| Record Information |
| Version |
3.5 |
| Creation Date |
2006-08-15 14:10:24 -0600 |
| Update Date |
2013-02-08 17:08:41 -0700 |
| HMDB ID |
HMDB00492 |
| Secondary Accession Numbers |
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| Metabolite Identification |
| Common Name |
Chlorine |
| Description |
Under standard conditions, chlorine exists as a diatomic molecule. Chlorine is a highly toxic, pale yellow-green gas that has a specific strong smell. In nature, chlorine is most abundant as a chloride ion. Physiologically, this it. exists as an ion in the body. The chloride ion is an essential anion that the body needs for many critical functions. It also helps keep the body's acid-base balance. The amount of chloride in the blood is carefully controlled by the kidneys. Chloride ions have important physiological roles. For instance, in the central nervous system, the inhibitory action of glycine and some of the action of GABA relies on the entry of Cl- into specific neurons. Also, the chloride-bicarbonate exchanger biological transport protein relies on the chloride ion to increase the blood's capacity of carbon dioxide, in the form of the bicarbonate ion. Chloride-transporting proteins (CLC) play fundamental roles in many tissues in the plasma membrane as well as in intracellular membranes. CLC proteins form a gene family that comprises nine members in mammals, at least four of which are involved in human genetic diseases. GABA(A) receptors are pentameric complexes that function as ligand-gated chloride ion channels. WNK kinases are a family of serine-threonine kinases that have been shown to play an essential role in the regulation of electrolyte homeostasis, and they are found in diverse epithelia throughout the body that are involved in chloride ion flux. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by alterations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTCR) gene that result in deranged sodium and chloride ion transport channels. (PMID: 17539703 , 17729441 , 17562499 , 15300163 ) (For a complete review see Evans, Richard B. Chlorine: state of the art. Lung (2005), 183(3), 151-167. PMID: 16078037 ). |
| Structure |
Download:
MOL |
SDF |
SMILES |
InChI
Display:
2D Structure |
3D Structure
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| Synonyms |
- Bertholite
- Chloor
- Chlor
- Chlore
- Chloride
- Chloride ion
- Chlorine
- Chlorine gas
- Cl
- Cl2
- Diatomic chlorine
- Dichlorine
- Molecular chlorine
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| Chemical Formula |
Cl |
| Average Molecular Weight |
35.453 |
| Monoisotopic Molecular Weight |
34.968852707 |
| IUPAC Name |
chloride |
| Traditional IUPAC Name |
chloride |
| CAS Registry Number |
16887-00-6 |
| SMILES |
[Cl-] |
| InChI Identifier |
InChI=1S/ClH/h1H/p-1 |
| InChI Key |
VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M |
| Chemical Taxonomy |
| Kingdom |
Inorganic Compounds |
| Super Class |
Homogeneous Non-metal Compounds |
| Class |
Homogeneous Halogens |
| Sub Class |
N/A |
| Other Descriptors |
- an anion(Cyc)
- halide anion(ChEBI)
- monoatomic chlorine(ChEBI)
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| Substituents |
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| Direct Parent |
Homogeneous Halogens |
| Ontology |
| Status |
Detected and Quantified |
| Origin |
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| Biofunction |
- Osmolyte, enzyme cofactor, signalling
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| Application |
Not Available |
| Cellular locations |
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| Physical Properties |
| State |
Gas |
| Experimental Properties |
| Property |
Value |
Reference |
| Melting Point |
-101 °C |
Not Available |
| Boiling Point |
Not Available |
Not Available |
| Water Solubility |
6.3 mg/mL at 25 °C |
Not Available |
| LogP |
Not Available |
Not Available |
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| Predicted Properties |
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| Spectra |
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Not Available
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| Biological Properties |
| Cellular Locations |
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| Biofluid Locations |
- Blood
- Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
- Urine
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| Tissue Location |
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| Pathways |
Not Available
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| Normal Concentrations |
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| Blood |
Detected and Quantified |
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110000.0 +/- 4500.0 uM |
Newborn (0-30 days old) |
Not Specified |
Normal |
Not Available |
| Blood |
Detected and Quantified |
|
103200.0 +/- 2640.0 uM |
Infant (0-1 year old) |
Not Specified |
Normal |
Not Available |
| Blood |
Detected and Quantified |
|
103700.0 +/- 1900.0 uM |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Both |
Normal |
Not Available |
| Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) |
Detected and Quantified |
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0.06 +/- 0.08 uM |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Both |
Normal |
Not Available |
| Urine |
Detected and Quantified |
|
8881.6 (5263.2-17763.2) umol/mmol creatinine |
Adult (>18 years old) |
Both |
Normal |
Not Available |
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| Abnormal Concentrations |
|
Not Available |
| Associated Disorders and Diseases |
| Disease References |
None |
| Associated OMIM IDs |
None |
| External Links |
| DrugBank ID |
Not Available |
| Phenol Explorer Compound ID |
Not Available |
| Phenol Explorer Metabolite ID |
Not Available |
| FoodDB ID |
FDB006557 |
| KNApSAcK ID |
Not Available |
| Chemspider ID |
4514529  |
| KEGG Compound ID |
Not Available |
| BioCyc ID |
CPD-4521  |
| BiGG ID |
50130  |
| Wikipedia Link |
Chlorine  |
| NuGOwiki Link |
HMDB00492  |
| Metagene Link |
HMDB00492  |
| METLIN ID |
Not Available |
| PubChem Compound |
24526  |
| PDB ID |
CL  |
| ChEBI ID |
29311  |
| References |
| Synthesis Reference |
Weber, Rainer; Bulan, Andreas; Haas, Michel; Warsitz, Rafael; Werner, Knud. Production of chlorine from hydrogen chloride and oxygen. PCT Int. Appl. (2007), 30pp. CODEN: PIXXD2 WO 2007134861 A1 20071129 CAN 148:35931 AN 2007:1361621 |
| Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) |
Download (PDF)
|
| General References |
-
Pubmed: 7539703
- Zifarelli G, Pusch M: CLC chloride channels and transporters: a biophysical and physiological perspective. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol. 2007;158:23-76.
Pubmed: 17729441
- Tarran R, Donaldson S, Boucher RC: Rationale for hypertonic saline therapy for cystic fibrosis lung disease. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2007 Jun;28(3):295-302.
Pubmed: 17562499
- Kahle KT, Wilson FH, Lalioti M, Toka H, Qin H, Lifton RP: WNK kinases: molecular regulators of integrated epithelial ion transport. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2004 Sep;13(5):557-62.
Pubmed: 15300163
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| Enzymes |
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| Name: |
Angiotensin-converting enzyme
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| Reactions: |
- Release of a C-terminal dipeptide, oligopeptide!Xaa-Yaa, when Xaa is not Pro, and Yaa is neither Asp nor Glu. Thus, conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, with increase in vasoconstrictor activity, but no action on angiotensin II COFACTOR Zinc [CPD:C00038] INHIBITOR (S)-N-[3-(3,4-Methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-(mercaptomethyl)-1-oxoprolyl]g lycine [CPD:C01313]
- (S)-N-[3-(3,4-Methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-(mercaptomethyl)-1-oxoprolyl]- (S)-alanine [CPD:C01314]
- (S)-N-[3-(3,4-Methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-(acetylthio)methyl-1-oxoprolyl ]glycine benzyl ester [CPD:C01315]
- (S)-N-[3-(3,4-Methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-(acetylthio)methyl-1-oxoprolyl ]-(S)-alanine benzyl ester [CPD:C01316]
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| Gene Name: |
ACE |
| Uniprot ID: |
P12821  |
| Protein Sequence: |
FASTA |
| Gene Sequence: |
FASTA |
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| Name: |
Alpha-amylase 1
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| Reactions: |
- Endohydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides containing three or more (1->4)-alpha-linked D-glucose units ALL_REAC (other) R02108 R06209(G)
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| Gene Name: |
AMY1A |
| Uniprot ID: |
P04745  |
| Protein Sequence: |
FASTA |
| Gene Sequence: |
FASTA |
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| Name: |
Pancreatic alpha-amylase
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| Reactions: |
- Endohydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides containing three or more (1->4)-alpha-linked D-glucose units ALL_REAC (other) R02108 R06209(G)
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| Gene Name: |
AMY2A |
| Uniprot ID: |
P04746  |
| Protein Sequence: |
FASTA |
| Gene Sequence: |
FASTA |
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| Name: |
Alpha-amylase 2B
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| Reactions: |
- Endohydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides containing three or more (1->4)-alpha-linked D-glucose units ALL_REAC (other) R02108 R06209(G)
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| Gene Name: |
AMY2B |
| Uniprot ID: |
P19961  |
| Protein Sequence: |
FASTA |
| Gene Sequence: |
FASTA |
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| Name: |
Dipeptidyl peptidase 1
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| Reactions: |
- Release of an N-terminal dipeptide, Xaa-Yaa!Zaa-, except when Xaa is Arg or Lys, or Yaa or Zaa is Pro
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| Gene Name: |
CTSC |
| Uniprot ID: |
P53634  |
| Protein Sequence: |
FASTA |
| Gene Sequence: |
FASTA |
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