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Human Metabolome Database Version 2.5

 

Showing metabocard for Urocanic acid (HMDB00301)

Legend: metabolite field enzyme field

Version 2.5
Creation Date 2005-11-16 15:48:42
Update Date 2009-05-05 20:57:50
Accession Number HMDB00301
Secondary Accession Numbers HMDB02280
Common Name Urocanic acid
Description Urocanic is a breakdown (deamination) product of histidine. In the liver, urocanic acid is an intermediate in the conversion of histidine to glutamic acid, whereas in the epidermis, it accumulates and may be both a UV protectant and an immunoregulator. Urocanic acid (UA) exists as a trans isomer (t-UA, approximately 30 mg/cm2) in the uppermost layer of the skin (stratum corneum). t-UA is formed as the cells of the second layer of skin become metabolically inactive. During this process, proteins and membranes degrade, histidine is released, and histidase (histidine ammonia lyase) catalyzes the deamination of histidine to form t-UA. t-UA accumulates in the epidermis until removal by either the monthly skin renewal cycle or sweat. Upon absorption of UV light, the naturally occurring t-UA isomerizes to its cis form, c-UA. Because DNA lesions (e.g., pyrimidine dimers) in the lower epidermis can result from UV-B absorption, initial research proposed that t-UA acted as a natural sunscreen absorbing UV-B in the stratum corneum before the damaging rays could penetrate into lower epidermal zones. Researchers have found that c-UA also suppresses contact hypersensitivity and delayed hypersensitivity, reduces the Langerhans cell count in the epidermis, prolongs skin-graft survival time, and affects natural killer cell activity
Synonyms
  1. 3-(1H-Imidazol-4-yl)-2-propenoate
  2. 3-(1H-Imidazol-4-yl)-2-propenoic acid
  3. 3-(1H-Imidazol-4-yl)acrylate
  4. 3-(1H-Imidazol-4-yl)acrylic acid
  5. 3-(4-Imidazolyl)acrylate
  6. 3-(4-Imidazolyl)acrylic acid
  7. 5-Imidazoleacrylate;imidazoleacrylic acid
  8. 5-Imidazoleacrylic acid
  9. Imidazole-4-acrylate
  10. Imidazole-4-acrylic acid
  11. Urocanate
  12. Urocanic acid
Chemical IUPAC Name 3-(3H-imidazol-4-yl)prop-2-enoic acid
Chemical Formula C6H6N2O2
Chemical Structure Structure
Chemical Taxonomy
Kingdom
  • Organic
Super Class
  • Amino acids and Amino Acid conjugates
Class
  • Amino Acids
Sub Class
  • NA
Family
  • Mammalian Metabolite
Species
  • carboxylic acid
  • alkene
  • aromatic compound
  • heterocyclic compound
Biofunction
  • Component of Histidine metabolism
  • Component of Nitrogen metabolism
Application
—
Source
  • Endogenous
Average Molecular Weight 138.124
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 138.042923
Isomeric SMILES OC(=O)C=CC1=CNC=N1
Canonical SMILES OC(=O)C=CC1=CNC=N1
KEGG Compound ID C00785 Link Image
BioCyc ID UROCANATE Link Image
BiGG ID 35990 Link Image
Wikipedia Link Urocanic acid Link Image
NuGOwiki Link HMDB00301 Link Image
Metagene Link HMDB00301 Link Image
METLIN ID 298 Link Image
PubChem Compound 1178 Link Image
PubChem Substance 4501799 Link Image
ChEBI ID 30817 Link Image
CAS Registry Number 104-98-3
InChI Identifier InChI=1/C6H6N2O2/c9-6(10)2-1-5-3-7-4-8-5/h1-4H,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)/b2-1+
Synthesis Reference Yamamoto, Kozo; Sato, Tadashi; Tosa, Tetsuya; Chibata, Ichiro. Continuous production of urocanic acid by immobilized Achromobacter liquidum cells. Biotechnology and Bioengineering (1974), 16(12), 1601-10.
Melting Point (Experimental) 225 oC
Experimental Water Solubility 1.5 mg/mL at 17 oC [YALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992)] Source: PhysProp
Predicted Water Solubility 42.5 mg/mL [Predicted by ALOGPS] Calculated using ALOGPS
Physiological Charge -1
State Solid
Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity Not Available Source: PhysProp
Predicted LogP/Hydrophobicity 0.14 [MEYLAN,WM & HOWARD,PH (1995)]; 0.22 [Predicted by ALOGPS]; -0.1 [Predicted by PubChem via XLOGP] Calculated using ALOGPS
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
MOL File Show Link Image
SDF File Show Link Image
PDB File Show Link Image
2D Structure
3D Structure
Experimental PDB ID Not Available
Experimental 1H NMR Spectrum Download Spectrum
Download FID (Varian)
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Experimental 13C NMR Spectrum Not Available
Experimental 13C HSQC Spectrum Download Spectrum
Download FID (Bruker)
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Mass Spectrum
Low Energy
Download File
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Medium Energy
Download File
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
High Energy
Download File
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Simplified TOCSY Spectrum Not Available
BMRB Spectrum Not Available
Cellular Location
  • Cytoplasm (Predicted from LogP)
Biofluid Location
  • Blood
  • N/A
  • Urine
Tissue Location
Tissue References
Liver —
Skin —
Concentrations (Normal)
Biofluid Blood
Value 0.43 +/- 0.33 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Furuta T, Okamiya K, Shibasaki H, Kasuya Y: Pharmacokinetics of stable isotopically labeled L-histidine in humans and the assessment of in vivo histidine ammonia lyase activities. Drug Metab Dispos. 1996 Jan;24(1):49-54. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid N/A
Value 97.8 +/- 11.6 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal skin
Comments Biofluid = blister fluid
References
  • Gilmour JW, Vestey JP, Norval M: The effect of UV therapy on immune function in patients with psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 1993 Jul;129(1):28-38. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value 0.29 (0.0-0.78) umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 165-177. Edited by Cornelius Lentner.
  • West Cadwell, N.J. : Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp.
  • Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Concentrations (Abnormal)
Biofluid N/A
Value 106.5 +/- 14.5 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex N/A
Condition Psoriasis
Comments Blister fluid of psoriatic skin
References
  • Gilmour JW, Vestey JP, Norval M: The effect of UV therapy on immune function in patients with psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 1993 Jul;129(1):28-38. [PubMed Link Image]
Associated Disorders
Condition References
Psoriasis
  • Gilmour JW, Vestey JP, Norval M: The effect of UV therapy on immune function in patients with psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 1993 Jul;129(1):28-38. [PubMed Link Image]
OMIM ID
Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Ammonia Recycling SMP00009 Link Image map00910 Link Image
Histidine Metabolism SMP00044 Link Image map00340 Link Image
General References
  1. Sastry CM, Whitmore SE, Breysse PN, Morison WL, Strickland PT: The effect of clinical UVA/B exposures on urinary urocanic acid isomer levels in individuals with caucasian type (II/III) skin types. Dermatol Online J. 2005 Dec 1;11(3):1. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Hug DH, Hunter JK, Dunkerson DD: The potential role for urocanic acid and sunlight in the immune suppression associated with protein malnutrition. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1998 Jul 10;44(2):117-23. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Snellman E, Jansen CT, Laihia JK, Milan T, Koulu L, Leszczynski K, Pasanen P: Urocanic acid concentration and photoisomerization in Caucasian skin phototypes. Photochem Photobiol. 1997 May;65(5):862-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Schwarz W, Langer K, Haag A: High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of (Z)-and (E)-urocanic acid in human skin. J Chromatogr. 1984 Sep 14;310(1):188-92. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Hermann K, Abeck D: Determination of histidine and urocanic acid isomers in the human skin by high-performance capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 2000 Nov 10;749(1):41-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Kinuta M, Kinuta K, Yamada H, Abe T, Yoshida Y, Araki K, Li SA, Otsuka A, Nakanishi A, Moriyama Y, Takei K: Formation of S-[2-carboxy-1-(1H-imidazol-4-yl) ethyl]glutathione, a new metabolite of L-histidine, from cis-urocanic acid and glutathione by the action of glutathione S-transferase. Electrophoresis. 2003 Sep;24(18):3212-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Yokoya S, Tokuhiro E, Suwa S, Maesaka H: Measurement of the skin urocanic acid content in normal and histidinemic infants. Eur J Pediatr. 1983 Sep;140(4):330-2. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Morrison H: Photochemistry and photobiology of urocanic acid. Photodermatol. 1985 Jun;2(3):158-65. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Wikipedia Link Image
Metabolic Enzymes
  1. Histidine ammonia-lyase
  2. Urocanate hydratase
Enzyme 1 [top]
Enzyme 1 ID 5956
Enzyme 1 Name Histidine ammonia-lyase
Enzyme 1 Synonyms
  1. Histidase
Enzyme 1 Gene Name HAL
Enzyme 1 Protein Sequence >Histidine ammonia-lyase 
MPRYTVHVRGEWLAVPCQDAQLTVGWLGREAVRRYIKNKPDNGGFTSVDDAHFLVRRCKG
LGLLDNEDRLEVALENNEFVEVVIEGDAMSPDFIPSQPEGVYLYSKYREPEKYIELDGDR
LTTEDLVNLGKGRYKIKLTPTAEKRVQKSREVIDSIIKEKTVVYGITTGFGKFARTVIPI
NKLQELQVNLVRSHSSGVGKPLSPERCRMLLALRINVLAKGYSGISLETLKQVIEMFNAS
CLPYVPEKGTVGASGDLAPLSHLALGLVGEGKMWSPKSGWADAKYVLEAHGLKPVILKPK
EGLALINGTQMITSLGCEAVERASAIARQADIVAALTLEVLKGTTKAFDTDIHALRPHRG
QIEVAFRFRSLLDSDHHPSEIAESHRFCDRVQDAYTLRCCPQVHGVVNDTIAFVKNIITT
ELNSATDNPMVFANRGETVSGGNFHGEYPAKALDYLAIGIHELAAISERRIERLCNPSLS
ELPAFLVAEGGLNSGFMIAHCTAAALVSENKALCHPSSVDSLSTSAATEDHVSMGGWAAR
KALRVIEHVEQVLAIELLAACQGIEFLRPLKTTTPLEKVYDLVRSVVRPWIKDRFMAPDI
EAAHRLLLEQKVWEVAAPYIEKYRMEHIPESRPLSPTAFSLQFLHKKSTKIPESEDL
Enzyme 1 Number of Residues 657
Enzyme 1 Molecular Weight 72696.9
Enzyme 1 Theoretical pI 6.95
Enzyme 1 GO Classification
Function
  • ammonia-lyase activity
  • carbon-nitrogen lyase activity
  • catalytic activity
  • histidine ammonia-lyase activity
  • lyase activity
Process
  • biosynthetic process
  • cellular amino acid and derivative metabolic process
  • cellular amino acid metabolic process
  • cellular metabolic process
  • histidine catabolic process
  • histidine family amino acid metabolic process
  • histidine metabolic process
  • metabolic process
Component
  • cell part
  • cytoplasm
  • intracellular part
Enzyme 1 General Function Involved in histidine ammonia-lyase activity
Enzyme 1 Specific Function L-histidine = urocanate + NH(3)
Enzyme 1 Pathways
Enzyme 1 Reactions
  • L-histidine = urocanate + NH3 [RN:R01168]
Enzyme 1 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 1 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 1 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 1 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 1 GenBank ID Protein Not Available
Enzyme 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P42357 Link Image
Enzyme 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name HUTH_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 1 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 1 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 1 Gene Sequence >1974 bp 
ATGCCCAGATACACGGTGCACGTACGTGGGGAATGGCTGGCAGTGCCCTGCCAGGACGCG
CAGCTCACTGTGGGCTGGCTGGGCCGGGAGGCCGTGAGGCGCTATATCAAGAATAAGCCC
GACAATGGTGGCTTCACCTCCGTGGATGACGCGCACTTCCTTGTGCGCCGGTGCAAGGGC
CTGGGCCTGCTGGACAACGAGGACCGGCTCGAGGTGGCCCTAGAGAACAACGAGTTCGTG
GAAGTGGTTATAGAGGGTGATGCCATGTCTCCTGACTTCATTCCATCTCAACCAGAAGGA
GTTTATCTATACAGCAAGTACCGGGAGCCTGAAAAGTACATCGAGTTAGATGGAGACCGT
CTGACCACGGAGGATCTGGTCAACTTGGGAAAGGGACGCTACAAAATAAAGCTCACCCCA
ACAGCTGAGAAGAGGGTGCAGAAATCCAGGGAGGTCATAGATAGCATCATAAAAGAGAAA
ACAGTTGTTTACGGTATTACTACAGGTTTTGGGAAATTTGCCAGAACTGTAATTCCTATC
AATAAGCTACAGGAGCTTCAGGTCAACTTAGTACGCTCACATTCTTCAGGTGTTGGGAAA
CCACTAAGTCCTGAGAGGTGTCGGATGCTCTTGGCTTTAAGGATCAATGTCTTAGCCAAA
GGATACAGTGGCATTTCCCTGGAGACCCTCAAACAAGTCATAGAAATGTTTAATGCCTCC
TGCCTGCCCTATGTCCCAGAGAAAGGAACCGTTGGTGCCAGTGGAGACCTTGCCCCACTC
TCTCATCTTGCTCTTGGGCTAGTTGGAGAAGGGAAGATGTGGTCTCCGAAGAGTGGCTGG
GCTGATGCTAAATACGTGCTAGAAGCCCATGGATTGAAACCAGTTATTTTAAAACCAAAA
GAGGGCCTGGCACTCATCAATGGGACGCAGATGATCACATCCCTGGGCTGTGAAGCTGTA
GAGCGAGCCAGTGCTATTGCACGGCAGGCTGACATTGTGGCAGCCCTGACCCTTGAGGTG
CTGAAGGGCACCACCAAAGCCTTTGACACTGACATTCATGCTCTTCGACCTCACCGTGGG
CAAATTGAAGTTGCTTTTCGGTTTCGGTCACTCTTGGACTCAGATCACCACCCATCAGAA
ATAGCAGAGAGTCACAGGTTCTGTGATCGCGTCCAGGATGCATACACCTTGCGCTGCTGT
CCACAGGTCCATGGTGTGGTGAATGATACAATAGCATTTGTGAAGAACATCATTACCACA
GAACTGAACAGCGCAACAGATAATCCTATGGTCTTTGCCAATAGGGGAGAGACAGTTTCT
GGAGGAAACTTCCATGGTGAATACCCAGCCAAAGCCCTAGACTACTTGGCCATTGGCATC
CATGAACTTGCTGCAATCAGTGAGAGAAGAATCGAGCGGCTCTGCAATCCCTCCCTCAGT
GAGCTGCCTGCCTTCCTGGTGGCTGAAGGTGGTCTGAACTCTGGGTTCATGATAGCTCAC
TGCACGGCAGCAGCCCTTGTTTCTGAGAACAAGGCTCTGTGCCATCCCTCGTCTGTTGAC
TCCCTCTCCACCAGCGCAGCCACGGAGGACCACGTCTCCATGGGAGGATGGGCAGCAAGG
AAAGCCCTCAGGGTCATCGAGCATGTGGAGCAAGTGCTGGCCATCGAGCTCCTTGCAGCC
TGCCAGGGCATAGAGTTTCTACGTCCCCTGAAAACAACCACTCCGCTGGAGAAGGTCTAT
GACCTGGTGCGCTCTGTTGTAAGGCCCTGGATAAAAGATCGCTTCATGGCCCCGGACATC
GAGGCAGCCCACAGGCTGCTCCTGGAGCAGAAGGTTTGGGAAGTAGCTGCTCCATACATT
GAAAAATACAGAATGGAGCATATTCCAGAATCAAGACCTCTTTCTCCAACAGCCTTTTCA
CTGCAATTTCTGCACAAGAAATCCACCAAAATCCCGGAGTCTGAGGACCTTTAA
Enzyme 1 GenBank Gene ID D16626 Link Image
Enzyme 1 GeneCard ID HAL Link Image
Enzyme 1 GenAtlas ID HAL Link Image
Enzyme 1 HGNC ID HGNC:4806 Link Image
Enzyme 1 Chromosome Location 1
Enzyme 1 Locus 12q22-q24.1
Enzyme 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 1 General References
  1. Suchi M, Harada N, Wada Y, Takagi Y: Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding human histidase. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1993 Nov 16;1216(2):293-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Suchi M, Sano H, Mizuno H, Wada Y: Molecular cloning and structural characterization of the human histidase gene (HAL). Genomics. 1995 Sep 1;29(1):98-104. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Kawai Y, Moriyama A, Asai K, Coleman-Campbell CM, Sumi S, Morishita H, Suchi M: Molecular characterization of histidinemia: identification of four missense mutations in the histidase gene. Hum Genet. 2005 Apr;116(5):340-6. Epub 2005 Jan 27. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 1 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 2 [top]
Enzyme 2 ID 6202
Enzyme 2 Name Urocanate hydratase
Enzyme 2 Synonyms
  1. Urocanase
  2. Imidazolonepropionate hydrolase
Enzyme 2 Gene Name UROC1
Enzyme 2 Protein Sequence >Urocanate hydratase 
MSSLQALCSGLPLRPLPENRGRQAGVPHAPVRTPSLSPVEKQLALRNALRYFPPDVQELL
APEFAQELQLYGHIYMYRFCPDIEMRAYPIEQYPCQTKVAAAIMHMIMNNLDPAVAQFPQ
ELVTYGGNGQVFSNWAQFWLTMFYLSKMTEEQTLVMYSGHPLGLFPSSRSAPRLVITNGM
VIPNYSSRTEYEKLFALGVTMYGQMTAGSYCYIGPQGIVHGTVLTVLNAARRYLGIEDLA
GKVFVTSGLGGMSGAQAKAAVIVGCIGVIAEVDKAALEKRHRQGWLMEVTDSLDRCIQRL
REARKKKEVLSLGYHGNVVALWERLVHELDTTGECLVDLGSDQTSCHNPFNGGYYPVQLS
FTEAQSLMASNPAVFKDLVQESLRRQVSAINRLAEEKFFFWDYGNAFLLEAQRAGADVEK
KGAGRTEFRYPSYVQHIMGDIFSQGFGPFRWVCTSGDPQDLAVTDELATSVLEEAIADGV
KVSVKLQYMDNIRWIREAARHRLVVGSQARILYSDQKGRVAIAVAINQAIACRRIKAPVV
LSRDHHDVSGTDSPFRETSNIYDGSAFCADMAVQNFVGDACRGATWVALHNGGGVGWGEV
INGGFGLVLDGTPEAEGRARLMLSWDVSNGVARRCWSGNQKAYEIICQTMQENSTLVVTL
PHKVEDERVLQQALQL
Enzyme 2 Number of Residues 676
Enzyme 2 Molecular Weight 74830.0
Enzyme 2 Theoretical pI 6.78
Enzyme 2 GO Classification
Function
  • carbon-oxygen lyase activity
  • catalytic activity
  • hydro-lyase activity
  • lyase activity
  • urocanate hydratase activity
Process
  • cellular amino acid and derivative metabolic process
  • cellular amino acid metabolic process
  • cellular metabolic process
  • histidine catabolic process
  • histidine family amino acid metabolic process
  • histidine metabolic process
  • metabolic process
Component
—
Enzyme 2 General Function Involved in urocanate hydratase activity
Enzyme 2 Specific Function 3-(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-3H-imidazol-4- yl)propanoate = urocanate + H(2)O
Enzyme 2 Pathways
Enzyme 2 Reactions
  • 3-(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-3H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoate = urocanate + H2O [RN:R02914]
Enzyme 2 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 2 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 2 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 2 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 2 GenBank ID Protein Not Available
Enzyme 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q96N76 Link Image
Enzyme 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name HUTU_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 2 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 2 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 2 Gene Sequence >2031 bp 
ATGTCTAGCCTCCAGGCGCTGTGCTCTGGCCTGCCCCTGCGGCCCCTCCCAGAGAACCGG
GGACGCCAGGCTGGGGTGCCCCATGCCCCTGTCAGGACCCCCAGCCTCAGCCCTGTGGAG
AAACAGCTGGCGCTGAGGAACGCCCTGCGCTACTTCCCCCCGGATGTCCAGGAGCTGCTG
GCCCCAGAGTTTGCCCAGGAGCTGCAACTGTACGGACACATCTACATGTACCGGTTTTGC
CCCGACATTGAAATGAGGGCCTACCCGATTGAGCAGTACCCCTGCCAGACGAAAGTGGCT
GCCGCCATCATGCACATGATTATGAACAACCTGGATCCTGCCGTGGCCCAGTTTCCCCAG
GAGCTGGTGACCTATGGAGGAAATGGGCAGGTGTTCAGCAACTGGGCTCAGTTCTGGCTG
ACCATGTTCTACTTGTCGAAGATGACAGAGGAGCAGACTTTGGTCATGTACAGTGGGCAC
CCACTTGGCCTCTTTCCCAGCAGCCGCAGTGCCCCACGGCTCGTCATCACCAATGGGATG
GTCATTCCCAACTACTCCTCCCGGACGGAGTATGAGAAGCTCTTTGCCTTGGGGGTTACA
ATGTACGGCCAGATGACAGCAGGTAGCTACTGCTACATCGGTCCCCAGGGAATCGTTCAT
GGCACTGTGCTCACCGTGTTGAATGCTGCACGTCGGTACCTGGGCATCGAGGACTTGGCT
GGGAAGGTCTTTGTCACCTCTGGGCTCGGCGGAATGAGTGGGGCTCAGGCCAAGGCCGCA
GTCATCGTGGGGTGCATCGGTGTGATAGCAGAGGTGGATAAAGCAGCCCTTGAGAAACGC
CACAGGCAGGGCTGGCTGATGGAAGTGACTGACAGCTTGGACCGCTGCATCCAGAGGCTC
AGGGAAGCAAGGAAAAAAAAGGAGGTGCTCAGCCTTGGTTACCATGGCAACGTGGTGGCT
CTTTGGGAGCGCCTGGTCCACGAATTGGACACGACGGGGGAGTGCTTGGTGGACCTGGGG
TCAGATCAGACATCCTGCCACAACCCGTTCAATGGCGGCTACTACCCTGTGCAGCTCAGC
TTCACGGAGGCCCAGAGCCTCATGGCCTCCAACCCTGCTGTGTTCAAGGACCTGGTCCAG
GAAAGCCTGAGGAGGCAAGTCTCAGCCATCAACAGGTTGGCCGAGGAGAAGTTCTTCTTC
TGGGACTACGGCAATGCCTTCCTCTTGGAGGCCCAGAGAGCAGGAGCGGATGTGGAGAAG
AAAGGTGCTGGCAGGACAGAGTTCCGCTACCCTTCCTATGTGCAGCACATCATGGGGGAC
ATATTCTCCCAGGGATTTGGGCCTTTCCGCTGGGTGTGCACATCGGGGGACCCCCAGGAC
CTGGCGGTCACAGACGAACTGGCCACATCTGTGCTGGAGGAAGCCATTGCTGATGGAGTG
AAGGTGTCTGTGAAGCTGCAGTACATGGACAACATCCGCTGGATCCGGGAGGCCGCCAGG
CACCGGCTGGTGGTGGGCTCCCAGGCAAGGATCTTGTACTCAGACCAGAAGGGCCGCGTG
GCCATCGCTGTGGCCATTAACCAGGCCATCGCCTGCAGGAGGATCAAGGCGCCGGTGGTC
CTGAGCCGAGATCACCATGACGTGAGCGGCACCGACAGCCCCTTTAGGGAGACCTCCAAC
ATTTACGACGGCTCTGCCTTCTGTGCAGACATGGCTGTGCAGAACTTCGTGGGAGATGCC
TGTCGCGGAGCCACCTGGGTCGCCCTTCACAACGGAGGGGGCGTGGGCTGGGGTGAGGTG
ATCAACGGGGGATTCGGCCTCGTGCTGGACGGTACCCCGGAGGCCGAGGGGAGAGCCAGG
CTGATGCTCAGCTGGGATGTCTCCAATGGTGTGGCCCGGCGCTGCTGGTCAGGGAACCAG
AAGGCCTATGAGATCATCTGCCAGACCATGCAGGAGAACAGCACCTTGGTGGTGACACTG
CCTCACAAGGTGGAGGACGAGCGGGTGCTCCAGCAGGCCCTGCAGCTCTGA
Enzyme 2 GenBank Gene ID AK055862 Link Image
Enzyme 2 GeneCard ID UROC1 Link Image
Enzyme 2 GenAtlas ID UROC1 Link Image
Enzyme 2 HGNC ID HGNC:26444 Link Image
Enzyme 2 Chromosome Location 3
Enzyme 2 Locus 3q21.3
Enzyme 2 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 2 General References
  1. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Espinos C, Pineda M, Martinez-Rubio D, Lupo V, Ormazabal A, Vilaseca MA, Spaapen LJ, Palau F, Artuch R: Mutations in the urocanase gene UROC1 are associated with urocanic aciduria. J Med Genet. 2009 Jun;46(6):407-11. Epub 2009 Mar 19. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 2 Metabolite References Not Available