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Human Metabolome Database Version 2.5

 

Showing metabocard for Liothyronine (HMDB00265)

Legend: metabolite field enzyme field

Version 2.5
Creation Date 2005-11-16 15:48:42
Update Date 2009-10-22 14:22:17
Accession Number HMDB00265
Secondary Accession Numbers HMDB06780
Common Name Liothyronine
Description Liothyronine is a T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3. Mildly toxic by ingestion. An experimental teratogen. Experimental reproductive effects. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx, I(-), and Cl(-). (Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials)
Synonyms
  1. 3,3',5-Triiodo-L-thyronine
  2. 3,3',5-Triiodothyronine
  3. 3,5,3'-Triiodothyronine
  4. 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine
  5. 4-(4-Hydroxy-3-iodophenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenylalanine
  6. Cyronine
  7. L-3,3',5-Triiodothyronine
  8. L-3,3',5-triiodo-Thyronine
  9. L-3-[4-(4-hydroxy-3-iodophenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]-Alanine
  10. L-Liothyronine
  11. L-T3
  12. L-Triiodothyronine
  13. Liothyronin
  14. Liothyronine
  15. O-(4-hydroxy-3-iodophenyl)-3,5-diiodo-L-Tyrosine
  16. T3
  17. Tresitope
  18. Triiodo-L-thyronine
  19. Triiodothyronine
  20. 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine
Chemical IUPAC Name 2-amino-3-[4-(4-hydroxy-3-iodo-phenoxy)-3,5-diiodo-phenyl]-propanoic acid
Chemical Formula C15H12I3NO4
Chemical Structure Structure
Chemical Taxonomy
Kingdom
  • Organic
Super Class
  • Amino acids and Amino Acid conjugates
Class
  • Amino Acids
Sub Class
  • NA
Family
  • Mammalian Metabolite
Species
  • phenol or hydroxyhetarene
  • diaryl ether
  • primary amine
  • primary aliphatic amine (alkylamine)
  • aryl iodide
  • carboxylic acid
  • aromatic compound
  • alpha-aminoacid
Biofunction
  • Protein synthesis, amino acid biosynthesis
Application
Source
  • Endogenous
Average Molecular Weight 650.974
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 650.790039
Isomeric SMILES N[C@@H](CC1=CC(I)=C(OC2=CC=C(O)C(I)=C2)C(I)=C1)C(O)=O
Canonical SMILES NC(CC1=CC(I)=C(OC2=CC=C(O)C(I)=C2)C(I)=C1)C(O)=O
KEGG Compound ID C02465 Link Image
BioCyc ID LIOTHYRONINE Link Image
BiGG ID 39878 Link Image
Wikipedia Link Liothyronine Link Image
NuGOwiki Link HMDB00265 Link Image
Metagene Link HMDB00265 Link Image
METLIN ID 5265 Link Image
PubChem Compound 5920 Link Image
PubChem Substance 165898 Link Image
ChEBI ID 18258 Link Image
CAS Registry Number 6893-02-3
InChI Identifier InChI=1/C15H12I3NO4/c16-9-6-8(1-2-13(9)20)23-14-10(17)3-7(4-11(14)18)5-12(19)15(21)22/h1-4,6,12,20H,5,19H2,(H,21,22)/t12-/m0/s1
Synthesis Reference Salamonczyk, Grzegorz M.; Oza, Vibha B.; Sih, Charles J. A concise synthesis of thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3). Tetrahedron Letters (1997), 38(40), 6965-69
Melting Point (Experimental) Not Available
Experimental Water Solubility Not Available Source: PhysProp
Predicted Water Solubility 0.0195 mg/mL [Predicted by ALOGPS] Calculated using ALOGPS
Physiological Charge 0
State Solid
Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity Not Available Source: PhysProp
Predicted LogP/Hydrophobicity 0.82 [Predicted by ALOGPS]; 2.9 [Predicted by PubChem via XLOGP]; 2.96 [MEYLAN,WM & HOWARD,PH (1995)] Calculated using ALOGPS
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
MOL File Show Link Image
SDF File Show Link Image
PDB File Show Link Image
2D Structure
3D Structure
Experimental PDB ID Not Available
Experimental 1H NMR Spectrum Download Spectrum
Download FID (Bruker)
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Experimental 13C NMR Spectrum Not Available
Experimental 13C HSQC Spectrum Download Spectrum
Download FID (Bruker)
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Mass Spectrum
Low Energy
Download File
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Medium Energy
Download File
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
High Energy
Download File
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Simplified TOCSY Spectrum Not Available
BMRB Spectrum Not Available
Cellular Location
  • Membrane (Predicted from LogP)
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
Biofluid Location
  • Blood
  • Saliva
  • Urine
Tissue Location
Tissue References
Adipose Tissue
Adrenal Gland
Epidermis
Fibroblasts
Intestine
Nerve Cells
Neuron
Placenta
Platelet
Skeletal Muscle
Testes
Thyroid Gland
Concentrations (Normal)
Biofluid Blood
Value 0.002 +/- 0.0006 uM
Age Adolescent:13-18 yrs old
Sex Female
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Capo-chichi CD, Gueant JL, Lefebvre E, Bennani N, Lorentz E, Vidailhet C, Vidailhet M: Riboflavin and riboflavin-derived cofactors in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Apr;69(4):672-8. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Blood
Value 0.0029 +/- 0.00019 uM
Age Children:1-13 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Capo-Chichi CD, Feillet F, Gueant JL, Amouzou K, Zonon N, Sanni A, Lefebvre E, Assimadi K, Vidailhet M: Concentrations of riboflavin and related organic acids in children with protein-energy malnutrition. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Apr;71(4):978-86. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Saliva
Value 0.0 - 1.0 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Gil'miiarova FN, Pervova IuV, Radomskaia VM, Gergel' NI, Tarasova SV: [Levels of unified metabolites and thyroid hormones in blood and oral fluid of children with minimal brain dysfunction] Biomed Khim. 2004 Mar-Apr;50(2):204-10. [PubMed Link Image]
Concentrations (Abnormal)
Biofluid Blood
Value 0.0014 +/- 0.0004 uM
Age Adolescent:13-18 yrs old
Sex Female
Condition Anorexia nervosa
Comments Not Available
References
  • Capo-chichi CD, Gueant JL, Lefebvre E, Bennani N, Lorentz E, Vidailhet C, Vidailhet M: Riboflavin and riboflavin-derived cofactors in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Apr;69(4):672-8. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Blood
Value 0.0011 +/- 0.00024 uM
Age Children:1-13 yrs old
Sex Both
Comments Not Available
References
  • Capo-Chichi CD, Feillet F, Gueant JL, Amouzou K, Zonon N, Sanni A, Lefebvre E, Assimadi K, Vidailhet M: Concentrations of riboflavin and related organic acids in children with protein-energy malnutrition. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Apr;71(4):978-86. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value 0.00075 +/- 0.00033 umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition Hyperthyroidism
Comments Not Available
References
  • Yoshida K, Sakurada T, Kaise N, Yamamoto M, Kaise K, Saito S, Yoshinaga K: Measurement of triiodothyronine in urine. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1980 Dec;132(4):389-95. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value 0.000014 +/- 0.000015 umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition Hypothyroidism
Comments Not Available
References
  • Yoshida K, Sakurada T, Kaise N, Yamamoto M, Kaise K, Saito S, Yoshinaga K: Measurement of triiodothyronine in urine. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1980 Dec;132(4):389-95. [PubMed Link Image]
Associated Disorders
Condition References
Anorexia nervosa
  • Capo-chichi CD, Gueant JL, Lefebvre E, Bennani N, Lorentz E, Vidailhet C, Vidailhet M: Riboflavin and riboflavin-derived cofactors in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Apr;69(4):672-8. [PubMed Link Image]
Hyperthyroidism
  • Yoshida K, Sakurada T, Kaise N, Yamamoto M, Kaise K, Saito S, Yoshinaga K: Measurement of triiodothyronine in urine. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1980 Dec;132(4):389-95. [PubMed Link Image]
Hypothyroidism
  • Yoshida K, Sakurada T, Kaise N, Yamamoto M, Kaise K, Saito S, Yoshinaga K: Measurement of triiodothyronine in urine. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1980 Dec;132(4):389-95. [PubMed Link Image]
OMIM ID
Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Tyrosine Metabolism SMP00006 Link Image map00350 Link Image
General References
  1. Stalenheim EG: Long-term validity of biological markers of psychopathy and criminal recidivism: follow-up 6-8 years after forensic psychiatric investigation. Psychiatry Res. 2004 Jan 1;121(3):281-91. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Schwartz CE, May MM, Carpenter NJ, Rogers RC, Martin J, Bialer MG, Ward J, Sanabria J, Marsa S, Lewis JA, Echeverri R, Lubs HA, Voeller K, Simensen RJ, Stevenson RE: Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome and the monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) gene. Am J Hum Genet. 2005 Jul;77(1):41-53. Epub 2005 May 11. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Zimmermann-Belsing T, Dreyer M, Holst JJ, Feldt-Rasmussen U: The relationship between the serum leptin concentrations of thyrotoxic patients during treatment and their total fat mass is different from that of normal subjects. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1998 Nov;49(5):589-95. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Holt PJ: In vitro responses of the epidermis to triiodothyronine. J Invest Dermatol. 1978 Sep;71(3):202-4. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Mizuma H, Murakami M, Mori M: Thyroid hormone activation in human vascular smooth muscle cells: expression of type II iodothyronine deiodinase. Circ Res. 2001 Feb 16;88(3):313-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Himms-Hagen J: Brown adipose tissue thermogenesis: interdisciplinary studies. FASEB J. 1990 Aug;4(11):2890-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Gledhill RF, Dessein PH, Van der Merwe CA: Treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon with triiodothyronine corrects co-existent autonomic dysfunction: preliminary findings. Postgrad Med J. 1992 Apr;68(798):263-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Kassem M, Brixen K, Mosekilde L, Blum WF, Flyvbjerg A: Effects of growth hormone treatment on serum levels of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and IGF binding proteins 1-4 in postmenopausal women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1998 Dec;49(6):747-56. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Llewellyn L, Ramsurn VP, Wigham T, Sweeney GE, Power DM: Cloning, characterisation and expression of the apolipoprotein A-I gene in the sea bream (Sparus aurata). Biochim Biophys Acta. 1998 Nov 8;1442(2-3):399-404. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Dutkiewicz S, Witeska A, Nauman A: The deiodination of thyroxine to triiodothyronine in the testes of patients with prostate cancer. Int Urol Nephrol. 1995;27(1):81-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  11. Gil'miiarova FN, Pervova IuV, Radomskaia VM, Gergel' NI, Tarasova SV: [Levels of unified metabolites and thyroid hormones in blood and oral fluid of children with minimal brain dysfunction] Biomed Khim. 2004 Mar-Apr;50(2):204-10. [PubMed Link Image]
  12. Rosenbaum M, Goldsmith R, Bloomfield D, Magnano A, Weimer L, Heymsfield S, Gallagher D, Mayer L, Murphy E, Leibel RL: Low-dose leptin reverses skeletal muscle, autonomic, and neuroendocrine adaptations to maintenance of reduced weight. J Clin Invest. 2005 Dec;115(12):3579-86. [PubMed Link Image]
  13. Urcelay E, Jareno MA, Menaya J, Parrilla R, Ayuso MS, Martin-Requero A: Cloning and functional characterization of the 5' regulatory region of the human mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene. Lack of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine responsiveness in adipose tissue. Eur J Biochem. 2000 Dec;267(24):7209-17. [PubMed Link Image]
  14. Escobar-Morreale HF, Botella-Carretero JI, Gomez-Bueno M, Galan JM, Barrios V, Sancho J: Thyroid hormone replacement therapy in primary hypothyroidism: a randomized trial comparing L-thyroxine plus liothyronine with L-thyroxine alone. Ann Intern Med. 2005 Mar 15;142(6):412-24. [PubMed Link Image]
  15. Lebon V, Dufour S, Petersen KF, Ren J, Jucker BM, Slezak LA, Cline GW, Rothman DL, Shulman GI: Effect of triiodothyronine on mitochondrial energy coupling in human skeletal muscle. J Clin Invest. 2001 Sep;108(5):733-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  16. Iwao H, Abe Y: [Expression of the renin and angiotensinogen genes] Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 1991 Jan;97(1):1-11. [PubMed Link Image]
  17. Calvo R, Obregon MJ, Ruiz de Ona C, Escobar del Rey F, Morreale de Escobar G: Congenital hypothyroidism, as studied in rats. Crucial role of maternal thyroxine but not of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine in the protection of the fetal brain. J Clin Invest. 1990 Sep;86(3):889-99. [PubMed Link Image]
  18. Haas MJ, Fishman M, Mreyoud A, Mooradian AD: Thyroid hormone responsive protein (THRP) mediates thyroid hormone-induced cytotoxicity in primary neuronal cultures. Exp Brain Res. 2005 Jan;160(4):424-32. Epub 2004 Oct 15. [PubMed Link Image]
  19. Wikipedia Link Image
Metabolic Enzymes
  1. Thyroid peroxidase
  2. Type I iodothyronine deiodinase
  3. Type II iodothyronine deiodinase
  4. Transthyretin
  5. Serum albumin
  6. Thyroxine-binding globulin
  7. Thyroid hormone receptor beta
  8. Thyroid hormone receptor alpha
Enzyme 1 [top]
Enzyme 1 ID 5508
Enzyme 1 Name Thyroid peroxidase
Enzyme 1 Synonyms
  1. TPO
Enzyme 1 Gene Name TPO
Enzyme 1 Protein Sequence >Thyroid peroxidase
MRALAVLSVTLVMACTEAFFPFISRGKELLWGKPEESRVSSVLEESKRLVDTAMYATMQR
NLKKRGILSPAQLLSFSKLPEPTSGVIARAAEIMETSIQAMKRKVNLKTQQSQHPTDALS
EDLLSIIANMSGCLPYMLPPKCPNTCLANKYRPITGACNNRDHPRWGASNTALARWLPPV
YEDGFSQPRGWNPGFLYNGFPLPPVREVTRHVIQVSNEVVTDDDRYSDLLMAWGQYIDHD
IAFTPQSTSKAAFGGGADCQMTCENQNPCFPIQLPEEARPAAGTACLPFYRSSAACGTGD
QGALFGNLSTANPRQQMNGLTSFLDASTVYGSSPALERQLRNWTSAEGLLRVHARLRDSG
RAYLPFVPPRAPAACAPEPGIPGETRGPCFLAGDGRASEVPSLTALHTLWLREHNRLAAA
LKALNAHWSADAVYQEARKVVGALHQIITLRDYIPRILGPEAFQQYVGPYEGYDSTANPT
VSNVFSTAAFRFGHATIHPLVRRLDASFQEHPDLPGLWLHQAFFSPWTLLRGGGLDPLIR
GLLARPAKLQVQDQLMNEELTERLFVLSNSSTLDLASINLQRGRDHGLPGYNEWREFCGL
PRLETPADLSTAIASRSVADKILDLYKHPDNIDVWLGGLAENFLPRARTGPLFACLIGKQ
MKALRDGDWFWWENSHVFTDAQRRELEKHSLSRVICDNTGLTRVPMDAFQVGKFPEDFES
CDSITGMNLEAWRETFPQDDKCGFPESVENGDFVHCEESGRRVLVYSCRHGYELQGREQL
TCTQEGWDFQPPLCKDVNECADGAHPPCHASARCRNTKGGFQCLCADPYELGDDGRTCVD
SGRLPRVTWISMSLAALLIGGFAGLTSTVICRWTRTGTKSTLPISETGGGTPELRCGKHQ
AVGTSPQRAAAQDSEQESAGMEGRDTHRLPRAL
Enzyme 1 Number of Residues 933
Enzyme 1 Molecular Weight 102961.6
Enzyme 1 Theoretical pI 6.75
Enzyme 1 GO Classification
Function
  • antioxidant activity
  • binding
  • calcium ion binding
  • cation binding
  • heme binding
  • ion binding
  • iron ion binding
  • metal ion binding
  • peroxidase activity
  • transition metal ion binding
Process
  • metabolic process
  • oxidation reduction
  • response to oxidative stress
  • response to stimulus
  • response to stress
Component
Enzyme 1 General Function Involved in calcium ion binding
Enzyme 1 Specific Function Iodination and coupling of the hormonogenic tyrosines in thyroglobulin to yield the thyroid hormones T(3) and T(4)
Enzyme 1 Pathways
Enzyme 1 Reactions
  • 2 iodide + H2O2 + 2 H+ = diiodine + 2 H2O [RN:R02810]
Enzyme 1 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 1 Signals
  • 1-14
Enzyme 1 Transmembrane Regions
  • 847-871
Enzyme 1 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 1 GenBank ID Protein 339867 Link Image
Enzyme 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P07202 Link Image
Enzyme 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name PERT_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 1 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 1 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 1 Gene Sequence >2802 bp
ATGAGAGCGCTCGCTGTGCTGTCTGTCACGCTGGTTATGGCCTGCACAGAAGCCTTCTTC
CCCTTCATCTCGAGAGGGAAAGAACTCCTTTGGGGAAAGCCTGAGGAGTCTCGTGTCTCT
AGCGTCTTGGAGGAAAGCAAGCGCCTGGTGGACACCGCCATGTACGCCACGATGCAGAGA
AACCTCAAGAAAAGAGGAATCCTTTCTCCAGCTCAGCTTCTGTCTTTTTCCAAACTTCCT
GAGCCAACAAGCGGAGTGATTGCCCGAGCAGCAGAGATAATGGAAACATCAATACAAGCG
ATGAAAAGAAAAGTCAACCTGAAAACTCAACAATCACAGCATCCAACGGATGCTTTATCA
GAAGATCTGCTGAGCATCATTGCAAACATGTCTGGATGTCTCCCTTACATGCTGCCCCCA
AAATGCCCAAACACTTGCCTGGCGAACAAATACAGGCCCATCACAGGAGCTTGCAACAAC
AGAGACCACCCCAGATGGGGCGCCTCCAACACGGCCCTGGCACGATGGCTCCCTCCAGTC
TATGAGGACGGCTTCAGTCAGCCCCGAGGCTGGAACCCCGGCTTCTTGTACAACGGGTTC
CCACTGCCCCCGGTCCGGGAGGTGACAAGACATGTCATTCAAGTTTCAAATGAGGTTGTC
ACAGATGATGACCGCTATTCTGACCTCCTGATGGCATGGGGACAATACATCGACCACGAC
ATCGCGTTCACACCACAGAGCACCAGCAAAGCTGCCTTCGGGGGAGGGGCTGACTGCCAG
ATGACTTGTGAGAACCAAAACCCATGTTTTCCCATACAACTCCCGGAGGAGGCCCGGCCG
GCCGCGGGCACCGCCTGTCTGCCCTTCTACCGCTCTTCGGCCGCCTGCGGCACCGGGGAC
CAAGGCGCGCTCTTTGGGAACCTGTCCACGGCCAACCCGCGGCAGCAGATGAACGGGTTG
ACCTCGTTCCTGGACGCGTCCACCGTGTATGGCAGCTCCCCGGCCCTAGAGAGGCAGCTG
CGGAACTGGACCAGTGCCGAAGGGCTGCTCCGCGTCCACGCGCGCCTCCGGGACTCCGGC
CGCGCCTACCTGCCCTTCGTGCCGCCACGGCGGCCTGCGGCCTGTGCGCCCGAGCCCGGC
ATCCCCGGAGAGACCCGCGGGCCCTGCTTCCTGGCCGGAGACGGCCGCGCCAGCGAGGTC
CCCTCCCTGACGGCACTGCACACGCTGTGGCTGCGCGAGCACAACCGCCTGGCCGCGGCG
CTCAAGGCCCTCAATGCGCACTGGAGCGCGGACGCCGTGTACCAGGAGGCGCGCAAGGTC
GTGGGCGCTCTGCACCAGATCATCACCCTGAGGGATTACATCCCCAGGATCCTGGGACCC
GAGGCCTTCCAGCAGTACGTGGGTCCCTATGAAGGCTATGACTCCACCGCCAACCCCACT
GTGTCCAACGTGTTCTCCACAGCCGCCTTCCGCTTCGGCCATGCCACGATCCACCCGCTG
GTGAGGAGGCTGGACGCCAGCTTCCAGGAGCACCCCGACCTGCCCGGGCTGTGGCTGCAC
CAGGCTTTCTTCAGCCCATGGACATTACTCCGTGGAGGTGGTTTGGACCCACTAATACGA
GGCCTTCTTGCAAGACCAGCCAAACTGCAGGTGCAGGATCAGCTGATGAACGAGGAGCTG
ACGGAAAGGCTCTTTGTGCTGTCCAATTCCAGCACCTTGGATCTGGCGTCCATCAACCTG
CAGAGGGGCCGGGACCACGGGCTGCCAGGTTACAATGAGTGGAGGGAGTTCTGCGGCCTG
CCTCGCCTGGAGACCCCCGCTGACCTGAGCACAGCCATCGCCAGCAGGAGCGTGGCCGAC
AAGATCCTGGACTTGTACAAGCATCCTGACAACATCGATGTCTGGCTGGGAGGCTTAGCT
GAAAACTTCCTCCCCAGGGCTCGGACAGGGCCCCTGTTTGCCTGTCTCATTGGGAAGCAG
ATGAAGGCTCTGCGGGATGGTGACTGGTTTTGGTGGGAGAACAGCCACGTCTTCACGGAT
GCACAGAGGCGTGAGCTGGAGAAGCACTCCCTGTCTCGGGTCATCTGTGACAACACTGGC
CTCACCAGGGTGCCCATGGATGCCTTCCAAGTCGGCAAATTCCCTGAAGACTTTGAGTCT
TGTGACAGCATCCCTGGCATGAACCTGGAGGCCTGGAGGGAAACCTTTCCTCAAGACGAC
AAGTGTGGCTTCCCAGAGAGCGTGGAGAATGGGGACTTTGTGCACTGTGAGGAGTCTGGG
AGGCGCGTGCTGGTGTATTCCTGCCGGCACGGGTATGAGCTCCAAGGCCGGGAGCAGCTC
ACTTGCACCCAGGAAGGATGGGATTTCCAGCCTCCCCTCTGCAAAGATGTGAACGAGTGT
GCAGACGGTGCCCACCCCCCCTGCCACGCCTCTGCGAGGTGCAGAAACACCAAAGGCGGC
TTCCAGTGTCTCTGCGCGGACCCCTACGAGTTAGGAGACGATGGGAGAACCTGCGTAGAC
TCCGGGAGGCTCCCTCGGGCGACTTGGATCTCCATGTCGCTGGCTGCTCTGCTGATCGGA
GGCTTCGCAGGTCTCACCTCGACGGTGATTTGCAGGTGGACACGCACTGGCACTAAATCC
ACACTGCCCATCTCGGAGACAGGCGGAGGAACTCCCGAGCTGAGATGCGGAAAGCACCAG
GCCGTAGGGACCTCACCGCAGCGGGCCGCAGCTCAGGACTCGGAGCAGGAGAGTGCTGGG
ATGGAAGGCCGGGATACTCACAGGCTGCCGAGAGCCCTCTGA
Enzyme 1 GenBank Gene ID J02969 Link Image
Enzyme 1 GeneCard ID TPO Link Image
Enzyme 1 GenAtlas ID TPO Link Image
Enzyme 1 HGNC ID HGNC:12015 Link Image
Enzyme 1 Chromosome Location 2
Enzyme 1 Locus 2p25
Enzyme 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 1 General References
  1. Kimura S, Kotani T, McBride OW, Umeki K, Hirai K, Nakayama T, Ohtaki S: Human thyroid peroxidase: complete cDNA and protein sequence, chromosome mapping, and identification of two alternately spliced mRNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Aug;84(16):5555-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Libert F, Ruel J, Ludgate M, Swillens S, Alexander N, Vassart G, Dinsart C: Complete nucleotide sequence of the human thyroperoxidase-microsomal antigen cDNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Aug 25;15(16):6735. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Kimura S, Hong YS, Kotani T, Ohtaki S, Kikkawa F: Structure of the human thyroid peroxidase gene: comparison and relationship to the human myeloperoxidase gene. Biochemistry. 1989 May 16;28(10):4481-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Barnett PS, Banga JP, Watkins J, Huang GC, Gluckman DR, Page MJ, McGregor AM: Nucleotide sequence of the alternatively spliced human thyroid peroxidase cDNA, TPO-2. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990 Feb 11;18(3):670. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Ferrand M, Le Fourn V, Franc JL: Increasing diversity of human thyroperoxidase generated by alternative splicing. Characterized by molecular cloning of new transcripts with single- and multispliced mRNAs. J Biol Chem. 2003 Feb 7;278(6):3793-800. Epub 2002 Nov 25. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Seto P, Hirayu H, Magnusson RP, Gestautas J, Portmann L, DeGroot LJ, Rapoport B: Isolation of a complementary DNA clone for thyroid microsomal antigen. Homology with the gene for thyroid peroxidase. J Clin Invest. 1987 Oct;80(4):1205-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Zanelli E, Henry M, Charvet B, Malthiery Y: Evidence for an alternate splicing in the thyroperoxidase messenger from patients with Graves' disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1990 Jul 31;170(2):735-41. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Wang D, De Deken X, Milenkovic M, Song Y, Pirson I, Dumont JE, Miot F: Identification of a novel partner of duox: EFP1, a thioredoxin-related protein. J Biol Chem. 2005 Jan 28;280(4):3096-103. Epub 2004 Nov 22. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Bikker H, Vulsma T, Baas F, de Vijlder JJ: Identification of five novel inactivating mutations in the human thyroid peroxidase gene by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Hum Mutat. 1995;6(1):9-16. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Bikker H, Baas F, De Vijlder JJ: Molecular analysis of mutated thyroid peroxidase detected in patients with total iodide organification defects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Feb;82(2):649-53. [PubMed Link Image]
  11. Santos CL, Bikker H, Rego KG, Nascimento AC, Tambascia M, De Vijlder JJ, Medeiros-Neto G: A novel mutation in the TPO gene in goitrous hypothyroid patients with iodide organification defect. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1999 Aug;51(2):165-72. [PubMed Link Image]
  12. Pannain S, Weiss RE, Jackson CE, Dian D, Beck JC, Sheffield VC, Cox N, Refetoff S: Two different mutations in the thyroid peroxidase gene of a large inbred Amish kindred: power and limits of homozygosity mapping. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Mar;84(3):1061-71. [PubMed Link Image]
  13. Kotani T, Umeki K, Yamamoto I, Maesaka H, Tachibana K, Ohtaki S: A novel mutation in the human thyroid peroxidase gene resulting in a total iodide organification defect. J Endocrinol. 1999 Feb;160(2):267-73. [PubMed Link Image]
  14. Bakker B, Bikker H, Vulsma T, de Randamie JS, Wiedijk BM, De Vijlder JJ: Two decades of screening for congenital hypothyroidism in The Netherlands: TPO gene mutations in total iodide organification defects (an update). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Oct;85(10):3708-12. [PubMed Link Image]
  15. Ambrugger P, Stoeva I, Biebermann H, Torresani T, Leitner C, Gruters A: Novel mutations of the thyroid peroxidase gene in patients with permanent congenital hypothyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol. 2001 Jul;145(1):19-24. [PubMed Link Image]
  16. Umeki K, Kotani T, Kawano J, Suganuma T, Yamamoto I, Aratake Y, Furujo M, Ichiba Y: Two novel missense mutations in the thyroid peroxidase gene, R665W and G771R, result in a localization defect and cause congenital hypothyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol. 2002 Apr;146(4):491-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  17. Niu DM, Hwang B, Chu YK, Liao CJ, Wang PL, Lin CY: High prevalence of a novel mutation (2268 insT) of the thyroid peroxidase gene in Taiwanese patients with total iodide organification defect, and evidence for a founder effect. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Sep;87(9):4208-12. [PubMed Link Image]
  18. Wu JY, Shu SG, Yang CF, Lee CC, Tsai FJ: Mutation analysis of thyroid peroxidase gene in Chinese patients with total iodide organification defect: identification of five novel mutations. J Endocrinol. 2002 Mar;172(3):627-35. [PubMed Link Image]
  19. Calaciura F, Miscio G, Coco A, Leonardi D, Cisternino C, Regalbuto C, Bozzali M, Maiorana R, Ranieri A, Carta A, Buscema M, Trischitta V, Sava L, Tassi V: Genetics of specific phenotypes of congenital hypothyroidism: a population-based approach. Thyroid. 2002 Nov;12(11):945-51. [PubMed Link Image]
  20. Kotani T, Umeki K, Kawano J, Suganuma T, Hishinuma A, Ieiri T, Harada S: Partial iodide organification defect caused by a novel mutation of the thyroid peroxidase gene in three siblings. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2003 Aug;59(2):198-206. [PubMed Link Image]
  21. Rivolta CM, Esperante SA, Gruneiro-Papendieck L, Chiesa A, Moya CM, Domene S, Varela V, Targovnik HM: Five novel inactivating mutations in the thyroid peroxidase gene responsible for congenital goiter and iodide organification defect. Hum Mutat. 2003 Sep;22(3):259. [PubMed Link Image]
  22. Fugazzola L, Cerutti N, Mannavola D, Vannucchi G, Fallini C, Persani L, Beck-Peccoz P: Monoallelic expression of mutant thyroid peroxidase allele causing total iodide organification defect. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Jul;88(7):3264-71. [PubMed Link Image]
  23. Tajima T, Tsubaki J, Fujieda K: Two novel mutations in the thyroid peroxidase gene with goitrous hypothyroidism. Endocr J. 2005 Oct;52(5):643-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  24. Pfarr N, Borck G, Turk A, Napiontek U, Keilmann A, Muller-Forell W, Kopp P, Pohlenz J: Goitrous congenital hypothyroidism and hearing impairment associated with mutations in the TPO and SLC26A4/PDS genes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jul;91(7):2678-81. Epub 2006 May 9. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 1 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 2 [top]
Enzyme 2 ID 6350
Enzyme 2 Name Type I iodothyronine deiodinase
Enzyme 2 Synonyms
  1. 5DI
  2. DIOI
  3. Type 1 DI
  4. Type-I 5'-deiodinase
Enzyme 2 Gene Name DIO1
Enzyme 2 Protein Sequence >Type I iodothyronine deiodinase
MGLPQPGLWLKRLWVLLEVAVHVVVGKVLLILFPDRVKRNILAMGEKTGMTRNPHFSHDN
WIPTFFSTQYFWFVLKVRWQRLEDTTELGGLAPNCPVVRLSGQRCNIWEFMQGNRPLVLN
FGSCTUPSFMFKFDQFKRLIEDFSSIADFLVIYIEEAHASDGWAFKNNMDIRNHQNLQDR
LQAAHLLLARSPQCPVVVDTMQNQSSQLYAALPERLYIIQEGRILYKGKSGPWNYNPEEV
RAVLEKLHS
Enzyme 2 Number of Residues 249
Enzyme 2 Molecular Weight 28924.2
Enzyme 2 Theoretical pI 8.90
Enzyme 2 GO Classification
Function
  • catalytic activity
  • oxidoreductase activity
  • thyroxine 5'-deiodinase activity
Process
  • metabolic process
  • oxidation reduction
Component
Enzyme 2 General Function Involved in thyroxine 5'-deiodinase activity
Enzyme 2 Specific Function Responsible for the deiodination of T4 (3,5,3',5'- tetraiodothyronine) into T3 (3,5,3'-triiodothyronine) and of T3 into T2 (3,3'-diiodothyronine). Plays a role in providing a source of plasma T3 by deiodination of T4 in peripheral tissues such as liver and kidney
Enzyme 2 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 2 Reactions
  • 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H+ = L-thyroxine + AH2 [RN:R03734]
Enzyme 2 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 2 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 2 Transmembrane Regions
  • 13-33
Enzyme 2 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 2 GenBank ID Protein Not Available
Enzyme 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P49895 Link Image
Enzyme 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name IOD1_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 2 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 2 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 2 Gene Sequence >750 bp
ATGGGGCTGCCCCAGCCAGGGCTGTGGCTGAAGAGGCTCTGGGTGCTCTTGGAGGTGGCT
GTGCATGTGGTCGTGGGTAAAGTGCTTCTGATATTGTTTCCAGACAGAGTCAAGCGGAAC
ATCCTGGCCATGGGCGAGAAGACGGGTATGACCAGGAACCCCCATTTCAGCCACGACAAC
TGGATACCAACCTTTTTCAGCACCCAGTATTTCTGGTTCGTCTTGAAGGTCCGTTGGCAG
CGACTAGAGGACACGACTGAGCTAGGGGGTCTGGCCCCAAACTGCCCGGTGGTCCGCCTC
TCAGGACAGAGGTGCAACATTTGGGAGTTTATGCAAGGTAATAGGCCACTGGTGCTGAAT
TTTGGAAGTTGTACCTGACCTTCATTTATGTTCAAATTTGACCAGTTCAAGAGGCTTATT
GAAGACTTTAGTTCCATAGCAGATTTTCTTGTCATTTACATTGAAGAAGCACATGCATCA
GATGGCTGGGCTTTTAAGAACAACATGGACATCAGAAATCACCAGAACCTTCAGGATCGC
CTGCAGGCAGCCCATCTACTGCTGGCCAGGAGCCCCCAGTGCCCTGTGGTGGTGGACACC
ATGCAGAACCAGAGCAGCCAGCTCTACGCAGCACTGCCTGAGAGGCTCTACATAATCCAG
GAGGGCAGGATCCTCTACAAGGGTAAATCTGGCCCTTGGAACTACAACCCAGAGGAAGTT
CGTGCTGTTCTGGAAAAGCTCCACAGTTAA
Enzyme 2 GenBank Gene ID S48220 Link Image
Enzyme 2 GeneCard ID DIO1 Link Image
Enzyme 2 GenAtlas ID DIO1 Link Image
Enzyme 2 HGNC ID HGNC:2883 Link Image
Enzyme 2 Chromosome Location 1
Enzyme 2 Locus 1p33-p32
Enzyme 2 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 2 General References
  1. Mandel SJ, Berry MJ, Kieffer JD, Harney JW, Warne RL, Larsen PR: Cloning and in vitro expression of the human selenoprotein, type I iodothyronine deiodinase. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992 Oct;75(4):1133-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Gregory SG, Barlow KF, McLay KE, Kaul R, Swarbreck D, Dunham A, Scott CE, Howe KL, Woodfine K, Spencer CC, Jones MC, Gillson C, Searle S, Zhou Y, Kokocinski F, McDonald L, Evans R, Phillips K, Atkinson A, Cooper R, Jones C, Hall RE, Andrews TD, Lloyd C, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Ambrose KD, Anderson F, Andrew RW, Ashwell RI, Aubin K, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Beasley H, Bethel G, Bird CP, Bray-Allen S, Brown JY, Brown AJ, Buckley D, Burton J, Bye J, Carder C, Chapman JC, Clark SY, Clarke G, Clee C, Cobley V, Collier RE, Corby N, Coville GJ, Davies J, Deadman R, Dunn M, Earthrowl M, Ellington AG, Errington H, Frankish A, Frankland J, French L, Garner P, Garnett J, Gay L, Ghori MR, Gibson R, Gilby LM, Gillett W, Glithero RJ, Grafham DV, Griffiths C, Griffiths-Jones S, Grocock R, Hammond S, Harrison ES, Hart E, Haugen E, Heath PD, Holmes S, Holt K, Howden PJ, Hunt AR, Hunt SE, Hunter G, Isherwood J, James R, Johnson C, Johnson D, Joy A, Kay M, Kershaw JK, Kibukawa M, Kimberley AM, King A, Knights AJ, Lad H, Laird G, Lawlor S, Leongamornlert DA, Lloyd DM, Loveland J, Lovell J, Lush MJ, Lyne R, Martin S, Mashreghi-Mohammadi M, Matthews L, Matthews NS, McLaren S, Milne S, Mistry S, Moore MJ, Nickerson T, O'Dell CN, Oliver K, Palmeiri A, Palmer SA, Parker A, Patel D, Pearce AV, Peck AI, Pelan S, Phelps K, Phillimore BJ, Plumb R, Rajan J, Raymond C, Rouse G, Saenphimmachak C, Sehra HK, Sheridan E, Shownkeen R, Sims S, Skuce CD, Smith M, Steward C, Subramanian S, Sycamore N, Tracey A, Tromans A, Van Helmond Z, Wall M, Wallis JM, White S, Whitehead SL, Wilkinson JE, Willey DL, Williams H, Wilming L, Wray PW, Wu Z, Coulson A, Vaudin M, Sulston JE, Durbin R, Hubbard T, Wooster R, Dunham I, Carter NP, McVean G, Ross MT, Harrow J, Olson MV, Beck S, Rogers J, Bentley DR, Banerjee R, Bryant SP, Burford DC, Burrill WD, Clegg SM, Dhami P, Dovey O, Faulkner LM, Gribble SM, Langford CF, Pandian RD, Porter KM, Prigmore E: The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1. Nature. 2006 May 18;441(7091):315-21. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Toyoda N, Zavacki AM, Maia AL, Harney JW, Larsen PR: A novel retinoid X receptor-independent thyroid hormone response element is present in the human type 1 deiodinase gene. Mol Cell Biol. 1995 Sep;15(9):5100-12. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 2 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 3 [top]
Enzyme 3 ID 6351
Enzyme 3 Name Type II iodothyronine deiodinase
Enzyme 3 Synonyms
  1. 5DII
  2. DIOII
  3. Type 2 DI
  4. Type-II 5'-deiodinase
Enzyme 3 Gene Name DIO2
Enzyme 3 Protein Sequence >Type II iodothyronine deiodinase
MGILSVDLLITLQILPVFFSNCLFLALYDSVILLKHVVLLLSRSKSTRGEWRRMLTSEGL
RCVWKSFLLDAYKQVKLGEDAPNSSVVHVSSTEGGDNSGNGTQEKIAEGATCHLLDFASP
ERPLVVNFGSATUPPFTSQLPAFRKLVEEFSSVADFLLVYIDEAHPSDGWAIPGDSSLSF
EVKKHQNQEDRCAAAQQLLERFSLPPQCRVVADRMDNNANIAYGVAFERVCIVQRQKIAY
LGGKGPFSYNLQEVRHWLEKNFSKRUKKTRLAG
Enzyme 3 Number of Residues 273
Enzyme 3 Molecular Weight 30551.5
Enzyme 3 Theoretical pI 8.13
Enzyme 3 GO Classification
Function
  • catalytic activity
  • oxidoreductase activity
  • thyroxine 5'-deiodinase activity
Process
  • metabolic process
  • oxidation reduction
Component
Enzyme 3 General Function Involved in thyroxine 5'-deiodinase activity
Enzyme 3 Specific Function Responsible for the deiodination of T4 (3,5,3',5'- tetraiodothyronine) into T3 (3,5,3'-triiodothyronine). Essential for providing the brain with appropriate levels of T3 during the critical period of development
Enzyme 3 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 3 Reactions
  • 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H+ = L-thyroxine + AH2 [RN:R03734]
Enzyme 3 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 3 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 3 Transmembrane Regions
  • 10-34
Enzyme 3 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 3 GenBank ID Protein Not Available
Enzyme 3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q92813 Link Image
Enzyme 3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name IOD2_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 3 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 3 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 3 Gene Sequence >822 bp
ATGGGCATCCTCAGCGTAGACTTGCTGATCACACTGCAAATTCTGCCAGTTTTTTTCTCC
AACTGCCTCTTCCTGGCTCTCTATGACTCGGTCATTCTGCTCAAGCACGTGGTGCTGCTG
TTGAGCCGCTCCAAGTCCACTCGCGGAGAGTGGCGGCGCATGCTGACCTCAGAGGGACTG
CGCTGCGTCTGGAAGAGCTTCCTCCTCGATGCCTACAAACAGGTGAAATTGGGTGAGGAT
GCCCCCAATTCCAGTGTGGTGCATGTCTCCAGTACAGAAGGAGGTGACAACAGTGGCAAT
GGTACCCAGGAGAAGATAGCTGAGGGAGCCACATGCCACCTTCTTGACTTTGCCAGCCCT
GAGCGCCCACTAGTGGTCAACTTTGGCTCAGCCACTTGACCTCCTTTCACGAGCCAGCTG
CCAGCCTTCCGCAAACTGGTGGAAGAGTTCTCCTCAGTGGCTGACTTCCTGCTGGTCTAC
ATTGATGAGGCTCATCCATCAGATGGCTGGGCGATACCGGGGGACTCCTCTTTGTCTTTT
GAGGTGAAGAAGCACCAGAACCAGGAAGATCGATGTGCAGCAGCCCAGCAGCTTCTGGAG
CGTTTCTCCTTGCCGCCCCAGTGCCGAGTTGTGGCTGACCGCATGGACAATAACGCCAAC
ATAGCTTACGGGGTAGCCTTTGAACGTGTGTGCATTGTGCAGAGACAGAAAATTGCTTAT
CTGGGAGGAAAGGGCCCCTTCTCCTACAACCTTCAAGAAGTCCGGCATTGGCTGGAGAAG
AATTTCAGCAAGAGATGAAAGAAAACTAGATTAGCTGGTTAA
Enzyme 3 GenBank Gene ID U53506 Link Image
Enzyme 3 GeneCard ID DIO2 Link Image
Enzyme 3 GenAtlas ID DIO2 Link Image
Enzyme 3 HGNC ID HGNC:2884 Link Image
Enzyme 3 Chromosome Location 1
Enzyme 3 Locus 14q24.2-q24.3
Enzyme 3 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 3 General References
  1. Croteau W, Davey JC, Galton VA, St Germain DL: Cloning of the mammalian type II iodothyronine deiodinase. A selenoprotein differentially expressed and regulated in human and rat brain and other tissues. J Clin Invest. 1996 Jul 15;98(2):405-17. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Buettner C, Harney JW, Larsen PR: The 3'-untranslated region of human type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase mRNA contains a functional selenocysteine insertion sequence element. J Biol Chem. 1998 Dec 11;273(50):33374-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Ohba K, Yoshioka T, Muraki T: Identification of two novel splicing variants of human type II iodothyronine deiodinase mRNA. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2001 Feb 14;172(1-2):169-75. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Heilig R, Eckenberg R, Petit JL, Fonknechten N, Da Silva C, Cattolico L, Levy M, Barbe V, de Berardinis V, Ureta-Vidal A, Pelletier E, Vico V, Anthouard V, Rowen L, Madan A, Qin S, Sun H, Du H, Pepin K, Artiguenave F, Robert C, Cruaud C, Bruls T, Jaillon O, Friedlander L, Samson G, Brottier P, Cure S, Segurens B, Aniere F, Samain S, Crespeau H, Abbasi N, Aiach N, Boscus D, Dickhoff R, Dors M, Dubois I, Friedman C, Gouyvenoux M, James R, Madan A, Mairey-Estrada B, Mangenot S, Martins N, Menard M, Oztas S, Ratcliffe A, Shaffer T, Trask B, Vacherie B, Bellemere C, Belser C, Besnard-Gonnet M, Bartol-Mavel D, Boutard M, Briez-Silla S, Combette S, Dufosse-Laurent V, Ferron C, Lechaplais C, Louesse C, Muselet D, Magdelenat G, Pateau E, Petit E, Sirvain-Trukniewicz P, Trybou A, Vega-Czarny N, Bataille E, Bluet E, Bordelais I, Dubois M, Dumont C, Guerin T, Haffray S, Hammadi R, Muanga J, Pellouin V, Robert D, Wunderle E, Gauguet G, Roy A, Sainte-Marthe L, Verdier J, Verdier-Discala C, Hillier L, Fulton L, McPherson J, Matsuda F, Wilson R, Scarpelli C, Gyapay G, Wincker P, Saurin W, Quetier F, Waterston R, Hood L, Weissenbach J: The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 14. Nature. 2003 Feb 6;421(6923):601-7. Epub 2003 Jan 1. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Curcio-Morelli C, Zavacki AM, Christofollete M, Gereben B, de Freitas BC, Harney JW, Li Z, Wu G, Bianco AC: Deubiquitination of type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase by von Hippel-Lindau protein-interacting deubiquitinating enzymes regulates thyroid hormone activation. J Clin Invest. 2003 Jul;112(2):189-96. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Zavacki AM, Arrojo E Drigo R, Freitas BC, Chung M, Harney JW, Egri P, Wittmann G, Fekete C, Gereben B, Bianco AC: The E3 ubiquitin ligase TEB4 mediates degradation of type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase. Mol Cell Biol. 2009 Oct;29(19):5339-47. Epub 2009 Aug 3. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 3 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 4 [top]
Enzyme 4 ID 7194
Enzyme 4 Name Transthyretin
Enzyme 4 Synonyms
  1. ATTR
  2. Prealbumin
  3. TBPA
Enzyme 4 Gene Name TTR
Enzyme 4 Protein Sequence >Transthyretin
MASHRLLLLCLAGLVFVSEAGPTGTGESKCPLMVKVLDAVRGSPAINVAVHVFRKAADDT
WEPFASGKTSESGELHGLTTEEEFVEGIYKVEIDTKSYWKALGISPFHEHAEVVFTANDS
GPRRYTIAALLSPYSYSTTAVVTNPKE
Enzyme 4 Number of Residues 147
Enzyme 4 Molecular Weight 15886.9
Enzyme 4 Theoretical pI 5.58
Enzyme 4 GO Classification Not Available
Enzyme 4 General Function Involved in hormone activity
Enzyme 4 Specific Function Thyroid hormone-binding protein. Probably transports thyroxine from the bloodstream to the brain
Enzyme 4 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 4 Reactions Not Available
Enzyme 4 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 4 Signals
  • 1-20
Enzyme 4 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 4 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 4 GenBank ID Protein 189582 Link Image
Enzyme 4 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P02766 Link Image
Enzyme 4 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name TTHY_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 4 PDB ID 1KED Link Image
Enzyme 4 PDB File Show
Enzyme 4 3D Structure
Enzyme 4 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 4 Gene Sequence >444 bp
ATGGCTTCTCATCGTCTGCTCCTCCTCTGCCTTGCTGGACTGGTATTTGTGTCTGAGGCT
GGCCCTACGGGCACCGGTGAATCCAAGTGTCCTCTGATGGTCAAAGTTCTAGATGCTGTC
CGAGGCAGTCCTGCCATCAATGTGGCCGTGCATGTGTTCAGAAAGGCTGCTGATGACACC
TGGGAGCCATTTGCCTCTGGGAAAACCAGTGAGTCTGGAGAGCTGCATGGGCTCACAACT
GAGGAGGAATTTGTAGAAGGGATATACAAAGTGGAAATAGACACCAAATCTTACTGGAAG
GCACTTGGCATCTCCCCATTCCATGAGCATGCAGAGGTGGTATTCACAGCCAACGACTCC
GGCCCCCGCCGCTACACCATTGCCGCCCTGCTGAGCCCCTACTCCTATTCCACCACGGCT
GTCGTCACCAATCCCAAGGAATGA
Enzyme 4 GenBank Gene ID K02091 Link Image
Enzyme 4 GeneCard ID TTR Link Image
Enzyme 4 GenAtlas ID TTR Link Image
Enzyme 4 HGNC ID HGNC:12405 Link Image
Enzyme 4 Chromosome Location 1
Enzyme 4 Locus 18q12.1
Enzyme 4 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 4 General References
  1. Mita S, Maeda S, Shimada K, Araki S: Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA for human prealbumin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1984 Oct 30;124(2):558-64. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Wallace MR, Naylor SL, Kluve-Beckerman B, Long GL, McDonald L, Shows TB, Benson MD: Localization of the human prealbumin gene to chromosome 18. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1985 Jun 28;129(3):753-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Sasaki H, Yoshioka N, Takagi Y, Sakaki Y: Structure of the chromosomal gene for human serum prealbumin. Gene. 1985;37(1-3):191-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Tsuzuki T, Mita S, Maeda S, Araki S, Shimada K: Structure of the human prealbumin gene. J Biol Chem. 1985 Oct 5;260(22):12224-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Mita S, Maeda S, Shimada K, Araki S: Analyses of prealbumin mRNAs in individuals with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy. J Biochem (Tokyo). 1986 Nov;100(5):1215-22. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Maeda S, Mita S, Araki S, Shimada K: Structure and expression of the mutant prealbumin gene associated with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy. Mol Biol Med. 1986 Aug;3(4):329-38. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Christmanson L, Betsholtz C, Gustavsson A, Johansson B, Sletten K, Westermark P: The transthyretin cDNA sequence is normal in transthyretin-derived senile systemic amyloidosis. FEBS Lett. 1991 Apr 9;281(1-2):177-80. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Gu JR, Jiang HQ, He LP, Li DZ, Zhou XM, Dai WL, Qian LF, Chen YQ, Schweinfest C, Papas T: Transthyretin (prealbumin) gene in human primary hepatic cancer. Sci China B. 1991 Nov;34(11):1312-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Getz RK, Kennedy BG, Mangini NJ: Transthyretin localization in cultured and native human retinal pigment epithelium. Exp Eye Res. 1999 May;68(5):629-36. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed Link Image]
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  99. Kishikawa M, Nakanishi T, Miyazaki A, Hatanaka M, Shimizu A, Tamoto S, Ohsawa N, Hayashi H, Kanai M: A new nonamyloid transthyretin variant, G101S, detected by electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry. Mutations in brief no. 201. Online. Hum Mutat. 1998;12(5):363. [PubMed Link Image]
  100. Klein CJ, Nakumura M, Jacobson DR, Lacy MQ, Benson MD, Petersen RC: Transthyretin amyloidosis (serine 44) with headache, hearing loss, and peripheral neuropathy. Neurology. 1998 Nov;51(5):1462-4. [PubMed Link Image]
  101. Theberge R, Connors L, Skare J, Skinner M, Falk RH, Costello CE: A new amyloidogenic transthyretin variant (Val122Ala) found in a compound heterozygous patient. Amyloid. 1999 Mar;6(1):54-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  102. Connors LH, Theberge R, Skare J, Costello CE, Falk RH, Skinner M: A new transthyretin variant (Ser23Asn) associated with familial amyloidosis in a Portuguese patient. Amyloid. 1999 Jun;6(2):114-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  103. Tachibana N, Tokuda T, Yoshida K, Taketomi T, Nakazato M, Li YF, Masuda Y, Ikeda S: Usefulness of MALDI/TOF mass spectrometry of immunoprecipitated serum variant transthyretin in the diagnosis of familial amyloid polyneuropathy. Amyloid. 1999 Dec;6(4):282-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  104. Terazaki H, Ando Y, Misumi S, Nakamura M, Ando E, Matsunaga N, Shoji S, Okuyama M, Ideta H, Nakagawa K, Ishizaki T, Ando M, Saraiva MJ: A novel compound heterozygote (FAP ATTR Arg104His/ATTR Val30Met) with high serum transthyretin (TTR) and retinol binding protein (RBP) levels. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999 Oct 22;264(2):365-70. [PubMed Link Image]
  105. Brett M, Persey MR, Reilly MM, Revesz T, Booth DR, Booth SE, Hawkins PN, Pepys MB, Morgan-Hughes JA: Transthyretin Leu12Pro is associated with systemic, neuropathic and leptomeningeal amyloidosis. Brain. 1999 Feb;122 ( Pt 2):183-90. [PubMed Link Image]
  106. Nakamura M, Yamashita T, Ando Y, Hamidi Asl K, Tashima K, Ohlsson P, Kususe Y, Benson MD: Identification of a new transthyretin variant (Ile49) in familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and nonisotopic RNase cleavage assay. Hum Hered. 1999 Jul;49(4):186-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  107. Nakamura M, Hamidi Asl K, Benson MD: A novel variant of transthyretin (Glu89Lys) associated with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy. Amyloid. 2000 Mar;7(1):46-50. [PubMed Link Image]
  108. Janunger T, Anan I, Holmgren G, Lovheim O, Ohlsson PI, Suhr OB, Tashima K: Heart failure caused by a novel amyloidogenic mutation of the transthyretin gene: ATTR Ala45Ser. Amyloid. 2000 Jun;7(2):137-40. [PubMed Link Image]
  109. de Carvalho M, Moreira P, Evangelista T, Ducla-Soares JL, Bento M, Fernandes R, Saraiva MJ: New transthyretin mutation V28M in a Portuguese kindred with amyloid polyneuropathy. Muscle Nerve. 2000 Jul;23(7):1016-21. [PubMed Link Image]
  110. Ellie E, Camou F, Vital A, Rummens C, Grateau G, Delpech M, Valleix S: Recurrent subarachnoid hemorrhage associated with a new transthyretin variant (Gly53Glu). Neurology. 2001 Jul 10;57(1):135-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  111. Yazaki M, Varga J, Dyck PJ, Benson MD: A new transthyretin variant Leu55Gln in a patient with systemic amyloidosis. Amyloid. 2002 Dec;9(4):268-71. [PubMed Link Image]
  112. Lim A, Prokaeva T, McComb ME, O'Connor PB, Theberge R, Connors LH, Skinner M, Costello CE: Characterization of transthyretin variants in familial transthyretin amyloidosis by mass spectrometric peptide mapping and DNA sequence analysis. Anal Chem. 2002 Feb 15;74(4):741-51. [PubMed Link Image]
  113. Lachmann HJ, Booth DR, Booth SE, Bybee A, Gilbertson JA, Gillmore JD, Pepys MB, Hawkins PN: Misdiagnosis of hereditary amyloidosis as AL (primary) amyloidosis. N Engl J Med. 2002 Jun 6;346(23):1786-91. [PubMed Link Image]
  114. Blevins G, Macaulay R, Harder S, Fladeland D, Yamashita T, Yazaki M, Hamidi Asl K, Benson MD, Donat JR: Oculoleptomeningeal amyloidosis in a large kindred with a new transthyretin variant Tyr69His. Neurology. 2003 May 27;60(10):1625-30. [PubMed Link Image]
  115. Lim A, Prokaeva T, McComb ME, Connors LH, Skinner M, Costello CE: Identification of S-sulfonation and S-thiolation of a novel transthyretin Phe33Cys variant from a patient diagnosed with familial transthyretin amyloidosis. Protein Sci. 2003 Aug;12(8):1775-85. [PubMed Link Image]
  116. Busse A, Sanchez MA, Monterroso V, Alvarado MV, Leon P: A severe form of amyloidotic polyneuropathy in a Costa Rican family with a rare transthyretin mutation (Glu54Lys). Am J Med Genet A. 2004 Jul 15;128A(2):190-4. [PubMed Link Image]
  117. Frigerio R, Fabrizi GM, Ferrarini M, Cavallaro T, Brighina L, Santoro P, Agostoni E, Cavaletti G, Rizzuto N, Ferrarese C: An unusual transthyretin gene missense mutation (TTR Phe33Val) linked to familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy. Amyloid. 2004 Jun;11(2):121-4. [PubMed Link Image]
  118. Bergen HR 3rd, Zeldenrust SR, Butz ML, Snow DS, Dyck PJ, Dyck PJ, Klein CJ, O'Brien JF, Thibodeau SN, Muddiman DC: Identification of transthyretin variants by sequential proteomic and genomic analysis. Clin Chem. 2004 Sep;50(9):1544-52. Epub 2004 Jun 24. [PubMed Link Image]
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  120. Bergstrom J, Patrosso MC, Colussi G, Salvadore M, Penco S, Lando G, Marocchi A, Ueda A, Nakamura M, Ando Y: A novel type of familial transthyretin amyloidosis, ATTR Asn124Ser, with co-localization of kappa light chains. Amyloid. 2007 Jun;14(2):141-5. [PubMed Link Image]
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  122. Augustin S, Llige D, Andreu A, Gonzalez A, Genesca J: Familial amyloidosis in a large Spanish kindred resulting from a D38V mutation in the transthyretin gene. Eur J Clin Invest. 2007 Aug;37(8):673-8. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 4 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 5 [top]
Enzyme 5 ID 7556
Enzyme 5 Name Serum albumin
Enzyme 5 Synonyms Not Available
Enzyme 5 Gene Name ALB
Enzyme 5 Protein Sequence >Serum albumin
MKWVTFISLLFLFSSAYSRGVFRRDAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQCPF
EDHVKLVNEVTEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCCAKQEP
ERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLKKYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLF
FAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKLDELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAV
ARLSQRFPKAEFAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISSKLK
ECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNYAEAKDVFLGMFLYEYAR
RHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAADPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFE
QLGEYKFQNALLVRYTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSVV
LNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKEFNAETFTFHADICTL
SEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAVMDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLV
AASQAALGL
Enzyme 5 Number of Residues 609
Enzyme 5 Molecular Weight 69365.9
Enzyme 5 Theoretical pI 6.21
Enzyme 5 GO Classification
Function
Process
  • establishment of localization
  • transport
Component
  • extracellular region part
  • extracellular space
Enzyme 5 General Function Involved in transport
Enzyme 5 Specific Function Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood. Major zinc transporter in plasma, typically binds about 80% of all plasma zinc
Enzyme 5 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 5 Reactions Not Available
Enzyme 5 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 5 Signals
  • 1-18
Enzyme 5 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 5 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 5 GenBank ID Protein 28590 Link Image
Enzyme 5 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P02768 Link Image
Enzyme 5 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name ALBU_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 5 PDB ID 1HA2 Link Image
Enzyme 5 PDB File Show
Enzyme 5 3D Structure
Enzyme 5 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 5 Gene Sequence >1830 bp
ATGAAGTGGGTAACCTTTATTTCCCTTCTTTTTCTCTTTAGCTCGGCTTATTCCAGGGGT
GTGTTTCGTCGAGATGCACACAAGAGTGAGGTTGCTCATCGGTTTAAAGATTTGGGAGAA
GAAAATTTCAAAGCCTTGGTGTTGATTGCCTTTGCTCAGTATCTTCAGCAGTGTCCATTT
GAAGATCATGTAAAATTAGTGAATGAAGTAACTGAATTTGCAAAAACATGTGTTGCTGAT
GAGTCAGCTGAAAATTGTGACAAATCACTTCATACCCTTTTTGGAGACAAATTATGCACA
GTTGCAACTCTTCGTGAAACCTATGGTGAAATGGCTGACTGCTGTGCAAAACAAGAACCT
GGGAGAAATGAATGCTTCTTGCAACACAAAGATGACAACCCAAACCTCCCCCGATTGGTG
AGACCAGAGGTTGATGTGATGTGCACTGCTTTTCATGACAATGAAGAGACATTTTTGAAA
AAATACTTATATGAAATTGCCAGAAGACATCCTTACTTTTATGCCCCGGAACTCCTTTTC
TTTGCTAAAAGGTATAAAGCTGCTTTTACAGAATGTTGCCAAGCTGCTGATAAAGCTGCC
TGCCTGTTGCCAAAGCTCGATGAACTTCGGGATGAAGGGAAGGCTTCGTCTGCCAAACAG
AGACTCAAGTGTGCCAGTCTCCAAAAATTTGGAGAAAGAGCTTTCAAAGCATGGGCAGTA
GCTCGCCTGAGCCAGAGATTTCCCAAAGCTGAGTTTGCAGAAGTTTCCAAGTTAGTGACA
GATCTTACCAAAGTCCACACGGAATGCTGCCATGGAGATCTGCTTGAATGTGCTGATGAC
AGGGCGGACCTTGCCAAGTATATCTGTGAAAATCAAGATTCGATCTCCAGTAAACTGAAG
GAATGCTGTGAAAAACCTCTGTTGGAAAAATCCCACTGCATTGCCGAAGTGGAAAATGAT
GAGATGCCTGCTGACTTGCCTTCATTAGCTGCTGATTTTGTTGAAAGTAAGGATGTTTGC
AAAAACTATGCTGAGGCAAAGGATGTCTTCTTGGGCATGTTTTTGTATGAATATGCAAGA
AGGCATCCTGATTACTCTGTCGTGCTGCTGCTGAGACTTGCCAAGACATATGAAACCACT
CTAGAGAAGTGCTGTGCCGCTGCAGATCCTCATGAATGCTATGCCAAAGTGTTCGATGAA
TTTAAACCTCTTGTGGAAGAGCCTCAGAATTTAATCAAACAAAATTGTGAGCTTTTTGAG
CAGCTTGGAGAGTACAAATTCCAGAATGCGCTGTTAGTTCGTTACACCAAGAAAGTACCC
GAAGTGTCAACTCCAACTCTTGTAGAGGTCTCAAGAAACCTAGGAAAAGTGGGCAGCAAA
TGTTGTAAACATCCTGAAGCAAAAAGAATGCCCTGTGCAGAAGACTATCTATCCGTGGTC
CTGAACCAGTTATGTGTGTTGCATGAGAAAACGCCAGTAAGTGACAGAGTCACCAAATGC
TGCACAGAATCCTTGGTGAACAGGCGACCATGCTTTTCAGCTCTGGAAGTCGATGAAACA
TACGTTCCCAAAGAGTTTAATGCTGAAACATTCACCTTCCATGCAGATATATGCACACTT
TCTGAGAAGGAGAGACAAATCAAGAAACAAACTGCACTTGTTGAGCTCGTGAAACACAAG
CCCAAGGCAACAAAAGAGCAACTGAAAGCTGTTATGGATGATTTCGCTGCTTTTGTAGAG
AAGTGCTGCAAGGCTGACGATAAGGAGACCTGCTTTGCCGAGGAGGGTAAAAAACTTGTT
GCTGCAAGTCAAGCTGCCTTAGGCTTATAA
Enzyme 5 GenBank Gene ID V00494 Link Image
Enzyme 5 GeneCard ID ALB Link Image
Enzyme 5 GenAtlas ID ALB Link Image
Enzyme 5 HGNC ID HGNC:399 Link Image
Enzyme 5 Chromosome Location 4
Enzyme 5 Locus 4q13.3
Enzyme 5 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 5 General References
  1. Lawn RM, Adelman J, Bock SC, Franke AE, Houck CM, Najarian RC, Seeburg PH, Wion KL: The sequence of human serum albumin cDNA and its expression in E. coli. Nucleic Acids Res. 1981 Nov 25;9(22):6103-114. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Dugaiczyk A, Law SW, Dennison OE: Nucleotide sequence and the encoded amino acids of human serum albumin mRNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Jan;79(1):71-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Minghetti PP, Ruffner DE, Kuang WJ, Dennison OE, Hawkins JW, Beattie WG, Dugaiczyk A: Molecular structure of the human albumin gene is revealed by nucleotide sequence within q11-22 of chromosome 4. J Biol Chem. 1986 May 25;261(15):6747-57. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Yu Y, Zhang C, Zhou G, Wu S, Qu X, Wei H, Xing G, Dong C, Zhai Y, Wan J, Ouyang S, Li L, Zhang S, Zhou K, Zhang Y, Wu C, He F: Gene expression profiling in human fetal liver and identification of tissue- and developmental-stage-specific genes through compiled expression profiles and efficient cloning of full-length cDNAs. Genome Res. 2001 Aug;11(8):1392-403. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Bechtel S, Rosenfelder H, Duda A, Schmidt CP, Ernst U, Wellenreuther R, Mehrle A, Schuster C, Bahr A, Blocker H, Heubner D, Hoerlein A, Michel G, Wedler H, Kohrer K, Ottenwalder B, Poustka A, Wiemann S, Schupp I: The full-ORF clone resource of the German cDNA Consortium. BMC Genomics. 2007 Oct 31;8:399. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Clark HF, Gurney AL, Abaya E, Baker K, Baldwin D, Brush J, Chen J, Chow B, Chui C, Crowley C, Currell B, Deuel B, Dowd P, Eaton D, Foster J, Grimaldi C, Gu Q, Hass PE, Heldens S, Huang A, Kim HS, Klimowski L, Jin Y, Johnson S, Lee J, Lewis L, Liao D, Mark M, Robbie E, Sanchez C, Schoenfeld J, Seshagiri S, Simmons L, Singh J, Smith V, Stinson J, Vagts A, Vandlen R, Watanabe C, Wieand D, Woods K, Xie MH, Yansura D, Yi S, Yu G, Yuan J, Zhang M, Zhang Z, Goddard A, Wood WI, Godowski P, Gray A: The secreted protein discovery initiative (SPDI), a large-scale effort to identify novel human secreted and transmembrane proteins: a bioinformatics assessment. Genome Res. 2003 Oct;13(10):2265-70. Epub 2003 Sep 15. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Urano Y, Watanabe K, Sakai M, Tamaoki T: The human albumin gene. Characterization of the 5' and 3' flanking regions and the polymorphic gene transcripts. J Biol Chem. 1986 Mar 5;261(7):3244-51. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Meloun B, Moravek L, Kostka V: Complete amino acid sequence of human serum albumin. FEBS Lett. 1975 Oct 15;58(1):134-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Corbett JM, Wheeler CH, Baker CS, Yacoub MH, Dunn MJ: The human myocardial two-dimensional gel protein database: update 1994. Electrophoresis. 1994 Nov;15(11):1459-65. [PubMed Link Image]
  11. Gevaert K, Goethals M, Martens L, Van Damme J, Staes A, Thomas GR, Vandekerckhove J: Exploring proteomes and analyzing protein processing by mass spectrometric identification of sorted N-terminal peptides. Nat Biotechnol. 2003 May;21(5):566-9. Epub 2003 Mar 31. [PubMed Link Image]
  12. Mogard MH, Kobayashi R, Chen CF, Lee TD, Reeve JR Jr, Shively JE, Walsh JH: The amino acid sequence of kinetensin, a novel peptide isolated from pepsin-treated human plasma: homology with human serum albumin, neurotensin and angiotensin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1986 May 14;136(3):983-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  13. Carraway RE, Mitra SP, Cochrane DE: Structure of a biologically active neurotensin-related peptide obtained from pepsin-treated albumin(s). J Biol Chem. 1987 May 5;262(13):5968-73. [PubMed Link Image]
  14. Walker JE: Lysine residue 199 of human serum albumin is modified by acetylsalicyclic acid. FEBS Lett. 1976 Jul 15;66(2):173-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  15. Lapolla A, Fedele D, Reitano R, Arico NC, Seraglia R, Traldi P, Marotta E, Tonani R: Enzymatic digestion and mass spectrometry in the study of advanced glycation end products/peptides. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom. 2004 Apr;15(4):496-509. [PubMed Link Image]
  16. Jacobsen C: Lysine residue 240 of human serum albumin is involved in high-affinity binding of bilirubin. Biochem J. 1978 May 1;171(2):453-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  17. Garlick RL, Mazer JS: The principal site of nonenzymatic glycosylation of human serum albumin in vivo. J Biol Chem. 1983 May 25;258(10):6142-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  18. Shaklai N, Garlick RL, Bunn HF: Nonenzymatic glycosylation of human serum albumin alters its conformation and function. J Biol Chem. 1984 Mar 25;259(6):3812-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  19. Iberg N, Fluckiger R: Nonenzymatic glycosylation of albumin in vivo. Identification of multiple glycosylated sites. J Biol Chem. 1986 Oct 15;261(29):13542-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  20. Rikova K, Guo A, Zeng Q, Possemato A, Yu J, Haack H, Nardone J, Lee K, Reeves C, Li Y, Hu Y, Tan Z, Stokes M, Sullivan L, Mitchell J, Wetzel R, Macneill J, Ren JM, Yuan J, Bakalarski CE, Villen J, Kornhauser JM, Smith B, Li D, Zhou X, Gygi SP, Gu TL, Polakiewicz RD, Rush J, Comb MJ: Global survey of phosphotyrosine signaling identifies oncogenic kinases in lung cancer. Cell. 2007 Dec 14;131(6):1190-203. [PubMed Link Image]
  21. Lu J, Stewart AJ, Sadler PJ, Pinheiro TJ, Blindauer CA: Albumin as a zinc carrier: properties of its high-affinity zinc-binding site. Biochem Soc Trans. 2008 Dec;36(Pt 6):1317-21. [PubMed Link Image]
  22. Han G, Ye M, Zhou H, Jiang X, Feng S, Jiang X, Tian R, Wan D, Zou H, Gu J: Large-scale phosphoproteome analysis of human liver tissue by enrichment and fractionation of phosphopeptides with strong anion exchange chromatography. Proteomics. 2008 Apr;8(7):1346-61. [PubMed Link Image]
  23. Zhou W, Ross MM, Tessitore A, Ornstein D, Vanmeter A, Liotta LA, Petricoin EF 3rd: An initial characterization of the serum phosphoproteome. J Proteome Res. 2009 Dec;8(12):5523-31. [PubMed Link Image]
  24. Heibeck TH, Ding SJ, Opresko LK, Zhao R, Schepmoes AA, Yang F, Tolmachev AV, Monroe ME, Camp DG 2nd, Smith RD, Wiley HS, Qian WJ: An extensive survey of tyrosine phosphorylation revealing new sites in human mammary epithelial cells. J Proteome Res. 2009 Aug;8(8):3852-61. [PubMed Link Image]
  25. Mayya V, Lundgren DH, Hwang SI, Rezaul K, Wu L, Eng JK, Rodionov V, Han DK: Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of T cell receptor signaling reveals system-wide modulation of protein-protein interactions. Sci Signal. 2009 Aug 18;2(84):ra46. [PubMed Link Image]
  26. Carter DC, He XM, Munson SH, Twigg PD, Gernert KM, Broom MB, Miller TY: Three-dimensional structure of human serum albumin. Science. 1989 Jun 9;244(4909):1195-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  27. Carter DC, He XM: Structure of human serum albumin. Science. 1990 Jul 20;249(4966):302-3. [PubMed Link Image]
  28. He XM, Carter DC: Atomic structure and chemistry of human serum albumin. Nature. 1992 Jul 16;358(6383):209-15. [PubMed Link Image]
  29. Curry S, Mandelkow H, Brick P, Franks N: Crystal structure of human serum albumin complexed with fatty acid reveals an asymmetric distribution of binding sites. Nat Struct Biol. 1998 Sep;5(9):827-35. [PubMed Link Image]
  30. Sugio S, Kashima A, Mochizuki S, Noda M, Kobayashi K: Crystal structure of human serum albumin at 2.5 A resolution. Protein Eng. 1999 Jun;12(6):439-46. [PubMed Link Image]
  31. Bhattacharya AA, Curry S, Franks NP: Binding of the general anesthetics propofol and halothane to human serum albumin. High resolution crystal structures. J Biol Chem. 2000 Dec 8;275(49):38731-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  32. Petitpas I, Grune T, Bhattacharya AA, Curry S: Crystal structures of human serum albumin complexed with monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Mol Biol. 2001 Dec 14;314(5):955-60. [PubMed Link Image]
  33. Brennan SO, Herbert P: Albumin Canterbury (313 Lys----Asn). A point mutation in the second domain of serum albumin. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1987 Apr 8;912(2):191-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  34. Takahashi N, Takahashi Y, Blumberg BS, Putnam FW: Amino acid substitutions in genetic variants of human serum albumin and in sequences inferred from molecular cloning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Jul;84(13):4413-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  35. Takahashi N, Takahashi Y, Isobe T, Putnam FW, Fujita M, Satoh C, Neel JV: Amino acid substitutions in inherited albumin variants from Amerindian and Japanese populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Nov;84(22):8001-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  36. Arai K, Ishioka N, Huss K, Madison J, Putnam FW: Identical structural changes in inherited albumin variants from different populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Jan;86(2):434-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  37. Arai K, Madison J, Huss K, Ishioka N, Satoh C, Fujita M, Neel JV, Sakurabayashi I, Putnam FW: Point substitutions in Japanese alloalbumins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Aug;86(16):6092-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  38. Arai K, Madison J, Shimizu A, Putnam FW: Point substitutions in albumin genetic variants from Asia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Jan;87(1):497-501. [PubMed Link Image]
  39. Brennan SO, Myles T, Peach RJ, Donaldson D, George PM: Albumin Redhill (-1 Arg, 320 Ala----Thr): a glycoprotein variant of human serum albumin whose precursor has an aberrant signal peptidase cleavage site. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Jan;87(1):26-30. [PubMed Link Image]
  40. Galliano M, Minchiotti L, Porta F, Rossi A, Ferri G, Madison J, Watkins S, Putnam FW: Mutations in genetic variants of human serum albumin found in Italy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Nov;87(22):8721-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  41. Watkins S, Madison J, Davis E, Sakamoto Y, Galliano M, Minchiotti L, Putnam FW: A donor splice mutation and a single-base deletion produce two carboxyl-terminal variants of human serum albumin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Jul 15;88(14):5959-63. [PubMed Link Image]
  42. Madison J, Arai K, Sakamoto Y, Feld RD, Kyle RA, Watkins S, Davis E, Matsuda Y, Amaki I, Putnam FW: Genetic variants of serum albumin in Americans and Japanese. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Nov 1;88(21):9853-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  43. Peach RJ, Brennan SO: Structural characterization of a glycoprotein variant of human serum albumin: albumin Casebrook (494 Asp----Asn). Biochim Biophys Acta. 1991 Jul 26;1097(1):49-54. [PubMed Link Image]
  44. Minchiotti L, Galliano M, Stoppini M, Ferri G, Crespeau H, Rochu D, Porta F: Two alloalbumins with identical electrophoretic mobility are produced by differently charged amino acid substitutions. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1992 Mar 12;1119(3):232-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  45. Carlson J, Sakamoto Y, Laurell CB, Madison J, Watkins S, Putnam FW: Alloalbuminemia in Sweden: structural study and phenotypic distribution of nine albumin variants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Sep 1;89(17):8225-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  46. Minchiotti L, Galliano M, Zapponi MC, Tenni R: The structural characterization and bilirubin-binding properties of albumin Herborn, a [Lys240-->Glu] albumin mutant. Eur J Biochem. 1993 Jun 1;214(2):437-44. [PubMed Link Image]
  47. Brennan SO, Fellowes AP: Albumin Hawkes Bay; a low level variant caused by loss of a sulphydryl group at position 177. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1993 Aug 4;1182(1):46-50. [PubMed Link Image]
  48. Galliano M, Minchiotti L, Iadarola P, Stoppini M, Giagnoni P, Watkins S, Madison J, Putnam FW: Protein and DNA sequence analysis of a 'private' genetic variant: albumin Ortonovo (Glu-505-->Lys). Biochim Biophys Acta. 1993 Nov 25;1225(1):27-32. [PubMed Link Image]
  49. Madison J, Galliano M, Watkins S, Minchiotti L, Porta F, Rossi A, Putnam FW: Genetic variants of human serum albumin in Italy: point mutants and a carboxyl-terminal variant. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Jul 5;91(14):6476-80. [PubMed Link Image]
  50. Sunthornthepvarakul T, Angkeow P, Weiss RE, Hayashi Y, Refetoff S: An identical missense mutation in the albumin gene results in familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia in 8 unrelated families. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994 Jul 29;202(2):781-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  51. Rushbrook JI, Becker E, Schussler GC, Divino CM: Identification of a human serum albumin species associated with familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995 Feb;80(2):461-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  52. Wada N, Chiba H, Shimizu C, Kijima H, Kubo M, Koike T: A novel missense mutation in codon 218 of the albumin gene in a distinct phenotype of familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia in a Japanese kindred. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Oct;82(10):3246-50. [PubMed Link Image]
  53. Sunthornthepvarakul T, Likitmaskul S, Ngowngarmratana S, Angsusingha K, Kitvitayasak S, Scherberg NH, Refetoff S: Familial dysalbuminemic hypertriiodothyroninemia: a new, dominantly inherited albumin defect. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 May;83(5):1448-54. [PubMed Link Image]
  54. Spahr CS, Davis MT, McGinley MD, Robinson JH, Bures EJ, Beierle J, Mort J, Courchesne PL, Chen K, Wahl RC, Yu W, Luethy R, Patterson SD: Towards defining the urinary proteome using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. I. Profiling an unfractionated tryptic digest. Proteomics. 2001 Jan;1(1):93-107. [PubMed Link Image]
  55. Minchiotti L, Campagnoli M, Rossi A, Cosulich ME, Monti M, Pucci P, Kragh-Hansen U, Granel B, Disdier P, Weiller PJ, Galliano M: A nucleotide insertion and frameshift cause albumin Kenitra, an extended and O-glycosylated mutant of human serum albumin with two additional disulfide bridges. Eur J Biochem. 2001 Jan;268(2):344-52. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 5 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 6 [top]
Enzyme 6 ID 8393
Enzyme 6 Name Thyroxine-binding globulin
Enzyme 6 Synonyms
  1. Serpin A7
  2. T4-binding globulin
Enzyme 6 Gene Name SERPINA7
Enzyme 6 Protein Sequence >Thyroxine-binding globulin
MSPFLYLVLLVLGLHATIHCASPEGKVTACHSSQPNATLYKMSSINADFAFNLYRRFTVE
TPDKNIFFSPVSISAALVMLSFGACCSTQTEIVETLGFNLTDTPMVEIQHGFQHLICSLN
FPKKELELQIGNALFIGKHLKPLAKFLNDVKTLYETEVFSTDFSNISAAKQEINSHVEMQ
TKGKVVGLIQDLKPNTIMVLVNYIHFKAQWANPFDPSKTEDSSSFLIDKTTTVQVPMMHQ
MEQYYHLVDMELNCTVLQMDYSKNALALFVLPKEGQMESVEAAMSSKTLKKWNRLLQKGW
VDLFVPKFSISATYDLGATLLKMGIQHAYSENADFSGLTEDNGLKLSNAAHKAVLHIGEK
GTEAAAVPEVELSDQPENTFLHPIIQIDRSFMLLILERSTRSILFLGKVVNPTEA
Enzyme 6 Number of Residues 415
Enzyme 6 Molecular Weight 46324.1
Enzyme 6 Theoretical pI 6.27
Enzyme 6 GO Classification
Function
  • endopeptidase inhibitor activity
  • enzyme inhibitor activity
  • enzyme regulator activity
  • peptidase inhibitor activity
  • serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity
Process
Component
Enzyme 6 General Function Involved in serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity
Enzyme 6 Specific Function Major thyroid hormone transport protein in serum
Enzyme 6 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 6 Reactions Not Available
Enzyme 6 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 6 Signals
  • 1-20
Enzyme 6 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 6 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 6 GenBank ID Protein 18089129 Link Image
Enzyme 6 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P05543 Link Image
Enzyme 6 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name THBG_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 6 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 6 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 6 Gene Sequence >1248 bp
ATGTCACCATTCCTGTATCTGGTTCTCTTGGTACTTGGGCTTCATGCTACAATCCACTGT
GCATCACCTGAAGGCAAAGTAACAGCCTGCCATTCATCCCAACCAAATGCCACTCTCTAC
AAGATGTCATCCATTAATGCTGACTTTGCATTCAATCTGTACCGGAGGTTCACTGTGGAG
ACCCCAGATAAGAACATCTTCTTTTCCCCTGTGAGCATTTCTGCAGCTTTGGTTATGCTT
TCCTTTGGGGCCTGCTGCAGCACCCAAACTGAGATTGTGGAGACCTTGGGGTTCAACCTC
ACAGACACTCCAATGGTAGAGATCCAGCATGGCTTCCAGCATCTGATCTGTTCACTGAAT
TTTCCAAAGAAGGAACTGGAATTGCAGATAGGAAATGCCCTCTTCATTGGCAAGCATCTG
AAACCACTGGCAAAGTTCTTGAATGATGTCAAGACCCTCTATGAGACTGAAGTCTTTTCT
ACCGACTTCTCCAACATTTCTGCAGCCAAGCAGGAGATTAACAGTCATGTGGAGATGCAA
ACCAAAGGGAAAGTTGTGGGTCTAATTCAAGACCTCAAGCCAAACACCATCATGGTCTTA
GTGAACTATATTCACTTTAAAGCCCAGTGGGCAAATCCTTTTGATCCATCCAAGACAGAA
GACAGTTCCAGCTTCTTAATAGACAAGACCACCACTGTTCAAGTGCCCATGATGCACCAG
ATGGAACAATACTATCACCTAGTGGATATGGAATTGAACTGCACAGTTCTGCAAATGGAC
TACAGCAAGAATGCTCTGGCACTCTTTGTTCTTCCCAAGGAGGGACAGATGGAGTCAGTG
GAAGCTGCCATGTCATCTAAAACACTGAAGAAGTGGAACCGCTTACTACAGAAGGGATGG
GTTGACTTGTTTGTTCCAAAGTTTTCCATTTCTGCCACATATGACCTTGGAGCCACACTT
TTGAAGATGGGCATTCAGCATGCCTATTCTGAAAATGCTGATTTTTCTGGACTCACAGAG
GACAATGGTCTGAAACTTTCCAATGCTGCCCATAAGGCTGTGCTGCACATTGGTGAAAAG
GGAACTGAAGCTGCAGCTGTCCCTGAAGTTGAACTTTCGGATCAGCCTGAAAACACTTTC
CTACACCCTATTATCCAAATTGATAGATCTTTCATGTTGTTGATTTTGGAGAGAAGCACA
AGGAGTATTCTCTTTCTAGGGAAAGTTGTGAACCCAACGGAAGCGTAG
Enzyme 6 GenBank Gene ID BC020747 Link Image
Enzyme 6 GeneCard ID SERPINA7 Link Image
Enzyme 6 GenAtlas ID SERPINA7 Link Image
Enzyme 6 HGNC ID HGNC:11583 Link Image
Enzyme 6 Chromosome Location Not Available
Enzyme 6 Locus Not Available
Enzyme 6 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 6 General References
  1. Flink IL, Bailey TJ, Gustafson TA, Markham BE, Morkin E: Complete amino acid sequence of human thyroxine-binding globulin deduced from cloned DNA: close homology to the serine antiproteases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Oct;83(20):7708-12. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Akbari MT, Kapadi A, Farmer MJ, Fitch NJ, McCann KP, Kordestani S, Flink IL, Sheppard MC, Ramsden DB: The structure of the human thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) gene. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1993 Dec 14;1216(3):446-54. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Hayashi Y, Mori Y, Janssen OE, Sunthornthepvarakul T, Weiss RE, Takeda K, Weinberg M, Seo H, Bell GI, Refetoff S: Human thyroxine-binding globulin gene: complete sequence and transcriptional regulation. Mol Endocrinol. 1993 Aug;7(8):1049-60. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Ross MT, Grafham DV, Coffey AJ, Scherer S, McLay K, Muzny D, Platzer M, Howell GR, Burrows C, Bird CP, Frankish A, Lovell FL, Howe KL, Ashurst JL, Fulton RS, Sudbrak R, Wen G, Jones MC, Hurles ME, Andrews TD, Scott CE, Searle S, Ramser J, Whittaker A, Deadman R, Carter NP, Hunt SE, Chen R, Cree A, Gunaratne P, Havlak P, Hodgson A, Metzker ML, Richards S, Scott G, Steffen D, Sodergren E, Wheeler DA, Worley KC, Ainscough R, Ambrose KD, Ansari-Lari MA, Aradhya S, Ashwell RI, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Ballabio A, Banerjee R, Barker GE, Barlow KF, Barrett IP, Bates KN, Beare DM, Beasley H, Beasley O, Beck A, Bethel G, Blechschmidt K, Brady N, Bray-Allen S, Bridgeman AM, Brown AJ, Brown MJ, Bonnin D, Bruford EA, Buhay C, Burch P, Burford D, Burgess J, Burrill W, Burton J, Bye JM, Carder C, Carrel L, Chako J, Chapman JC, Chavez D, Chen E, Chen G, Chen Y, Chen Z, Chinault C, Ciccodicola A, Clark SY, Clarke G, Clee CM, Clegg S, Clerc-Blankenburg K, Clifford K, Cobley V, Cole CG, Conquer JS, Corby N, Connor RE, David R, Davies J, Davis C, Davis J, Delgado O, Deshazo D, Dhami P, Ding Y, Dinh H, Dodsworth S, Draper H, Dugan-Rocha S, Dunham A, Dunn M, Durbin KJ, Dutta I, Eades T, Ellwood M, Emery-Cohen A, Errington H, Evans KL, Faulkner L, Francis F, Frankland J, Fraser AE, Galgoczy P, Gilbert J, Gill R, Glockner G, Gregory SG, Gribble S, Griffiths C, Grocock R, Gu Y, Gwilliam R, Hamilton C, Hart EA, Hawes A, Heath PD, Heitmann K, Hennig S, Hernandez J, Hinzmann B, Ho S, Hoffs M, Howden PJ, Huckle EJ, Hume J, Hunt PJ, Hunt AR, Isherwood J, Jacob L, Johnson D, Jones S, de Jong PJ, Joseph SS, Keenan S, Kelly S, Kershaw JK, Khan Z, Kioschis P, Klages S, Knights AJ, Kosiura A, Kovar-Smith C, Laird GK, Langford C, Lawlor S, Leversha M, Lewis L, Liu W, Lloyd C, Lloyd DM, Loulseged H, Loveland JE, Lovell JD, Lozado R, Lu J, Lyne R, Ma J, Maheshwari M, Matthews LH, McDowall J, McLaren S, McMurray A, Meidl P, Meitinger T, Milne S, Miner G, Mistry SL, Morgan M, Morris S, Muller I, Mullikin JC, Nguyen N, Nordsiek G, Nyakatura G, O'Dell CN, Okwuonu G, Palmer S, Pandian R, Parker D, Parrish J, Pasternak S, Patel D, Pearce AV, Pearson DM, Pelan SE, Perez L, Porter KM, Ramsey Y, Reichwald K, Rhodes S, Ridler KA, Schlessinger D, Schueler MG, Sehra HK, Shaw-Smith C, Shen H, Sheridan EM, Shownkeen R, Skuce CD, Smith ML, Sotheran EC, Steingruber HE, Steward CA, Storey R, Swann RM, Swarbreck D, Tabor PE, Taudien S, Taylor T, Teague B, Thomas K, Thorpe A, Timms K, Tracey A, Trevanion S, Tromans AC, d'Urso M, Verduzco D, Villasana D, Waldron L, Wall M, Wang Q, Warren J, Warry GL, Wei X, West A, Whitehead SL, Whiteley MN, Wilkinson JE, Willey DL, Williams G, Williams L, Williamson A, Williamson H, Wilming L, Woodmansey RL, Wray PW, Yen J, Zhang J, Zhou J, Zoghbi H, Zorilla S, Buck D, Reinhardt R, Poustka A, Rosenthal A, Lehrach H, Meindl A, Minx PJ, Hillier LW, Willard HF, Wilson RK, Waterston RH, Rice CM, Vaudin M, Coulson A, Nelson DL, Weinstock G, Sulston JE, Durbin R, Hubbard T, Gibbs RA, Beck S, Rogers J, Bentley DR: The DNA sequence of the human X chromosome. Nature. 2005 Mar 17;434(7031):325-37. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Cheng SY: Partial amino acid sequence of human thyroxine-binding globulin. Further evidence for a single polypeptide chain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1977 Dec 21;79(4):1212-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Liu T, Qian WJ, Gritsenko MA, Camp DG 2nd, Monroe ME, Moore RJ, Smith RD: Human plasma N-glycoproteome analysis by immunoaffinity subtraction, hydrazide chemistry, and mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res. 2005 Nov-Dec;4(6):2070-80. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Nilsson J, Ruetschi U, Halim A, Hesse C, Carlsohn E, Brinkmalm G, Larson G: Enrichment of glycopeptides for glycan structure and attachment site identification. Nat Methods. 2009 Nov;6(11):809-11. Epub 2009 Oct 18. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Zhou A, Wei Z, Read RJ, Carrell RW: Structural mechanism for the carriage and release of thyroxine in the blood. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Sep 5;103(36):13321-6. Epub 2006 Aug 28. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Janssen OE, Bertenshaw R, Takeda K, Weiss R, Refetoff S: Molecular basis of inherited thyroxine-binding globulin defects. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 1992 Mar;3(2):49-53. [PubMed Link Image]
  11. Mori Y, Takeda K, Charbonneau M, Refetoff S: Replacement of Leu227 by Pro in thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) is associated with complete TBG deficiency in three of eight families with this inherited defect. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990 Mar;70(3):804-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  12. Mori Y, Seino S, Takeda K, Flink IL, Murata Y, Bell GI, Refetoff S: A mutation causing reduced biological activity and stability of thyroxine-binding globulin probably as a result of abnormal glycosylation of the molecule. Mol Endocrinol. 1989 Mar;3(3):575-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  13. Shirotani T, Kishikawa H, Wake N, Miyamura N, Hashimoto Y, Motoyoshi S, Yamaguchi K, Shichiri M: Thyroxine-binding globulin variant (TBG-Kumamoto): identification of a point mutation and genotype analysis of its family. Endocrinol Jpn. 1992 Dec;39(6):577-84. [PubMed Link Image]
  14. Janssen OE, Takeda K, Refetoff S: Sequence of the variant thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) in a Montreal family with partial TBG deficiency. Hum Genet. 1991 Jun;87(2):119-22. [PubMed Link Image]
  15. Bertenshaw R, Takeda K, Refetoff S: Sequencing of the variant thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)-Quebec reveals two nucleotide substitutions. Am J Hum Genet. 1991 Apr;48(4):741-4. [PubMed Link Image]
  16. Bertenshaw R, Sarne D, Tornari J, Weinberg M, Refetoff S: Sequencing of the variant thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)-San Diego reveals two nucleotide substitutions. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1992 Aug 25;1139(4):307-10. [PubMed Link Image]
  17. Takeda K, Mori Y, Sobieszczyk S, Seo H, Dick M, Watson F, Flink IL, Seino S, Bell GI, Refetoff S: Sequence of the variant thyroxine-binding globulin of Australian aborigines. Only one of two amino acid replacements is responsible for its altered properties. J Clin Invest. 1989 Apr;83(4):1344-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  18. Waltz MR, Pullman TN, Takeda K, Sobieszczyk P, Refetoff S: Molecular basis for the properties of the thyroxine-binding globulin-slow variant in American blacks. J Endocrinol Invest. 1990 Apr;13(4):343-9. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 6 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 7 [top]
Enzyme 7 ID 8404
Enzyme 7 Name Thyroid hormone receptor beta
Enzyme 7 Synonyms
  1. Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group A member 2
  2. c-erbA-2
  3. c-erbA-beta
Enzyme 7 Gene Name THRB
Enzyme 7 Protein Sequence >Thyroid hormone receptor beta
MTPNSMTENGLTAWDKPKHCPDREHDWKLVGMSEACLHRKSHSERRSTLKNEQSSPHLIQ
TTWTSSIFHLDHDDVNDQSVSSAQTFQTEEKKCKGYIPSYLDKDELCVVCGDKATGYHYR
CITCEGCKGFFRRTIQKNLHPSYSCKYEGKCVIDKVTRNQCQECRFKKCIYVGMATDLVL
DDSKRLAKRKLIEENREKRRREELQKSIGHKPEPTDEEWELIKTVTEAHVATNAQGSHWK
QKRKFLPEDIGQAPIVNAPEGGKVDLEAFSHFTKIITPAITRVVDFAKKLPMFCELPCED
QIILLKGCCMEIMSLRAAVRYDPESETLTLNGEMAVTRGQLKNGGLGVVSDAIFDLGMSL
SSFNLDDTEVALLQAVLLMSSDRPGLACVERIEKYQDSFLLAFEHYINYRKHHVTHFWPK
LLMKVTDLRMIGACHASRFLHMKVECPTELFPPLFLEVFED
Enzyme 7 Number of Residues 461
Enzyme 7 Molecular Weight 52787.2
Enzyme 7 Theoretical pI 7.11
Enzyme 7 GO Classification
Function
  • DNA binding
  • binding
  • cation binding
  • ion binding
  • ligand-dependent nuclear receptor activity
  • metal ion binding
  • molecular transducer activity
  • nucleic acid binding
  • receptor activity
  • sequence-specific DNA binding
  • sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity
  • signal transducer activity
  • steroid hormone receptor activity
  • thyroid hormone receptor activity
  • transition metal ion binding
  • zinc ion binding
Process
  • biological regulation
  • regulation of biological process
  • regulation of gene expression
  • regulation of macromolecule metabolic process
  • regulation of metabolic process
  • regulation of transcription
  • regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
Component
  • intracellular membrane-bounded organelle
  • membrane-bounded organelle
  • nucleus
  • organelle
Enzyme 7 General Function Involved in sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity
Enzyme 7 Specific Function High affinity receptor for triiodothyronine
Enzyme 7 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 7 Reactions Not Available
Enzyme 7 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 7 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 7 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 7 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 7 GenBank ID Protein 193788447 Link Image
Enzyme 7 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P10828 Link Image
Enzyme 7 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name THB_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 7 PDB ID 1Y0X Link Image
Enzyme 7 PDB File Show
Enzyme 7 3D Structure
Enzyme 7 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 7 Gene Sequence >1386 bp
ATGACTCCCAACAGTATGACAGAAAATGGCCTTACAGCCTGGGACAAACCGAAGCACTGT
CCAGACCGAGAACACGACTGGAAGCTAGTAGGAATGTCTGAAGCCTGCCTACATAGGAAG
AGCCATTCAGAGAGGCGCAGCACGTTGAAAAATGAACAGTCGTCGCCACATCTCATCCAG
ACCACTTGGACTAGCTCAATATTCCATCTGGACCATGATGATGTGAACGACCAGAGTGTC
TCAAGTGCCCAGACCTTCCAAACGGAGGAGAAGAAATGTAAAGGGTACATCCCCAGTTAC
TTAGACAAGGACGAGCTCTGTGTAGTGTGTGGTGACAAAGCCACCGGGTATCACTACCGC
TGTATCACGTGTGAAGGCTGCAAGGGTTTCTTTAGAAGAACCATTCAGAAAAATCTCCAT
CCATCCTATTCCTGTAAATATGAAGGAAAATGTGTCATAGACAAAGTCACGCGAAATCAG
TGCCAGGAATGTCGCTTTAAGAAATGCATCTATGTTGGCATGGCAACAGATTTGGTGCTG
GATGACAGCAAGAGGCTGGCCAAGAGGAAGCTGATAGAGGAGAACCGGGAGAAAAGACGG
CGGGAAGAGCTGCAGAAGTCCATCGGGCACAAGCCAGAGCCCACAGACGAGGAATGGGAG
CTCATCAAAACTGTCACCGAAGCCCATGTGGCGACCAACGCCCAAGGCAGCCACTGGAAG
CAAAAACGGAAATTCCTGCCAGAAGACATTGGACAAGCACCAATAGTCAATGCCCCAGAA
GGTGGAAAGGTTGACTTGGAAGCCTTCAGCCATTTTACAAAAATCATCACACCAGCAATT
ACCAGAGTGGTGGATTTTGCCAAAAAGTTGCCTATGTTTTGTGAGCTGCCATGTGAAGAC
CAGATCATCCTCCTCAAAGGCTGCTGCATGGAGATCATGTCCCTTCGCGCTGCTGTGCGC
TATGACCCAGAAAGTGAGACTTTAACCTTGAATGGGGAAATGGCAGTGACACGGGGCCAG
CTGAAAAATGGGGGTCTTGGGGTGGTGTCAGACGCCATCTTTGACCTGGGCATGTCTCTG
TCTTCTTTCAACCTGGATGACACTGAAGTAGCCCTCCTTCAGGCCGTCCTGCTGATGTCT
TCAGATCGCCCGGGGCTTGCCTGTGTTGAGAGAATAGAAAAGTACCAAGATAGTTTCCTG
CTGGCCTTTGAACACTATATCAATTACCGAAAACACCACGTGACACACTTTTGGCCAAAA
CTCCTGATGAAGGTGACAGATCTGCGGATGATAGGAGCCTGCCATGCCAGCCGCTTCCTG
CACATGAAGGTGGAATGCCCCACAGAACTCTTCCCCCCTTTGTTCTTGGAAGTGTTCGAG
GATTAG
Enzyme 7 GenBank Gene ID AK096628 Link Image
Enzyme 7 GeneCard ID THRB Link Image
Enzyme 7 GenAtlas ID THRB Link Image
Enzyme 7 HGNC ID HGNC:11799 Link Image
Enzyme 7 Chromosome Location 3
Enzyme 7 Locus 3p24.2
Enzyme 7 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 7 General References
  1. Weinberger C, Giguere V, Hollenberg S, Rosenfeld MG, Evans RM: Human steroid receptors and erbA proto-oncogene products: members of a new superfamily of enhancer binding proteins. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1986;51 Pt 2:759-72. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Weinberger C, Thompson CC, Ong ES, Lebo R, Gruol DJ, Evans RM: The c-erb-A gene encodes a thyroid hormone receptor. Nature. 1986 Dec 18-31;324(6098):641-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Sakurai A, Nakai A, DeGroot LJ: Structural analysis of human thyroid hormone receptor beta gene. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1990 Jun 18;71(2):83-91. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Frankton S, Harvey CB, Gleason LM, Fadel A, Williams GR: Multiple messenger ribonucleic acid variants regulate cell-specific expression of human thyroid hormone receptor beta1. Mol Endocrinol. 2004 Jul;18(7):1631-42. Epub 2004 Apr 22. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Flynn TR, Hollenberg AN, Cohen O, Menke JB, Usala SJ, Tollin S, Hegarty MK, Wondisford FE: A novel C-terminal domain in the thyroid hormone receptor selectively mediates thyroid hormone inhibition. J Biol Chem. 1994 Dec 30;269(52):32713-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Zhu XG, Park KS, Kaneshige M, Bhat MK, Zhu Q, Mariash CN, McPhie P, Cheng SY: The orphan nuclear receptor Ear-2 is a negative coregulator for thyroid hormone nuclear receptor function. Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Apr;20(7):2604-18. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Shao W, Halachmi S, Brown M: ERAP140, a conserved tissue-specific nuclear receptor coactivator. Mol Cell Biol. 2002 May;22(10):3358-72. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Rastinejad F, Perlmann T, Evans RM, Sigler PB: Structural determinants of nuclear receptor assembly on DNA direct repeats. Nature. 1995 May 18;375(6528):203-11. [PubMed Link Image]
  11. Sakurai A, Takeda K, Ain K, Ceccarelli P, Nakai A, Seino S, Bell GI, Refetoff S, DeGroot LJ: Generalized resistance to thyroid hormone associated with a mutation in the ligand-binding domain of the human thyroid hormone receptor beta. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Nov;86(22):8977-81. [PubMed Link Image]
  12. Usala SJ, Tennyson GE, Bale AE, Lash RW, Gesundheit N, Wondisford FE, Accili D, Hauser P, Weintraub BD: A base mutation of the C-erbA beta thyroid hormone receptor in a kindred with generalized thyroid hormone resistance. Molecular heterogeneity in two other kindreds. J Clin Invest. 1990 Jan;85(1):93-100. [PubMed Link Image]
  13. Usala SJ, Menke JB, Watson TL, Berard WE, Bradley C, Bale AE, Lash RW, Weintraub BD: A new point mutation in the 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine-binding domain of the c-erbA beta thyroid hormone receptor is tightly linked to generalized thyroid hormone resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991 Jan;72(1):32-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  14. Parrilla R, Mixson AJ, McPherson JA, McClaskey JH, Weintraub BD: Characterization of seven novel mutations of the c-erbA beta gene in unrelated kindreds with generalized thyroid hormone resistance. Evidence for two "hot spot" regions of the ligand binding domain. J Clin Invest. 1991 Dec;88(6):2123-30. [PubMed Link Image]
  15. Usala SJ, Menke JB, Watson TL, Wondisford FE, Weintraub BD, Berard J, Bradley WE, Ono S, Mueller OT, Bercu BB: A homozygous deletion in the c-erbA beta thyroid hormone receptor gene in a patient with generalized thyroid hormone resistance: isolation and characterization of the mutant receptor. Mol Endocrinol. 1991 Mar;5(3):327-35. [PubMed Link Image]
  16. Adams M, Nagaya T, Tone Y, Jameson JL, Chatterjee VK: Functional properties of a novel mutant thyroid hormone receptor in a family with generalized thyroid hormone resistance syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1992 Mar;36(3):281-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  17. Cugini CD Jr, Leidy JW Jr, Chertow BS, Berard J, Bradley WE, Menke JB, Hao EH, Usala SJ: An arginine to histidine mutation in codon 315 of the c-erbA beta thyroid hormone receptor in a kindred with generalized resistance to thyroid hormones results in a receptor with significant 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine binding activity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992 May;74(5):1164-70. [PubMed Link Image]
  18. Shuto Y, Wakabayashi I, Amuro N, Minami S, Okazaki T: A point mutation in the 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine-binding domain of thyroid hormone receptor-beta associated with a family with generalized resistance to thyroid hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992 Jul;75(1):213-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  19. Sasaki S, Nakamura H, Tagami T, Miyoshi Y, Tanaka K, Imura H: A point mutation of the T3 receptor beta 1 gene in a kindred of generalized resistance to thyroid hormone. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1992 Apr;84(3):159-66. [PubMed Link Image]
  20. Behr M, Loos U: A point mutation (Ala229 to Thr) in the hinge domain of the c-erbA beta thyroid hormone receptor gene in a family with generalized thyroid hormone resistance. Mol Endocrinol. 1992 Jul;6(7):1119-26. [PubMed Link Image]
  21. Geffner ME, Su F, Ross NS, Hershman JM, Van Dop C, Menke JB, Hao E, Stanzak RK, Eaton T, Samuels HH, et al.: An arginine to histidine mutation in codon 311 of the C-erbA beta gene results in a mutant thyroid hormone receptor that does not mediate a dominant negative phenotype. J Clin Invest. 1993 Feb;91(2):538-46. [PubMed Link Image]
  22. Weiss RE, Weinberg M, Refetoff S: Identical mutations in unrelated families with generalized resistance to thyroid hormone occur in cytosine-guanine-rich areas of the thyroid hormone receptor beta gene. Analysis of 15 families. J Clin Invest. 1993 Jun;91(6):2408-15. [PubMed Link Image]
  23. Weiss RE, Chyna B, Duell PB, Hayashi Y, Sunthornthepvarakul T, Refetoff S: A new point mutation (C446R) in the thyroid hormone receptor-beta gene of a family with resistance to thyroid hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994 May;78(5):1253-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  24. Refetoff S, Weiss RE, Wing JR, Sarne D, Chyna B, Hayashi Y: Resistance to thyroid hormone in subjects from two unrelated families is associated with a point mutation in the thyroid hormone receptor beta gene resulting in the replacement of the normal proline 453 with serine. Thyroid. 1994 Fall;4(3):249-54. [PubMed Link Image]
  25. Pohlenz J, Schonberger W, Wemme H, Winterpacht A, Wirth S, Zabel B: New point mutation (R243W) in the hormone binding domain of the c-erbA beta 1 gene in a family with generalized resistance to thyroid hormone. Hum Mutat. 1996;7(1):79-81. [PubMed Link Image]
  26. Seto D, Weintraub BD: Rapid molecular diagnosis of mutations associated with generalized thyroid hormone resistance by PCR-coupled automated direct sequencing of genomic DNA: detection of two novel mutations. Hum Mutat. 1996;8(3):247-57. [PubMed Link Image]
  27. Menzaghi C, Di Paola R, Corrias A, Einaudi S, Trischitta V, De Sanctis C, De Filippis V: T426I a new mutation in the thyroid hormone receptor beta gene in a sporadic patient with resistance to thyroid hormone and dysmorphism. Mutations in brief no. 192. Online. Hum Mutat. 1998;12(4):289. [PubMed Link Image]
  28. Mamanasiri S, Yesil S, Dumitrescu AM, Liao XH, Demir T, Weiss RE, Refetoff S: Mosaicism of a thyroid hormone receptor-beta gene mutation in resistance to thyroid hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Sep;91(9):3471-7. Epub 2006 Jun 27. [PubMed Link Image]
  29. Rivolta CM, Olcese MC, Belforte FS, Chiesa A, Gruneiro-Papendieck L, Iorcansky S, Herzovich V, Cassorla F, Gauna A, Gonzalez-Sarmiento R, Targovnik HM: Genotyping of resistance to thyroid hormone in South American population. Identification of seven novel missense mutations in the human thyroid hormone receptor beta gene. Mol Cell Probes. 2009 Jun-Aug;23(3-4):148-53. Epub 2009 Mar 4. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 7 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 8 [top]
Enzyme 8 ID 16974
Enzyme 8 Name Thyroid hormone receptor alpha
Enzyme 8 Synonyms
  1. Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group A member 1
  2. V-erbA-related protein 7
  3. EAR-7
  4. c-erbA-1
  5. c-erbA-alpha
Enzyme 8 Gene Name THRA
Enzyme 8 Protein Sequence >Thyroid hormone receptor alpha
MEQKPSKVECGSDPEENSARSPDGKRKRKNGQCSLKTSMSGYIPSYLDKDEQCVVCGDKA
TGYHYRCITCEGCKGFFRRTIQKNLHPTYSCKYDSCCVIDKITRNQCQLCRFKKCIAVGM
AMDLVLDDSKRVAKRKLIEQNRERRRKEEMIRSLQQRPEPTPEEWDLIHIATEAHRSTNA
QGSHWKQRRKFLPDDIGQSPIVSMPDGDKVDLEAFSEFTKIITPAITRVVDFAKKLPMFS
ELPCEDQIILLKGCCMEIMSLRAAVRYDPESDTLTLSGEMAVKREQLKNGGLGVVSDAIF
ELGKSLSAFNLDDTEVALLQAVLLMSTDRSGLLCVDKIEKSQEAYLLAFEHYVNHRKHNI
PHFWPKLLMKEREVQSSILYKGAAAEGRPGGSLGVHPEGQQLLGMHVVQGPQVRQLEQQL
GEAGSLQGPVLQHQSPKSPQQRLLELLHRSGILHARAVCGEDDSSEADSPSSSEEEPEVC
EDLAGNAASP
Enzyme 8 Number of Residues 490
Enzyme 8 Molecular Weight 54815.1
Enzyme 8 Theoretical pI 6.85
Enzyme 8 GO Classification
Function
  • DNA binding
  • binding
  • cation binding
  • ion binding
  • ligand-dependent nuclear receptor activity
  • metal ion binding
  • molecular transducer activity
  • nucleic acid binding
  • receptor activity
  • sequence-specific DNA binding
  • sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity
  • signal transducer activity
  • steroid hormone receptor activity
  • thyroid hormone receptor activity
  • transition metal ion binding
  • zinc ion binding
Process
  • biological regulation
  • regulation of biological process
  • regulation of gene expression
  • regulation of macromolecule metabolic process
  • regulation of metabolic process
  • regulation of transcription
  • regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
Component
  • intracellular membrane-bounded organelle
  • membrane-bounded organelle
  • nucleus
  • organelle
Enzyme 8 General Function Involved in sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity
Enzyme 8 Specific Function Nuclear hormone receptor. High affinity receptor for triiodothyronine
Enzyme 8 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 8 Reactions Not Available
Enzyme 8 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 8 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 8 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 8 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 8 GenBank ID Protein 300116309 Link Image
Enzyme 8 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P10827 Link Image
Enzyme 8 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name THA_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 8 PDB ID 1NAV Link Image
Enzyme 8 PDB File Show
Enzyme 8 3D Structure
Enzyme 8 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 8 Gene Sequence >1473 bp
ATGGAACAGAAGCCAAGCAAGGTGGAGTGTGGGTCAGACCCAGAGGAGAACAGTGCCAGG
TCACCAGATGGAAAGCGAAAAAGAAAGAACGGCCAATGTTCCCTGAAAACCAGCATGTCA
GGGTATATCCCTAGTTACCTGGACAAAGACGAGCAGTGTGTCGTGTGTGGGGACAAGGCA
ACTGGTTATCACTACCGCTGTATCACTTGTGAGGGCTGCAAGGGCTTCTTTCGCCGCACA
ATCCAGAAGAACCTCCATCCCACCTATTCCTGCAAATATGACAGCTGCTGTGTCATTGAC
AAGATCACCCGCAATCAGTGCCAGCTGTGCCGCTTCAAGAAGTGCATCGCCGTGGGCATG
GCCATGGACTTGGTTCTAGATGACTCGAAGCGGGTGGCCAAGCGTAAGCTGATTGAGCAG
AACCGGGAGCGGCGGCGGAAGGAGGAGATGATCCGATCACTGCAGCAGCGACCAGAGCCC
ACTCCTGAAGAGTGGGATCTGATCCACATTGCCACAGAGGCCCATCGCAGCACCAATGCC
CAGGGCAGCCATTGGAAACAGAGGCGGAAATTCCTGCCCGATGACATTGGCCAGTCACCC
ATTGTCTCCATGCCGGACGGAGACAAGGTGGACCTGGAAGCCTTCAGCGAGTTTACCAAG
ATCATCACCCCGGCCATCACCCGTGTGGTGGACTTTGCCAAAAAACTGCCCATGTTCTCC
GAGCTGCCTTGCGAAGACCAGATCATCCTCCTGAAGGGGTGCTGCATGGAGATCATGTCC
CTGCGGGCGGCTGTCCGCTACGACCCTGAGAGCGACACCCTGACGCTGAGTGGGGAGATG
GCTGTCAAGCGGGAGCAGCTCAAGAATGGCGGCCTGGGCGTAGTCTCCGACGCCATCTTT
GAACTGGGCAAGTCACTCTCTGCCTTTAACCTGGATGACACGGAAGTGGCTCTGCTGCAG
GCTGTGCTGCTAATGTCAACAGACCGCTCGGGCCTGCTGTGTGTGGACAAGATCGAGAAG
AGTCAGGAGGCGTACCTGCTGGCGTTCGAGCACTACGTCAACCACCGCAAACACAACATT
CCGCACTTCTGGCCCAAGCTGCTGATGAAGGAGAGAGAAGTGCAGAGTTCGATTCTGTAC
AAGGGGGCAGCGGCAGAAGGCCGGCCGGGCGGGTCACTGGGCGTCCACCCGGAAGGACAG
CAGCTTCTCGGAATGCATGTTGTTCAGGGTCCGCAGGTCCGGCAGCTTGAGCAGCAGCTT
GGTGAAGCGGGAAGTCTCCAAGGGCCGGTTCTTCAGCACCAGAGCCCGAAGAGCCCGCAG
CAGCGTCTCCTGGAGCTGCTCCACCGAAGCGGAATTCTCCATGCCCGAGCGGTCTGTGGG
GAAGACGACAGCAGTGAGGCGGACTCCCCGAGCTCCTCTGAGGAGGAACCGGAGGTCTGC
GAGGACCTGGCAGGCAATGCAGCCTCTCCCTGA
Enzyme 8 GenBank Gene ID NM_001190919.1 Link Image
Enzyme 8 GeneCard ID THRA Link Image
Enzyme 8 GenAtlas ID THRA Link Image
Enzyme 8 HGNC ID HGNC:11796 Link Image
Enzyme 8 Chromosome Location 1
Enzyme 8 Locus 17q11.2
Enzyme 8 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 8 General References
  1. Laudet V, Begue A, Henry-Duthoit C, Joubel A, Martin P, Stehelin D, Saule S: Genomic organization of the human thyroid hormone receptor alpha (c-erbA-1) gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1991 Mar 11;19(5):1105-12. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Miyajima N, Horiuchi R, Shibuya Y, Fukushige S, Matsubara K, Toyoshima K, Yamamoto T: Two erbA homologs encoding proteins with different T3 binding capacities are transcribed from opposite DNA strands of the same genetic locus. Cell. 1989 Apr 7;57(1):31-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Nakai A, Seino S, Sakurai A, Szilak I, Bell GI, DeGroot LJ: Characterization of a thyroid hormone receptor expressed in human kidney and other tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Apr;85(8):2781-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Pfahl M, Benbrook D: Nucleotide sequence of cDNA encoding a novel human thyroid hormone receptor. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Nov 25;15(22):9613. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Nakai A, Sakurai A, Bell GI, DeGroot LJ: Characterization of a third human thyroid hormone receptor coexpressed with other thyroid hormone receptors in several tissues. Mol Endocrinol. 1988 Nov;2(11):1087-92. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Benbrook D, Pfahl M: A novel thyroid hormone receptor encoded by a cDNA clone from a human testis library. Science. 1987 Nov 6;238(4828):788-91. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Chen H, Lin RJ, Schiltz RL, Chakravarti D, Nash A, Nagy L, Privalsky ML, Nakatani Y, Evans RM: Nuclear receptor coactivator ACTR is a novel histone acetyltransferase and forms a multimeric activation complex with P/CAF and CBP/p300. Cell. 1997 Aug 8;90(3):569-80. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Rubino D, Driggers P, Arbit D, Kemp L, Miller B, Coso O, Pagliai K, Gray K, Gutkind S, Segars J: Characterization of Brx, a novel Dbl family member that modulates estrogen receptor action. Oncogene. 1998 May 14;16(19):2513-26. [PubMed Link Image]
  11. Lee SK, Anzick SL, Choi JE, Bubendorf L, Guan XY, Jung YK, Kallioniemi OP, Kononen J, Trent JM, Azorsa D, Jhun BH, Cheong JH, Lee YC, Meltzer PS, Lee JW: A nuclear factor, ASC-2, as a cancer-amplified transcriptional coactivator essential for ligand-dependent transactivation by nuclear receptors in vivo. J Biol Chem. 1999 Nov 26;274(48):34283-93. [PubMed Link Image]
  12. Tan F, Lu L, Cai Y, Wang J, Xie Y, Wang L, Gong Y, Xu BE, Wu J, Luo Y, Qiang B, Yuan J, Sun X, Peng X: Proteomic analysis of ubiquitinated proteins in normal hepatocyte cell line Chang liver cells. Proteomics. 2008 Jul;8(14):2885-96. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 8 Metabolite References Not Available