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Human Metabolome Database Version 2.5

 

Showing metabocard for N-Acetylserotonin (HMDB01238)

Legend: metabolite field enzyme field

Version 2.5
Creation Date 2005-11-16 15:48:42
Update Date 2009-05-05 20:58:36
Accession Number HMDB01238
Secondary Accession Numbers Not Available
Common Name N-Acetylserotonin
Description N-Acetylserotonin is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of melatonin and indoleamine in the pineal gland of mammalians. Serotonin-N-acetyltransferase (SNAT), which regulates the rate of melatonin biosynthesis in the pineal gland, catalyzes the acetylation of 5HT to N-acetylserotonin (NAS). A methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine is transferred to NAS by hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT), and finally NAS is converted to 5-methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine, or melatonin. In most mammalian species the content of NAS (and melatonin) in the pineal gland shows clear circadian changes with the highest level occurring during the dark period. This elevation of the contents of NAS (and melatonin) in the dark period is due to the increase of SNAT activity and the elevation of SNAT gene expression. Experimental studies show that N-acetylserotonin possess free radical scavenging activity. Acute administration of irreversible and reversible selective MAO-A inhibitors and high doses (or chronic administration of low doses) of relatively selective MAO-B inhibitors (but not of highly selective MAO-B inhibitors) suppressed MAO-A activity and stimulated N-acetylation of pineal serotonin into N-acetylserotonin, the immediate precursor of melatonin. N-acetylserotonin increase after MAO-A inhibitors might mediate their antidepressive and antihypertensive effects. N-Acetylserotonin is the product of the O-demethylation of melatonin mediated by cytochrome P-450 isoforms: Cytochrome p450, subfamily IIc, polypeptide 19 (CYP2C19, a clinically important enzyme that metabolizes a wide variety of drugs), with a minor contribution from Cytochrome p450, subfamily I, polypeptide (2CYP1A2, involved in O-deethylation of phenacetin). (PMID 15616152, 11103901, 10721079, 10591054)
Synonyms
  1. 5-Hydroxy-N-acetyltryptamine
  2. 5-Hydroxymelatonin
  3. ASE
  4. N-Acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine
  5. N-Acetylserotonin
Chemical IUPAC Name N-[2-(5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]ethanamide
Chemical Formula C12H14N2O2
Chemical Structure Structure
Chemical Taxonomy
Kingdom
  • Organic
Super Class
  • Heterocyclic molecules
Class
  • Indoles and Indole Derivatives
Sub Class
  • Indole acids
Family
  • Mammalian Metabolite
Species
  • phenol or hydroxyhetarene
  • secondary carboxylic acid amide
  • aromatic compound
  • heterocyclic compound
Biofunction
  • Component of Tryptophan metabolism
Application
Source
  • Endogenous
Average Molecular Weight 218.252
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 218.105530
Isomeric SMILES CC(=O)NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2
Canonical SMILES CC(=O)NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2
KEGG Compound ID C00978 Link Image
BioCyc ID N-ACETYL-SEROTONIN Link Image
BiGG ID 36527 Link Image
Wikipedia Link ASE Link Image
NuGOwiki Link HMDB01238 Link Image
Metagene Link HMDB01238 Link Image
METLIN ID 366 Link Image
PubChem Compound 903 Link Image
PubChem Substance 11494183 Link Image
ChEBI ID 17697 Link Image
CAS Registry Number 1210-83-9
InChI Identifier InChI=1/C12H14N2O2/c1-8(15)13-5-4-9-7-14-12-3-2-10(16)6-11(9)12/h2-3,6-7,14,16H,4-5H2,1H3,(H,13,15)
Synthesis Reference Balemans M G; Mans D; Smith I; Van Benthem J The influence of GABA on the synthesis of N-acetylserotonin, melatonin, O-acetyl-5-hydroxytryptophol and O-acetyl-5-methoxytryptophol in the pineal gland of the male Wistar rat. Reproduction, nutrition, development (1983), 23(1), 151-60.
Melting Point (Experimental) Not Available
Experimental Water Solubility Not Available Source: PhysProp
Predicted Water Solubility 0.569 mg/mL [Predicted by ALOGPS] Calculated using ALOGPS
Physiological Charge 0
State Solid
Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity Not Available Source: PhysProp
Predicted LogP/Hydrophobicity 0.98 [Predicted by ALOGPS]; 1.2 [Predicted by PubChem via XLOGP] Calculated using ALOGPS
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
MOL File Show Link Image
SDF File Show Link Image
PDB File Show Link Image
2D Structure
3D Structure
Experimental PDB ID Not Available
Experimental 1H NMR Spectrum Download Spectrum
Download FID (Varian)
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Experimental 13C NMR Spectrum Not Available
Experimental 13C HSQC Spectrum Download Spectrum
Download FID (Bruker)
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Mass Spectrum
Low Energy
Download File
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Medium Energy
Download File
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High Energy
Download File
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Simplified TOCSY Spectrum Not Available
BMRB Spectrum Not Available
Cellular Location
  • Membrane
  • Cytoplasm
Biofluid Location Not Available
Tissue Location Not Available
Concentrations (Normal) Not Available
Concentrations (Abnormal) Not Available
Associated Disorders Not Available
OMIM ID Not Available
Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Tryptophan Metabolism SMP00063 Link Image map00380 Link Image
General References
  1. Wikipedia Link Image
Metabolic Enzymes
  1. Serotonin N-acetyltransferase
  2. Hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase
Enzyme 1 [top]
Enzyme 1 ID 5259
Enzyme 1 Name Serotonin N-acetyltransferase
Enzyme 1 Synonyms
  1. Serotonin acetylase
  2. Aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase
  3. AA-NAT
Enzyme 1 Gene Name AANAT
Enzyme 1 Protein Sequence >Serotonin N-acetyltransferase
MSTQSTHPLKPEAPRLPPGIPESPSCQRRHTLPASEFRCLTPEDAVSAFEIEREAFISVL
GVCPLYLDEIRHFLTLCPELSLGWFEEGCLVAFIIGSLWDKERLMQESLTLHRSGGHIAH
LHVLAVHRAFRQQGRGPILLWRYLHHLGSQPAVRRAALMCEDALVPFYERFSFHAVGPCA
ITVGSLTFMELHCSLRGHPFLRRNSGC
Enzyme 1 Number of Residues 207
Enzyme 1 Molecular Weight 23343.8
Enzyme 1 Theoretical pI 7.57
Enzyme 1 GO Classification
Function
  • N-acetyltransferase activity
  • acetyltransferase activity
  • acyltransferase activity
  • catalytic activity
  • transferase activity
  • transferase activity, transferring acyl groups
  • transferase activity, transferring acyl groups other than amino-acyl groups
Process
  • metabolic process
Component
Enzyme 1 General Function Involved in N-acetyltransferase activity
Enzyme 1 Specific Function Catalyzes the N-acetylation of serotonin into N- acetylserotonin. Controls the night/day rhythm of melatonin production in the pineal gland. Has a relative affinity for hydroxylated versus non-hydroxylated arylalkylamines
Enzyme 1 Pathways
Enzyme 1 Reactions
  • acetyl-CoA + a 2-arylethylamine = CoA + an N-acetyl-2-arylethylamine [RN:R03760]
Enzyme 1 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 1 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 1 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 1 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 1 GenBank ID Protein Not Available
Enzyme 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q16613 Link Image
Enzyme 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name SNAT_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 1 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 1 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 1 Gene Sequence >624 bp
ATGTCCACGCAGAGCACCCACCCCCTGAAACCTGAGGCCCCACGTCTGCCACCTGGGATC
CCCGAGTCCCCGAGCTGTCAGCGGCGCCACACACTCCCTGCCAGTGAGTTTCGCTGCCTC
ACCCCGGAGGACGCTGTCAGCGCCTTTGAGATCGAGCGTGAAGCCTTCATCTCCGTCTTG
GGCGTCTGCCCCCTGTACCTGGATGAGATCCGGCACTTCCTGACCCTATGTCCAGAGCTG
TCCCTGGGCTGGTTCGAGGAGGGCTGCCTTGTGGCCTTCATCATCGGCTCGCTCTGGGAC
AAGGAGAGACTCATGCAGGAGTCACTGACGCTGCACAGGTCTGGGGGCCACATAGCCCAC
CTGCATGTGCTGGCCGTGCACCGCGCCTTCCGGCAGCAGGGCAGGGGCCCCATCCTGCTG
TGGCGCTACCTGCACCACCTGGGCAGCCAGCCGGCCGTGCGCCGGGCCGCGCTCATGTGC
GAGGACGCGCTGGTACCCTTCTATGAGAGGTTCAGCTTCCACGCCGTGGGCCCCTGCGCC
ATCACCGTGGGCTCCCTCACCTTCATGGAGCTCCACTGCTCCCTGCGGGGCCACCCCTTC
CTGCGCAGGAACAGCGGCTGCTGA
Enzyme 1 GenBank Gene ID U40347 Link Image
Enzyme 1 GeneCard ID AANAT Link Image
Enzyme 1 GenAtlas ID AANAT Link Image
Enzyme 1 HGNC ID HGNC:19 Link Image
Enzyme 1 Chromosome Location 1
Enzyme 1 Locus 17q25
Enzyme 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 1 General References
  1. Coon SL, Mazuruk K, Bernard M, Roseboom PH, Klein DC, Rodriguez IR: The human serotonin N-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.87) gene (AANAT): structure, chromosomal localization, and tissue expression. Genomics. 1996 May 15;34(1):76-84. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Coon SL, Weller JL, Korf HW, Namboodiri MA, Rollag M, Klein DC: cAmp regulation of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT, EC 2.3.1.87): a new cell line (1E7) provides evidence of intracellular AANAT activation. J Biol Chem. 2001 Jun 29;276(26):24097-107. Epub 2001 Apr 19. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Konturek SJ, Konturek PC, Brzozowski T, Bubenik GA: Role of melatonin in upper gastrointestinal tract. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2007 Dec;58 Suppl 6:23-52. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Hohjoh H, Takasu M, Shishikura K, Takahashi Y, Honda Y, Tokunaga K: Significant association of the arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase ( AA-NAT) gene with delayed sleep phase syndrome. Neurogenetics. 2003 Apr;4(3):151-3. Epub 2002 Nov 29. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 1 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 2 [top]
Enzyme 2 ID 5333
Enzyme 2 Name Hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase
Enzyme 2 Synonyms
  1. HIOMT
  2. Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase
  3. ASMT
Enzyme 2 Gene Name ASMT
Enzyme 2 Protein Sequence >Hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase
MGSSEDQAYRLLNDYANGFMVSQVLFAACELGVFDLLAEAPGPLDVAAVAAGVRASAHGT
ELLLDICVSLKLLKVETRGGKAFYRNTELSSDYLTTVSPTSQCSMLKYMGRTSYRCWGHL
ADAVREGRNQYLETFGVPAEELFTAIYRSEGERLQFMQALQEVWSVNGRSVLTAFDLSVF
PLMCDLGGGAGALAKECMSLYPGCKITVFDIPEVVWTAKQHFSFQEEEQIDFQEGDFFKD
PLPEADLYILARVLHDWADGKCSHLLERIYHTCKPGGGILVIESLLDEDRRGPLLTQLYS
LNMLVQTEGQERTPTHYHMLLSSAGFRDFQFKKTGAIYDAILARK
Enzyme 2 Number of Residues 345
Enzyme 2 Molecular Weight 38452.5
Enzyme 2 Theoretical pI 4.82
Enzyme 2 GO Classification
Function
  • O-methyltransferase activity
  • catalytic activity
  • methyltransferase activity
  • transferase activity
  • transferase activity, transferring one-carbon groups
Process
Component
Enzyme 2 General Function Involved in O-methyltransferase activity
Enzyme 2 Specific Function S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N-acetylserotonin = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine
Enzyme 2 Pathways
Enzyme 2 Reactions
  • S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N-acetylserotonin = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + melatonin [RN:R03130]
Enzyme 2 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 2 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 2 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 2 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 2 GenBank ID Protein 57209912 Link Image
Enzyme 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P46597 Link Image
Enzyme 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name HIOM_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 2 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 2 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 2 Gene Sequence >1038 bp
ATGGGATCCTCAGAGGACCAGGCCTATCGCCTCCTTAATGACTACGCCAACGGCTTCATG
GTGTCCCAGGTTCTCTTCGCCGCCTGCGAGCTGGGCGTGTTTGACCTTCTCGCCGAGGCC
CCAGGGCCCCTGGACGTGGCGGCAGTGGCTGCAGGTGTGAGGGCCAGCGCCCATGGGACA
GAGCTCCTGCTGGACATCTGTGTGTCCCTGAAGCTGCTGAAAGTGGAGACGAGGGGAGGA
AAAGCTTTCTATCGAAACACAGAGCTGTCCAGCGACTACCTGACCACGGTCAGCCCGACG
TCACAATGCAGCATGCTGAAGTACATGGGCAGGACCAGCTACCGGTGCTGGGGCCACCTG
GCAGACGCCGTGAGAGAAGGAAGGAACCAGTACCTGGAGACGTTTGGCGTTCCCGCTGAA
GAGCTTTTTACGGCCATCTACAGGTCCGAGGGCGAGCGGCTACAGTTCATGCAAGCTCTG
CAGGAGGTCTGGAGCGTCAACGGGAGAAGCGTGCTGACCGCCTTTGACCTGTCAGTGTTC
CCACTTATGTGTGACCTTGGTGGTGGGGCTGGAGCTCTGGCTAAGGAATGCATGTCTCTG
TACCCTGGATGTAAGATCACCGTTTTTGACATCCCAGAAGTGGTGTGGACGGCAAAGCAG
CACTTCTCATTCCAGGAGGAAGAACAGATTGACTTCCAGGAAGGGGATTTCTTCAAAGAC
CCTCTTCCGGAAGCTGATCTGTACATCCTGGCCAGGGTCCTCCATGACTGGGCAGACGGA
AAGTGCTCACACCTGCTGGAGAGGATCTACCACACTTGCAAGCCAGGTGGTGGCATTCTG
GTAATTGAAAGCCTCCTGGATGAAGACAGGCGAGGTCCTCTGCTCACGCAGCTCTACTCT
CTGAACATGCTTGTGCAGACGGAAGGGCAGGAGAGGACCCCCACCCACTACCACATGCTC
CTCTCTTCTGCTGGCTTCAGAGACTTCCAGTTTAAGAAAACAGGAGCCATTTATGATGCC
ATTTTAGCCAGGAAATAA
Enzyme 2 GenBank Gene ID AL683807 Link Image
Enzyme 2 GeneCard ID ASMT Link Image
Enzyme 2 GenAtlas ID ASMT Link Image
Enzyme 2 HGNC ID HGNC:750 Link Image
Enzyme 2 Chromosome Location Not Available
Enzyme 2 Locus Not Available
Enzyme 2 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 2 General References
  1. Rodriguez IR, Mazuruk K, Schoen TJ, Chader GJ: Structural analysis of the human hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase gene. Presence of two distinct promoters. J Biol Chem. 1994 Dec 16;269(50):31969-77. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Donohue SJ, Roseboom PH, Illnerova H, Weller JL, Klein DC: Human hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase: presence of LINE-1 fragment in a cDNA clone and pineal mRNA. DNA Cell Biol. 1993 Oct;12(8):715-27. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Ross MT, Grafham DV, Coffey AJ, Scherer S, McLay K, Muzny D, Platzer M, Howell GR, Burrows C, Bird CP, Frankish A, Lovell FL, Howe KL, Ashurst JL, Fulton RS, Sudbrak R, Wen G, Jones MC, Hurles ME, Andrews TD, Scott CE, Searle S, Ramser J, Whittaker A, Deadman R, Carter NP, Hunt SE, Chen R, Cree A, Gunaratne P, Havlak P, Hodgson A, Metzker ML, Richards S, Scott G, Steffen D, Sodergren E, Wheeler DA, Worley KC, Ainscough R, Ambrose KD, Ansari-Lari MA, Aradhya S, Ashwell RI, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Ballabio A, Banerjee R, Barker GE, Barlow KF, Barrett IP, Bates KN, Beare DM, Beasley H, Beasley O, Beck A, Bethel G, Blechschmidt K, Brady N, Bray-Allen S, Bridgeman AM, Brown AJ, Brown MJ, Bonnin D, Bruford EA, Buhay C, Burch P, Burford D, Burgess J, Burrill W, Burton J, Bye JM, Carder C, Carrel L, Chako J, Chapman JC, Chavez D, Chen E, Chen G, Chen Y, Chen Z, Chinault C, Ciccodicola A, Clark SY, Clarke G, Clee CM, Clegg S, Clerc-Blankenburg K, Clifford K, Cobley V, Cole CG, Conquer JS, Corby N, Connor RE, David R, Davies J, Davis C, Davis J, Delgado O, Deshazo D, Dhami P, Ding Y, Dinh H, Dodsworth S, Draper H, Dugan-Rocha S, Dunham A, Dunn M, Durbin KJ, Dutta I, Eades T, Ellwood M, Emery-Cohen A, Errington H, Evans KL, Faulkner L, Francis F, Frankland J, Fraser AE, Galgoczy P, Gilbert J, Gill R, Glockner G, Gregory SG, Gribble S, Griffiths C, Grocock R, Gu Y, Gwilliam R, Hamilton C, Hart EA, Hawes A, Heath PD, Heitmann K, Hennig S, Hernandez J, Hinzmann B, Ho S, Hoffs M, Howden PJ, Huckle EJ, Hume J, Hunt PJ, Hunt AR, Isherwood J, Jacob L, Johnson D, Jones S, de Jong PJ, Joseph SS, Keenan S, Kelly S, Kershaw JK, Khan Z, Kioschis P, Klages S, Knights AJ, Kosiura A, Kovar-Smith C, Laird GK, Langford C, Lawlor S, Leversha M, Lewis L, Liu W, Lloyd C, Lloyd DM, Loulseged H, Loveland JE, Lovell JD, Lozado R, Lu J, Lyne R, Ma J, Maheshwari M, Matthews LH, McDowall J, McLaren S, McMurray A, Meidl P, Meitinger T, Milne S, Miner G, Mistry SL, Morgan M, Morris S, Muller I, Mullikin JC, Nguyen N, Nordsiek G, Nyakatura G, O'Dell CN, Okwuonu G, Palmer S, Pandian R, Parker D, Parrish J, Pasternak S, Patel D, Pearce AV, Pearson DM, Pelan SE, Perez L, Porter KM, Ramsey Y, Reichwald K, Rhodes S, Ridler KA, Schlessinger D, Schueler MG, Sehra HK, Shaw-Smith C, Shen H, Sheridan EM, Shownkeen R, Skuce CD, Smith ML, Sotheran EC, Steingruber HE, Steward CA, Storey R, Swann RM, Swarbreck D, Tabor PE, Taudien S, Taylor T, Teague B, Thomas K, Thorpe A, Timms K, Tracey A, Trevanion S, Tromans AC, d'Urso M, Verduzco D, Villasana D, Waldron L, Wall M, Wang Q, Warren J, Warry GL, Wei X, West A, Whitehead SL, Whiteley MN, Wilkinson JE, Willey DL, Williams G, Williams L, Williamson A, Williamson H, Wilming L, Woodmansey RL, Wray PW, Yen J, Zhang J, Zhou J, Zoghbi H, Zorilla S, Buck D, Reinhardt R, Poustka A, Rosenthal A, Lehrach H, Meindl A, Minx PJ, Hillier LW, Willard HF, Wilson RK, Waterston RH, Rice CM, Vaudin M, Coulson A, Nelson DL, Weinstock G, Sulston JE, Durbin R, Hubbard T, Gibbs RA, Beck S, Rogers J, Bentley DR: The DNA sequence of the human X chromosome. Nature. 2005 Mar 17;434(7031):325-37. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 2 Metabolite References Not Available