1. 1-Hexanoate
2. 1-Hexanoic acid
3. 1-Pentanecarboxylate
4. 1-Pentanecarboxylic acid
5. Butylacetate
6. Butylacetic acid
7. Caproate
8. Caproic acid
9. Capronate
10. Capronic acid
11. Hexoate
12. Hexoic acid
13. Hexylate
14. Hexylic acid
15. Pentylformate
16. Pentylformic acid
17. n-Caproate
18. n-Caproic acid
19. n-Hexanoate
20. n-Hexanoic acid
21. n-Hexoate
22. n-Hexoic acid
23. n-Hexylate
24. n-Hexylic acid
25. Hexanoate
26. Hexanoic acid

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• Cytoplasm

• Blood
• Cerebrospinal Fluid
• Urine

1. Epps JM, Phillips JO, Mestecky J: IgA-mediated clearance and tissue deposition of dinitrophenylated human serum albumin at various DNP:HSA ratios. Mol Immunol. 1988 Aug;25(8):731-8. [PubMed ]
2. Varani J, Orr W, Ward PA: Cell-associated proteases affect tumour cell migration in vitro. J Cell Sci. 1979 Apr;36:241-52. [PubMed ]
3. Schoots AC, Mikkers FE, Cramers CA, Ringoir S: Profiling of uremic serum by high-resolution gas chromatography-electron-impact, chemical ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr. 1979 Sep 11;164(1):1-8. [PubMed ]
4. Jakobs C, Sweetman L, Nyhan WL: Hydroxy acid metabolites of branched-chain amino acids in amniotic fluid. Clin Chim Acta. 1984 Jul 16;140(2):157-66. [PubMed ]
5. Nilsen SL, Castellino FJ: Expression of human plasminogen in Drosophila Schneider S2 cells. Protein Expr Purif. 1999 Jun;16(1):136-43. [PubMed ]
6. Ohdoi C, Nyhan WL, Kuhara T: Chemical diagnosis of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2003 Jul 15;792(1):123-30. [PubMed ]
7. Varani J, Orr W, Ward PA: Comparison of cell attachment and caseinolytic activities of five tumour cell types. J Cell Sci. 1978 Dec;34:133-44. [PubMed ]
8. Hoverstad T, Fausa O, Bjorneklett A, Bohmer T: Short-chain fatty acids in the normal human feces. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1984 May;19(3):375-81. [PubMed ]
9. Harkness RA: Lesch-Nyhan syndrome: reduced amino acid concentrations in CSF and brain. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1989;253A:159-63. [PubMed ]
10. Wikipedia

1. Peroxisomal carnitine O-octanoyltransferase
2. Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2, mitochondrial
3. Mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier protein
4. Acyl-coenzyme A synthetase ACSM1, mitochondrial
5. Acyl-coenzyme A synthetase ACSM6, mitochondrial
6. Acyl-coenzyme A synthetase ACSM2A, mitochondrial
7. Acyl-coenzyme A synthetase ACSM2B, mitochondrial
8. Acyl-coenzyme A synthetase ACSM3, mitochondrial
9. Acyl-coenzyme A synthetase ACSM5, mitochondrial
10. Acyl-coenzyme A synthetase ACSM4, mitochondrial

1. COT

MENQLAKSTEERTFQYQDSLPSLPVPSLEESLKKYLESVKPFANQEEYKKTEEIVQKFQS
GIGEKLHQKLLERAKGKRNWLEEWWLNVAYLDVRIPSQLNVNFAGPAAHFEHYWPPKEGT
QLERGSITLWHNLNYWQLLRKEKVPVHKVGNTPLDMNQFRMLFSTCKVPGITRDSIMNYF
RTESEGRSPNHIVVLCRGRAFVFDVIHEGCLVTPPELLRQLTYIHKKCHSEPDGPGIAAL
TSEERTRWAKAREYLIGLDPENLALLEKIQSSLLVYSMEDSSPHVTPEDYSEIIAAILIG
DPTVRWGDKSYNLISFSNGVFGCNCDHAPFDAMIMVNISYYVDEKIFQNEGRWKGSEKVR
DIPLPEELIFIVDEKVLNDINQAKAQYLREASDLQIAAYAFTSFGKKLTKNKMLHPDTFI
QLALQLAYYRLHGHPGCCYETAMTRHFYHGRTETMRSCTVEAVRWCQSMQDPSVNLRERQ
QKMLQAFAKHNKMMKDCSAGKGFDRHLLGLLLIAKEEGLPVPELFTDPLFSKSGGGGNFV
LSTSLVGYLRVQGVVVPMVHNGYGFFYHIRDDRFVVACSAWKSCPETDAEKLVQLTFCAF
HDMIQLMNSTHL

• octanoyl-CoA + L-carnitine = CoA + L-octanoylcarnitine [RN:R03779]

• Carn_acyltransf (PF00755 )

• None

• None

ATGGAAAATCAACTGGCTAAATCAACTGAAGAACGAACATTTCAGTACCAGGATTCTCTT
CCATCACTGCCTGTTCCTTCACTTGAAGAATCATTAAAAAAATACCTTGAATCAGTGAAA
CCATTTGCAAATCAAGAAGAATATAAGAAAACTGAAGAAATAGTTCAAAAATTTCAAAGT
GGGATTGGAGAAAAATTGCACCAGAAATTGCTTGAAAGAGCAAAAGGAAAAAGAAATTGG
CTGGAAGAGTGGTGGCTGAATGTTGCCTATCTGGATGTTCGTATACCATCACAATTGAAT
GTCAACTTTGCGGGTCCTGCAGCTCATTTTGAACACTACTGGCCTCCAAAGGAAGGGACT
CAATTAGAAAGAGGAAGTATAACTCTTTGGCATAACTTGAACTACTGGCAGCTATTAAGA
AAAGAAAAAGTGCCTGTTCATAAAGTTGGAAATACTCCTCTAGATATGAATCAATTCCGA
ATGCTATTTTCTACCTGCAAGGGTCCAGGAATTACTAGAGACTCCATTATGAATTATTTT
AGGACTGAGAGTGAAGGGCGTTCCCCAAACCACATTGTAGTGCTGTGTCGAGGCCGAGCT
TTTGTCTTTGATGTAATACATGAAGGATGTTTGGTCACCCCGCCAGAGCTTCTCAGACAA
CTGACATATATCCACAAGAAGTGCCATAGTGAACCTGATGGACCTGGGATTGCAGCATTA
ACTAGTGAGGAGCGAACTCGATGGGCTAAGGCACGAGAATATCTGATTGGTCTTGATCCA
GAGAACTTGGCTTTGTTAGAAAAAATTCAGAGTAGTTTACTGGTATATTCCATGGAGGAT
AGCAGTCCACATGTAACACCAGAGGATTATTCTGAGATTATTGCAGCCATCCTTATTGGA
GATCCAACAGTACGCTGGGGTGACAAATCCTATAACTTGATTTCCTTTTCTAATGGAGTA
TTTGGCTGTAATTGTGATCATGCTCCTTTTGATGCAATGATTATGGTGAACATCAGTTAT
TATGTGGATGAGAAAATTTTTCAGAATGAAGGAAGATGGAAGGGTTCAGAGAAGGTACGA
GATATACCACTTCCAGAAGAGCTCATTTTCATTGTGGATGAGAAAGTTTTAAATGACATC
AACCAAGCTAAAGCCCAGTATCTCAGGGAGGCATCTGATCTACAGATTGCGGCTTATGCC
TTTACATCTTTTGGCAAAAAGCTAACCAAGAACAAGATGCTTCACCCGGATACGTTTATT
CAGCTTGCACTTCAGCTGGCCTATTACAGACTTCATGGACACCCTGGTTGTTGCTATGAA
ACAGCTATGACAAGACATTTTTATCATGGCCGTACAGAGACTATGCGATCATGCACAGTT
GAAGCAGTGAGGTGGTGCCAGTCCATGCAGGATCCTTCTGTCAATCTTCGTGAGCGGCAG
CAAAAGATGTTACAAGCTTTTGCAAAGCATAATAAAATGATGAAAGATTGTTCAGCTGGA
AAAGGATTTGATCGTCACCTTTTAGGTCTCTTACTCATAGCAAAAGAGGAAGGTCTTCCT
GTTCCAGAACTCTTTACGGACCCACTTTTTTCCAAAAGCGGAGGAGGTGGAAATTTTGTT
CTCTCAACAAGTCTGGTTGGCTATTTACGAGTCCAGGGAGTGGTAGTTCCCATGGTACAC
AATGGTTATGGATTTTTCTACCATATCAGAGATGACAGGTTTGTTGTGGCCTGTTCAGCC
TGGAAATCCTGTCCCGAGACTGATGCGGAAAAGCTAGTTCAGCTGACTTTTTGTGCTTTT
CATGATATGATACAGCTGATGAACTCTACTCATCTTTAG

1. Ferdinandusse S, Mulders J, IJlst L, Denis S, Dacremont G, Waterham HR, Wanders RJ: Molecular cloning and expression of human carnitine octanoyltransferase: evidence for its role in the peroxisomal beta-oxidation of branched-chain fatty acids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999 Sep 16;263(1):213-8. [PubMed ]
2. Scherer SW, Cheung J, MacDonald JR, Osborne LR, Nakabayashi K, Herbrick JA, Carson AR, Parker-Katiraee L, Skaug J, Khaja R, Zhang J, Hudek AK, Li M, Haddad M, Duggan GE, Fernandez BA, Kanematsu E, Gentles S, Christopoulos CC, Choufani S, Kwasnicka D, Zheng XH, Lai Z, Nusskern D, Zhang Q, Gu Z, Lu F, Zeesman S, Nowaczyk MJ, Teshima I, Chitayat D, Shuman C, Weksberg R, Zackai EH, Grebe TA, Cox SR, Kirkpatrick SJ, Rahman N, Friedman JM, Heng HH, Pelicci PG, Lo-Coco F, Belloni E, Shaffer LG, Pober B, Morton CC, Gusella JF, Bruns GA, Korf BR, Quade BJ, Ligon AH, Ferguson H, Higgins AW, Leach NT, Herrick SR, Lemyre E, Farra CG, Kim HG, Summers AM, Gripp KW, Roberts W, Szatmari P, Winsor EJ, Grzeschik KH, Teebi A, Minassian BA, Kere J, Armengol L, Pujana MA, Estivill X, Wilson MD, Koop BF, Tosi S, Moore GE, Boright AP, Zlotorynski E, Kerem B, Kroisel PM, Petek E, Oscier DG, Mould SJ, Dohner H, Dohner K, Rommens JM, Vincent JB, Venter JC, Li PW, Mural RJ, Adams MD, Tsui LC: Human chromosome 7: DNA sequence and biology. Science. 2003 May 2;300(5620):767-72. Epub 2003 Apr 10. [PubMed ]
3. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
4. Morillas M, Gomez-Puertas P, Rubi B, Clotet J, Arino J, Valencia A, Hegardt FG, Serra D, Asins G: Structural model of a malonyl-CoA-binding site of carnitine octanoyltransferase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I: mutational analysis of a malonyl-CoA affinity domain. J Biol Chem. 2002 Mar 29;277(13):11473-80. Epub 2002 Jan 14. [PubMed ]

1. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II
2. CPT II

MVPRLLLRAWPRGPAVGPGAPSRPLSAGSGPGQYLQRSIVPTMHYQDSLPRLPIPKLEDT
IRRYLSAQKPLLNDGQFRKTEQFCKSFENGIGKELHEQLVALDKQNKHTSYISGPWFDMY
LSARDSVVLNFNPFMAFNPDPKSEYNDQLTRATNMTVSAIRFLKTLRAGLLEPEVFHLNP
AKSDTITFKRLIRFVPSSLSWYGAYLVNAYPLDMSQYFRLFNSTRLPKPSRDELFTDDKA
RHLLVLRKGNFYIFDVLDQDGNIVSPSEIQAHLKYILSDSSPAPEFPLAYLTSENRDIWA
ELRQKLMSSGNEESLRKVDSAVFCLCLDDFPIKDLVHLSHNMLHGDGTNRWFDKSFNLII
AKDGSTAVHFEHSWGDGVAVLRFFNEVFKDSTQTPAVTPQSQPATTDSTVTVQKLNFELT
DALKTGITAAKEKFDATMKTLTIDCVQFQRGGKEFLKKQKLSPDAVAQLAFQMAFLRQYG
QTVATYESCSTAAFKHGRTETIRPASVYTKRCSEAFVREPSRHSAGELQQMMVECSKYHG
QLTKEAAMGQGFDRHLFALRHLAAAKGIILPELYLDPAYGQINHNVLSTSTLSSPAVNLG
GFAPVVSDGFGVGYAVHDNWIGCNVSSYPGRNAREFLQCVEKALEDMFDALEGKSIKS

• Fatty Acid Metabolism (map00071 )

• palmitoyl-CoA + L-carnitine = CoA + L-palmitoylcarnitine [RN:R01923]

• Carn_acyltransf (PF00755 )

• None

• None

ATGGTGCCCCGCCTGCTGCTGCGCGCCTGGCCCCGGGGCCCCGCGGTTGGTCCGGGAGCC
CCCAGTCGGCCCCTCAGCGCCGGCTCCGGGCCCGGCCAGTACCTGCAGCGCAGCATCGTG
CCCACCATGCACTACCAGGACAGCCTGCCCAGGCTGCCTATTCCCAAACTTGAAGACACC
ATTAGGAGATACCTCAGTGCACAGAAGCCTCTCTTGAATGATGGCCAGTTCAGGAAAACA
GAACAATTTTGCAAGAGTTTTGAAAATGGGATTGGAAAAGAACTGCATGAGCAGCTGGTT
GCTCTGGACAAACAGAATAAACATACAAGCTACATTTCGGGACCCTGGTTTGATATGTAC
CTATCTGCTCGAGACTCCGTTGTTCTGAACTTTAATCCATTTATGGCTTTCAATCCTGAC
CCAAAATCTGAGTATAATGACCAGCTCACCCGGGCAACCAACATGACTGTTTCTGCCATC
CGGTTTCTGAAGACACTCCGGGCTGGCCTTCTGGAGCCAGAAGTGTTCCACTTGAACCCT
GCAAAAAGTGACACTATCACCTTCAAGAGACTCATACGCTTTGTGCCTTCCTCTCTGTCC
TGGTATGGGGCCTACCTGGTCAATGCGTATCCCCTGGATATGTCCCAGTATTTTCGGCTT
TTCAACTCAACTCGTTTACCCAAACCCAGTCGGGATGAACTCTTCACTGATGACAAGGCC
AGACACCTCCTGGTCCTAAGGAAAGGAAATTTTTATATCTTTGATGTCCTGGATCAAGAT
GGGAACATTGTGAGCCCCTCGGAAATCCAGGCACATCTGAAGTACATTCTCTCAGACAGC
AGCCCCGCCCCCGAGTTTCCCCTGGCATACCTGACCAGTGAGAACCGAGACATCTGGGCA
GAGCTCAGGCAGAAGCTGATGAGTAGTGGCAATGAGGAGAGCCTGAGGAAAGTGGACTCG
GCAGTGTTCTGTCTCTGCCTAGATGACTTCCCCATTAAGGACCTTGTCCACTTGTCCCAC
AATATGCTGCATGGGGATGGCACAAACCGCTGGTTTGATAAATCCTTTAACCTCATTATC
GCCAAGGATGGCTCTACTGCCGTCCACTTTGAGCACTCTTGGGGTGATGGTGTGGCAGTG
CTCAGATTTTTTAATGAAGTATTTAAAGACAGCACTCAGACCCCTGCCGTCACTCCACAG
AGCCAGCCAGCTACCACTGACTCTACTGTCACGGTGCAGAAACTCAACTTCGAGCTGACT
GATGCCTTAAAGACTGGCATCACAGCTGCTAAGGAAAAGTTTGATGCCACCATGAAAACC
CTCACTATTGACTGCGTCCAGTTTCAGAGAGGAGGCAAAGAATTCCTGAAGAAGCAAAAG
CTGAGCCCTGACGCAGTTGCCCAGCTGGCATTCCAGATGGCCTTCCTGCGGCAGTACGGG
CAGACAGTGGCCACCTACGAGTCCTGTAGCACTGCCGCATTCAAGCACGGCCGCACTGAG
ACCATCCGCCCGGCCTCCGTCTATACAAAGAGGTGCTCTGAGGCCTTTGTCAGGGAGCCC
TCCAGGCACAGTGCTGGTGAGCTTCAGCAGATGATGGTTGAGTGCTCCAAGTACCATGGC
CAGCTGACCAAAGAAGCAGCAATGGGCCAGGGCTTTGACCGACACTTGTTTGCTCTGCGG
CATCTGGCAGCAGCCAAAGGGATCATCTTGCCTGAGCTCTACCTGGACCCTGCATACGGG
CAGATAAACCACAATGTCCTGTCCACGAGCACACTGAGCAGCCCAGCAGTGAACCTTGGG
GGCTTTGCCCCTGTGGTCTCTGATGGCTTTGGTGTTGGGTATGCTGTTCATGACAACTGG
ATAGGCTGCAATGTCTCTTCCTACCCAGGCCGCAATGCCCGGGAGTTTCTCCAATGTGTG
GAGAAGGCCTTAGAAGACATGTTTGATGCCTTAGAAGGCAAATCCATCAAAAGTTAA

1. Finocchiaro G, Taroni F, Rocchi M, Martin AL, Colombo I, Tarelli GT, DiDonato S: cDNA cloning, sequence analysis, and chromosomal localization of the gene for human carnitine palmitoyltransferase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Jan 15;88(2):661-5. [PubMed ]
2. Finocchiaro G, Taroni F, Rocchi M, Liras Martin A, Colombo I, Tarelli GT, DiDonato S: cDNA cloning, sequence analysis, and chromosomal localization of human carnitine palmitoyltransferase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Dec 1;88(23):10981. [PubMed ]
3. Verderio E, Cavadini P, Montermini L, Wang H, Lamantea E, Finocchiaro G, DiDonato S, Gellera C, Taroni F: Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency: structure of the gene and characterization of two novel disease-causing mutations. Hum Mol Genet. 1995 Jan;4(1):19-29. [PubMed ]
4. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed ]
5. Gregory SG, Barlow KF, McLay KE, Kaul R, Swarbreck D, Dunham A, Scott CE, Howe KL, Woodfine K, Spencer CC, Jones MC, Gillson C, Searle S, Zhou Y, Kokocinski F, McDonald L, Evans R, Phillips K, Atkinson A, Cooper R, Jones C, Hall RE, Andrews TD, Lloyd C, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Ambrose KD, Anderson F, Andrew RW, Ashwell RI, Aubin K, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Beasley H, Bethel G, Bird CP, Bray-Allen S, Brown JY, Brown AJ, Buckley D, Burton J, Bye J, Carder C, Chapman JC, Clark SY, Clarke G, Clee C, Cobley V, Collier RE, Corby N, Coville GJ, Davies J, Deadman R, Dunn M, Earthrowl M, Ellington AG, Errington H, Frankish A, Frankland J, French L, Garner P, Garnett J, Gay L, Ghori MR, Gibson R, Gilby LM, Gillett W, Glithero RJ, Grafham DV, Griffiths C, Griffiths-Jones S, Grocock R, Hammond S, Harrison ES, Hart E, Haugen E, Heath PD, Holmes S, Holt K, Howden PJ, Hunt AR, Hunt SE, Hunter G, Isherwood J, James R, Johnson C, Johnson D, Joy A, Kay M, Kershaw JK, Kibukawa M, Kimberley AM, King A, Knights AJ, Lad H, Laird G, Lawlor S, Leongamornlert DA, Lloyd DM, Loveland J, Lovell J, Lush MJ, Lyne R, Martin S, Mashreghi-Mohammadi M, Matthews L, Matthews NS, McLaren S, Milne S, Mistry S, Moore MJ, Nickerson T, O'Dell CN, Oliver K, Palmeiri A, Palmer SA, Parker A, Patel D, Pearce AV, Peck AI, Pelan S, Phelps K, Phillimore BJ, Plumb R, Rajan J, Raymond C, Rouse G, Saenphimmachak C, Sehra HK, Sheridan E, Shownkeen R, Sims S, Skuce CD, Smith M, Steward C, Subramanian S, Sycamore N, Tracey A, Tromans A, Van Helmond Z, Wall M, Wallis JM, White S, Whitehead SL, Wilkinson JE, Willey DL, Williams H, Wilming L, Wray PW, Wu Z, Coulson A, Vaudin M, Sulston JE, Durbin R, Hubbard T, Wooster R, Dunham I, Carter NP, McVean G, Ross MT, Harrow J, Olson MV, Beck S, Rogers J, Bentley DR, Banerjee R, Bryant SP, Burford DC, Burrill WD, Clegg SM, Dhami P, Dovey O, Faulkner LM, Gribble SM, Langford CF, Pandian RD, Porter KM, Prigmore E: The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1. Nature. 2006 May 18;441(7091):315-21. [PubMed ]
6. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
7. Finocchiaro G, Colombo I, DiDonato S: Purification, characterization and partial amino acid sequences of carnitine palmitoyl-transferase from human liver. FEBS Lett. 1990 Nov 12;274(1-2):163-6. [PubMed ]
8. Choudhary C, Kumar C, Gnad F, Nielsen ML, Rehman M, Walther TC, Olsen JV, Mann M: Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions. Science. 2009 Aug 14;325(5942):834-40. Epub 2009 Jul 16. [PubMed ]
9. Taroni F, Verderio E, Fiorucci S, Cavadini P, Finocchiaro G, Uziel G, Lamantea E, Gellera C, DiDonato S: Molecular characterization of inherited carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Sep 15;89(18):8429-33. [PubMed ]
10. Taroni F, Verderio E, Dworzak F, Willems PJ, Cavadini P, DiDonato S: Identification of a common mutation in the carnitine palmitoyltransferase II gene in familial recurrent myoglobinuria patients. Nat Genet. 1993 Jul;4(3):314-20. [PubMed ]
11. Bonnefont JP, Taroni F, Cavadini P, Cepanec C, Brivet M, Saudubray JM, Leroux JP, Demaugre F: Molecular analysis of carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency with hepatocardiomuscular expression. Am J Hum Genet. 1996 May;58(5):971-8. [PubMed ]
12. Wataya K, Akanuma J, Cavadini P, Aoki Y, Kure S, Invernizzi F, Yoshida I, Kira J, Taroni F, Matsubara Y, Narisawa K: Two CPT2 mutations in three Japanese patients with carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency: functional analysis and association with polymorphic haplotypes and two clinical phenotypes. Hum Mutat. 1998;11(5):377-86. [PubMed ]
13. Yang BZ, Ding JH, Dewese T, Roe D, He G, Wilkinson J, Day DW, Demaugre F, Rabier D, Brivet M, Roe C: Identification of four novel mutations in patients with carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (CPT II) deficiency. Mol Genet Metab. 1998 Aug;64(4):229-36. [PubMed ]
14. Taggart RT, Smail D, Apolito C, Vladutiu GD: Novel mutations associated with carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency. Hum Mutat. 1999;13(3):210-20. [PubMed ]
15. Elpeleg ON, Hammerman C, Saada A, Shaag A, Golzand E, Hochner-Celnikier D, Berger I, Nadjari M: Antenatal presentation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency. Am J Med Genet. 2001 Aug 1;102(2):183-7. [PubMed ]
16. Olpin SE, Afifi A, Clark S, Manning NJ, Bonham JR, Dalton A, Leonard JV, Land JM, Andresen BS, Morris AA, Muntoni F, Turnbull D, Pourfarzam M, Rahman S, Pollitt RJ: Mutation and biochemical analysis in carnitine palmitoyltransferase type II (CPT II) deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2003;26(6):543-57. [PubMed ]
17. Sigauke E, Rakheja D, Kitson K, Bennett MJ: Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency: a clinical, biochemical, and molecular review. Lab Invest. 2003 Nov;83(11):1543-54. [PubMed ]
18. Orngreen MC, Duno M, Ejstrup R, Christensen E, Schwartz M, Sacchetti M, Vissing J: Fuel utilization in subjects with carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 gene mutations. Ann Neurol. 2005 Jan;57(1):60-6. [PubMed ]

1. Carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase
2. CAC
3. Solute carrier family 25 member 20

MADQPKPISPLKNLLAGGFGGVCLVFVGHPLDTVKVRLQTQPPSLPGQPPMYSGTFDCFR
KTLFREGITGLYRGMAAPIIGVTPMFAVCFFGFGLGKKLQQKHPEDVLSYPQLFAAGMLS
GVFTTGIMTPGERIKCLLQIQASSGESKYTGTLDCAKKLYQEFGIRGIYKGTVLTLMRDV
PASGMYFMTYEWLKNIFTPEGKRVSELSAPRILVAGGIAGIFNWAVAIPPDVLKSRFQTA
PPGKYPNGFRDVLRELIRDEGVTSLYKGFNAVMIRAFPANAACFLGFEVAMKFLNWATPN
L

• Mito_carr (PF00153 )

• None

• 13-31 74-93 113-131 171-190 212-230 268-287

ATGGCCGACCAGCCAAAACCCATCAGCCCGCTCAAGAACCTGCTGGCCGGCGGCTTTGGC
GGCGTGTGCCTGGTGTTCGTCGGTCACCCTCTGGACACGGTCAAGGTCCGACTGCAGACA
CAGCCACCGAGTTTGCCTGGACAACCTCCCATGTACTCTGGGACCTTTGACTGTTTCCGG
AAGACTCTTTTTAGAGAGGGCATCACGGGGCTATATCGGGGAATGGCTGCCCCTATCATC
GGGGTCACTCCCATGTTTGCCGTGTGCTTCTTTGGGTTTGGTTTGGGGAAGAAACTACAA
CAGAAACACCCAGAAGATGTGCTCAGCTATCCCCAGCTTTTTGCAGCTGGGATGTTATCT
GGCGTATTCACCACAGGAATCATGACTCCTGGAGAACGGATCAAGTGCTTATTACAGATT
CAGGCTTCTTCAGGAGAAAGCAAGTACACTGGTACCTTGGACTGTGCAAAGAAGCTGTAC
CAGGAGTTTGGGATCCGAGGCATCTACAAAGGGACTGTGCTTACCCTTATGCGAGATGTC
CCAGCTAGTGGAATGTATTTCATGACATATGAATGGCTGAAAAATATCTTCACTCCGGAG
GGAAAGAGGGTCAGTGAGCTCAGTGCCCCTCGGATCTTGGTGGCTGGGGGCATTGCAGGG
ATCTTCAACTGGGCTGTGGCAATCCCCCCAGATGTGCTCAAGTCTCGATTCCAGACTGCA
CCTCCTGGGAAATATCCTAATGGTTTCAGAGATGTGCTGAGGGAGCTGATCCGGGATGAA
GGAGTCACATCCTTGTACAAAGGGTTCAATGCAGTGATGATCCGAGCCTTCCCAGCCAAT
GCGGCCTGTTTCCTTGGCTTTGAAGTTGCCATGAAGTTCCTTAATTGGGCCACCCCCAAC
TTGTGA

1. Huizing M, Iacobazzi V, Ijlst L, Savelkoul P, Ruitenbeek W, van den Heuvel L, Indiveri C, Smeitink J, Trijbels F, Wanders R, Palmieri F: Cloning of the human carnitine-acylcarnitine carrier cDNA and identification of the molecular defect in a patient. Am J Hum Genet. 1997 Dec;61(6):1239-45. [PubMed ]
2. Iacobazzi V, Naglieri MA, Stanley CA, Wanders RJ, Palmieri F: The structure and organization of the human carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase (CACT1) gene2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998 Nov 27;252(3):770-4. [PubMed ]
3. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed ]
4. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
5. Al Aqeel AI, Rashid MS, Ruiter JP, Ijlst L, Wanders RJ: A novel molecular defect of the carnitine acylcarnitine translocase gene in a Saudi patient. Clin Genet. 2003 Aug;64(2):163-5. [PubMed ]
6. Iacobazzi V, Pasquali M, Singh R, Matern D, Rinaldo P, Amat di San Filippo C, Palmieri F, Longo N: Response to therapy in carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase (CACT) deficiency due to a novel missense mutation. Am J Med Genet A. 2004 Apr 15;126(2):150-5. [PubMed ]
7. Iacobazzi V, Invernizzi F, Baratta S, Pons R, Chung W, Garavaglia B, Dionisi-Vici C, Ribes A, Parini R, Huertas MD, Roldan S, Lauria G, Palmieri F, Taroni F: Molecular and functional analysis of SLC25A20 mutations causing carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency. Hum Mutat. 2004 Oct;24(4):312-20. [PubMed ]

1. Acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 1
2. Butyrate--CoA ligase 1
3. Butyryl-coenzyme A synthetase 1
4. Lipoate-activating enzyme
5. Middle-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 1

MQWLMRFRTLWGIHKSFHNIHPAPSQLRCRSLSEFGAPRWNDYEVPEEFNFASYVLDYWA
QKEKEGKRGPNPAFWWVNGQGDEVKWSFREMGDLTRRVANVFTQTCGLQQGDHLALMLPR
VPEWWLVAVGCMRTGIIFIPATILLKAKDILYRLQLSKAKGIVTIDALASEVDSIASQCP
SLKTKLLVSDHSREGWLDFRSLVKSASPEHTCVKSKTLDPMVIFFTSGTTGFPKMAKHSH
GLALQPSFPGSRKLRSLKTSDVSWCLSDSGWIVATIWTLVEPWTAGCTVFIHHLPQFDTK
VIIQTLLKYPINHFWGVSSIYRMILQQDFTSIRFPALEHCYTGGEVVLPKDQEEWKRRTG
LLLYENYGQSETGLICATYWGMKIKPGFMGKATPPYDVQVIDDKGSILPPNTEGNIGIRI
KPVRPVSLFMCYEGDPEKTAKVECGDFYNTGDRGKMDEEGYICFLGRSDDIINASGYRIG
PAEVESALVEHPAVAESAVVGSPDPIRGEVVKAFIVLTPQFLSHDKDQLTKELQQHVKSV
TAPYKYPRKVEFVSELPKTITGKIERKELRKKETGQM

• Butyrate Metabolism (map00650 )

• ATP + an acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + an acyl-CoA [RN:R00389]

• AMP-binding (PF00501 )

• None

• None

ATGCAGTGGCTAATGAGGTTCCGGACCCTCTGGGGCATCCACAAATCCTTCCACAACATC
CACCCTGCCCCTTCACAGCTGCGCTGCCGGTCTTTATCAGAATTTGGAGCCCCAAGATGG
AATGACTATGAAGTACCGGAGGAATTTAACTTTGCAAGTTATGTACTGGACTACTGGGCT
CAAAAGGAGAAGGAGGGCAAGAGAGGTCCAAATCCAGCTTTTTGGTGGGTGAATGGCCAA
GGGGATGAAGTAAAGTGGAGCTTCAGAGAGATGGGAGACCTAACCCGCCGTGTAGCCAAC
GTCTTCACACAGACCTGTGGCCTACAACAGGGAGACCATCTGGCCTTGATGCTGCCTCGA
GTTCCTGAGTGGTGGCTGGTGGCTGTGGGCTGCATGCGAACAGGGATCATCTTCATTCCT
GCGACCATCCTGTTGAAGGCCAAAGACATTCTCTATCGACTACAGTTGTCTAAAGCCAAG
GGCATTGTGACCATAGATGCCCTTGCCTCAGAGGTGGACTCCATAGCTTCTCAGTGCCCC
TCTCTGAAAACCAAGCTCCTGGTGTCTGATCACAGCCGTGAAGGGTGGCTGGACTTCCGA
TCGCTGGTTAAATCAGCATCCCCAGAACACACCTGTGTTAAGTCAAAGACCTTGGACCCA
ATGGTCATCTTCTTCACCAGTGGGACCACAGGCTTCCCCAAGATGGCAAAACACTCCCAT
GGGTTGGCCTTACAACCCTCCTTCCCAGGAAGTAGGAAATTACGGAGCCTGAAGACATCT
GATGTCTCCTGGTGCCTGTCGGACTCAGGATGGATTGTGGCTACCATTTGGACCCTGGTA
GAACCATGGACAGCGGGTTGTACAGTCTTTATCCACCATCTGCCACAGTTTGACACCAAG
GTCATCATACAGACATTGTTGAAATACCCCATTAACCACTTTTGGGGGGTATCATCTATA
TATCGAATGATTCTGCAGCAGGATTTCACCAGCATCAGGTTCCCTGCCCTGGAGCACTGC
TATACTGGCGGGGAGGTCGTGTTGCCCAAGGATCAGGAGGAGTGGAAAAGACGGACGGGC
CTTCTGCTCTACGAGAACTATGGGCAGTCGGAAACGGGACTAATTTGTGCCACCTACTGG
GGAATGAAGATCAAGCCGGGTTTCATGGGGAAGGCCACTCCACCCTATGACGTCCAGGTC
ATTGATGACAAGGGCAGCATCCTGCCACCTAACACAGAAGGAAACATTGGCATCAGAATC
AAACCTGTCAGGCCTGTGAGCCTCTTCATGTGCTATGAGGGTGACCCAGAGAAGACAGCT
AAAGTGGAATGTGGGGACTTCTACAACACTGGGGACAGAGGAAAGATGGATGAAGAGGGC
TACATTTGTTTCCTGGGGAGGAGTGATGACATCATTAATGCCTCTGGGTATCGCATCGGG
CCTGCAGAGGTTGAAAGCGCTTTGGTGGAGCACCCAGCGGTGGCGGAGTCAGCCGTGGTG
GGCAGCCCAGACCCGATTCGAGGGGAGGTGGTGAAGGCCTTTATTGTCCTGACCCCACAG
TTCCTGTCCCATGACAAGGATCAGCTGACCAAGGAACTGCAGCAGCATGTCAAGTCAGTG
ACAGCCCCATACAAGTACCCAAGGAACGTGGAGTTTGTCTCAGAGCTGCCAAAAACCATC
ACTGGCAAGATTGAACGGAAGGAACTTCGGAAAAAGGAGACTGGTCAGATGTAA

1. Fujino T, Takei YA, Sone H, Ioka RX, Kamataki A, Magoori K, Takahashi S, Sakai J, Yamamoto TT: Molecular identification and characterization of two medium-chain acyl-CoA synthetases, MACS1 and the Sa gene product. J Biol Chem. 2001 Sep 21;276(38):35961-6. Epub 2001 Jul 24. [PubMed ]
2. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]

MLGRFQPFSLVRSFRLGFEACCYPNQKCATQTIRPPDSRCLVQAVSQNFNFAKDVLDQWS
QLEKDGLRGPYPALWKVSAKGEEDKWSFERMTQLSKKAASILSDTCALSHGDRLMIILPP
TPEAYWICLACVRLGITFVPGSPQLTAKKIRYQLRMSKAQCIVANEAMAPVVNSAVSDCP
TLKTKLLVSDKSYDGWLDFKKLIQVAPPKQTYMRTKSQDPMAIFFTKGTTGAPKMVEYSQ
YGLGMGFSQASRRWMDLQPTDVLWSLGDAFGGSLSLSAVLGTWFQGACVFLCHMPTFCPE
TVLNVLSRFPITTLSANPEMYQELLQHKCFTSYRFKSLKQCVAAGGPISPGVIEDWKRIT
KLDIYEGYGQTETGLLCATSKTIKLKPSSLGKPLPPYIVQIVDENSNLLPPGEEGNIAIR
IKLNQPASLYCPHMVSWEEYASARGHMLYLTGDRGIMDEDGYFWWSGRVDDVANALGQRL

• ATP + an acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + an acyl-CoA [RN:R00389]

• AMP-binding (PF00501 )

• None

• None

ATGCTAGGCCGATTTCAACCCTTCTCCTTGGTCCGGAGTTTCAGACTGGGATTTGAAGCC
TGCTGCTATCCAAACCAAAAATGTGCTACTCAGACCATCAGACCCCCTGACTCCAGGTGC
CTAGTCCAAGCAGTTTCTCAGAACTTTAATTTTGCAAAGGATGTGTTGGATCAGTGGTCC
CAGCTGGAAAAGGACGGACTCAGAGGGCCTTACCCCGCCCTCTGGAAGGTTAGTGCCAAA
GGAGAAGAGGACAAATGGAGCTTTGAAAGGATGACTCAACTCTCCAAGAAGGCCGCCAGC
ATCCTCTCAGACACCTGTGCCCTTAGCCATGGAGACCGGCTGATGATAATCTTGCCCCCA
ACACCTGAAGCCTACTGGATCTGCCTGGCCTGTGTGCGCTTGGGAATCACCTTTGTGCCT
GGGAGCCCCCAGCTGACTGCCAAGAAAATTCGCTATCAATTACGCATGTCTAAGGCCCAG
TGCATTGTGGCTAATGAAGCTATGGCCCCAGTTGTAAACTCTGCCGTGTCCGACTGCCCC
ACCTTGAAAACCAAGCTCCTGGTGTCAGATAAGAGCTATGATGGGTGGTTGGATTTCAAG
AAGTTGATTCAAGTTGCCCCTCCAAAGCAGACCTACATGAGGACCAAAAGCCAAGATCCA
ATGGCCATATTCTTCACCAAGGGTACAACAGGAGCTCCCAAAATGGTCGAGTATTCCCAG
TATGGTTTGGGAATGGGATTCAGCCAGGCTTCCAGACGGTGGATGGATCTCCAGCCAACA
GATGTCTTGTGGAGTCTGGGTGATGCCTTTGGTGGATCTTTATCCCTGAGCGCTGTCTTG
GGAACTTGGTTCCAAGGAGCCTGTGTGTTTCTGTGTCACATGCCAACCTTCTGCCCTGAG
ACTGTTCTAAATGTCCTGTCCAGATTTCCCATCACCACTCTATCTGCAAATCCAGAGATG
TACCAGGAACTGCTTCAGCACAAGTGTTTCACCAGCTACAGATTCAAGAGTCTGAAGCAG
TGTGTGGCTGCAGGAGGACCCATCAGCCCTGGGGTGATTGAGGACTGGAAACGCATCACT
AAGTTGGACATCTATGAAGGCTATGGGCAGACGGAAACTGGTCTACTCTGTGCCACTTCC
AAAACAATAAAATTGAAGCCAAGCTCTCTGGGGAAGCCATTGCCACCTTATATTGTCCAG
ATTGTGGATGAAAACTCAAATCTCCTGCCTCCAGGGGAAGAAGGAAATATTGCAATCCGC
ATAAAACTAAACCAACCTGCTTCTCTGTACTGTCCACACATGGTGAGCTGGGAGGAATAT
GCTTCAGCAAGAGGCCACATGCTTTACCTCACAGGTGACAGAGGGATCATGGATGAAGAC
GGCTACTTCTGGTGGTCTGGTAGAGTTGATGATGTTGCCAATGCATTGGGTCAGAGATTG
TGA

1. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed ]
2. Deloukas P, Earthrowl ME, Grafham DV, Rubenfield M, French L, Steward CA, Sims SK, Jones MC, Searle S, Scott C, Howe K, Hunt SE, Andrews TD, Gilbert JG, Swarbreck D, Ashurst JL, Taylor A, Battles J, Bird CP, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Ashwell RI, Ambrose KD, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Banerjee R, Bates K, Beasley H, Bray-Allen S, Brown AJ, Brown JY, Burford DC, Burrill W, Burton J, Cahill P, Camire D, Carter NP, Chapman JC, Clark SY, Clarke G, Clee CM, Clegg S, Corby N, Coulson A, Dhami P, Dutta I, Dunn M, Faulkner L, Frankish A, Frankland JA, Garner P, Garnett J, Gribble S, Griffiths C, Grocock R, Gustafson E, Hammond S, Harley JL, Hart E, Heath PD, Ho TP, Hopkins B, Horne J, Howden PJ, Huckle E, Hynds C, Johnson C, Johnson D, Kana A, Kay M, Kimberley AM, Kershaw JK, Kokkinaki M, Laird GK, Lawlor S, Lee HM, Leongamornlert DA, Laird G, Lloyd C, Lloyd DM, Loveland J, Lovell J, McLaren S, McLay KE, McMurray A, Mashreghi-Mohammadi M, Matthews L, Milne S, Nickerson T, Nguyen M, Overton-Larty E, Palmer SA, Pearce AV, Peck AI, Pelan S, Phillimore B, Porter K, Rice CM, Rogosin A, Ross MT, Sarafidou T, Sehra HK, Shownkeen R, Skuce CD, Smith M, Standring L, Sycamore N, Tester J, Thorpe A, Torcasso W, Tracey A, Tromans A, Tsolas J, Wall M, Walsh J, Wang H, Weinstock K, West AP, Willey DL, Whitehead SL, Wilming L, Wray PW, Young L, Chen Y, Lovering RC, Moschonas NK, Siebert R, Fechtel K, Bentley D, Durbin R, Hubbard T, Doucette-Stamm L, Beck S, Smith DR, Rogers J: The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 10. Nature. 2004 May 27;429(6990):375-81. [PubMed ]
3. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]

1. Acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 2A
2. Butyrate--CoA ligase 2A
3. Butyryl-coenzyme A synthetase 2A
4. Middle-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 2A

MHWLRKVQGLCTLWGTQMSSRTLYINSRQLVSLQWGHQEVPAKFNFASDVLDHWADMEKA
GKRLPSPALWWVNGKGKELMWNFRELSENSQQAANVLSGACGLQRGDRVAVVLPRVPEWW
LVILGCIRAGLIFMPGTIQMKSTDILYRLQMSKAKAIVAGDEVIQEVDTVASECPSLRIK
LLVSEKSCDGWLNFKKLLNEASTTHHCVETGSQEASAIYFTSGTSGLPKMAEHSYSSLGL
KAKMDAGWTGLQASDIMWTISDTGWILNILCSLMEPWALGACTFVHLLPKFDPLVILKTL
SSYPIKSMMGAPIVYRMLLQQDLSSYKFPHLQNCVTVGESLLPETLENWRAQTGLDIRES
YGQTETGLTCMVSKTMKIKPGYMGTAASCYDVQIIDDKGNVLPPGTEGDIGIRVKPIRPI
GIFSGYVDNPDKTAANIRGDFWLLGDRGIKDEDGYFQFMGRANDIINSSGYRIGPSEVEN
ALMEHPAVVETAVISSPDPVRGEVVKAFVVLASQFLSHDPEQLTKELQQHVKSVTAPYKY
PRKIEFVLNLPKTVTGKIQRAKLRDKEWKMSGKARAQ

• Butyrate Metabolism (map00650 )

• ATP + an acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + an acyl-CoA [RN:R00389]

• AMP-binding (PF00501 )

• None

• None

ATGCATTGGCTGCGAAAAGTTCAGGGACTTTGCACCCTGTGGGGTACTCAGATGTCCAGC
CGCACTCTCTACATTAATAGTAGGCAACTGGTGTCCCTGCAGTGGGGCCACCAGGAAGTG
CCGGCCAAGTTTAACTTTGCTAGTGATGTGTTGGATCACTGGGCTGACATGGAGAAGGCT
GGCAAGCGACTCCCAAGCCCAGCCCTGTGGTGGGTGAATGGGAAGGGGAAGGAATTAATG
TGGAATTTCAGAGAACTGAGTGAAAACAGCCAGCAGGCAGCCAACGTCCTCTCGGGAGCC
TGTGGCCTGCAGCGTGGGGATCGTGTGGCAGTGGTGCTGCCCCGAGTGCCTGAGTGGTGG
CTGGTGATCCTGGGCTGCATTCGAGCAGGTCTCATCTTTATGCCTGGAACCATCCAGATG
AAATCCACTGACATACTGTATAGGTTGCAGATGTCTAAGGCCAAGGCTATTGTTGCTGGG
GATGAAGTCATCCAAGAAGTGGACACAGTGGCATCTGAATGTCCTTCTCTGAGAATTAAG
CTACTGGTGTCTGAGAAAAGCTGTGATGGGTGGCTGAACTTCAAGAAACTACTAAATGAG
GCATCCACCACTCATCACTGTGTGGAGACTGGAAGCCAGGAAGCATCTGCCATCTACTTC
ACTAGTGGGACCAGTGGTCTTCCCAAGATGGCAGAACATTCCTACTCGAGCCTGGGCCTC
AAGGCCAAGATGGATGCTGGTTGGACAGGCCTGCAAGCCTCTGATATAATGTGGACCATA
TCAGACACAGGTTGGATACTGAACATCTTGTGCTCACTTATGGAACCTTGGGCATTAGGA
GCATGCACATTTGTTCATCTCTTGCCAAAGTTTGACCCACTGGTTATTCTAAAGACACTC
TCCAGTTATCCAATCAAGAGTATGATGGGTGCCCCCATTGTTTACCGGATGTTGCTACAG
CAGGATCTTTCCAGTTACAAGTTCCCCCATCTACAGAACTGCGTCACTGTAGGGGAGTCC
CTTCTTCCAGAAACTCTGGAGAACTGGAGGGCCCAGACAGGACTGGACATCCGAGAATCC
TATGGCCAGACAGAAACGGGATTAACTTGCATGGTTTCCAAGACAATGAAAATCAAACCA
GGATACATGGGAACGGCTGCTTCCTGTTATGATGTACAGATCATAGATGATAAGGGCAAC
GTCCTGCCCCCCGGCACAGAAGGAGACATTGGCATCAGGGTCAAACCCATCAGGCCTATA
GGCATCTTCTCTGGCTATGTGGACAATCCCGACAAGACAGCAGCCAACATTCGAGGAGAC
TTTTGGCTCCTTGGAGACCGGGGAATCAAAGATGAAGATGGGTATTTCCAGTTTATGGGA
CGGGCAGATGATATCATTAACTCCAGCGGGTACCGGATTGGACCCTCGGAGGTAGAGAAT
GCACTGATGGAGCACCCTGCTGTGGTTGAGACGGCTGTGATCAGCAGCCCAGACCCCGTC
CGAGGAGAGGTGGTGAAGGCATTTGTGGTCCTGGCCTCGCAGTTCCTGTCCCATGACCCA
GAACAGCTCACCAAGGAGCTGCAGCAGCATGTGAAGTCAGTGACAGCCCCATACAAGTAC
CCAAGAAAGATAGAGTTTGTCTTGAACCTGCCCAAGACTGTCACAGGGAAAATTCAACGA
GCCAAGCTTCGAGACAAGGAGTGGAAGATGTCCGGAAAAGCCCGTGCGCAGTGA

1. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed ]
2. Martin J, Han C, Gordon LA, Terry A, Prabhakar S, She X, Xie G, Hellsten U, Chan YM, Altherr M, Couronne O, Aerts A, Bajorek E, Black S, Blumer H, Branscomb E, Brown NC, Bruno WJ, Buckingham JM, Callen DF, Campbell CS, Campbell ML, Campbell EW, Caoile C, Challacombe JF, Chasteen LA, Chertkov O, Chi HC, Christensen M, Clark LM, Cohn JD, Denys M, Detter JC, Dickson M, Dimitrijevic-Bussod M, Escobar J, Fawcett JJ, Flowers D, Fotopulos D, Glavina T, Gomez M, Gonzales E, Goodstein D, Goodwin LA, Grady DL, Grigoriev I, Groza M, Hammon N, Hawkins T, Haydu L, Hildebrand CE, Huang W, Israni S, Jett J, Jewett PB, Kadner K, Kimball H, Kobayashi A, Krawczyk MC, Leyba T, Longmire JL, Lopez F, Lou Y, Lowry S, Ludeman T, Manohar CF, Mark GA, McMurray KL, Meincke LJ, Morgan J, Moyzis RK, Mundt MO, Munk AC, Nandkeshwar RD, Pitluck S, Pollard M, Predki P, Parson-Quintana B, Ramirez L, Rash S, Retterer J, Ricke DO, Robinson DL, Rodriguez A, Salamov A, Saunders EH, Scott D, Shough T, Stallings RL, Stalvey M, Sutherland RD, Tapia R, Tesmer JG, Thayer N, Thompson LS, Tice H, Torney DC, Tran-Gyamfi M, Tsai M, Ulanovsky LE, Ustaszewska A, Vo N, White PS, Williams AL, Wills PL, Wu JR, Wu K, Yang J, Dejong P, Bruce D, Doggett NA, Deaven L, Schmutz J, Grimwood J, Richardson P, Rokhsar DS, Eichler EE, Gilna P, Lucas SM, Myers RM, Rubin EM, Pennacchio LA: The sequence and analysis of duplication-rich human chromosome 16. Nature. 2004 Dec 23;432(7020):988-94. [PubMed ]
3. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
4. Loftus BJ, Kim UJ, Sneddon VP, Kalush F, Brandon R, Fuhrmann J, Mason T, Crosby ML, Barnstead M, Cronin L, Deslattes Mays A, Cao Y, Xu RX, Kang HL, Mitchell S, Eichler EE, Harris PC, Venter JC, Adams MD: Genome duplications and other features in 12 Mb of DNA sequence from human chromosome 16p and 16q. Genomics. 1999 Sep 15;60(3):295-308. [PubMed ]
5. Kochan G, Pilka ES, von Delft F, Oppermann U, Yue WW: Structural snapshots for the conformation-dependent catalysis by human medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A synthetase ACSM2A. J Mol Biol. 2009 May 22;388(5):997-1008. Epub 2009 Apr 1. [PubMed ]
6. Iwai N, Mannami T, Tomoike H, Ono K, Iwanaga Y: An acyl-CoA synthetase gene family in chromosome 16p12 may contribute to multiple risk factors. Hypertension. 2003 May;41(5):1041-6. Epub 2003 Mar 24. [PubMed ]
7. Lindner I, Rubin D, Helwig U, Nitz I, Hampe J, Schreiber S, Schrezenmeir J, Doring F: The L513S polymorphism in medium-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 2 (MACS2) is associated with risk factors of the metabolic syndrome in a Caucasian study population. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2006 Mar;50(3):270-4. [PubMed ]

1. Acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 2B
2. Butyrate--CoA ligase 2B
3. Butyryl-coenzyme A synthetase 2B
4. Middle-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 2B
5. Xenobiotic/medium-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase HXM-A

MHWLRKVQGLCTLWGTQMSSRTLYINSRQLVSLQWGHQEVPAKFNFASDVLDHWADMEKA
GKRLPSPALWWVNGKGKELMWNFRELSENSQQAANILSGACGLQRGDRVAVMLPRVPEWW
LVILGCIRAGLIFMPGTIQMKSTDILYRLQMSKAKAIVAGDEVIQEVDTVASECPSLRIK
LLVSEKSCDGWLNFKKLLNEASTTHHCVETGSQEASAIYFTSGTSGLPKMAEHSYSSLGL
KAKMDAGWTGLQASDIMWTISDTGWILNILGSLLESWTLGACTFVHLLPKFDPLVILKTL
SSYPIKSMMGAPIVYRMLLQQDLSSYKFPHLQNCLAGGESLLPETLENWRAQTGLDIREF
YGQTETGLTCMVSKTMKIKPGYMGTAASCYDVQVIDDKGNVLPPGTEGDIGIRVKPIRPI
GIFSGYVENPDKTAANIRGDFWLLGDRGIKDEDGYFQFMGRADDIINSSGYRIGPSEVEN
ALMKHPAVVETAVISSPDPVRGEVVKAFVILASQFLSHDPEQLTKELQQHVKSVTAPYKY
PRKIEFVLNLPKTVTGKIQRTKLRDKEWKMSGKARAQ

• Butyrate Metabolism (map00650 )

• ATP + an acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + an acyl-CoA [RN:R00389]

• AMP-binding (PF00501 )

• None

• None

ATGCATTGGCTGCGAAAAGTTCAGGGACTTTGCACCCTGTGGGGTACTCAGATGTCCAGC
CGCACTCTCTACATTAATAGTAGGCAACTGGTGTCCCTGCAGTGGGGCCACCAGGAAGTT
CCGGCCAAGTTTAACTTTGCTAGTGATGTGTTGGATCACTGGGCTGACATGGAGAAGGCT
GGCAAGCGACTCCCAAGCCCAGCCCTGTGGTGGGTGAATGGGAAGGGGAAGGAATTAATG
TGGAATTTCAGAGAACTGAGTGAAAACAGCCAGCAGGCAGCCAACGTCCTCTCGGGAGCC
TGTGGCCTGCAGCGTGGGGATCGTGTGGCAGTGATGCTGCCCCGAGTGCCTGAGTGGTGG
CTGGTGATCCTGGGCTGCATTCGAGCAGGTCTCATCTTTATGCCTGGAACCATCCAGATG
AAATCCACTGACATACTGTATAGGTTGCAGATGTCTAAGGCCAAGGCTATTGTTGCTGGG
GATGAAGTCATCCAAGAAGTGGACACAGTGGCATCTGAATGTCCTTCTCTGAGAATTAAG
CTACTGGTGTCTGAGAAAAGCTGCGATGGGTGGCTGAACTTCAAGAAACTACTAAATGAG
GCATCCACCACTCATCACTGTGTGGAGACTGGAAGCCAGGAAGCATCTGCCATCTACTTC
ACTAGTGGGACCAGTGGTCTTCCCAAGATGGCAGAACATTCCTACTCGAGCCTGGGCCTC
AAGGCCAAGATGGATGCTGGTTGGACAGGCCTGCAAGCCTCTGATATAATGTGGACCATA
TCAGACACAGGTTGGATACTGAACATCTTGGGCTCACTTTTGGAATCTTGGACATTAGGA
GCATGCACATTTGTTCATCTCTTGCCAAAGTTTGACCCACTGGTTATTCTAAAGACACTC
TCCAGTTATCCAATCAAGAGTATGATGGGTGCCCCTATTGTTTACCGGATGTTGCTACAG
CAGGATCTTTCCAGTTACAAGTTCCCCCATCTACAGAACTGCCTCGCTGGAGGGGAGTCC
CTTCTTCCAGAAACTCTGGAGAACTGGAGGGCCCAGACAGGACTGGACATCCGAGAATTC
TATGGCCAGACAGAAACGGGATTAACTTGCATGGTTTCCAAGACAATGAAAATCAAACCA
GGATACATGGGAACGGCTGCTTCCTGTTATGATGTACAGGTTATAGATGATAAGGGCAAC
GTCCTGCCCCCCGGCACAGAAGGAGACATTGGCATCAGGGTCAAACCCATCAGGCCTATA
GGCATCTTCTCTGGCTATGTGGAAAATCCCGACAAGACAGCAGCCAACATTCGAGGAGAC
TTTTGGCTCCTTGGAGACCGGGGAATCAAAGATGAAGATGGGTATTTCCAGTTTATGGGA
CGGGCAGATGATATCATTAACTCCAGCGGGTACCGGATTGGACCCTCGGAGGTAGAGAAT
GCACTGATGAAGCACCCTGCTGTGGTTGAGACGGCTGTGATCAGCAGCCCAGACCCCGTC
CGAGGAGAGGTGGTGAAGGCATTTGTGATCCTGGCCTCGCAGTTCCTATCCCATGACCCA
GAACAGCTCACCAAGGAGCTGCAGCAGCATGTGAAGTCAGTGACAGCCCCATACAAGTAC
CCAAGAAAGATAGAGTTTGTCTTGAACCTGCCCAAGACTGTCACAGGGAAAATTCAACGA
ACCAAACTTCGAGACAAGGAGTGGAAGATGTCCGGAAAAGCCCGTGCGCAGTGA

1. Vessey DA, Lau E, Kelley M, Warren RS: Isolation, sequencing, and expression of a cDNA for the HXM-A form of xenobiotic/medium-chain fatty acid:CoA ligase from human liver mitochondria. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2003;17(1):1-6. [PubMed ]
2. Yamada S, Ohira M, Horie H, Ando K, Takayasu H, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Hirata T, Goto T, Matsunaga T, Hiyama E, Hayashi Y, Ando H, Suita S, Kaneko M, Sasaki F, Hashizume K, Ohnuma N, Nakagawara A: Expression profiling and differential screening between hepatoblastomas and the corresponding normal livers: identification of high expression of the PLK1 oncogene as a poor-prognostic indicator of hepatoblastomas. Oncogene. 2004 Aug 5;23(35):5901-11. [PubMed ]
3. Martin J, Han C, Gordon LA, Terry A, Prabhakar S, She X, Xie G, Hellsten U, Chan YM, Altherr M, Couronne O, Aerts A, Bajorek E, Black S, Blumer H, Branscomb E, Brown NC, Bruno WJ, Buckingham JM, Callen DF, Campbell CS, Campbell ML, Campbell EW, Caoile C, Challacombe JF, Chasteen LA, Chertkov O, Chi HC, Christensen M, Clark LM, Cohn JD, Denys M, Detter JC, Dickson M, Dimitrijevic-Bussod M, Escobar J, Fawcett JJ, Flowers D, Fotopulos D, Glavina T, Gomez M, Gonzales E, Goodstein D, Goodwin LA, Grady DL, Grigoriev I, Groza M, Hammon N, Hawkins T, Haydu L, Hildebrand CE, Huang W, Israni S, Jett J, Jewett PB, Kadner K, Kimball H, Kobayashi A, Krawczyk MC, Leyba T, Longmire JL, Lopez F, Lou Y, Lowry S, Ludeman T, Manohar CF, Mark GA, McMurray KL, Meincke LJ, Morgan J, Moyzis RK, Mundt MO, Munk AC, Nandkeshwar RD, Pitluck S, Pollard M, Predki P, Parson-Quintana B, Ramirez L, Rash S, Retterer J, Ricke DO, Robinson DL, Rodriguez A, Salamov A, Saunders EH, Scott D, Shough T, Stallings RL, Stalvey M, Sutherland RD, Tapia R, Tesmer JG, Thayer N, Thompson LS, Tice H, Torney DC, Tran-Gyamfi M, Tsai M, Ulanovsky LE, Ustaszewska A, Vo N, White PS, Williams AL, Wills PL, Wu JR, Wu K, Yang J, Dejong P, Bruce D, Doggett NA, Deaven L, Schmutz J, Grimwood J, Richardson P, Rokhsar DS, Eichler EE, Gilna P, Lucas SM, Myers RM, Rubin EM, Pennacchio LA: The sequence and analysis of duplication-rich human chromosome 16. Nature. 2004 Dec 23;432(7020):988-94. [PubMed ]
4. Vessey DA, Kelley M, Warren RS: Characterization of the CoA ligases of human liver mitochondria catalyzing the activation of short- and medium-chain fatty acids and xenobiotic carboxylic acids. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1999 Aug 5;1428(2-3):455-62. [PubMed ]
5. Boomgaarden I, Vock C, Klapper M, Doring F: Comparative analyses of disease risk genes belonging to the acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain (ACSM) family in human liver and cell lines. Biochem Genet. 2009 Oct;47(9-10):739-48. Epub 2009 Jul 26. [PubMed ]

1. Acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 3
2. Butyrate--CoA ligase 3
3. Butyryl-coenzyme A synthetase 3
4. Middle-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 3
5. Protein SA homolog

MLARVTRKMLRHAKCFQRLAIFGSVRALHKDNRTATPQNFSNYESMKQDFKLGIPEYFNF
AKDVLDQWTDKEKAGKKPSNPAFWWINRNGEEMRWSFEELGSLSRKFANILSEACSLQRG
DRVILILPRVPEWWLANVACLRTGTVLIPGTTQLTQKDILYRLQSSKANCIITNDVLAPA
VDAVASKCENLHSKLIVSENSREGWGNLKELMKHASDSHTCVKTKHNEIMAIFFTSGTSG
YPKMTAHTHSSFGLGLSVNGRFWLDLTPSDVMWNTSDTGWAKSAWSSVFSPWIQGACVFT
HHLPRFEPTSILQTLSKYPITVFCSAPTVYRMLVQNDITSYKFKSLKHCVSAGEPITPDV
TEKWRNKTGLDIYEGYGQTETVLICGNFKGMKIKPGSMGKPSPAFDVKIVDVNGNVLPPG
QEGDIGIQVLPNRPFGLFTHYVDNPSKTASTLRGNFYITGDRGYMDKDGYFWFVARADDV
ILSSGYRIGPFEVENALNEHPSVAESAVVSSPDPIRGEVVKAFVVLNPDYKSHDQEQLIK
EIQEHVKKTTAPYKYPRKVEFIQELPKTISGKTKRNELRKKEWKTI

• Butyrate Metabolism (map00650 )

• ATP + an acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + an acyl-CoA [RN:R00389]

• AMP-binding (PF00501 )

• None

• None

ATGCTAGCTCGTGTCACCAGGAAGATGCTACGTCATGCCAAGTGTTTTCAGCGCCTAGCA
ATTTTTGGTTCTGTGAGGGCACTGCATAAAGATAATAGAACAGCAACCCCTCAGAATTTC
TCCAACTATGAATCCATGAAACAGGACTTCAAACTGGGGATTCCAGAGTATTTCAACTTT
GCTAAAGATGTCCTGGACCAATGGACTGATAAGGAAAAGGCTGGAAAGAAACCTTCAAAT
CCAGCCTTCTGGTGGATCAACAGAAATGGAGAAGAGATGCGATGGAGTTTTGAGGAACTG
GGATCTCTGTCCAGAAAATTTGCCAATATACTTTCAGAAGCCTGTTCCCTACAAAGAGGA
GATCGGGTAATTCTGATTCTGCCCAGGGTCCCAGAGTGGTGGCTTGCAAATGTGGCCTGT
CTGCGAACAGGGACAGTTTTAATTCCAGGAACCACTCAGCTGACCCAGAAAGACATTCTC
TACAGACTACAATCTTCAAAAGCAAACTGCATTATCACCAATGATGTTTTAGCCCCAGCA
GTAGACGCTGTTGCATCCAAATGTGAAAATCTGCACTCCAAGCTGATTGTATCAGAGAAC
TCCAGAGAGGGGTGGGGGAACCTCAAGGAGTTGATGAAACATGCCAGTGACAGCCACACC
TGTGTGAAGACAAAACACAATGAGATCATGGCCATATTCTTTACCAGTGGAACAAGTGGA
TATCCGAAAATGACTGCACACACCCACAGCAGTTTTGGTTTAGGATTATCTGTAAATGGA
AGGTTCTGGCTAGATTTGACACCCTCAGATGTGATGTGGAATACCTCAGATACGGGCTGG
GCAAAGTCTGCATGGAGTAGTGTTTTTTCTCCGTGGATCCAGGGAGCATGTGTATTCACA
CACCATTTACCCCGTTTTGAGCCGACTTCTATCTTGCAAACACTCTCCAAGTACCCCATC
ACAGTCTTCTGTTCAGCACCAACTGTATACCGAATGCTTGTACAGAATGATATAACCAGC
TATAAGTTTAAAAGCTTAAAGCACTGTGTGAGTGCTGGGGAACCAATTACCCCTGACGTG
ACTGAAAAATGGAGAAACAAGACGGGCCTGGATATCTACGAAGGATATGGACAGACTGAA
ACGGTGCTAATCTGTGGAAATTTTAAGGGAATGAAAATTAAACCTGGCTCAATGGGAAAA
CCTTCTCCTGCTTTCGATGTTAAGATTGTAGATGTAAATGGCAATGTTCTACCTCCTGGA
CAAGAAGGAGATATTGGCATTCAAGTTCTACCCAACCGACCATTTGGCCTTTTTACTCAT
TACGTAGATAATCCTTCAAAAACAGCTTCAACTCTACGAGGCAATTTCTATATCACTGGG
GACAGAGGATATATGGATAAAGATGGGTATTTCTGGTTTGTTGCAAGAGCAGATGATGTC
ATATTATCCTCTGGCTATCGAATTGGACCATTTGAGGTAGAAAATGCCCTGAATGAACAC
CCTTCAGTTGCAGAGTCAGCTGTTGTCAGCAGCCCAGACCCCATCAGAGGAGAGGTAGTA
AAGGCTTTTGTCGTTCTAAATCCTGATTACAAGTCACATGATCAAGAACAACTAATAAAG
GAGATTCAGGAGCATGTTAAAAAAACTACAGCACCTTACAAATATCCCAGAAAGGTAGAA
TTTATTCAAGAGCTGCCAAAGACTATCAGTGGGAAGACAAAAAGAAATGAACTGAGGAAG
AAAGAATGGAAGACAATTTAA

1. Iwai N, Ohmichi N, Hanai K, Nakamura Y, Kinoshita M: Human SA gene locus as a candidate locus for essential hypertension. Hypertension. 1994 Mar;23(3):375-80. [PubMed ]
2. Nabika T, Bonnardeaux A, James M, Julier C, Jeunemaitre X, Corvol P, Lathrop M, Soubrier F: Evaluation of the SA locus in human hypertension. Hypertension. 1995 Jan;25(1):6-13. [PubMed ]
3. Loftus BJ, Kim UJ, Sneddon VP, Kalush F, Brandon R, Fuhrmann J, Mason T, Crosby ML, Barnstead M, Cronin L, Deslattes Mays A, Cao Y, Xu RX, Kang HL, Mitchell S, Eichler EE, Harris PC, Venter JC, Adams MD: Genome duplications and other features in 12 Mb of DNA sequence from human chromosome 16p and 16q. Genomics. 1999 Sep 15;60(3):295-308. [PubMed ]
4. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
5. Tang LY, Deng N, Wang LS, Dai J, Wang ZL, Jiang XS, Li SJ, Li L, Sheng QH, Wu DQ, Li L, Zeng R: Quantitative phosphoproteome profiling of Wnt3a-mediated signaling network: indicating the involvement of ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase M2 subunit phosphorylation at residue serine 20 in canonical Wnt signal transduction. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2007 Nov;6(11):1952-67. Epub 2007 Aug 12. [PubMed ]
6. Telgmann R, Brand E, Nicaud V, Hagedorn C, Beining K, Schonfelder J, Brink-Spalink V, Schmidt-Petersen K, Matanis T, Vischer P, Nofer JR, Hasenkamp S, Plouin PF, Drouet L, Cambien F, Paul M, Tiret L, Brand-Herrmann SM: SAH gene variants are associated with obesity-related hypertension in Caucasians: the PEGASE Study. J Hypertens. 2007 Mar;25(3):557-64. [PubMed ]

MRPWLRHLVLQALRNSRAFCGSHGKPAPLPVPQKIVATWEAISLGRQLVPEYFNFAHDVL
DVWSRLEEAGHRPPNPAFWWVNGTGAEIKWSFEELGKQSRKAANVLGGACGLQPGDRMML
VLPRLPEWWLVSVACMRTGTVMIPGVTQLTEKDLKYRLQASRAKSIITSDSLAPRVDAIS
AECPSLQTKLLVSDSSRPGWLNFRELLREASTEHNCMRTKSRDPLAIYFTSGTTGAPKMV
EHSQSSYGLGFVASGRRWVALTESDIFWNTTDTGWVKAAWTLFSAWPNGSCIFVHELPRV
DAKVILNTLSKFPITTLCCVPTIFRLLVQEDLTRYQFQSLRHCLTGGEALNPDVREKWKH
QTGVELYEGYGQSETVVICANPKGMKIKSGSMGKASPPYDVQIVDDEGNVLPPGEEGNVA
VRIRPTRPFCFFNCYLDNPEKTAASEQGDFYITGDRARMDKDGYFWFMGRNDDVINSSSY
RIGPVEVESALAEHPAVLESAVVSSPDPIRGEVVKAFIVLTPAYSSHDPEALTRELQEHV
KRVTAPYKYPRKVAFVSELPKTVSGKIQRSKLRSQEWGK

• Butyrate Metabolism (map00650 )

• ATP + an acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + an acyl-CoA [RN:R00389]

• AMP-binding (PF00501 )

• None

• None

ATGAGACCATGGCTGAGACACCTAGTCCTCCAGGCACTGAGGAACTCCAGGGCATTCTGT
GGGTCTCATGGGAAGCCAGCACCTCTACCTGTTCCTCAGAAGATCGTGGCCACCTGGGAA
GCCATCAGCCTGGGAAGGCAGCTGGTGCCTGAGTACTTCAACTTCGCCCATGATGTGCTG
GATGTGTGGAGTCGGCTGGAAGAGGCTGGACACCGCCCCCCAAATCCTGCCTTCTGGTGG
GTCAATGGCACAGGAGCAGAGATCAAGTGGAGCTTTGAGGAGCTGGGGAAGCAGTCCAGG
AAGGCAGCCAATGTGCTGGGGGGTGCATGCGGCCTGCAGCCTGGGGACAGAATGATGCTG
GTACTCCCACGGCTCCCGGAGTGGTGGCTGGTCAGTGTGGCTTGCATGCGGACAGGGACT
GTGATGATTCCGGGTGTGACTCAGCTGACAGAGAAGGACCTCAAGTACCGGCTGCAGGCG
TCCAGGGCCAAGTCCATTATCACCAGTGACTCCCTAGCTCCAAGGGTGGATGCCATCAGT
GCCGAATGCCCCTCCCTCCAGACCAAGCTGCTGGTGTCAGACAGCAGTCGGCCAGGCTGG
TTGAACTTCAGGGAACTCCTCCGGGAGGCTTCTACAGAGCACAACTGCATGAGGACAAAG
AGTCGAGACCCGCTGGCCATCTACTTTACCAGCGGAACCACCGGGGCCCCCAAGATGGTC
GAGCACTCCCAGAGCAGCTACGGACTGGGTTTTGTGGCCAGCGGAAGACGGTGGGTGGCC
TTGACCGAATCTGACATCTTCTGGAACACGACTGACACTGGCTGGGTGAAGGCAGCCTGG
ACTCTCTTCTCTGCCTGGCCTAATGGATCTTGCATTTTTGTGCATGAGCTGCCCCGAGTT
GATGCCAAAGTTATCCTGAATACTCTCTCCAAATTCCCGATAACCACCCTCTGCTGTGTC
CCAACCATCTTTCGGCTGCTTGTGCAGGAGGATCTGACCAGGTACCAGTTTCAGAGCCTG
AGGCACTGTCTGACCGGAGGAGAGGCCCTCAACCCTGACGTGAGGGAGAAGTGGAAACAC
CAGACTGGTGTGGAGCTGTACGAAGGCTATGGCCAGTCTGAAACGGTTGTCATCTGTGCC
AATCCAAAAGGCATGAAAATCAAGTCTGGATCCATGGGGAAGGCGTCCCCACCCTACGAT
GTGCAGATTGTGGATGATGAGGGCAACGTCCTGCCTCCTGGAGAAGAGGGGAATGTTGCC
GTCCGTATCAGACCCACTCGGCCCTTCTGTTTCTTCAATTGCTATTTGGACAATCCTGAG
AAGACAGCTGCATCAGAACAAGGGGACTTTTACATCACAGGGGACCGAGCTCGCATGGAC
AAGGATGGCTACTTTTGGTTCATGGGAAGAAACGACGATGTGATCAATTCTTCAAGCTAC
CGGATCGGGCCTGTTGAAGTGGAAAGTGCCCTGGCAGAGCATCCTGCTGTCCTGGAGTCG
GCTGTGGTCAGCAGCCCAGACCCCATCAGGGGAGAGGTGGTAAAGGCATTTATAGTCCTT
ACTCCAGCCTACTCCTCTCATGACCCAGAGGCACTAACGCGGGAACTCCAGGAGCATGTG
AAAAGGGTGACTGCTCCATACAAATACCCCAGGAAGGTGGCCTTTGTTTCAGAACTGCCA
AAGACGGTTTCTGGAAAGATCCAAAGGAGTAAATTGCGAAGTCAGGAGTGGGGGAAATGA

1. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed ]
2. Martin J, Han C, Gordon LA, Terry A, Prabhakar S, She X, Xie G, Hellsten U, Chan YM, Altherr M, Couronne O, Aerts A, Bajorek E, Black S, Blumer H, Branscomb E, Brown NC, Bruno WJ, Buckingham JM, Callen DF, Campbell CS, Campbell ML, Campbell EW, Caoile C, Challacombe JF, Chasteen LA, Chertkov O, Chi HC, Christensen M, Clark LM, Cohn JD, Denys M, Detter JC, Dickson M, Dimitrijevic-Bussod M, Escobar J, Fawcett JJ, Flowers D, Fotopulos D, Glavina T, Gomez M, Gonzales E, Goodstein D, Goodwin LA, Grady DL, Grigoriev I, Groza M, Hammon N, Hawkins T, Haydu L, Hildebrand CE, Huang W, Israni S, Jett J, Jewett PB, Kadner K, Kimball H, Kobayashi A, Krawczyk MC, Leyba T, Longmire JL, Lopez F, Lou Y, Lowry S, Ludeman T, Manohar CF, Mark GA, McMurray KL, Meincke LJ, Morgan J, Moyzis RK, Mundt MO, Munk AC, Nandkeshwar RD, Pitluck S, Pollard M, Predki P, Parson-Quintana B, Ramirez L, Rash S, Retterer J, Ricke DO, Robinson DL, Rodriguez A, Salamov A, Saunders EH, Scott D, Shough T, Stallings RL, Stalvey M, Sutherland RD, Tapia R, Tesmer JG, Thayer N, Thompson LS, Tice H, Torney DC, Tran-Gyamfi M, Tsai M, Ulanovsky LE, Ustaszewska A, Vo N, White PS, Williams AL, Wills PL, Wu JR, Wu K, Yang J, Dejong P, Bruce D, Doggett NA, Deaven L, Schmutz J, Grimwood J, Richardson P, Rokhsar DS, Eichler EE, Gilna P, Lucas SM, Myers RM, Rubin EM, Pennacchio LA: The sequence and analysis of duplication-rich human chromosome 16. Nature. 2004 Dec 23;432(7020):988-94. [PubMed ]
3. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
4. Iwai N, Mannami T, Tomoike H, Ono K, Iwanaga Y: An acyl-CoA synthetase gene family in chromosome 16p12 may contribute to multiple risk factors. Hypertension. 2003 May;41(5):1041-6. Epub 2003 Mar 24. [PubMed ]

MKIFFRYQTFRFIWLTKPPGRRLHKDHQLWTPLTLADFEAINRCNRPLPKNFNFAADVLD
QWSQKEKTGERPANPALWWVNGKGDEVKWSFRELGSLSRKAANVLTKPCGLQRGDRLAVI
LPRIPEWWLVNVACIRTGIIFMPGTIQLTAKDILYRLRASKAKCIVASEEVAPAVESIVL
ECPDLKTKLLVSPQSWNGWLSFQELFQFASEEHSCVETGSQEPMTIYFTSGTTGFPKMAQ
HSQSSLGIGFTLCGRYWLDLKSSDIIWNMSDTGWVKAAIGSVFSSWLCGACVFVHRMAQF
DTDTFLDTLTTYPITTLCSPPTVYRMLVQKDLKRYKFKSLRHCLTGGEPLNPEVLEQWRV
QTGLELYEGYGQTEVGMICANQKGQEIKPGSMGKGMLPYDVQIIDENGNVLPPGKEGEIA
LRLKPTRPFCFFSKYVDNPQKTAATIRGDFYVTGDRGVMDSDGYFWFVGRADDVIISSGY
RIGPFEVESALIEHPAVVESAVVSSPDQIRGEVVKAFVVLAAPFKSYNPEKLTLELQDHV
KKSTAPYKYPRKVEFVQELPKTITGKIKRNVLRDQEWRGR

• ATP + an acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + an acyl-CoA [RN:R00389]

• AMP-binding (PF00501 )

• None

• None

ATGAAGATTTTTTTCCGCTACCAGACATTTAGATTCATCTGGCTCACCAAGCCACCTGGC
CGGCGCTTACACAAAGATCACCAGCTTTGGACGCCTCTGACTCTTGCTGACTTTGAAGCC
ATAAATCGCTGTAACAGGCCATTGCCTAAAAACTTTAACTTTGCTGCAGATGTGCTGGAC
CAGTGGTCCCAAAAGGAGAAGACAGGGGAGAGACCAGCTAACCCAGCCCTGTGGTGGGTG
AATGGCAAAGGGGATGAGGTAAAATGGAGCTTCAGAGAACTGGGCTCCTTGTCCCGAAAA
GCTGCCAACGTGCTCACCAAGCCCTGTGGCCTGCAGAGAGGAGACCGTTTGGCCGTGATT
CTGCCCAGAATCCCTGAGTGGTGGCTGGTCAATGTAGCTTGCATACGAACAGGGATCATC
TTCATGCCGGGAACAATCCAGCTGACAGCAAAAGACATCCTCTACCGGCTGCGAGCATCC
AAGGCCAAGTGCATTGTGGCCAGTGAGGAGGTGGCCCCAGCGGTGGAGTCCATTGTATTG
GAGTGTCCTGACCTTAAGACAAAACTCCTGGTGTCTCCACAAAGCTGGAATGGGTGGCTC
AGCTTCCAGGAGTTATTTCAATTCGCCTCTGAAGAGCACAGCTGTGTGGAAACAGGAAGT
CAAGAACCAATGACCATTTATTTCACCAGTGGGACCACAGGCTTTCCTAAAATGGCCCAG
CACTCTCAGAGCAGCCTCGGCATTGGGTTCACCCTCTGCGGAAGGTATTGGCTGGACTTG
AAGTCCTCAGATATCATATGGAATATGTCTGACACGGGCTGGGTCAAGGCCGCCATTGGC
AGTGTGTTTTCTTCCTGGCTGTGTGGAGCCTGTGTTTTTGTGCATCGAATGGCACAGTTT
GACACTGACACCTTCCTAGACACACTTACTACTTATCCCATCACGACCCTGTGCAGTCCT
CCCACTGTGTACCGGATGCTCGTGCAAAAAGACCTTAAGAGATATAAATTCAAGAGTCTG
CGGCACTGCTTGACCGGAGGGGAGCCACTCAACCCAGAAGTGCTGGAGCAGTGGAGGGTG
CAAACTGGGCTGGAGCTATATGAGGGCTATGGACAGACGGAAGTGGGAATGATTTGTGCC
AATCAGAAAGGCCAAGAAATTAAACCAGGTTCAATGGGGAAAGGAATGCTGCCCTATGAT
GTCCAGATTATAGATGAAAATGGCAATGTTCTACCACCTGGCAAAGAAGGGGAAATTGCC
CTCAGACTCAAACCTACACGGCCCTTCTGTTTCTTCTCTAAATATGTGGACAATCCACAG
AAAACTGCTGCCACGATAAGAGGAGATTTTTATGTCACTGGAGACAGAGGAGTGATGGAC
AGTGATGGGTATTTCTGGTTTGTCGGCAGAGCTGATGATGTCATTATATCCTCTGGGTAC
CGTATTGGGCCATTTGAAGTGGAGAGTGCACTCATTGAGCATCCAGCAGTTGTTGAATCG
GCTGTTGTCAGTAGTCCAGATCAAATCCGCGGAGAGGTGGTGAAAGCTTTTGTTGTCTTA
GCTGCACCCTTTAAGTCCTACAACCCAGAGAAATTAACTCTTGAACTTCAGGATCATGTG
AAAAAATCAACTGCACCTTACAAATATCCAAGAAAGGTGGAATTTGTTCAAGAACTCCCA
AAGACAATCACTGGGAAAATCAAACGCAACGTTTTAAGAGACCAAGAATGGAGAGGAAGA
TAG

1. Scherer SE, Muzny DM, Buhay CJ, Chen R, Cree A, Ding Y, Dugan-Rocha S, Gill R, Gunaratne P, Harris RA, Hawes AC, Hernandez J, Hodgson AV, Hume J, Jackson A, Khan ZM, Kovar-Smith C, Lewis LR, Lozado RJ, Metzker ML, Milosavljevic A, Miner GR, Montgomery KT, Morgan MB, Nazareth LV, Scott G, Sodergren E, Song XZ, Steffen D, Lovering RC, Wheeler DA, Worley KC, Yuan Y, Zhang Z, Adams CQ, Ansari-Lari MA, Ayele M, Brown MJ, Chen G, Chen Z, Clerc-Blankenburg KP, Davis C, Delgado O, Dinh HH, Draper H, Gonzalez-Garay ML, Havlak P, Jackson LR, Jacob LS, Kelly SH, Li L, Li Z, Liu J, Liu W, Lu J, Maheshwari M, Nguyen BV, Okwuonu GO, Pasternak S, Perez LM, Plopper FJ, Santibanez J, Shen H, Tabor PE, Verduzco D, Waldron L, Wang Q, Williams GA, Zhang J, Zhou J, Allen CC, Amin AG, Anyalebechi V, Bailey M, Barbaria JA, Bimage KE, Bryant NP, Burch PE, Burkett CE, Burrell KL, Calderon E, Cardenas V, Carter K, Casias K, Cavazos I, Cavazos SR, Ceasar H, Chacko J, Chan SN, Chavez D, Christopoulos C, Chu J, Cockrell R, Cox CD, Dang M, Dathorne SR, David R, Davis CM, Davy-Carroll L, Deshazo DR, Donlin JE, D'Souza L, Eaves KA, Egan A, Emery-Cohen AJ, Escotto M, Flagg N, Forbes LD, Gabisi AM, Garza M, Hamilton C, Henderson N, Hernandez O, Hines S, Hogues ME, Huang M, Idlebird DG, Johnson R, Jolivet A, Jones S, Kagan R, King LM, Leal B, Lebow H, Lee S, LeVan JM, Lewis LC, London P, Lorensuhewa LM, Loulseged H, Lovett DA, Lucier A, Lucier RL, Ma J, Madu RC, Mapua P, Martindale AD, Martinez E, Massey E, Mawhiney S, Meador MG, Mendez S, Mercado C, Mercado IC, Merritt CE, Miner ZL, Minja E, Mitchell T, Mohabbat F, Mohabbat K, Montgomery B, Moore N, Morris S, Munidasa M, Ngo RN, Nguyen NB, Nickerson E, Nwaokelemeh OO, Nwokenkwo S, Obregon M, Oguh M, Oragunye N, Oviedo RJ, Parish BJ, Parker DN, Parrish J, Parks KL, Paul HA, Payton BA, Perez A, Perrin W, Pickens A, Primus EL, Pu LL, Puazo M, Quiles MM, Quiroz JB, Rabata D, Reeves K, Ruiz SJ, Shao H, Sisson I, Sonaike T, Sorelle RP, Sutton AE, Svatek AF, Svetz LA, Tamerisa KS, Taylor TR, Teague B, Thomas N, Thorn RD, Trejos ZY, Trevino BK, Ukegbu ON, Urban JB, Vasquez LI, Vera VA, Villasana DM, Wang L, Ward-Moore S, Warren JT, Wei X, White F, Williamson AL, Wleczyk R, Wooden HS, Wooden SH, Yen J, Yoon L, Yoon V, Zorrilla SE, Nelson D, Kucherlapati R, Weinstock G, Gibbs RA: The finished DNA sequence of human chromosome 12. Nature. 2006 Mar 16;440(7082):346-51. [PubMed ]
2. Watkins PA, Maiguel D, Jia Z, Pevsner J: Evidence for 26 distinct acyl-coenzyme A synthetase genes in the human genome. J Lipid Res. 2007 Dec;48(12):2736-50. Epub 2007 Aug 30. [PubMed ]
3. Oppermann FS, Gnad F, Olsen JV, Hornberger R, Greff Z, Keri G, Mann M, Daub H: Large-scale proteomics analysis of the human kinome. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2009 Jul;8(7):1751-64. Epub 2009 Apr 15. [PubMed ]