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Version5.0
StatusExpected but not Quantified
Creation Date2012-09-11 18:42:40 UTC
Update Date2022-03-07 02:53:54 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0033937
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB33937
Metabolite Identification
Common NameIsoginkgetin
DescriptionIsoginkgetin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as biflavonoids and polyflavonoids. These are organic compounds containing at least two flavan/flavone units. These units are usually linked through CC or C-O-C bonds. Some examples include C2-O-C3, C2-O-C4, C3'-C3''', and C6-C8''. Thus, isoginkgetin is considered to be a flavonoid. Isoginkgetin has been detected, but not quantified in, fats and oils and ginkgo nuts (Ginkgo biloba). This could make isoginkgetin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Isoginkgetin is a secondary metabolite. Secondary metabolites are metabolically or physiologically non-essential metabolites that may serve a role as defense or signalling molecules. In some cases they are simply molecules that arise from the incomplete metabolism of other secondary metabolites. Based on a literature review a significant number of articles have been published on Isoginkgetin.
Structure
Data?1563862484
Synonyms
ValueSource
4',4'''-dimethylamentoflavoneChEBI
Iso-ginkgetinChEBI
SciadopitysinHMDB
Chemical FormulaC32H22O10
Average Molecular Weight566.5111
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight566.121296924
IUPAC Name8-[5-(5,7-dihydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-2-yl)-2-methoxyphenyl]-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one
Traditional Name8-[5-(5,7-dihydroxy-4-oxochromen-2-yl)-2-methoxyphenyl]-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one
CAS Registry Number548-19-6
SMILES
COC1=CC=C(C=C1)C1=CC(=O)C2=C(O)C=C(O)C(=C2O1)C1=C(OC)C=CC(=C1)C1=CC(=O)C2=C(O)C=C(O)C=C2O1
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C32H22O10/c1-39-18-6-3-15(4-7-18)26-14-24(38)31-22(36)12-21(35)29(32(31)42-26)19-9-16(5-8-25(19)40-2)27-13-23(37)30-20(34)10-17(33)11-28(30)41-27/h3-14,33-36H,1-2H3
InChI KeyHUOOMAOYXQFIDQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as biflavonoids and polyflavonoids. These are organic compounds containing at least two flavan/flavone units. These units are usually linked through CC or C-O-C bonds. Some examples include C2-O-C3, C2-O-C4, C3'-C3''', and C6-C8''.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassPhenylpropanoids and polyketides
ClassFlavonoids
Sub ClassBiflavonoids and polyflavonoids
Direct ParentBiflavonoids and polyflavonoids
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Bi- and polyflavonoid skeleton
  • 4p-methoxyflavonoid-skeleton
  • 5-hydroxyflavonoid
  • 7-hydroxyflavonoid
  • Flavone
  • Hydroxyflavonoid
  • Chromone
  • Benzopyran
  • 1-benzopyran
  • Phenoxy compound
  • Anisole
  • Methoxybenzene
  • Phenol ether
  • 1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoid
  • 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid
  • Alkyl aryl ether
  • Pyranone
  • Monocyclic benzene moiety
  • Benzenoid
  • Pyran
  • Vinylogous acid
  • Heteroaromatic compound
  • Organoheterocyclic compound
  • Ether
  • Oxacycle
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic oxide
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
ProcessNot Available
Role
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point210 °CNot Available
Boiling Point843.60 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)The Good Scents Company Information System
Water Solubility0.0024 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)The Good Scents Company Information System
LogP5.240 (est)The Good Scents Company Information System
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.003 g/LALOGPS
logP4.97ALOGPS
logP5.38ChemAxon
logS-5.3ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)6.13ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-4.5ChemAxon
Physiological Charge-2ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count10ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count4ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area151.98 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count4ChemAxon
Refractivity153.87 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability57.73 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings6ChemAxon
BioavailabilityNoChemAxon
Rule of FiveNoChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DarkChem[M+H]+231.64931661259
DarkChem[M-H]-230.12731661259
DeepCCS[M+H]+221.82830932474
DeepCCS[M-H]-220.00330932474
DeepCCS[M-2H]-253.24530932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+227.47430932474
AllCCS[M+H]+240.332859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+238.332859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+242.132859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+242.732859911
AllCCS[M-H]-214.932859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-216.032859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-217.432859911

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
IsoginkgetinCOC1=CC=C(C=C1)C1=CC(=O)C2=C(O)C=C(O)C(=C2O1)C1=C(OC)C=CC(=C1)C1=CC(=O)C2=C(O)C=C(O)C=C2O17778.1Standard polar33892256
IsoginkgetinCOC1=CC=C(C=C1)C1=CC(=O)C2=C(O)C=C(O)C(=C2O1)C1=C(OC)C=CC(=C1)C1=CC(=O)C2=C(O)C=C(O)C=C2O15118.2Standard non polar33892256
IsoginkgetinCOC1=CC=C(C=C1)C1=CC(=O)C2=C(O)C=C(O)C(=C2O1)C1=C(OC)C=CC(=C1)C1=CC(=O)C2=C(O)C=C(O)C=C2O15782.8Semi standard non polar33892256

Derivatized

Derivative Name / StructureSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Isoginkgetin,1TMS,isomer #1COC1=CC=C(C2=CC(=O)C3=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C=C(O)C(C4=CC(C5=CC(=O)C6=C(O)C=C(O)C=C6O5)=CC=C4OC)=C3O2)C=C15824.8Semi standard non polar33892256
Isoginkgetin,1TMS,isomer #2COC1=CC=C(C2=CC(=O)C3=C(O)C=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(C4=CC(C5=CC(=O)C6=C(O)C=C(O)C=C6O5)=CC=C4OC)=C3O2)C=C15862.2Semi standard non polar33892256
Isoginkgetin,1TMS,isomer #3COC1=CC=C(C2=CC(=O)C3=C(O)C=C(O)C(C4=CC(C5=CC(=O)C6=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C=C(O)C=C6O5)=CC=C4OC)=C3O2)C=C15792.9Semi standard non polar33892256
Isoginkgetin,1TMS,isomer #4COC1=CC=C(C2=CC(=O)C3=C(O)C=C(O)C(C4=CC(C5=CC(=O)C6=C(O)C=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C=C6O5)=CC=C4OC)=C3O2)C=C15874.2Semi standard non polar33892256
Isoginkgetin,2TMS,isomer #1COC1=CC=C(C2=CC(=O)C3=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(C4=CC(C5=CC(=O)C6=C(O)C=C(O)C=C6O5)=CC=C4OC)=C3O2)C=C15689.9Semi standard non polar33892256
Isoginkgetin,2TMS,isomer #2COC1=CC=C(C2=CC(=O)C3=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C=C(O)C(C4=CC(C5=CC(=O)C6=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C=C(O)C=C6O5)=CC=C4OC)=C3O2)C=C15608.9Semi standard non polar33892256
Isoginkgetin,2TMS,isomer #3COC1=CC=C(C2=CC(=O)C3=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C=C(O)C(C4=CC(C5=CC(=O)C6=C(O)C=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C=C6O5)=CC=C4OC)=C3O2)C=C15670.6Semi standard non polar33892256
Isoginkgetin,2TMS,isomer #4COC1=CC=C(C2=CC(=O)C3=C(O)C=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(C4=CC(C5=CC(=O)C6=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C=C(O)C=C6O5)=CC=C4OC)=C3O2)C=C15653.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Isoginkgetin,2TMS,isomer #5COC1=CC=C(C2=CC(=O)C3=C(O)C=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(C4=CC(C5=CC(=O)C6=C(O)C=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C=C6O5)=CC=C4OC)=C3O2)C=C15711.2Semi standard non polar33892256
Isoginkgetin,2TMS,isomer #6COC1=CC=C(C2=CC(=O)C3=C(O)C=C(O)C(C4=CC(C5=CC(=O)C6=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C=C6O5)=CC=C4OC)=C3O2)C=C15630.9Semi standard non polar33892256
Isoginkgetin,3TMS,isomer #1COC1=CC=C(C2=CC(=O)C3=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(C4=CC(C5=CC(=O)C6=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C=C(O)C=C6O5)=CC=C4OC)=C3O2)C=C15420.5Semi standard non polar33892256
Isoginkgetin,3TMS,isomer #2COC1=CC=C(C2=CC(=O)C3=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(C4=CC(C5=CC(=O)C6=C(O)C=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C=C6O5)=CC=C4OC)=C3O2)C=C15468.3Semi standard non polar33892256
Isoginkgetin,3TMS,isomer #3COC1=CC=C(C2=CC(=O)C3=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C=C(O)C(C4=CC(C5=CC(=O)C6=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C=C6O5)=CC=C4OC)=C3O2)C=C15406.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Isoginkgetin,3TMS,isomer #4COC1=CC=C(C2=CC(=O)C3=C(O)C=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(C4=CC(C5=CC(=O)C6=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C=C6O5)=CC=C4OC)=C3O2)C=C15423.1Semi standard non polar33892256
Isoginkgetin,4TMS,isomer #1COC1=CC=C(C2=CC(=O)C3=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(C4=CC(C5=CC(=O)C6=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C=C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C=C6O5)=CC=C4OC)=C3O2)C=C15312.3Semi standard non polar33892256
Isoginkgetin,1TBDMS,isomer #1COC1=CC=C(C2=CC(=O)C3=C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C=C(O)C(C4=CC(C5=CC(=O)C6=C(O)C=C(O)C=C6O5)=CC=C4OC)=C3O2)C=C16051.1Semi standard non polar33892256
Isoginkgetin,1TBDMS,isomer #2COC1=CC=C(C2=CC(=O)C3=C(O)C=C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(C4=CC(C5=CC(=O)C6=C(O)C=C(O)C=C6O5)=CC=C4OC)=C3O2)C=C16078.1Semi standard non polar33892256
Isoginkgetin,1TBDMS,isomer #3COC1=CC=C(C2=CC(=O)C3=C(O)C=C(O)C(C4=CC(C5=CC(=O)C6=C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C=C(O)C=C6O5)=CC=C4OC)=C3O2)C=C16021.8Semi standard non polar33892256
Isoginkgetin,1TBDMS,isomer #4COC1=CC=C(C2=CC(=O)C3=C(O)C=C(O)C(C4=CC(C5=CC(=O)C6=C(O)C=C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C=C6O5)=CC=C4OC)=C3O2)C=C16076.5Semi standard non polar33892256
Isoginkgetin,2TBDMS,isomer #1COC1=CC=C(C2=CC(=O)C3=C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C=C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(C4=CC(C5=CC(=O)C6=C(O)C=C(O)C=C6O5)=CC=C4OC)=C3O2)C=C16115.1Semi standard non polar33892256
Isoginkgetin,2TBDMS,isomer #2COC1=CC=C(C2=CC(=O)C3=C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C=C(O)C(C4=CC(C5=CC(=O)C6=C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C=C(O)C=C6O5)=CC=C4OC)=C3O2)C=C16068.5Semi standard non polar33892256
Isoginkgetin,2TBDMS,isomer #3COC1=CC=C(C2=CC(=O)C3=C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C=C(O)C(C4=CC(C5=CC(=O)C6=C(O)C=C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C=C6O5)=CC=C4OC)=C3O2)C=C16124.5Semi standard non polar33892256
Isoginkgetin,2TBDMS,isomer #4COC1=CC=C(C2=CC(=O)C3=C(O)C=C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(C4=CC(C5=CC(=O)C6=C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C=C(O)C=C6O5)=CC=C4OC)=C3O2)C=C16085.2Semi standard non polar33892256
Isoginkgetin,2TBDMS,isomer #5COC1=CC=C(C2=CC(=O)C3=C(O)C=C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(C4=CC(C5=CC(=O)C6=C(O)C=C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C=C6O5)=CC=C4OC)=C3O2)C=C16139.8Semi standard non polar33892256
Isoginkgetin,2TBDMS,isomer #6COC1=CC=C(C2=CC(=O)C3=C(O)C=C(O)C(C4=CC(C5=CC(=O)C6=C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C=C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C=C6O5)=CC=C4OC)=C3O2)C=C16076.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Isoginkgetin GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-007a-0200290000-32b6db912abb729dbda92017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Isoginkgetin GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-00di-2400159000-8a8f6e987292afbdf76c2017-10-06Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Isoginkgetin GC-MS ("Isoginkgetin,1TMS,#1" TMS) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-14Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Isoginkgetin GC-MS (TMS_1_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-15Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Isoginkgetin GC-MS (TMS_1_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-15Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Isoginkgetin GC-MS (TMS_1_4) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-15Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Isoginkgetin GC-MS (TMS_2_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-15Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Isoginkgetin GC-MS (TMS_2_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-15Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Isoginkgetin GC-MS (TMS_2_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-15Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Isoginkgetin GC-MS (TMS_2_4) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-15Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Isoginkgetin GC-MS (TMS_2_5) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-15Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Isoginkgetin GC-MS (TMS_2_6) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-15Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Isoginkgetin GC-MS (TMS_3_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-15Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Isoginkgetin GC-MS (TMS_3_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-15Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Isoginkgetin GC-MS (TMS_3_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-15Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Isoginkgetin GC-MS (TMS_3_4) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-15Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Isoginkgetin GC-MS (TMS_4_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-15Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Isoginkgetin GC-MS (TBDMS_1_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-15Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Isoginkgetin GC-MS (TBDMS_1_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-15Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Isoginkgetin GC-MS (TBDMS_1_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-15Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Isoginkgetin GC-MS (TBDMS_1_4) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-15Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Isoginkgetin GC-MS (TBDMS_2_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-15Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Isoginkgetin GC-MS (TBDMS_2_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-15Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Isoginkgetin GC-MS (TBDMS_2_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-15Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Isoginkgetin GC-MS (TBDMS_2_4) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-15Wishart LabView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Isoginkgetin 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-014i-0000090000-263fd9f80a457d57804c2016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Isoginkgetin 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-014i-0000090000-d92293f6be43c3a1d5c72016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Isoginkgetin 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0pb9-1516290000-8c6720a537cd3bdaf96d2016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Isoginkgetin 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-014i-0000090000-b434b669cdded61ff16f2016-08-04Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Isoginkgetin 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-014i-0000090000-69457b1315ea4a28355c2016-08-04Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Isoginkgetin 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0159-1321290000-b9e711fb5524c7df972b2016-08-04Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Isoginkgetin 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-014i-0000090000-27c5685463e1a5e6807b2021-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Isoginkgetin 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-014i-0000090000-7931a8feec3a6039de9c2021-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Isoginkgetin 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-00y1-2604790000-1def112e18464a69bc9b2021-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Isoginkgetin 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-014i-0000090000-1d72e8a1dd5cdc6280a42021-09-23Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Isoginkgetin 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-014i-0000090000-b11c4e85475f5cc96fc02021-09-23Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Isoginkgetin 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0gbi-0100590000-aeab6e74da31eab542902021-09-23Wishart LabView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Membrane
Biospecimen LocationsNot Available
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB012143
KNApSAcK IDC00006494
Chemspider ID4477111
KEGG Compound IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkNot Available
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound5318569
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID79087
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDrw1588431
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References
  1. O'Brien K, Matlin AJ, Lowell AM, Moore MJ: The biflavonoid isoginkgetin is a general inhibitor of Pre-mRNA splicing. J Biol Chem. 2008 Nov 28;283(48):33147-54. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M805556200. Epub 2008 Sep 30. [PubMed:18826947 ]
  2. (). Yannai, Shmuel. (2004) Dictionary of food compounds with CD-ROM: Additives, flavors, and ingredients. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC.. .