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Human Metabolome Database Version 2.5

 

Showing metabocard for D-2-Hydroxyglutaric acid (HMDB00606)

Legend: metabolite field enzyme field

Version 2.5
Creation Date 2005-11-16 15:48:42
Update Date 2011-06-15 12:57:33
Accession Number HMDB00606
Secondary Accession Numbers HMDB02323
Common Name D-2-Hydroxyglutaric acid
Description Tissue accumulation of high amounts of D 2 hydroxyglutaric acid is the biochemical hallmark of the inherited neurometabolic disorder D 2 hydroxyglutaric aciduria. Both the D and the L stereoisomers of hydroxyglutaric acid (EC 1.1.99.2) are found in body fluids. Accumulation of L-2-hydroxyglutaric acid has been reported in multiple patients who have a clinical phenotype of progressive neurodegeneration with extrapyramidal and cerebellar signs, seizures, and spongiform changes in the white matter (see 236792). Nyhan et al. (1995) described 3 female patients, 2 of them sibs, who were found to have excess accumulation of D-2-hydroxyglutaric acid in the urine. The phenotype was quite variable, even among the sibs, but included mental retardation, macrocephaly with cerebral atrophy, hypotonia, seizures, and involuntary movements. One of the patients developed severe intermittent vomiting and was given a pyloromyotomy. The electroencephalogram demonstrated hypsarrhythmia. There was an increased concentration of protein in cerebrospinal fluid, an unusual finding in inborn errors of metabolism. Increased CSF protein has also been observed in mitochondrial disorders, peroxisomal disorders, and Krabbe disease.(OMIM #600721)
Synonyms
  1. (R)-2-Hydroxyglutarate
  2. (R)-2-Hydroxyglutaric acid
  3. (R)-2-hydroxy-Pentanedioate
  4. (R)-2-hydroxy-Pentanedioic acid
  5. (R)-a-Hydroxyglutarate
  6. (R)-a-Hydroxyglutaric acid
  7. 2-hydroxy-D-Glutarate
  8. 2-hydroxy-D-Glutaric acid
  9. D-2-Hydroxyglutarate
  10. D-2-Hydroxyglutaric acid
  11. D-a-Hydroxyglutarate
  12. D-a-Hydroxyglutaric acid
  13. (R)-alpha-Hydroxyglutarate
  14. (R)-alpha-Hydroxyglutaric acid
  15. 2-hydroxy-delta-Glutarate
  16. 2-hydroxy-delta-Glutaric acid
  17. delta-2-Hydroxyglutarate
  18. delta-2-Hydroxyglutaric acid
  19. delta-alpha-Hydroxyglutarate
  20. delta-alpha-Hydroxyglutaric acid
Chemical IUPAC Name 2-hydroxypentanedioic acid
Chemical Formula C5H8O5
Chemical Structure Structure
Chemical Taxonomy
Kingdom
  • Organic
Super Class
  • Organic acids
Class
  • Dicarboxylic Acids
Sub Class
  • Short chain dicarboxylic acids
Family
  • Mammalian Metabolite
Species
  • secondary alcohol
  • carboxylic acid
  • alpha-hydroxyacid
Biofunction
Application
Source
  • Endogenous
Average Molecular Weight 148.114
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 148.037170
Isomeric SMILES O[C@H](CCC(O)=O)C(O)=O
Canonical SMILES OC(CCC(O)=O)C(O)=O
KEGG Compound ID C01087 Link Image
BioCyc ID Not Available
BiGG ID Not Available
Wikipedia Link Not Available
NuGOwiki Link HMDB00606 Link Image
Metagene Link HMDB00606 Link Image
METLIN ID 5581 Link Image
PubChem Compound 43 Link Image
PubChem Substance 828566 Link Image
ChEBI ID 32796 Link Image
CAS Registry Number 2889-31-8
InChI Identifier InChI=1/C5H8O5/c6-3(5(9)10)1-2-4(7)8/h3,6H,1-2H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)/t3-/m1/s1
Synthesis Reference Kobayashi, Hidehiko; Yamaguchi, Koretaka; Yamashita, Takeshi. a-Hydroxyglutaric acid from glutamic acid. Jpn. Tokkyo Koho (1968), 3 pp.
Melting Point (Experimental) >300 oC
Experimental Water Solubility Not Available Source: PhysProp
Predicted Water Solubility 157.0 mg/mL [Predicted by ALOGPS] Calculated using ALOGPS
Physiological Charge -2
State Solid
Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity Not Available Source: PhysProp
Predicted LogP/Hydrophobicity -1.04 [Predicted by ALOGPS]; -1.1 [Predicted by PubChem via XLOGP] Calculated using ALOGPS
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
MOL File Show Link Image
SDF File Show Link Image
PDB File Show Link Image
2D Structure
3D Structure
Experimental PDB ID Not Available
Experimental 1H NMR Spectrum Not Available
Experimental 13C NMR Spectrum Not Available
Experimental 13C HSQC Spectrum Not Available
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Mass Spectrum Not Available
Simplified TOCSY Spectrum Not Available
BMRB Spectrum Not Available
Cellular Location
  • Cytoplasm (Predicted from LogP)
Biofluid Location
  • Blood
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid
  • Urine
Tissue Location Not Available
Concentrations (Normal)
Biofluid Blood
Value 0.7 +/- 0.2 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Gibson KM, ten Brink HJ, Schor DS, Kok RM, Bootsma AH, Hoffmann GF, Jakobs C: Stable-isotope dilution analysis of D- and L-2-hydroxyglutaric acid: application to the detection and prenatal diagnosis of D- and L-2-hydroxyglutaric acidemias. Pediatr Res. 1993 Sep;34(3):277-80. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value 51.9 (13.7-97.3) umol/mmol creatinine
Age Newborn:0-30 days old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Guneral F, Bachmann C: Age-related reference values for urinary organic acids in a healthy Turkish pediatric population. Clin Chem. 1994 Jun;40(6):862-6. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value 41.5 (14.6-150.3) umol/mmol creatinine
Age Infant:0-1 yr old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Guneral F, Bachmann C: Age-related reference values for urinary organic acids in a healthy Turkish pediatric population. Clin Chem. 1994 Jun;40(6):862-6. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value 12.4 (5.1-24.9) umol/mmol creatinine
Age Children:1-13 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Guneral F, Bachmann C: Age-related reference values for urinary organic acids in a healthy Turkish pediatric population. Clin Chem. 1994 Jun;40(6):862-6. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value 11.2 (4.6-33.6) umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adolescent:13-18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Guneral F, Bachmann C: Age-related reference values for urinary organic acids in a healthy Turkish pediatric population. Clin Chem. 1994 Jun;40(6):862-6. [PubMed Link Image]
Concentrations (Abnormal)
Biofluid Blood
Value 61.0 +/- 14.0 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria
Comments Not Available
References
  • Gibson KM, ten Brink HJ, Schor DS, Kok RM, Bootsma AH, Hoffmann GF, Jakobs C: Stable-isotope dilution analysis of D- and L-2-hydroxyglutaric acid: application to the detection and prenatal diagnosis of D- and L-2-hydroxyglutaric acidemias. Pediatr Res. 1993 Sep;34(3):277-80. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Blood
Value 0.6 (0.30-0.90) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria
Comments Not Available
References
Biofluid Blood
Value 67.5 (62.0-73.0) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria
Comments Not Available
References
Biofluid CSF
Value 0.2 (0.1-0.30) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria
Comments Not Available
References
Biofluid CSF
Value 25.0 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria
Comments Not Available
References
Biofluid Urine
Value 10.0 (3.0-17.0) umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria
Comments Not Available
References
Biofluid Urine
Value 1238.5 (730.0-1747.0) umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria
Comments Not Available
References
Biofluid Urine
Value 33.0 (20.0-46.0) umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition Glutaric aciduria II
Comments Not Available
References
Biofluid Urine
Value 2175.0 (50.0-4300.0) umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition Glutaric acidemia type 2
Comments Not Available
References
Associated Disorders
Condition References
D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria
Glutaric acidemia type 2
Glutaric aciduria II
OMIM ID
Pathways Not Available
General References
  1. Gibson KM, ten Brink HJ, Schor DS, Kok RM, Bootsma AH, Hoffmann GF, Jakobs C: Stable-isotope dilution analysis of D- and L-2-hydroxyglutaric acid: application to the detection and prenatal diagnosis of D- and L-2-hydroxyglutaric acidemias. Pediatr Res. 1993 Sep;34(3):277-80. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. van der Knaap MS, Jakobs C, Hoffmann GF, Nyhan WL, Renier WO, Smeitink JA, Catsman-Berrevoets CE, Hjalmarson O, Vallance H, Sugita K, Bowe CM, Herrin JT, Craigen WJ, Buist NR, Brookfield DS, Chalmers RA: D-2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria: biochemical marker or clinical disease entity? Ann Neurol. 1999 Jan;45(1):111-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Rashed MS, AlAmoudi M, Aboul-Enein HY: Chiral liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in the determination of the configuration of 2-hydroxyglutaric acid in urine. Biomed Chromatogr. 2000 Aug;14(5):317-20. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. da Silva CG, Bueno AR, Schuck PF, Leipnitz G, Ribeiro CA, Wannmacher CM, Wyse AT, Wajner M: D-2-hydroxyglutaric acid inhibits creatine kinase activity from cardiac and skeletal muscle of young rats. Eur J Clin Invest. 2003 Oct;33(10):840-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Clarke NF, Andrews I, Carpenter K, Jakobs C, van der Knaap MS, Kirk EP: D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria: a case with an intermediate phenotype and prenatal diagnosis of two affected fetuses. Am J Med Genet A. 2003 Aug 1;120(4):523-7. [PubMed Link Image]
Metabolic Enzymes
  1. Hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase, mitochondrial
Enzyme 1 [top]
Enzyme 1 ID 9419
Enzyme 1 Name Hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase, mitochondrial
Enzyme 1 Synonyms
  1. HOT
  2. Alcohol dehydrogenase iron-containing protein 1
  3. ADHFe1
  4. Fe-containing alcohol dehydrogenase
Enzyme 1 Gene Name ADHFE1
Enzyme 1 Protein Sequence >Hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase, mitochondrial
MAAAARARVAYLLRQLQRAACQCPTHSHTYSQAPGLSPSGKTTDYAFEMAVSNIRYGAAV
TKEVGMDLKNMGAKNVCLMTDKNLSKLPPVQVAMDSLVKNGIPFTVYDNVRVEPTDSSFM
EAIEFAQKGAFDAYVAVGGGSTMDTCKAANLYASSPHSDFLDYVSAPIGKGKPVSVPLKP
LIAVPTTSGTGSETTGVAIFDYEHLKVKIGITSRAIKPTLGLIDPLHTLHMPARVVANSG
FDVLCHALESYTTLPYHLRSPCPSNPITRPAYQGSNPISDIWAIHALRIVAKYLKRAVRN
PDDLEARSHMHLASAFAGIGFGNAGVHLCHGMSYPISGLVKMYKAKDYNVDHPLVPHGLS
VVLTSPAVFTFTAQMFPERHLEMAEILGADTRTARIQDAGLVLADTLRKFLFDLDVDDGL
AAVGYSKADIPALVKGTLPQERVTKLAPCPQSEEDLAALFEASMKLY
Enzyme 1 Number of Residues 467
Enzyme 1 Molecular Weight 50307.4
Enzyme 1 Theoretical pI 7.84
Enzyme 1 GO Classification
Function
  • binding
  • catalytic activity
  • cation binding
  • ion binding
  • metal ion binding
  • oxidoreductase activity
Process
  • metabolic process
  • oxidation reduction
Component
Enzyme 1 General Function Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Enzyme 1 Specific Function Catalyzes the cofactor-independent reversible oxidation of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) to succinic semialdehyde (SSA) coupled to reduction of 2-ketoglutarate (2-KG) to D-2- hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG). D,L-3-hydroxyisobutyrate and L-3- hydroxybutyrate (L-3-OHB) are also substrates for HOT with 10-fold lower activities
Enzyme 1 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 1 Reactions
  • (S)-3-hydroxybutanoate + 2-oxoglutarate = acetoacetate + (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate [RN:R03225]
Enzyme 1 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 1 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 1 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 1 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 1 GenBank ID Protein Not Available
Enzyme 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q8IWW8 Link Image
Enzyme 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name HOT_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 1 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 1 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 1 Gene Sequence >1404 bp
ATGGCCGCTGCCGCCCGAGCCCGGGTCGCGTACTTGCTGAGGCAACTGCAACGCGCAGCG
TGCCAGTGCCCAACTCATTCTCATACTTACTCCCAAGCCCCTGGACTTTCACCTTCTGGG
AAAACAACAGATTATGCCTTTGAGATGGCTGTTTCAAATATTAGATATGGAGCAGCAGTT
ACAAAGGAAGTAGGAATGGACCTAAAAAACATGGGTGCTAAAAATGTGTGCTTGATGACA
GACAAGAACCTCTCCAAGCTCCCTCCTGTGCAAGTAGCTATGGATTCCCTAGTGAAGAAT
GGCATCCCCTTTACGGTTTATGATAATGTGAGAGTGGAACCAACGGATTCAAGCTTCATG
GAAGCTATTGAGTTTGCCCAAAAGGGAGCTTTTGATGCCTATGTTGCTGTCGGTGGTGGC
TCTACCATGGACACCTGTAAGGCTGCTAATCTGTATGCATCCAGCCCTCATTCTGATTTC
CTAGATTATGTCAGTGCCCCCATTGGCAAGGGAAAGCCTGTGTCTGTGCCTCTTAAGCCT
CTGATTGCAGTGCCAACTACCTCAGGAACCGGGAGTGAAACTACTGGGGTTGCCATTTTT
GACTATGAACACTTGAAAGTAAAAATTGGTATCACTTCGAGAGCCATCAAACCCACACTG
GGACTGATTGATCCTCTGCACACCCTCCACATGCCTGCCCGAGTGGTCGCCAACAGTGGC
TTTGATGTGCTTTGCCATGCCCTGGAGTCATACACCACCCTGCCCTACCACCTGCGGAGC
CCCTGCCCTTCAAATCCCATCACACGGCCTGCGTACCAGGGCAGCAACCCAATCAGTGAC
ATTTGGGCTATCCACGCGCTGCGGATCGTGGCTAAGTATCTGAAGAGGGCCGTCAGAAAT
CCCGATGATCTTGAAGCAAGGTCTCATATGCACTTGGCAAGTGCTTTTGCTGGCATCGGC
TTTGGAAATGCTGGTGTTCATCTGTGCCATGGAATGTCTTACCCAATTTCAGGTTTAGTG
AAGATGTATAAAGCAAAGGATTACAATGTGGATCACCCACTGGTGCCCCATGGCCTTTCT
GTGGTGCTCACGTCCCCAGCGGTGTTCACTTTCACGGCCCAGATGTTTCCAGAGCGACAC
CTGGAGATGGCAGAAATATTGGGAGCCGACACCCGCACTGCCAGGATCCAAGATGCAGGG
CTGGTGTTGGCAGACACGCTCCGGAAATTCTTATTCGATCTGGATGTTGATGATGGCCTA
GCAGCTGTTGGTTACTCCAAAGCTGATATCCCCGCACTAGTGAAAGGAACGCTGCCCCAG
GAAAGGGTCACCAAGCTTGCACCCTGTCCCCAGTCAGAAGAGGATCTGGCTGCTCTGTTT
GAAGCTTCAATGAAACTGTATTAA
Enzyme 1 GenBank Gene ID AY033237 Link Image
Enzyme 1 GeneCard ID ADHFE1 Link Image
Enzyme 1 GenAtlas ID ADHFE1 Link Image
Enzyme 1 HGNC ID HGNC:16354 Link Image
Enzyme 1 Chromosome Location 8
Enzyme 1 Locus 8q13.1
Enzyme 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 1 General References
  1. Deng Y, Wang Z, Gu S, Ji C, Ying K, Xie Y, Mao Y: Cloning and characterization of a novel human alcohol dehydrogenase gene (ADHFe1). DNA Seq. 2002 Oct;13(5):301-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Yamada S, Ohira M, Horie H, Ando K, Takayasu H, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Hirata T, Goto T, Matsunaga T, Hiyama E, Hayashi Y, Ando H, Suita S, Kaneko M, Sasaki F, Hashizume K, Ohnuma N, Nakagawara A: Expression profiling and differential screening between hepatoblastomas and the corresponding normal livers: identification of high expression of the PLK1 oncogene as a poor-prognostic indicator of hepatoblastomas. Oncogene. 2004 Aug 5;23(35):5901-11. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Struys EA, Verhoeven NM, Ten Brink HJ, Wickenhagen WV, Gibson KM, Jakobs C: Kinetic characterization of human hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase: relevance to D-2-hydroxyglutaric and gamma-hydroxybutyric acidurias. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2005;28(6):921-30. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Sjoblom T, Jones S, Wood LD, Parsons DW, Lin J, Barber TD, Mandelker D, Leary RJ, Ptak J, Silliman N, Szabo S, Buckhaults P, Farrell C, Meeh P, Markowitz SD, Willis J, Dawson D, Willson JK, Gazdar AF, Hartigan J, Wu L, Liu C, Parmigiani G, Park BH, Bachman KE, Papadopoulos N, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW, Velculescu VE: The consensus coding sequences of human breast and colorectal cancers. Science. 2006 Oct 13;314(5797):268-74. Epub 2006 Sep 7. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 1 Metabolite References Not Available