1. (R)-S-lactoylglutathione
2. S-lactoyl-glutathione
3. D-lactoylglutathione
4. n-(n-l-gamma-glutamyl-S-(2-hydroxy-1-oxopropyl)-l-cysteinyl)-glycine
5. S-D-lactoylglutathione
6. S-lactate glutathione
7. S-lactateglutathione
8. S-lactylglutathione
9. S-D-lactoyl-glutathione
10. S-[(2R)-2-hydroxypropanoyl]-gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine
11. delta-lactoylglutathione
12. S-delta-lactoylglutathione
13. S-delta-lactoyl-glutathione

• Cytoplasm (Predicted from LogP)
• mitochondria

1. Edwards LG, Adesida A, Thornalley PJ: Inhibition of human leukaemia 60 cell growth by S-D-lactoylglutathione in vitro. Mediation by metabolism to N-D-lactoylcysteine and induction of apoptosis. Leuk Res. 1996 Jan;20(1):17-26. [PubMed ]
2. Thornalley PJ: Advances in glyoxalase research. Glyoxalase expression in malignancy, anti-proliferative effects of methylglyoxal, glyoxalase I inhibitor diesters and S-D-lactoylglutathione, and methylglyoxal-modified protein binding and endocytosis by the advanced glycation endproduct receptor. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 1995 Aug;20(1-2):99-128. [PubMed ]
3. Irsch T, Krauth-Siegel RL: Glyoxalase II of African trypanosomes is trypanothione-dependent. J Biol Chem. 2004 May 21;279(21):22209-17. Epub 2004 Feb 19. [PubMed ]

1. Lactoylglutathione lyase
2. Hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase
3. Hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase-like protein

1. Methylglyoxalase
2. Aldoketomutase
3. Glyoxalase I
4. Glx I
5. Ketone-aldehyde mutase
6. S-D- lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal lyase

MAEPQPPSGGLTDEAALSCCSDADPSTKDFLLQQTMLRVKDPKKSLDFYTRVLGMTLIQK
CDFPIMKFSLYFLAYEDKNDIPKEKDEKIAWALSRKATLELTHNWGTEDDETQSYHNGNS
DPRGFGHIGIAVPDVYSACKRFEELGVKFVKKPDDGKMKGLAFIQDPDGYWIEILNPNKM
ATLM

• Pyruvate Metabolism (map00620 )

• (R)-S-lactoylglutathione = glutathione + methylglyoxal

• Glyoxalase (PF00903 )

• None

• None

ATGGCAGAACCGCAGCCCCCGTCCGGCGGCCTCACGGACGAGGCCGCCCTCAGTTGCTGC
TCCGACGCGGACCCCAGTACCAAGGATTTTCTATTGCAGCAGACCATGCTACGAGTGAAG
GATCCTAAGAAGTCACTGGATTTTTATACTAGAGTTCTTGGAATGACGCTAATCCAAAAA
TGTGATTTTCCCATTATGAAGTTTTCACTCTACTTCTTGGCTTATGAGGATAAAAATGAC
ATCCCTAAAGAAAAAGATGAAAAAATAGCCTGGGCGCTCTCCAGAAAAGCTACACTTGAG
CTGACACACAATTGGGGCACTGAAGATGATGCGACCCAGAGTTACCACAATGGCAATTCA
GACCCTCGAGGATTCGGTCATATTGGAATTGCTGTTCCTGATGTATACAGTGCTTGTAAA
AGGTTTGAAGAACTGGGAGTCAAATTTGTGAAGAAACCTGATGATGGTAAAATGAAAGGC
CTGGCATTTATTCAAGATCCTGATGGCTACTGGATTGAAATTTTGAATCCTAACAAAATG
GCAACCTTAATGTAG

1. Kim NS, Umezawa Y, Ohmura S, Kato S: Human glyoxalase I. cDNA cloning, expression, and sequence similarity to glyoxalase I from Pseudomonas putida. J Biol Chem. 1993 May 25;268(15):11217-21. [PubMed ]
2. Ranganathan S, Walsh ES, Godwin AK, Tew KD: Cloning and characterization of human colon glyoxalase-I. J Biol Chem. 1993 Mar 15;268(8):5661-7. [PubMed ]
3. Ridderstrom M, Mannervik B: Optimized heterologous expression of the human zinc enzyme glyoxalase I. Biochem J. 1996 Mar 1;314 ( Pt 2):463-7. [PubMed ]
4. Ranganathan S, Ciaccio PJ, Walsh ES, Tew KD: Genomic sequence of human glyoxalase-I: analysis of promoter activity and its regulation. Gene. 1999 Nov 15;240(1):149-55. [PubMed ]
5. Mungall AJ, Palmer SA, Sims SK, Edwards CA, Ashurst JL, Wilming L, Jones MC, Horton R, Hunt SE, Scott CE, Gilbert JG, Clamp ME, Bethel G, Milne S, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Ambrose KD, Andrews TD, Ashwell RI, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Banerjee R, Barker DJ, Barlow KF, Bates K, Beare DM, Beasley H, Beasley O, Bird CP, Blakey S, Bray-Allen S, Brook J, Brown AJ, Brown JY, Burford DC, Burrill W, Burton J, Carder C, Carter NP, Chapman JC, Clark SY, Clark G, Clee CM, Clegg S, Cobley V, Collier RE, Collins JE, Colman LK, Corby NR, Coville GJ, Culley KM, Dhami P, Davies J, Dunn M, Earthrowl ME, Ellington AE, Evans KA, Faulkner L, Francis MD, Frankish A, Frankland J, French L, Garner P, Garnett J, Ghori MJ, Gilby LM, Gillson CJ, Glithero RJ, Grafham DV, Grant M, Gribble S, Griffiths C, Griffiths M, Hall R, Halls KS, Hammond S, Harley JL, Hart EA, Heath PD, Heathcott R, Holmes SJ, Howden PJ, Howe KL, Howell GR, Huckle E, Humphray SJ, Humphries MD, Hunt AR, Johnson CM, Joy AA, Kay M, Keenan SJ, Kimberley AM, King A, Laird GK, Langford C, Lawlor S, Leongamornlert DA, Leversha M, Lloyd CR, Lloyd DM, Loveland JE, Lovell J, Martin S, Mashreghi-Mohammadi M, Maslen GL, Matthews L, McCann OT, McLaren SJ, McLay K, McMurray A, Moore MJ, Mullikin JC, Niblett D, Nickerson T, Novik KL, Oliver K, Overton-Larty EK, Parker A, Patel R, Pearce AV, Peck AI, Phillimore B, Phillips S, Plumb RW, Porter KM, Ramsey Y, Ranby SA, Rice CM, Ross MT, Searle SM, Sehra HK, Sheridan E, Skuce CD, Smith S, Smith M, Spraggon L, Squares SL, Steward CA, Sycamore N, Tamlyn-Hall G, Tester J, Theaker AJ, Thomas DW, Thorpe A, Tracey A, Tromans A, Tubby B, Wall M, Wallis JM, West AP, White SS, Whitehead SL, Whittaker H, Wild A, Willey DJ, Wilmer TE, Wood JM, Wray PW, Wyatt JC, Young L, Younger RM, Bentley DR, Coulson A, Durbin R, Hubbard T, Sulston JE, Dunham I, Rogers J, Beck S: The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6. Nature. 2003 Oct 23;425(6960):805-11. [PubMed ]
6. Cameron AD, Olin B, Ridderstrom M, Mannervik B, Jones TA: Crystal structure of human glyoxalase I--evidence for gene duplication and 3D domain swapping. EMBO J. 1997 Jun 16;16(12):3386-95. [PubMed ]
7. Ridderstrom M, Cameron AD, Jones TA, Mannervik B: Involvement of an active-site Zn2+ ligand in the catalytic mechanism of human glyoxalase I. J Biol Chem. 1998 Aug 21;273(34):21623-8. [PubMed ]
8. Cameron AD, Ridderstrom M, Olin B, Kavarana MJ, Creighton DJ, Mannervik B: Reaction mechanism of glyoxalase I explored by an X-ray crystallographic analysis of the human enzyme in complex with a transition state analogue. Biochemistry. 1999 Oct 12;38(41):13480-90. [PubMed ]

1. Glyoxalase II
2. GLX II

MKVEVLPALTDNYMYLVIDDETKEAAIVDPVQPQKVVDAARKHGVKLTTVLTTHHHWDHA
GGNEKLVKLESGLKVYGGDDRIGALTHKITHLSTLQVGSLNVKCLATPCHTSGHICYFVS
KPGGSEPPAVFTGDTLFVAGCGKFYEGTADEMCKALLEVLGRLPPDTRVYCGHEYTINNL
KFARHVEPGNAAIREKLAWAKEKYSIGEPTVPSTLAEEFTYNPFMRVREKTVQQHAGETD
PVTTMRAVRREKDQFKMPRD

• Pyruvate Metabolism (map00620 )

• S-(2-hydroxyacyl)glutathione + H2O = glutathione + a 2-hydroxy carboxylate

• Lactamase_B (PF00753 )

• None

• None

ATGAAGGTAGAGGTGCTGCCTGCCCTGACCGACAACTACATGTACCTGGTCATTGATGAT
GAGACCAAGGAGGCTGCCATTGTGGATCCGGTGCAGCCCCAGAAGGTCGTGGACGCGGCG
AGAAAGCACGGGGTGAAACTGACCACAGTGCTCACCACCCACCACCACTGGGACCATGCT
GGCGGGAATGAGAAACTGGTCAAGCTGGAGTCGGGACTGAAGGTGTACGGGGGTGACGAC
CGTATCGGGGCCCTGACTCACAAGATCACTCACCTGTCCACACTGCAGGTGGGGTCTCTG
AACGTCAAGTGCCTGGCGACCCCGTGCCACACTTCAGGACACATTTGTTACTTCGTGAGC
AAGCCCGGAGGCTCGGAGCCCCCTGCCGTGTTCACAGGTGACACCTTGTTTGTGGCTGGC
TGCGGGAAGTTCTATGAAGGGACTGCGGATGAGATGTGTAAAGCTCTGCTGGAGGTCTTG
GGCCGGCTCCCCCCGGACACAAGAGTCTACTGTGGCCACGAGTACACCATCAACAACCTC
AAGTTTGCACGCCACGTGGAGCCCGGCAATGCCGCCATCCGGGAGAAGCTGGCCTGGGCC
AAGGAGAAGTACAGCATCGGGGAGCCCACAGTGCCATCCACCCTGGCAGAGGAGTTTACC
TACAACCCCTTCATGAGAGTGAGGGAGAAGACGGTGCAGCAGCACGCAGGTGAGACGGAC
CCGGTGACCACCATGCGGGCCGTGCGCAGGGAGAAGGACCAGTTCAAGATGCCCCGGGAC
TGA

1. Ridderstrom M, Saccucci F, Hellman U, Bergman T, Principato G, Mannervik B: Molecular cloning, heterologous expression, and characterization of human glyoxalase II. J Biol Chem. 1996 Jan 5;271(1):319-23. [PubMed ]
2. Daniels RJ, Peden JF, Lloyd C, Horsley SW, Clark K, Tufarelli C, Kearney L, Buckle VJ, Doggett NA, Flint J, Higgs DR: Sequence, structure and pathology of the fully annotated terminal 2 Mb of the short arm of human chromosome 16. Hum Mol Genet. 2001 Feb 15;10(4):339-52. [PubMed ]
3. Cameron AD, Ridderstrom M, Olin B, Mannervik B: Crystal structure of human glyoxalase II and its complex with a glutathione thiolester substrate analogue. Structure. 1999 Sep 15;7(9):1067-78. [PubMed ]

MKVKVIPVLEDNYMYLVIEELTREAVAVDVAVPKRLLEIVGREGVSLTAVLTTHHHWDHA
RGNPELARLRPGLAVLGADERIFSLTRRLAHGEELRFGAIHVRCLLTPGHTAGHMSYFLW
EDDCPDPPALFSGDALSVAGCGSCLEGSAQQMYQSLAELGTLPPETKVFCGHEHTLSNLE
FAQKVEPCNDHVRAKLSWAKARPLSRRGKRVGGEGTGFGVGGALRQGLMVTGACGHSRRG
MRMTCPLCRRLWARSASTTPSCGWREYGCCPGASTVTWTLRKASGDCVLG

• H2O + (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione --> Reduced glutathione + H+ + D-Lactate

• Lactamase_B (PF00753 )

• None

• None

1. Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, Derge JG, Klausner RD, Collins FS, Wagner L, Shenmen CM, Schuler GD, Altschul SF, Zeeberg B, Buetow KH, Schaefer CF, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Jordan H, Moore T, Max SI, Wang J, Hsieh F, Diatchenko L, Marusina K, Farmer AA, Rubin GM, Hong L, Stapleton M, Soares MB, Bonaldo MF, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brownstein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Prange C, Raha SS, Loquellano NA, Peters GJ, Abramson RD, Mullahy SJ, Bosak SA, McEwan PJ, McKernan KJ, Malek JA, Gunaratne PH, Richards S, Worley KC, Hale S, Garcia AM, Gay LJ, Hulyk SW, Villalon DK, Muzny DM, Sodergren EJ, Lu X, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madan A, Young AC, Shevchenko Y, Bouffard GG, Blakesley RW, Touchman JW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Krzywinski MI, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Marra MA: Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Dec 24;99(26):16899-903. Epub 2002 Dec 11. [PubMed ]