1. (all-E)-1,1'-(3,7,12,16-Tetramethyl-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-octadecanonaene-1,18-diyl)bis
2. (all-E)-1,1'-(3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-octadecanonaene-1,18-diyl)bis[2,6,6-trimethyl-Cyclohexene
3. BetaVit
4. Betacarotene
5. Carotaben
6. Carotene Base 80S
7. Food Orange 5
8. KPMK
9. Lucaratin
10. Lucarotin
11. Lurotin
12. Provatene
13. Provatenol
14. Rovimix b-carotene
15. Serlabo
16. Solatene
17. all-E-b-Carotene
18. all-trans-b-Carotene
19. b-Carotene
20. beta-Carotene
21. all-epsilon-beta-Carotene
22. all-trans-beta-Carotene

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• Membrane (Predicted from LogP)
• Cytoplasm
• Extracellular

• Blood

• 608089 (Endometrial cancer)

1. Rushin WG, Catignani GL, Schwartz SJ: Determination of beta-carotene and its cis isomers in serum. Clin Chem. 1990 Nov;36(11):1986-9. [PubMed ]
2. Vahlquist A, Lee JB, Michaelsson G, Rollman O: Vitamin A in human skin: II Concentrations of carotene, retinol and dehydroretinol in various components of normal skin. J Invest Dermatol. 1982 Aug;79(2):94-7. [PubMed ]
3. Bacic-Vrca V, Skreb F, Cepelak I, Mayer L, Kusic Z, Petres B: The effect of antioxidant supplementation on superoxide dismutase activity, Cu and Zn levels, and total antioxidant status in erythrocytes of patients with Graves' disease. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2005;43(4):383-8. [PubMed ]
4. Wu K, Erdman JW Jr, Schwartz SJ, Platz EA, Leitzmann M, Clinton SK, DeGroff V, Willett WC, Giovannucci E: Plasma and dietary carotenoids, and the risk of prostate cancer: a nested case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2004 Feb;13(2):260-9. [PubMed ]
5. Huang C, Tang YL, Chen CY, Chen ML, Chu CH, Hseu CT: The bioavailability of beta-carotene in stir- or deep-fried vegetables in men determined by measuring the serum response to a single ingestion. J Nutr. 2000 Mar;130(3):534-40. [PubMed ]
6. Gerber M: Qualitative methods to evaluate Mediterranean diet in adults. Public Health Nutr. 2006 Feb;9(1A):147-51. [PubMed ]
7. El-Sohemy A, Baylin A, Kabagambe E, Ascherio A, Spiegelman D, Campos H: Individual carotenoid concentrations in adipose tissue and plasma as biomarkers of dietary intake. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Jul;76(1):172-9. [PubMed ]
8. Gollnick HP, Siebenwirth C: Beta-carotene plasma levels and content in oral mucosal epithelium is skin type associated. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol. 2002 Sep-Oct;15(5):360-6. [PubMed ]
9. Lee J, Jiang S, Levine N, Watson RR: Carotenoid supplementation reduces erythema in human skin after simulated solar radiation exposure. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 2000 Feb;223(2):170-4. [PubMed ]
10. Stahl W, Schwarz W, Sundquist AR, Sies H: cis-trans isomers of lycopene and beta-carotene in human serum and tissues. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1992 Apr;294(1):173-7. [PubMed ]
11. Stahl W, Heinrich U, Jungmann H, Sies H, Tronnier H: Carotenoids and carotenoids plus vitamin E protect against ultraviolet light-induced erythema in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Mar;71(3):795-8. [PubMed ]
12. Chanarat N, Chanarat P, Viratsethasin K, Suttajit M, Chiewsilp D: Biochemical and hematological manifestations of HIV/AIDS in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2001 Sep;32(3):500-3. [PubMed ]
13. Heinrich U, Gartner C, Wiebusch M, Eichler O, Sies H, Tronnier H, Stahl W: Supplementation with beta-carotene or a similar amount of mixed carotenoids protects humans from UV-induced erythema. J Nutr. 2003 Jan;133(1):98-101. [PubMed ]
14. Poor CL, Bierer TL, Merchen NR, Fahey GC Jr, Murphy MR, Erdman JW Jr: Evaluation of the preruminant calf as a model for the study of human carotenoid metabolism. J Nutr. 1992 Feb;122(2):262-8. [PubMed ]
15. Lakshman MR: Alpha and omega of carotenoid cleavage. J Nutr. 2004 Jan;134(1):241S-245S. [PubMed ]
16. Kirsh VA, Hayes RB, Mayne ST, Chatterjee N, Subar AF, Dixon LB, Albanes D, Andriole GL, Urban DA, Peters U: Supplemental and dietary vitamin E, beta-carotene, and vitamin C intakes and prostate cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006 Feb 15;98(4):245-54. [PubMed ]
17. McArdle F, Rhodes LE, Parslew RA, Close GL, Jack CI, Friedmann PS, Jackson MJ: Effects of oral vitamin E and beta-carotene supplementation on ultraviolet radiation-induced oxidative stress in human skin. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Nov;80(5):1270-5. [PubMed ]
18. Metnitz GH, Fischer M, Bartens C, Steltzer H, Lang T, Druml W: Impact of acute renal failure on antioxidant status in multiple organ failure. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2000 Mar;44(3):236-40. [PubMed ]
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20. Dimenstein R, Trugo NM, Donangelo CM, Trugo LC, Anastacio AS: Effect of subadequate maternal vitamin-A status on placental transfer of retinol and beta-carotene to the human fetus. Biol Neonate. 1996;69(4):230-4. [PubMed ]
21. Wikipedia

1. Beta,beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase

1. Beta-carotene dioxygenase 1

MDIIFGRNRKEQLEPVRAKVTGKIPAWLQGTLLRNGPGMHTVGESRYNHWFDGLALLHSF
TIRDGEVYYRSKYLRSDTYNTNIEANRIVVSEFGTMAYPDPCKNIFSKAFSYLSHTIPDF
TDNCLINIMKCGEDFYATSETNYIRKINPQTLETLEKVDYRKYVAVNLATSHPHYDEAGN
VLNMGTSIVEKGKTKYVIFKIPATVPEGKKQGKSPWKHTEVFCSIPSRSLLSPSYYHSFG
VTENYVIFLEQPFRLDILKMATAYIRRMSWASCLAFHREEKTYIHIIDQRTRQPVQTKFY
TDAMVVFHHVNAYEEDGCIVFDVIAYEDNSLYQLFYLANLNQDFKENSRLTSVPTLRRFA
VPLHVDKNAEVGTNLIKVASTTATALKEEDGQVYCQPEFLYEGLELPRVNYAHNGKQYRY
VFATGVQWSPIPTKIIKYDILTKSSLKWREDDCWPAEPLFVPAPGAKDEDDGVILSAIVS
TDPQKLPFLLILDAKSFTELARASVDVDMHMDLHGLFITDMDWDTKKQAASEEQRDRASD
CHGAPLT

• Retinol Metabolism (map00830 )

• beta-carotene + O2 = 2 retinal [RN:R00032]

• RPE65 (PF03055 )

• None

• None

ATGGATATAATATTTGGCAGGAATAGGAAAGAACAGCTGGAGCCTGTGAGGGCCAAAGTG
ACAGGCAAGATTCCAGCATGGCTGCAGGGAACCCTGCTCCGCAACGGGCCTGGGATGCAC
ACAGTTGGGGAGTCCAGATACAACCATTGGTTCGACGGCCTTGCCCTGCTCCACAGCTTC
ACCATCAGAGACGGTGAAGTCTATTACAGGAGCAAATACCTGAGAAGCGATACCTACAAC
ACCAATATTGAGGCAAACAGGATTGTGGTGTCTGAGTTTGGAACAATGGCCTATCCGGAC
CCCTGCAAAAACATATTTTCCAAAGCTTTCTCCTACTTGTCTCACACCATCCCCGATTTC
ACCGACAACTGCCTGATCAACATCATGAAGTGCGGAGAAGACTTCTACGCGACCTCAGAG
ACCAATTACATCAGGAAAATCAACCCACAGACTCTGGAAACCCTGGAGAAGGTTGATTAT
CGTAAATACGTGGCGGTAAATCTGGCAACGTCACATCCCCATTATGATGAGGCTGGAAAT
GTTCTAAACATGGGCACATCCATTGTGGAAAAGGGGAAGACAAAGTATGTGATTTTTAAG
ATCCCTGCCACAGTACCAGAGGGCAAGAAGCAGGGGAAGAGCCCCTGGAAGCACACAGAG
GTGTTCTGCTCCATCCCATCCCGCTCCCTGCTCTCCCCAAGCTACTACCACAGCTTTGGA
GTCACCGAGAACTATGTCATCTTCCTTGAGCAGCCTTTCAGGTTGGATATTCTCAAGATG
GCAACCGCATACATCCGGAGAATGAGCTGGGCCTCCTGCCTGGCTTTCCACAGGGAGGAG
AAGACTTATATCCACATCATCGACCAAAGGACCAGGCAGCCTGTGCAGACCAAGTTTTAC
ACAGACGCCATGGTGGTCTTCCATCACGTCAACGCCTACGAAGAGGACGGCTGCATCGTG
TTTGACGTCATTGCCTACGAGGACAACAGCCTCTACCAGCTCTTCTACCTGGCCAACCTG
AACCAGGACTTCAAGGAGAACTCCAGGCTCACCTCGGTCCCCACCCTCAGGAGGTTTGCC
GTGCCCCTCCACGTGGACAAGAATGCAGAAGTGGGCACAAATTTAATCAAAGTGGCATCT
ACAACAGCCACGGCCCTGAAGGAAGAAGATGGCCAAGTCTACTGCCAGCCGGAATTTCTT
TATGAAGGCTTAGAGCTTCCACGGGTCAATTATGCTCACAATGGAAAGCAATACCGATAT
GTCTTTGCTACAGGAGTTCAGTGGAGTCCAATCCCAACCAAGATAATAAAATATGACATT
CTCACAAAGTCATCCTTAAAATGGAGAGAGGACGACTGCTGGCCAGCGGAACCCCTGTTT
GTGCCCGCGCCAGGTGCCAAGGATGAGGATGACGGAGTAATCTTATCAGCCATTGTCTCT
ACTGATCCCCAAAAGCTGCCTTTTCTGCTCATTCTGGATGCCAAAAGCTTTACGGAATTG
GCCCGTGCCTCTGTTGATGTCGATATGCACATGGATCTCCATGGATTATTCATTACAGAC
ATGGACTGGGACACAAAAAAGCAGGCCGCTTCTGAGGAACAGCGGGACAGGGCTTCCGAC
TGCCACGGGGCTCCTCTGACCTGA

1. Yan W, Jang GF, Haeseleer F, Esumi N, Chang J, Kerrigan M, Campochiaro M, Campochiaro P, Palczewski K, Zack DJ: Cloning and characterization of a human beta,beta-carotene-15,15'-dioxygenase that is highly expressed in the retinal pigment epithelium. Genomics. 2001 Mar 1;72(2):193-202. [PubMed ]
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4. Lindqvist A, Sharvill J, Sharvill DE, Andersson S: Loss-of-function mutation in carotenoid 15,15'-monooxygenase identified in a patient with hypercarotenemia and hypovitaminosis A. J Nutr. 2007 Nov;137(11):2346-50. [PubMed ]