGAAGGCGTG
AAGAGGTTTGATGAAATCCTGGAGGTGAGCGACGGCATCATGGTGGCACGGGGGGACCTA
GGCATCGAGATCCCAGCAGAGAAGGTTTTCCTGGCTCAGAAGATGATGATTGGGCGCTGC
AACTTGGCGGGCAAGCCTGTTGTCTGTGCCACACAGATGCTGGAGAGCATGATTACCAAG
CCCCGGCCAACGAGGGCAGAGACAAGCGATGTCGCCAATGCTGTGCTGGATGGGGCTGAC
TGCATCATGCTGTCAGGGGAGACTGCCAAGGGCAACTTCCCTGTGGAAGCGGTGAAGATG
CAGCATGCGATTGCCCGGGAGGCAGAGGCCGCAGTGTACCACCGGCAGCTGTTTGAGGAG
CTACGTCGGGCAGCGCCACTAAGCCGTGATCCCACTGAGGTCACCGCCATTGGTGCTGTG
GAGGCTGCCTTCAAGTGCTGTGCTGCTGCCATCATTGTGCTGACCACAACTGGCCGCTCA
GCCCAGCTTCTGTCTCGGTACCGACCTCGGGCAGCAGTCATTGCTGTCACCCGCTCTGCC
CAGGCTGCCCGCCAGGTCCACTTATGCCGAGGAGTCTTCCCCTTGCTTTACCGTGAACCT
CCAGAAGCCATCTGGGCAGATGATGTAGATCGCCGGGTGCAATTTGGCATTGAAAGTGGA
AAGCTCCGTGGCTTCCTCCGTGTTGGAGACCTGGTGATTGTGGTGACAGGCTGGCGACCT
GGCTCCGGCTACACCAACATCATGAGGGTGCTAAGCATATCCTGA

1. Kanno H, Fujii H, Hirono A, Miwa S: cDNA cloning of human R-type pyruvate kinase and identification of a single amino acid substitution (Thr384----Met) affecting enzymatic stability in a pyruvate kinase variant (PK Tokyo) associated with hereditary hemolytic anemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Sep 15;88(18):8218-21. [PubMed ]
2. Tani K, Fujii H, Nagata S, Miwa S: Human liver type pyruvate kinase: complete amino acid sequence and the expression in mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Mar;85(6):1792-5. [PubMed ]
3. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
4. Tani K, Fujii H, Tsutsumi H, Sukegawa J, Toyoshima K, Yoshida MC, Noguchi T, Tanaka T, Miwa S: Human liver type pyruvate kinase: cDNA cloning and chromosomal assignment. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1987 Mar 13;143(2):431-8. [PubMed ]
5. Kanno H, Fujii H, Tsujino G, Miwa S: Molecular basis of impaired pyruvate kinase isozyme conversion in erythroid cells: a single amino acid substitution near the active site and decreased mRNA content of the R-type PK. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1993 Apr 15;192(1):46-52. [PubMed ]
6. Olsen JV, Blagoev B, Gnad F, Macek B, Kumar C, Mortensen P, Mann M: Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks. Cell. 2006 Nov 3;127(3):635-48. [PubMed ]
7. Beutler E, Baronciani L: Mutations in pyruvate kinase. Hum Mutat. 1996;7(1):1-6. [PubMed ]
8. Baronciani L, Bianchi P, Zanella A: Hematologically important mutations: red cell pyruvate kinase. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 1996;22(1):85-9. [PubMed ]
9. Baronciani L, Bianchi P, Zanella A: Hematologically important mutations: red cell pyruvate kinase (1st update). Blood Cells Mol Dis. 1996;22(3):259-64. [PubMed ]
10. Baronciani L, Bianchi P, Zanella A: Hematologically important mutations: red cell pyruvate kinase (2nd update). Blood Cells Mol Dis. 1998 Sep;24(3):273-9. [PubMed ]
11. Bianchi P, Zanella A: Hematologically important mutations: red cell pyruvate kinase (Third update). Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2000 Feb;26(1):47-53. [PubMed ]
12. Choudhary C, Kumar C, Gnad F, Nielsen ML, Rehman M, Walther TC, Olsen JV, Mann M: Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions. Science. 2009 Aug 14;325(5942):834-40. Epub 2009 Jul 16. [PubMed ]
13. Valentini G, Chiarelli LR, Fortin R, Dolzan M, Galizzi A, Abraham DJ, Wang C, Bianchi P, Zanella A, Mattevi A: Structure and function of human erythrocyte pyruvate kinase. Molecular basis of nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. J Biol Chem. 2002 Jun 28;277(26):23807-14. Epub 2002 Apr 17. [PubMed ]
14. Neubauer B, Lakomek M, Winkler H, Parke M, Hofferbert S, Schroter W: Point mutations in the L-type pyruvate kinase gene of two children with hemolytic anemia caused by pyruvate kinase deficiency. Blood. 1991 May 1;77(9):1871-5. [PubMed ]
15. Kanno H, Fujii H, Hirono A, Omine M, Miwa S: Identical point mutations of the R-type pyruvate kinase (PK) cDNA found in unrelated PK variants associated with hereditary hemolytic anemia. Blood. 1992 Mar 1;79(5):1347-50. [PubMed ]
16. Kanno H, Fujii H, Miwa S: Low substrate affinity of pyruvate kinase variant (PK Sapporo) caused by a single amino acid substitution (426 Arg-->Gln) associated with hereditary hemolytic anemia. Blood. 1993 May 1;81(9):2439-41. [PubMed ]
17. Baronciani L, Beutler E: Analysis of pyruvate kinase-deficiency mutations that produce nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 May 1;90(9):4324-7. [PubMed ]
18. Kanno H, Ballas SK, Miwa S, Fujii H, Bowman HS: Molecular abnormality of erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency in the Amish. Blood. 1994 Apr 15;83(8):2311-6. [PubMed ]
19. Lenzner C, Nurnberg P, Thiele BJ, Reis A, Brabec V, Sakalova A, Jacobasch G: Mutations in the pyruvate kinase L gene in patients with hereditary hemolytic anemia. Blood. 1994 May 15;83(10):2817-22. [PubMed ]
20. Baronciani L, Beutler E: Molecular study of pyruvate kinase deficient patients with hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. J Clin Invest. 1995 Apr;95(4):1702-9. [PubMed ]
21. Beutler E, Westwood B, van Zwieten R, Roos D: G-->T transition at cDNA nt 110 (K37Q) in the PKLR (pyruvate kinase) gene is the molecular basis of a case of hereditary increase of red blood cell ATP. Hum Mutat. 1997;9(3):282-5. [PubMed ]
22. Zarza R, Alvarez R, Pujades A, Nomdedeu B, Carrera A, Estella J, Remacha A, Sanchez JM, Morey M, Cortes T, Perez Lungmus G, Bureo E, Vives Corrons JL: Molecular characterization of the PK-LR gene in pyruvate kinase deficient Spanish patients. Red Cell Pathology Group of the Spanish Society of Haematology (AEHH). Br J Haematol. 1998 Nov;103(2):377-82. [PubMed ]
23. Cohen-Solal M, Prehu C, Wajcman H, Poyart C, Bardakdjian-Michau J, Kister J, Prome D, Valentin C, Bachir D, Galacteros F: A new sickle cell disease phenotype associating Hb S trait, severe pyruvate kinase deficiency (PK Conakry), and an alpha2 globin gene variant (Hb Conakry). Br J Haematol. 1998 Dec;103(4):950-6. [PubMed ]
24. Pastore L, Della Morte R, Frisso G, Alfinito F, Vitale D, Calise RM, Ferraro F, Zagari A, Rotoli B, Salvatore F: Novel mutations and structural implications in R-type pyruvate kinase-deficient patients from Southern Italy. Hum Mutat. 1998;11(2):127-34. [PubMed ]
25. Zanella A, Bianchi P, Fermo E, Iurlo A, Zappa M, Vercellati C, Boschetti C, Baronciani L, Cotton F: Molecular characterization of the PK-LR gene in sixteen pyruvate kinase-deficient patients. Br J Haematol. 2001 Apr;113(1):43-8. [PubMed ]
26. van Wijk R, Huizinga EG, van Wesel AC, van Oirschot BA, Hadders MA, van Solinge WW: Fifteen novel mutations in PKLR associated with pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency: structural implications of amino acid substitutions in PK. Hum Mutat. 2009 Mar;30(3):446-53. [PubMed ]

1. MST

MASPQLCRALVSAQWVAEALRAPRAGQPLQLLDASWYLPKLGRDARREFEERHIPGAAFF
DIDQCSDRTSPYDHMLPGAEHFAEYAGRLGVGAATHVVIYDASDQGLYSAPRVWWMFRAF
GHHAVSLLDGGLRHWLRQNLPLSSGKSQPAPAEFRAQLDPAFIKTYEDIKENLESRRFQV
VDSRATGRFRGTEPEPRDGIEPGHIPGTVNIPFTDFLSQEGLEKSPEEIRHLFQEKKVDL
SKPLVATCGSGVTACHVALGAYLCGKPDVPIYDGSWVEWYMRARPEDVISEGRGKTH

• Cysteine Metabolism (map00272 )

• 3-mercaptopyruvate + cyanide = pyruvate + thiocyanate [RN:R03106]

• Rhodanese (PF00581 )

• None

• None

ATGGCTTCGCCGCAGCTCTGCCGCGCGCTGGTGTCGGCGCAATGGGTGGCGGAGGCGCTG
CGGGCCCCGCGCGCTGGGCAGCCTCTGCAGCTGCTGGACGCCTCCTGGTACCTGCCGAAG
CTGGGGCGCGACGCGCGACGCGAGTTCGAGGAGCGCCACATCCCGGGCGCCGCTTTCTTC
GACATCGACCAGTGCAGCGACCGCACCTCGCCCTACGACCACATGCTGCCCGGGGCCGAG
CATTTCGCGGAGTACGCAGGCCGCCTGGGCGTGGGCGCGGCCACCCACGTCGTGATCTAC
GACGCCAGCGACCAGGGCCTCTACTCCGCCCCGCGCGTCTGGTGGATGTTCCGCGCCTTC
GGCCACCACGCCGTGTCACTGCTTGATGGCGGCCTCCGCCACTGGCTGCGCCAGAACCTC
CCGCTCAGCTCCGGCAAGAGCCAACCTGCTCCCGCCGAGTTCCGCGCTCAGCTCGACCCC
GCCTTCATCAAGACCTACGAGGACATCAAGGAGAACCTGGAATCCCGGCGCTTCCAGGTG
GTGGACTCCCGAGCCACTGGCAGGTTCCGCGGCACCGAGCCCGAGCCCCGAGACGGCATT
GAACCTGGCCACATCCCAGGTACCGTGAACATCCCCTTCACAGACTTCCTGAGCCAGGAG
GGGCTGGAGAAGAGCCCTGAGGAGATCCGCCATCTGTTCCAGGAGAAGAAAGTGGACCTG
TCTAAGCCACTGGTGGCCACGTGTGGCTCTGGCGTCACAGCCTGCCACGTGGCACTAGGG
GCCTACCTCTGCGGCAAGCCAGACGTGCCCATCTACGATGGCTCCTGGGTGGAGTGGTAC
ATGCGCGCCCGGCCCGAGGATGTCATCTCAGAGGGCCGGGGGAAGACCCACTGA

1. Pallini R, Guazzi GC, Cannella C, Cacace MG: Cloning and sequence analysis of the human liver rhodanese: comparison with the bovine and chicken enzymes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1991 Oct 31;180(2):887-93. [PubMed ]
2. Collins JE, Wright CL, Edwards CA, Davis MP, Grinham JA, Cole CG, Goward ME, Aguado B, Mallya M, Mokrab Y, Huckle EJ, Beare DM, Dunham I: A genome annotation-driven approach to cloning the human ORFeome. Genome Biol. 2004;5(10):R84. Epub 2004 Sep 30. [PubMed ]
3. Dunham I, Shimizu N, Roe BA, Chissoe S, Hunt AR, Collins JE, Bruskiewich R, Beare DM, Clamp M, Smink LJ, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Babbage A, Bagguley C, Bailey J, Barlow K, Bates KN, Beasley O, Bird CP, Blakey S, Bridgeman AM, Buck D, Burgess J, Burrill WD, O'Brien KP, et al.: The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22. Nature. 1999 Dec 2;402(6761):489-95. [PubMed ]
4. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]

1. SPT
2. Alanine--glyoxylate aminotransferase
3. AGT

MASHKLLVTPPKALLKPLSIPNQLLLGPGPSNLPPRIMAAGGLQMIGSMSKDMYQIMDEI
KEGIQYVFQTRNPLTLVISGSGHCALEAALVNVLEPGDSFLVGANGIWGQRAVDIGERIG
ARVHPMTKDPGGHYTLQEVEEGLAQHKPVLLFLTHGESSTGVLQPLDGFGELCHRYKCLL
LVDSVASLGGTPLYMDRQGIDILYSGSQKALNAPPGTSLISFSDKAKKKMYSRKTKPFSF
YLDIKWLANFWGCDDQPRMYHHTIPVISLYSLRESLALIAEQGLENSWRQHREAAAYLHG
RLQALGLQLFVKDPALRLPTVTTVAVPAGYDWRDIVSYVIDHFDIEIMGGLGPSTGKVLR
IGLLGCNATRENVDRVTEALRAALQHCPKKKL

• Glycine, Serine and Threonine Metabolism (map00260 )

• L-serine + pyruvate = 3-hydroxypyruvate + L-alanine [RN:R00585]

• Aminotran_5 (PF00266 )

• None

• None

ATGGCCTCTCACAAGCTGCTGGTGACCCCCCCCAAGGCCCTGCTCAAGCCCCTCTCCATC
CCCAACCAGCTCCTGCTGGGGCCTGGTCCTTCCAACCTGCCTCCTCGCATCATGGCAGCC
GGGGGGCTGCAGATGATCGGGTCCATGAGCAAGGATATGTACCAGATCATGGACGAGATC
AAGGAAGGCATCCAGTACGTGTTCCAGACCAGGAACCCACTCACACTGGTCATCTCTGGC
TCGGGACACTGTGCCCTGGAGGCCGCCCTGGTCAATGTGCTGGAGCCTGGGGACTCCTTC
CTGGTTGGGGCCAATGGCATTTGGGGGCAGCGAGCCGTGGACATCGGGGAGCGCATAGGA
GCCCGAGTGCACCCGATGACCAAGGACCCTGGAGGCCACTACACACTGCAGGAGGTGGAG
GAGGGCCTGGCCCAGCACAAGCCAGTGCTGCTGTTCTTAACCCACGGGGAGTCGTCCACC
GGCGTGCTGCAGCCCCTTGATGGCTTCGGGGAACTCTGCCACAGGTACAAGTGCCTGCTC
CTGGTGGATTCGGTGGCATCCCTGGGCGGGACCCCCCTTTACATGGACCGGCAAGGCATC
GACATCCTGTACTCGGGCTCCCAGAAGGCCCTGAACGCCCCTCCAGGGACCTCGCTCATC
TCCTTCAGTGACAAGGCCAAAAAGAAGATGTACTCCCGCAAGACGAAGCCCTTCTCCTTC
TACCTGGACATCAAGTGGCTGGCCAACTTCTGGGGCTGTGACGACCAGCCCAGGATGTAC
CATCACACAATCCCCGTCATCAGCCTGTACAGCCTGAGAGAGAGCCTGGCCCTCATTGCG
GAACAGGGCCTGGAGAACAGCTGGCGCCAGCACCGCGAGGCCGCGGCGTATCTGCATGGG
CGCCTGCAGGCACTGGGGCTGCAGCTCTTCGTGAAGGACCCGGCGCTCCGGCTTCCCACA
GTCACCACTGTGGCTGTACCCGCTGGCTATGACTGGAGAGACATCGTCAGCTACGTCATA
GACCACTTCGACATTGAGATCATGGGTGGCCTTGGGCCCTCCACGGGGAAGGTGCTGCGG
ATCGGCCTGCTGGGCTGCAATGCCACCCGCGAGAATGTGGACCGCGTGACGGAGGCCCTG
AGGGCGGCCCTGCAGCACTGCCCCAAGAAGAAGCTGTGA

1. Nishiyama K, Berstein G, Oda T, Ichiyama A: Cloning and nucleotide sequence of cDNA encoding human liver serine-pyruvate aminotransferase. Eur J Biochem. 1990 Nov 26;194(1):9-18. [PubMed ]
2. Purdue PE, Takada Y, Danpure CJ: Identification of mutations associated with peroxisome-to-mitochondrion mistargeting of alanine/glyoxylate aminotransferase in primary hyperoxaluria type 1. J Cell Biol. 1990 Dec;111(6 Pt 1):2341-51. [PubMed ]
3. Takada Y, Kaneko N, Esumi H, Purdue PE, Danpure CJ: Human peroxisomal L-alanine: glyoxylate aminotransferase. Evolutionary loss of a mitochondrial targeting signal by point mutation of the initiation codon. Biochem J. 1990 Jun 1;268(2):517-20. [PubMed ]
4. Purdue PE, Lumb MJ, Fox M, Griffo G, Hamon-Benais C, Povey S, Danpure CJ: Characterization and chromosomal mapping of a genomic clone encoding human alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase. Genomics. 1991 May;10(1):34-42. [PubMed ]
5. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed ]
6. Hillier LW, Graves TA, Fulton RS, Fulton LA, Pepin KH, Minx P, Wagner-McPherson C, Layman D, Wylie K, Sekhon M, Becker MC, Fewell GA, Delehaunty KD, Miner TL, Nash WE, Kremitzki C, Oddy L, Du H, Sun H, Bradshaw-Cordum H, Ali J, Carter J, Cordes M, Harris A, Isak A, van Brunt A, Nguyen C, Du F, Courtney L, Kalicki J, Ozersky P, Abbott S, Armstrong J, Belter EA, Caruso L, Cedroni M, Cotton M, Davidson T, Desai A, Elliott G, Erb T, Fronick C, Gaige T, Haakenson W, Haglund K, Holmes A, Harkins R, Kim K, Kruchowski SS, Strong CM, Grewal N, Goyea E, Hou S, Levy A, Martinka S, Mead K, McLellan MD, Meyer R, Randall-Maher J, Tomlinson C, Dauphin-Kohlberg S, Kozlowicz-Reilly A, Shah N, Swearengen-Shahid S, Snider J, Strong JT, Thompson J, Yoakum M, Leonard S, Pearman C, Trani L, Radionenko M, Waligorski JE, Wang C, Rock SM, Tin-Wollam AM, Maupin R, Latreille P, Wendl MC, Yang SP, Pohl C, Wallis JW, Spieth J, Bieri TA, Berkowicz N, Nelson JO, Osborne J, Ding L, Meyer R, Sabo A, Shotland Y, Sinha P, Wohldmann PE, Cook LL, Hickenbotham MT, Eldred J, Williams D, Jones TA, She X, Ciccarelli FD, Izaurralde E, Taylor J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Cox DR, Huang X, McPherson JD, Mardis ER, Clifton SW, Warren WC, Chinwalla AT, Eddy SR, Marra MA, Ovcharenko I, Furey TS, Miller W, Eichler EE, Bork P, Suyama M, Torrents D, Waterston RH, Wilson RK: Generation and annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4. Nature. 2005 Apr 7;434(7034):724-31. [PubMed ]
7. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
8. Zhang X, Roe SM, Hou Y, Bartlam M, Rao Z, Pearl LH, Danpure CJ: Crystal structure of alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase and the relationship between genotype and enzymatic phenotype in primary hyperoxaluria type 1. J Mol Biol. 2003 Aug 15;331(3):643-52. [PubMed ]
9. Nishiyama K, Funai T, Katafuchi R, Hattori F, Onoyama K, Ichiyama A: Primary hyperoxaluria type I due to a point mutation of T to C in the coding region of the serine:pyruvate aminotransferase gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1991 May 15;176(3):1093-9. [PubMed ]
10. Purdue PE, Lumb MJ, Allsop J, Minatogawa Y, Danpure CJ: A glycine-to-glutamate substitution abolishes alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase catalytic activity in a subset of patients with primary hyperoxaluria type 1. Genomics. 1992 May;13(1):215-8. [PubMed ]
11. Minatogawa Y, Tone S, Allsop J, Purdue PE, Takada Y, Danpur CJ, Kido R: A serine-to-phenylalanine substitution leads to loss of alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase catalytic activity and immunoreactivity in a patient with primary hyperoxaluria type 1. Hum Mol Genet. 1992 Nov;1(8):643-4. [PubMed ]
12. Danpure CJ, Purdue PE, Fryer P, Griffiths S, Allsop J, Lumb MJ, Guttridge KM, Jennings PR, Scheinman JI, Mauer SM, et al.: Enzymological and mutational analysis of a complex primary hyperoxaluria type 1 phenotype involving alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase peroxisome-to-mitochondrion mistargeting and intraperoxisomal aggregation. Am J Hum Genet. 1993 Aug;53(2):417-32. [PubMed ]
13. Danpure CJ: Primary hyperoxaluria type 1 and peroxisome-to-mitochondrion mistargeting of alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase. Biochimie. 1993;75(3-4):309-15. [PubMed ]
14. von Schnakenburg C, Rumsby G: Primary hyperoxaluria type 1: a cluster of new mutations in exon 7 of the AGXT gene. J Med Genet. 1997 Jun;34(6):489-92. [PubMed ]
15. von Schnakenburg C, Rumsby G: Identification of new mutations in primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1). J Nephrol. 1998 Mar-Apr;11 Suppl 1:15-7. [PubMed ]
16. Amoroso A, Pirulli D, Puzzer D, Ferri L, Crovella S, Ferrettini C, Marangella M, Mazzola G, Florian F: Gene symbol: AGXT. Disease: primary hyperoxaluria type I. Hum Genet. 1999 May;104(5):441. [PubMed ]
17. Pirulli D, Puzzer D, Ferri L, Crovella S, Amoroso A, Ferrettini C, Marangella M, Mazzola G, Florian F: Molecular analysis of hyperoxaluria type 1 in Italian patients reveals eight new mutations in the alanine: glyoxylate aminotransferase gene. Hum Genet. 1999 Jun;104(6):523-5. [PubMed ]
18. Rinat C, Wanders RJ, Drukker A, Halle D, Frishberg Y: Primary hyperoxaluria type I: a model for multiple mutations in a monogenic disease within a distinct ethnic group. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999 Nov;10(11):2352-8. [PubMed ]
19. Basmaison O, Rolland MO, Cochat P, Bozon D: Identification of 5 novel mutations in the AGXT gene. Hum Mutat. 2000 Jun;15(6):577. [PubMed ]
20. Lumb MJ, Danpure CJ: Functional synergism between the most common polymorphism in human alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase and four of the most common disease-causing mutations. J Biol Chem. 2000 Nov 17;275(46):36415-22. [PubMed ]
21. Coulter-Mackie MB, Tung A, Henderson HE, Toone JR, Applegarth DA: The AGT gene in Africa: a distinctive minor allele haplotype, a polymorphism (V326I), and a novel PH1 mutation (A112D) in Black Africans. Mol Genet Metab. 2003 Jan;78(1):44-50. [PubMed ]
22. Santana A, Salido E, Torres A, Shapiro LJ: Primary hyperoxaluria type 1 in the Canary Islands: a conformational disease due to I244T mutation in the P11L-containing alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Jun 10;100(12):7277-82. Epub 2003 May 30. [PubMed ]
23. van Woerden CS, Groothoff JW, Wijburg FA, Annink C, Wanders RJ, Waterham HR: Clinical implications of mutation analysis in primary hyperoxaluria type 1. Kidney Int. 2004 Aug;66(2):746-52. [PubMed ]
24. Monico CG, Olson JB, Milliner DS: Implications of genotype and enzyme phenotype in pyridoxine response of patients with type I primary hyperoxaluria. Am J Nephrol. 2005 Mar-Apr;25(2):183-8. Epub 2005 Apr 21. [PubMed ]
25. Frishberg Y, Rinat C, Shalata A, Khatib I, Feinstein S, Becker-Cohen R, Weismann I, Wanders RJ, Rumsby G, Roels F, Mandel H: Intra-familial clinical heterogeneity: absence of genotype-phenotype correlation in primary hyperoxaluria type 1 in Israel. Am J Nephrol. 2005 May-Jun;25(3):269-75. Epub 2005 Jun 15. [PubMed ]
26. Coulter-Mackie MB, Lian Q, Applegarth D, Toone J: The major allele of the alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase gene: nine novel mutations and polymorphisms associated with primary hyperoxaluria type 1. Mol Genet Metab. 2005 Sep-Oct;86(1-2):172-8. Epub 2005 Jun 15. [PubMed ]

1. ALT1
2. Glutamate pyruvate transaminase 1
3. GPT 1
4. Glutamic--alanine transaminase 1
5. Glutamic--pyruvic transaminase 1

MASSTGDRSQAVRHGLRAKVLTLDGMNPRVRRVEYAVRGPIVQRALELEQELRQGVKKPF
TEVIRANIGDAQAMGQRPITFLRQVLALCVNPDLLSSPNFPDDAKKRAERILQACGGHSL
GAYSVSSGIQLIREDVARYIERRDGGIPADPNNVFLSTGASDAIVTVLKLLVAGEGHTRT
GVLIPIPQYPLYSATLAELGAVQVDYYLDEERAWALDVAELHRALGQARDHCRPRALCVI
NPGNPTGQVQTRECIEAVIRFAFEERLFLLADEVYQDNVYAAGSQFHSFKKVLMEMGPPY
AGQQELASFHSTSKGYMGECGFRGGYVEVVNMDAAVQQQMLKLMSVRLCPPVPGQALLDL
VVSPPAPTDPSFAQFQAEKQAVLAELAAKAKLTEQVFNEAPGISCNPVQGAMYSFPRVQL
PPRAVERAQELGLAPDMFFCLRLLEETGICVVPGSGFGQREGTYHFRMTILPPLEKLRLL
LEKLSRFHAKFTLEYS

• Carbon fixation (map00710 )
• Glutamate Metabolism (map00251 )

• L-alanine + 2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + L-glutamate [RN:R00258]

• Aminotran_1_2 (PF00155 )

• None

• None

ATGGCCTCGAGCACAGGTGACCGGAGCCAGGCGGTGAGGCATGGACTGAGGGCGAAGGTG
CTGACGCTGGACGGCATGAACCCGCGTGTGCGGAGAGTGGAGTACGCAGTGCGTGGCCCC
ATAGTGCAGCGAGCCTTGGAGCTGGAGCAGGAGCTGCGCCAGGGTGTGAAGAAGCCTTTC
ACCGAGGTCATCCGTGCCAACATCGGGGACGCACAGGCTATGGGGCAGAGGCCCATCACC
TTCCTGCGCCAGGTCTTGGCCCTCTGTGTTAACCCTGATCTTCTGAGCAGCCCCAACTTC
CCTGACGATGCCAAGAAAAGGGCGGAGCGCATCTTGCAGGCGTGTGGGGGCCACAGTCTG
GGGGCCTACAGCGTCAGCTCCGGCATCCAGCTGATCCGGGAGGACGTGGCGCGGTACATT
GAGAGGCGTGACGGAGGCATCCCTGCGGACCCCAACAACGTCTTCCTGTCCACAGGGGCC
AGCGATGCCATCGTGACGGTGCTGAAGCTGCTGGTGGCCGGCGAGGGCCACACACGCACG
GGTGTGCTCATCCCCATCCCCCAGTACCCACTCTACTCGGCCACGCTGGCAGAGCTGGGC
GCAGTGCAGGTGGATTACTACCTGGACGAGGAGCGTGCCTGGGCGCTGGACGTGGCCGAG
CTTCACCGTGCACTGGGCCAGGCGCGTGACCACTGCCGCCCTCGTGCGCTCTGTGTCATC
AACCCTGGCAACCCCACCGGGCAGGTGCAGACCCGCGAGTGCATCGAGGCCGTGATCCGC
TTCGCCTTCGAAGAGCGGCTCTTTCTGCTGGCGGACGAGGTGTACCAGGACAACGTGTAC
GCCGCGGGTTCGCAGTTCCACTCATTCAAGAAGGTGCTCATGGAGATGGGGCCGCCCTAC
GCCGGGCAGCAGGAGCTTGCCTCCTTCCACTCCACCTCCAAGGGCTACATGGGCGAGTGC
GGGTTCCGCGGCGGCTATGTGGAGGTGGTGAACATGGACGCTGCAGTGCAGCAGCAGATG
CTGAAGCTGATGAGTGTGCGGCTGTGCCCGCCGGTGCCAGGACAGGCCCTGCTGGACCTG
GTGGTCAGCCCGCCCGCGCCCACCGACCCCTCCTTTGCGCAGTTCCAGGCTGAGAAGCAG
GCAGTGCTGGCAGAGCTGGCGGCCAAGGCCAAGCTCACCGAGCAGGTCTTCAATGAGGCT
CCTGGCATCAGCTGCAACCCAGTGCAGGGCGCCATGTACTCCTTCCCGCGCGTGCAGCTG
CCCCCGCGGGCGGTGGAGCGCGCTCAGGAGCTGGGCCTGGCCCCCGATATGTTCTTCTGC
CTGCGCCTCCTGGAGGAGACCGGCATCTGCGTGGTGCCAGGGAGCGGCTTTGGGCAGCGG
GAAGGCACCTACCACTTCCGGATGACCATTCTGCCCCCCTTGGAGAAACTGCGGCTGCTG
CTGGAGAAGCTGAGCAGGTTCCATGCCAAGTTCACCCTCGAGTACTCCTAG

1. Sohocki MM, Sullivan LS, Harrison WR, Sodergren EJ, Elder FF, Weinstock G, Tanase S, Daiger SP: Human glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT): localization to 8q24.3, cDNA and genomic sequences, and polymorphic sites. Genomics. 1997 Mar 1;40(2):247-52. [PubMed ]
2. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
3. Ishiguro M, Takio K, Suzuki M, Oyama R, Matsuzawa T, Titani K: Complete amino acid sequence of human liver cytosolic alanine aminotransferase (GPT) determined by a combination of conventional and mass spectral methods. Biochemistry. 1991 Oct 29;30(43):10451-7. [PubMed ]
4. Yang RZ, Blaileanu G, Hansen BC, Shuldiner AR, Gong DW: cDNA cloning, genomic structure, chromosomal mapping, and functional expression of a novel human alanine aminotransferase. Genomics. 2002 Mar;79(3):445-50. [PubMed ]

1. NADP-ME
2. Malic enzyme 1

MEPEAPRRRHTHQRGYLLTRNPHLNKDLAFTLEERQQLNIHGLLPPSFNSQEIQVLRVVK
NFEHLNSDFDRYLLLMDLQDRNEKLFYRVLTSDIEKFMPIVYTPTVGLACQQYSLVFRKP
RGLFITIHDRGHIASVLNAWPEDVIKAIVVTDGERILGLGDLGCNGMGIPVGKLALYTAC
GGMNPQECLPVILDVGTENEELLKDPLYIGLRQRRVRGSEYDDFLDEFMEAVSSKYGMNC
LIQFEDFANVNAFRLLNKYRNQYCTFNDDIQGTASVAVAGLLAALRITKNKLSDQTILFQ
GAGEAALGIAHLIVMALEKEGLPKEKAIKKIWLVDSKGLIVKGRASLTQEKEKFAHEHEE
MKNLEAIVQEIKPTALIGVAAIGGAFSEQILKDMAAFNERPIIFALSNPTSKAECSAEQC
YKITKGRAIFASGSPFDPVTLPNGQTLYPGQGNNSYVFPGVALGVVACGLRQITDNIFLT
TAEVIAQQVSDKHLEEGRLYPPLNTIRDVSLKIAEKIVKDAYQEKTATVYPEPQNKEAFV
RSQMYSTDYDQILPDCYSWPEEVQKIQTKVDQ

• Carbon fixation (map00710 )
• Pyruvate Metabolism (map00620 )

• (S)-malate + NADP+ = pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH [RN:R00216]

• malic (PF00390 )
• Malic_M (PF03949 )

• None

• None

ATGGAGCCCGAAGCCCCCCGTCGCCGCCACACCCATCAGCGCGGCTACCTGCTGACACGG
AACCCTCACCTCAACAAGGACTTGGCCTTTACCCTGGAAGAGAGACAGCAATTGAACATT
CATGGATTGTTGCCACCTTCCTTCAACAGTCAGGAGATCCAGGTTCTTAGAGTAGTAAAA
AATTTCGAGCATCTGAACTCTGACTTTGACAGGTATCTTCTCTTAATGGATCTCCAAGAT
AGAAATGAAAAACTCTTTTATAGAGTGCTGACATCTGACATTGAGAAATTCATGCCTATT
GTTTATACTCCCACTGTGGGTCTGGCTTGCCAACAATATAGTTTGGTGTTTCGGAAGCCA
AGAGGTCTCTTTATTACTATCCACGATCGAGGGCATATTGCTTCAGTTCTCAATGCATGG
CCAGAAGATGTCATCAAGGCCATTGTGGTGACTGATGGAGAGCGTATTCTTGGCTTGGGA
GACCTTGGCTGTAATGGAATGGGCATCCCTGTGGGTAAATTGGCTCTATATACAGCTTGC
GGAGGGATGAATCCTCAAGAATGTCTGCCTGTCATTCTGGATGTGGGAACCGAAAATGAG
GAGTTACTTAAAGATCCACTCTACATTGGACTACGGCAGAGAAGAGTAAGAGGTTCTGAA
TATGATGATTTTTTGGACGAATTCATGGAGGCAGTTTCTTCCAAGTATGGCATGAATTGC
CTTATTCAGTTTGAAGATTTTGCCAATGTGAATGCATTTCGTCTCCTGAACAAGTATCGA
AACCAGTATTGCACATTCAATGATGATATTCAAGGAACAGCATCTGTTGCAGTTGCAGGT
CTCCTTGCAGCTCTTCGAATAACCAAGAACAAACTGTCTGATCAAACAATACTATTCCAA
GGAGCTGGAGAGGCTGCCCTAGGGATTGCACACCTGATTGTGATGGCCTTGGAAAAAGAA
GGTTTACCAAAAGAGAAAGCCATCAAAAAGATATGGCTGGTTGATTCAAAAGGATTAATA
GTTAAGGGACGTGCTTCCTTAACACAAGAGAAAGAGAAGTTTGCCCATGAACATGAAGAA
ATGAAGAACCTAGAAGCCATTGTTCAAGAAATAAAACCAACTGCCCTCATAGGAGTTGCT
GCAATTGGTGGTGCATTCTCAGAACAAATTCTCAAAGATATGGCTGCCTTCAATGAACGG
CCTATTATTTTTGCTTTGAGTAATCCAACTAGCAAAGCAGAATGTTCTGCAGAGCAGTGC
TACAAAATAACCAAGGGACGTGCAATTTTTGCCAGTGGCAGTCCTTTTGATCCAGTCACT
CTTCCAAATGGACAGACCCTATATCCTGGCCAAGGCAACAATTCCTACGTGTTCCCTGGA
GTTGCTCTTGGTGTTGTGGCGTGTGGATTGAGGCAGATCACAGATAATATTTTCCTCACT
ACTGCTGAGGTTATAGCTCAGCAAGTGTCAGATAAACACTTGGAAGAGGGTCGGCTTTAT
CCTCCTTTGAATACCATTAGAGATGTTTCTCTGAAAATTGCAGAAAAGATTGTGAAAGAT
GCATACCAAGAAAAGACAGCCACAGTTTATCCTGAACCGCAAAACAAAGAAGCATTTGTC
CGCTCCCAGATGTATAGTACTGATTATGACCAGATTCTACCTGATTGTTATTCTTGGCCT
GAAGAGGTGCAGAAAATACAGACCAAAGTTGACCAGTAG

1. Loeber G, Dworkin MB, Infante A, Ahorn H: Characterization of cytosolic malic enzyme in human tumor cells. FEBS Lett. 1994 May 16;344(2-3):181-6. [PubMed ]
2. Gonzalez-Manchon C, Ferrer M, Ayuso MS, Parrilla R: Cloning, sequencing and functional expression of a cDNA encoding a NADP-dependent malic enzyme from human liver. Gene. 1995 Jul 4;159(2):255-60. [PubMed ]
3. Mungall AJ, Palmer SA, Sims SK, Edwards CA, Ashurst JL, Wilming L, Jones MC, Horton R, Hunt SE, Scott CE, Gilbert JG, Clamp ME, Bethel G, Milne S, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Ambrose KD, Andrews TD, Ashwell RI, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Banerjee R, Barker DJ, Barlow KF, Bates K, Beare DM, Beasley H, Beasley O, Bird CP, Blakey S, Bray-Allen S, Brook J, Brown AJ, Brown JY, Burford DC, Burrill W, Burton J, Carder C, Carter NP, Chapman JC, Clark SY, Clark G, Clee CM, Clegg S, Cobley V, Collier RE, Collins JE, Colman LK, Corby NR, Coville GJ, Culley KM, Dhami P, Davies J, Dunn M, Earthrowl ME, Ellington AE, Evans KA, Faulkner L, Francis MD, Frankish A, Frankland J, French L, Garner P, Garnett J, Ghori MJ, Gilby LM, Gillson CJ, Glithero RJ, Grafham DV, Grant M, Gribble S, Griffiths C, Griffiths M, Hall R, Halls KS, Hammond S, Harley JL, Hart EA, Heath PD, Heathcott R, Holmes SJ, Howden PJ, Howe KL, Howell GR, Huckle E, Humphray SJ, Humphries MD, Hunt AR, Johnson CM, Joy AA, Kay M, Keenan SJ, Kimberley AM, King A, Laird GK, Langford C, Lawlor S, Leongamornlert DA, Leversha M, Lloyd CR, Lloyd DM, Loveland JE, Lovell J, Martin S, Mashreghi-Mohammadi M, Maslen GL, Matthews L, McCann OT, McLaren SJ, McLay K, McMurray A, Moore MJ, Mullikin JC, Niblett D, Nickerson T, Novik KL, Oliver K, Overton-Larty EK, Parker A, Patel R, Pearce AV, Peck AI, Phillimore B, Phillips S, Plumb RW, Porter KM, Ramsey Y, Ranby SA, Rice CM, Ross MT, Searle SM, Sehra HK, Sheridan E, Skuce CD, Smith S, Smith M, Spraggon L, Squares SL, Steward CA, Sycamore N, Tamlyn-Hall G, Tester J, Theaker AJ, Thomas DW, Thorpe A, Tracey A, Tromans A, Tubby B, Wall M, Wallis JM, West AP, White SS, Whitehead SL, Whittaker H, Wild A, Willey DJ, Wilmer TE, Wood JM, Wray PW, Wyatt JC, Young L, Younger RM, Bentley DR, Coulson A, Durbin R, Hubbard T, Sulston JE, Dunham I, Rogers J, Beck S: The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6. Nature. 2003 Oct 23;425(6960):805-11. [PubMed ]
4. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
5. Chou WY, Huang SM, Chang GG: Nonidentity of the cDNA sequence of human breast cancer cell malic enzyme to that from the normal human cell. J Protein Chem. 1996 Apr;15(3):273-9. [PubMed ]
6. Gauci S, Helbig AO, Slijper M, Krijgsveld J, Heck AJ, Mohammed S: Lys-N and trypsin cover complementary parts of the phosphoproteome in a refined SCX-based approach. Anal Chem. 2009 Jun 1;81(11):4493-501. [PubMed ]
7. Choudhary C, Kumar C, Gnad F, Nielsen ML, Rehman M, Walther TC, Olsen JV, Mann M: Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions. Science. 2009 Aug 14;325(5942):834-40. Epub 2009 Jul 16. [PubMed ]

1. NADP-ME
2. Malic enzyme 3

MGAALGTGTRLAPWPGRACGALPRWTPTAPAQGCHSKPGPARPVPLKKRGYDVTRNPHLN
KGMAFTLEERLQLGIHGLIPPCFLSQDVQLLRIMRYYERQQSDLDKYIILMTLQDRNEKL
FYRVLTSDVEKFMPIVYTPTVGLACQHYGLTFRRPRGLFITIHDKGHLATMLNSWPEDNI
KAVVVTDGERILGLGDLGCYGMGIPVGKLALYTACGGVNPQQCLPVLLDVGTNNEELLRD
PLYIGLKHQRVHGKAYDDLLDEFMQAVTDKFGINCLIQFEDFANANAFRLLNKYRNKYCM
FNDDIQGTASVAVAGILAALRITKNKLSNHVFVFQGAGEAAMGIAHLLVMALEKEGVPKA
EATRKIWMVDSKGLIVKGRSHLNHEKEMFAQDHPEVNSLEEVVRLVKPTAIIGVAAIAGA
FTEQILRDMASFHERPIIFALSNPTSKAECTAEKCYRVTEGRGIFASGSPFKSVTLEDGK
TFIPGQGNNAYVFPGVALGVIAGGIRHIPDEIFLLTAEQIAQEVSEQHLSQGRLYPPLST
IRDVSLRIAIKVLDYAYKHNLASYYPEPKDKEAFVRSLVYTPDYDSFTLDSYTWPKEAMN
VQTV

• Carbon fixation (map00710 )
• Pyruvate Metabolism (map00620 )

• (S)-malate + NADP+ = pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH [RN:R00216]

• malic (PF00390 )
• Malic_M (PF03949 )

• None

• None

ATGGGTGCCGCGCTGGGGACAGGCACGCGGCTGGCTCCCTGGCCGGGCCGGGCCTGCGGC
GCCCTCCCGCGCTGGACACCCACCGCGCCCGCCCAAGGCTGCCACTCCAAGCCTGGCCCG
GCGCGCCCTGTGCCCCTGAAGAAGCGCGGATACGATGTCACCAGGAACCCTCATCTCAAC
AAGGGGATGGCCTTTACCCTTGAAGAAAGGCTGCAGCTTGGAATCCACGGCCTAATCCCG
CCCTGCTTTCTGAGCCAGGACGTCCAGCTCCTCCGAATCATGAGATATTACGAGCGGCAG
CAGAGTGACCTGGACAAGTACATCATTCTCATGACACTCCAAGACCGGAACGAGAAGCTC
TTCTACCGAGTGCTGACTTCGGATGTGGAGAAGTTCATGCCAATCGTGTACACGCCTACC
GTGGGGCTGGCCTGTCAGCACTATGGCCTGACTTTCCGCAGGCCCCGTGGACTGTTCATC
ACCATTCATGACAAAGGTCATCTTGCAACAATGCTGAATTCTTGGCCAGAAGACAATATT
AAGGCCGTGGTGGTGACTGATGGGGAGCGCATCCTGGGCCTGGGAGACCTGGGCTGCTAC
GGCATGGGCATCCCTGTGGGCAAGCTGGCCCTGTACACGGCATGCGGAGGGGTGAACCCG
CAGCAGTGCCTCCCTGTGCTGCTGGACGTCGGCACCAACAATGAGGAGCTGCTCAGAGAC
CCTCTGTACATCGGCCTGAAACACCAGCGCGTGCACGGGAAGGCATACGATGACTTGCTG
GATGAGTTCATGCAGGCTGTGACAGACAAGTTTGGAATAAATTGCCTCATCCAATTTGAA
GACTTCGCCAATGCCAATGCCTTCCGCCTGCTCAACAAATACCGTAACAAGTACTGCATG
TTCAATGATGACATCCAAGGCACAGCCTCCGTTGCTGTGGCAGGGATCTTGGCTGCTCTG
CGAATCACCAACAACAAGCTTTCCAATCACGTGTTTGTTTTCCAAGGTGCAGGCGAGGCA
GCTATGGGCATTGCCCACCTCCTTGTCATGGCCCTAGAGAAAGAAGGTGTACCGAAGGCA
GAGGCCACAAGAAAGATCTGGATGGTGGACTCTAAAGGGCTCATTGTCAAGGGGAGGAGC
CACCTGAACCATGAAAAGGAGATGTTTGCCCAAGACCATCCTGAAGTCAACTCCCTGGAG
GAGGTGGTGAGGCTGGTGAAGCCCACAGCCATCATAGGTGTTGCTGCCATCGCAGGAGCC
TTCACGGAGCAGATTCTGAGGGACATGGCCTCCTTCCACGAGCGCCCTATCATCTTTGCC
CTGAGCAACCCCACCAGCAAGGCCGAGTGCACGGCTGAGAAGTGCTACCGGGTCACCGAG
GGCCGAGGGATTTTTGCCAGTGGAAGTCCTTTTAAGAGTGTGACTCTGGAAGATGGCAAG
ACCTTCATTCCTGGGCAGGGAAACAATGCTTACGTGTTCCCCGGGGTGGCACTGGGAGTC
ATCGCCGGCGGGATCCGGCACATCCCAGATGAGATCTTCCTCCTGACAGCAGAGCAAATT
GCCCAGGAAGTCTCTGAGCAGCATCTGTCCCAGGGGAGACTCTATCCACCACTCAGCACC
ATCCGAGACGTGTCTTTGAGAATTGCCATCAAAGTTCTCGACTACGCGTACAAACACAAC
CTGGCTTCCTACTACCCAGAGCCTAAGGACAAGGAGGCTTTTGTAAGATCCCTGGTCTAC
ACTCCAGACTATGACTCCTTTACACTGGACAGCTACACTTGGCCCAAGGAAGCCATGAAT
GTTCAGACGGTCTGA

1. Loeber G, Maurer-Fogy I, Schwendenwein R: Purification, cDNA cloning and heterologous expression of the human mitochondrial NADP(+)-dependent malic enzyme. Biochem J. 1994 Dec 15;304 ( Pt 3):687-92. [PubMed ]
2. Taylor TD, Noguchi H, Totoki Y, Toyoda A, Kuroki Y, Dewar K, Lloyd C, Itoh T, Takeda T, Kim DW, She X, Barlow KF, Bloom T, Bruford E, Chang JL, Cuomo CA, Eichler E, FitzGerald MG, Jaffe DB, LaButti K, Nicol R, Park HS, Seaman C, Sougnez C, Yang X, Zimmer AR, Zody MC, Birren BW, Nusbaum C, Fujiyama A, Hattori M, Rogers J, Lander ES, Sakaki Y: Human chromosome 11 DNA sequence and analysis including novel gene identification. Nature. 2006 Mar 23;440(7083):497-500. [PubMed ]

1. NAD-ME
2. Malic enzyme 2

MLSRLRVVSTTCTLACRHLHIKEKGKPLMLNPRTNKGMAFTLQERQMLGLQGLLPPKIET
QDIQALRFHRNLKKMTSPLEKYIYIMGIQERNEKLFYRILQDDIESLMPIVYTPTVGLAC
SQYGHIFRRPKGLFISISDRGHVRSIVDNWPENHVKAVVVTDGERILGLGDLGVYGMGIP
VGKLCLYTACAGIRPDRCLPVCIDVGTDNIALLKDPFYMGLYQKRDRTQQYDDLIDEFMK
AITDRYGRNTLIQFEDFGNHNAFRFLRKYREKYCTFNDDIQGTAAVALAGLLAAQKVISK
PISEHKILFLGAGEAALGIANLIVMSMVENGLSEQEAQKKIWMFDKYGLLVKGRKAKIDS
YQEPFTHSAPESIPDTFEDAVNILKPSTIIGVAGAGRLFTPDVIRAMASINERPVIFALS
NPTAQAECTAEEAYTLTEGRCLFASGSPFGPVKLTDGRVFTPGQGNNVYIFPGVALAVIL
CNTRHISDSVFLEAAKALTSQLTDEELAQGRLYPPLANIQEVSINIAIKVTEYLYANKMA
FRYPEPEDKAKYVKERTWRSEYDSLLPDVYEWPESASSPPVITE

• Pyruvate Metabolism (map00620 )

• (S)-malate + NAD+ = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH [RN:R00214]

• malic (PF00390 )
• Malic_M (PF03949 )

• None

• None

ATGTTGTCCCGGTTAAGAGTAGTTTCCACCACTTGTACTTTGGCATGTCGACATTTGCAC
ATAAAAGAAAAAGGCAAGCCACTTATGCTGAACCCAAGAACAAACAAGGGAATGGCATTT
ACTTTACAAGAACGACAAATGCTTGGTCTTCAAGGACTTCTACCTCCCAAAATAGAGACA
CAAGATATTCAAGCCTTACGATTTCATAGAAACTTGAAGAAAATGACTAGCCCTTTGGAA
AAATATATCTACATAATGGGAATACAAGAAAGAAATGAGAAATTGTTTTATAGAATACTG
CAAGATGACATTGAGAGTTTAATGCCAATTGTATATACACCGACGGTTGGTCTTGCCTGC
TCCCAGTATGGACACATCTTTAGAAGACCTAAGGGATTATTTATTTCGATCTCAGACAGA
GGTCATGTTAGATCAATTGTGGATAACTGGCCAGAAAATCATGTTAAGGCTGTTGTAGTG
ACTGATGGAGAGAGAATTCTGGGTCTTGGAGATCTGGGTGTCTATGGAATGGGAATTCCA
GTAGGAAAACTTTGTTTGTATACAGCTTGTGCAGGAATACGGCCTGATAGATGCCTGCCA
GTGTGTATTGATGTGGGAACTGATAATATCGCACTCTTAAAAGACCCATTTTACATGGGC
TTGTACCAGAAACGAGATCGCACACAACAGTATGATGACCTGATTGATGAGTTTATGAAA
GCTATTACTGACAGATATGGCCGGAACACACTCATTCAGTTCGAAGACTTTGGAAATCAT
AATGCATTCAGGTTCTTGAGAAAGTACCGAGAAAAATATTGTACTTTCAATGATGATATT
CAAGGGACAGCTGCAGTAGCTCTAGCAGGTCTTCTTGCAGCACAAAAAGTTATTAGTAAA
CCAATCTCCGAACACAAAATCTTATTCCTTGGAGCAGGAGAGGCTGCTCTTGGAATTGCA
AATCTTATAGTTATGTCTATGGTAGAAAATGGCCTGTCAGAACAAGAGGCACAAAAGAAA
ATCTGGATGTTTGACAAGTATGGTTTATTAGTTAAGGGACGGAAAGCAAAAATAGATAGT
TATCAGGAACCATTTACTCACTCAGCCCCAGAGAGCATACCTGATACTTTTGAAGATGCA
GTGAATATACTGAAGCCTTCAACTATTATTGGAGTTGCAGGTGCTGGCCGTCTTTTCACT
CCTGATGTAATCAGAGCCATGGCCTCTATCAATGAAAGGCCTGTAATATTTGCATTAAGT
AATCCTACAGCACAGGCAGAGTGCACGGCTGAAGAAGCATATACACTTACAGAGGGCAGG
TGTTTGTTTGCCAGTGGCAGTCCATTTGGGCCAGTGAAACTTACAGATGGGCGAGTCTTT
ACACCAGGTCAAGGAAACAATGTTTATATTTTTCCAGGTGTGGCTTTAGCTGTTATTCTC
TGTAACACCCGGCATATTAGTGACAGTGTTTTCCTAGAAGCTGCAAAGGCCCTGACAAGC
CAATTGACAGATGAAGAGCTAGCCCAAGGGAGACTTTACCCACCGCTTGCTAATATTCAG
GAAGTTTCTATTAACATTGCTATTAAAGTTACAGAATACCTATATGCTAATAAAATGGCT
TTCCGATACCCAGAACCTGAAGACAAGGCCAAATATGTTAAAGAAAGAACATGGCGGAGT
GAATATGATTCCCTGCTGCCAGATGTGTATGAATGGCCAGAATCTGCATCAAGCCCTCCT
GTGATAACAGAATAG