We are currently updating the database - data may be missing for the next 10 minutes. We apologize for any inconvenience.

Human Metabolome Database Version 2.5

 

Showing metabocard for Propylene glycol (HMDB01881)

Legend: metabolite field enzyme field

Version 2.5
Creation Date 2006-02-24 13:28:50
Update Date 2010-04-14 12:28:05
Accession Number HMDB01881
Secondary Accession Numbers Not Available
Common Name Propylene glycol
Description Propylene glycol (1,2-propanediol) is an organic compound (a diol alcohol), usually a tasteless, odorless, and colorless clear oily liquid that is hygroscopic and miscible with water, acetone, and chloroform. It is manufactured by the hydration of propylene oxide. Propylene glycol is used as a solvent for intravenous, oral, and topical pharmaceutical preparations It is generally considered safe. However in large doses it can be toxic, especially if given over a short period of time. Intravenous lorazepam contains the largest amount of propylene glycol of commonly used drugs. In adults with normal liver and kidney function, the terminal half-life of propylene glycol ranges from 1.4 to 3.3 hours. Propylene glycol is metabolized by the liver to form lactate, acetate, and pyruvate. The nonmetabolized drug is excreted in the urine mainly as the glucuronide conjugate, approximately 12 to 45 percent is excreted unchanged in urine. Renal clearance decreases as the dose administered increases (390 ml/minute/173 m2 at a dose of 5 g/day but only 144 ml/minute/173 m2 at a dose of 21 g/day). These data suggest that renal clearance declines at higher propylene glycol doses because of saturation of proximal tubular secretion of the drug. As an acceptable level of propylene glycol has not been defined, the clinical implication of a propylene glycol level is unclear. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a maximum consumption of 25 mg/kg/day (1.8 g/day for a 75 kg male) of propylene glycol when used as a food additive, but this limit does not address its use as a drug solvent. No maximum dose is recommended in the literature for intravenous therapy with propylene glycol. Intoxication occurs at much higher doses than the WHO dose limit and is exclusive to pharmacologic exposure. Propylene glycol toxicity includes development of serum hyperosmolality, lactic acidosis, and kidney failure. It has been suggested that proximal tubular necrosis is the cause of acute kidney injury from propylene glycol. Along these lines, proximal tubular cell injury occurs in cultured human cells exposed to propylene glycol. Acute tubular necrosis was described with propylene glycol toxicity in a case of concomitant administration of intravenous lorazepam and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole. Propylene glycol induced intoxication can also mimic sepsis or systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Patients suspected of having sepsis with negative cultures should be evaluated for propylene glycol toxicity if they have been exposed to high dose lorazepam or other medications containing this solvent. (PMID: 17555487)
Synonyms
  1. (RS)-1,2-Propanediol
  2. 1,2-(RS)-Propanediol
  3. 1,2-Dihydroxypropane
  4. 1,2-Propanediol
  5. 1,2-Propylene glycol
  6. 1,2-Propylenglykol
  7. 2,3-Propanediol
  8. 2-Hydroxypropanol
  9. Aliphatic alcohol
  10. Chilisa FE
  11. DL-1,2-Propanediol
  12. Dowfrost
  13. Ilexan P
  14. Inhibited 1,2-propylene glycol
  15. Isopropylene glycol
  16. Methyl glycol
  17. Methylethyl glycol
  18. Methylethylene glycol
  19. Monopropylene glycol
  20. Prolugen
  21. Propane-1,2-diol
  22. Propanediol
  23. Propylene glycol
  24. Propylene glycol usp
  25. Sentry Propylene Glycol
  26. Sirlene
  27. Solar Winter Ban
  28. Solargard P
  29. Trimethyl glycol
  30. Ucar 35
  31. a-Propylene glycol
  32. dl-Propylene glycol
  33. propylenglycol
  34. alpha-Propylene glycol;glycol
Chemical IUPAC Name propane-1,2-diol
Chemical Formula C3H8O2
Chemical Structure Structure
Chemical Taxonomy
Kingdom
  • Organic
Super Class
  • Alcohols
Class
  • Alcohols and Polyols
Sub Class
  • Diols
Family
  • Mammalian Metabolite
Species
  • primary alcohol
  • secondary alcohol
  • 1,2-diol
Biofunction
—
Application
—
Source
  • Exogenous
Average Molecular Weight 76.094
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 76.052429
Isomeric SMILES CC(O)CO
Canonical SMILES CC(O)CO
KEGG Compound ID C00583 Link Image
BioCyc ID PROPANE-1,2-DIOL Link Image
BiGG ID Not Available
Wikipedia Link 1,2-Propanediol Link Image
NuGOwiki Link HMDB01881 Link Image
Metagene Link HMDB01881 Link Image
METLIN ID 3220 Link Image
PubChem Compound 1030 Link Image
PubChem Substance 38458465 Link Image
ChEBI ID 16196 Link Image
CAS Registry Number 57-55-6
InChI Identifier InChI=1/C3H8O2/c1-3(5)2-4/h3-5H,2H2,1H3
Synthesis Reference Tuck, Michael William Marshall. Preparation of propylene glycol by hydrogenation of glycerol. PCT Int. Appl. (2008), 20pp.
Melting Point (Experimental) -60 oC
Experimental Water Solubility 1000 mg/mL at 20 oC [YALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992)] Source: PhysProp
Predicted Water Solubility 952.00006 mg/mL [Predicted by ALOGPS] Calculated using ALOGPS
Physiological Charge 0
State Liquid
Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity -0.92 [HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)] Source: PhysProp
Predicted LogP/Hydrophobicity -1.09 [Predicted by ALOGPS]; -0.7 [Predicted by PubChem via XLOGP] Calculated using ALOGPS
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
MOL File Show
SDF File Show
PDB File Show
2D Structure
3D Structure
Experimental PDB ID Not Available
Experimental 1H NMR Spectrum Download Spectrum
Download FID (Varian)
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Experimental 13C NMR Spectrum Not Available
Experimental 13C HSQC Spectrum Download Spectrum
Download FID (Varian)
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Mass Spectrum
Low Energy
Download File
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Medium Energy
Download File
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
High Energy
Download File
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Simplified TOCSY Spectrum Not Available
BMRB Spectrum Not Available
Cellular Location
  • Cytoplasm (Predicted from LogP)
Biofluid Location
  • Blood
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid
  • Saliva
  • Urine
Tissue Location
Tissue References
Intestine —
Muscle —
Nerve Cells —
Platelet —
Skin —
Stratum Corneum —
Testes —
Concentrations (Normal)
Biofluid Blood
Value 2.0 (0.0-5.0) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Casazza JP, Frietas J, Stambuk D, Morgan MY, Veech RL: The measurement of 1,2-propanediol, D, L-2,3-butanediol and meso-2,3-butanediol in controls and alcoholic cirrhotics. Alcohol Alcohol Suppl. 1987;1:607-9. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 0.63 +/- 0.4 (0 - 1.0) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex N/A
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Petroff OA, Yu RK, Ogino T: High-resolution proton magnetic resonance analysis of human cerebrospinal fluid. J Neurochem. 1986 Oct;47(4):1270-6. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 33 +/- 50 uM
Age N/A
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Wishart DS, Lewis MJ, Morrissey JA, Flegel MD, Jeroncic K, Xiong Y, Cheng D, Eisner R, Gautam B, Tzur D, Sawhney S, Bamforth F, Greiner R, Li L: The human cerebrospinal fluid metabolome. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2008 Aug 15;871(2):164-173. Epub 2008 May 8. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Saliva
Value >10 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Silwood CJ, Lynch E, Claxson AW, Grootveld MC: 1H and (13)C NMR spectroscopic analysis of human saliva. J Dent Res. 2002 Jun;81(6):422-7. [PubMed Link Image]
Concentrations (Abnormal)
Biofluid Blood
Value 15.0 (5.0-35.4) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition Cirrhosis
Comments Alcoholic cirrhosis
References
  • Casazza JP, Frietas J, Stambuk D, Morgan MY, Veech RL: The measurement of 1,2-propanediol, D, L-2,3-butanediol and meso-2,3-butanediol in controls and alcoholic cirrhotics. Alcohol Alcohol Suppl. 1987;1:607-9. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value 2.0 (0.0-31.0) umol/mmol creatinine
Age N/A
Sex Both
Condition Lung Cancer
Comments Not Available
References
  • HMP experimental
Associated Disorders
Condition References
Cirrhosis
  • Casazza JP, Frietas J, Stambuk D, Morgan MY, Veech RL: The measurement of 1,2-propanediol, D, L-2,3-butanediol and meso-2,3-butanediol in controls and alcoholic cirrhotics. Alcohol Alcohol Suppl. 1987;1:607-9. [PubMed Link Image]
Lung Cancer
  • HMP experimental
OMIM ID
Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Pyruvate Metabolism SMP00060 Link Image map00620 Link Image
General References
  1. Brucks R, Nanavaty M, Jung D, Siegel F: The effect of ultrasound on the in vitro penetration of ibuprofen through human epidermis. Pharm Res. 1989 Aug;6(8):697-701. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Claverie F, Giordano-Labadie F, Bazex J: [Contact eczema induced by propylene glycol. Concentration and vehicle adapted for for patch tests] Ann Dermatol Venereol. 1997;124(4):315-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Li N, Liu Z, Jia X, Cui W, Wang W, Zhang X, Han C, Chen J, Wang M: [Study on the toxicological effect of chloropropanols on rats] Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2003 Jul;32(4):349-52. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Maltaris T, Dimmler A, Muller A, Binder H, Hoffmann I, Kohl J, Siebzehnrubl E, Beckmann MW, Dittrich R: The use of an open-freezing system with self-seeding for cryopreservation of mouse ovarian tissue. Reprod Domest Anim. 2005 Jun;40(3):250-4. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Li GL, van der Geest R, Chanet L, van Zanten E, Danhof M, Bouwstra JA: In vitro iontophoresis of R-apomorphine across human stratum corneum. Structure-transport relationship of penetration enhancement. J Control Release. 2002 Nov 7;84(1-2):49-57. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Fare JC, Guesnon P, Helouis JJ, Normand S, Andre JL, Duvaldestin P: [Intramuscular premedication with diazepam in a fat emulsion] Cah Anesthesiol. 1984 May-Jun;32(4):303-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Reichard GA Jr, Skutches CL, Hoeldtke RD, Owen OE: Acetone metabolism in humans during diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes. 1986 Jun;35(6):668-74. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Casazza JP, Frietas J, Stambuk D, Morgan MY, Veech RL: The measurement of 1,2-propanediol, D, L-2,3-butanediol and meso-2,3-butanediol in controls and alcoholic cirrhotics. Alcohol Alcohol Suppl. 1987;1:607-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Vaddi HK, Ho PC, Chan YW, Chan SY: Oxide terpenes as human skin penetration enhancers of haloperidol from ethanol and propylene glycol and their modes of action on stratum corneum. Biol Pharm Bull. 2003 Feb;26(2):220-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Silwood CJ, Lynch E, Claxson AW, Grootveld MC: 1H and (13)C NMR spectroscopic analysis of human saliva. J Dent Res. 2002 Jun;81(6):422-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  11. Fernandez C, Marti-Mestres G, Ramos J, Maillols H: LC analysis of benzophenone-3: II application to determination of 'in vitro' and 'in vivo' skin penetration from solvents, coarse and submicron emulsions. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2000 Dec;24(1):155-65. [PubMed Link Image]
  12. Vaddi HK, Ho PC, Chan SY: Terpenes in propylene glycol as skin-penetration enhancers: permeation and partition of haloperidol, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. J Pharm Sci. 2002 Jul;91(7):1639-51. [PubMed Link Image]
  13. Gancevici GG: Role of complement inhibition in topical therapy of muco-cutaneous herpes simplex virus infections. Roum Arch Microbiol Immunol. 1993 Oct-Dec;52(4):293-303. [PubMed Link Image]
  14. Liu JH, Gao D, He LQ, Moey LK, Hua K, Liu ZB: The phase diagram for the ternary system propylene glycol-sodium chloride-water and their application to platelet cryopreservation. Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi. 2003 Feb;11(1):92-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  15. Rajasenan RS, Riley RJ, Leeder JS: Expression and inducibility of antigens in severe combined immunodeficient mice recognized by human anti-P450 antibodies. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1995 Nov;135(1):89-99. [PubMed Link Image]
  16. Decherchi P, Lammari-Barreault N, Cochard P, Carin M, Rega P, Pio J, Pellissier JF, Ladaique P, Novakovitch G, Gauthier P: CNS axonal regeneration with peripheral nerve grafts cryopreserved by vitrification: cytological and functional aspects. Cryobiology. 1997 May;34(3):214-39. [PubMed Link Image]
  17. Trottet L, Owen H, Holme P, Heylings J, Collin IP, Breen AP, Siyad MN, Nandra RS, Davis AF: Are all aciclovir cream formulations bioequivalent? Int J Pharm. 2005 Nov 4;304(1-2):63-71. Epub 2005 Sep 1. [PubMed Link Image]
  18. Miller DL, Wildnauer RH: Thermoanalytical probes for the analysis of physical properties of stratum corneum. J Invest Dermatol. 1977 Sep;69(3):287-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  19. Wikipedia Link Image
Metabolic Enzymes
  1. Aldose reductase
  2. cDNA, FLJ93978, Homo sapiens aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B1 (aldosereductase) (AKR1B1), mRNA (Aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B1 (Aldose reductase), isoform CRA_a)
Enzyme 1 [top]
Enzyme 1 ID 5320
Enzyme 1 Name Aldose reductase
Enzyme 1 Synonyms
  1. AR
  2. Aldehyde reductase
Enzyme 1 Gene Name AKR1B1
Enzyme 1 Protein Sequence >Aldose reductase 
MASRLLLNNGAKMPILGLGTWKSPPGQVTEAVKVAIDVGYRHIDCAHVYQNENEVGVAIQ
EKLREQVVKREELFIVSKLWCTYHEKGLVKGACQKTLSDLKLDYLDLYLIHWPTGFKPGK
EFFPLDESGNVVPSDTNILDTWAAMEELVDEGLVKAIGISNFNHLQVEMILNKPGLKYKP
AVNQIECHPYLTQEKLIQYCQSKGIVVTAYSPLGSPDRPWAKPEDPSLLEDPRIKAIAAK
HNKTTAQVLIRFPMQRNLVVIPKSVTPERIAENFKVFDFELSSQDMTTLLSYNRNWRVCA
LLSCTSHKDYPFHEEF
Enzyme 1 Number of Residues 316
Enzyme 1 Molecular Weight 35854
Enzyme 1 Theoretical pI 6.99
Enzyme 1 GO Classification
Function
  • catalytic activity
  • oxidoreductase activity
Process
—
Component
—
Enzyme 1 General Function Not Available
Enzyme 1 Specific Function Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of a wide variety of carbonyl-containing compounds to their corresponding alcohols with a broad range of catalytic efficiencies
Enzyme 1 Pathways
Enzyme 1 Reactions
  • alditol + NAD(P)+ = aldose + NAD(P)H + H+
Enzyme 1 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 1 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 1 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 1 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 1 GenBank ID Protein 178487 Link Image
Enzyme 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P15121 Link Image
Enzyme 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name ALDR_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 1 PDB ID 1T40 Link Image
Enzyme 1 PDB File Show
Enzyme 1 3D Structure
Enzyme 1 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 1 Gene Sequence >951 bp 
ATGGCAAGCCGTCTCCTGCTCAACAACGGCGCCAAGATGCCCATCCTGGGGTTGGGTACC
TGGAAGTCCCCTCCAGGGCAGGTGACTGAGGCCGTGAAGGTGGCCATTGACGTCGGGTAC
CGCCACATCGACTGTGCCCATGTGTACCAGAATGAGAATGAGGTGGGGGTGGCCATTCAG
GAGAAGCTCAGGGAGCAGGTGGTGAAGCGTGAGGAGCTCTTCATCGTCAGCAAGCTGTGG
TGCACGTACCATGAGAAGGGCCTGGTGAAAGGAGCCTGCCAGAAGACACTCAGCGACCTG
AAGCTGGACTACCTGGACCTCTACCTTATTCACTGGCCGACTGGCTTTAAGCCTGGGAAG
GAATTTTTCCCATTGGATGAGTCGGGCAATGTGGTTCCCAGTGACACCAACATTCTGGAC
ACGTGGGCGGCCATGGAAGAGCTGGTGGATGAAGGGCTGGTGAAAGCTATTGGCATCTCC
AACTTCAACCATCTCCAGGTGGAGATGATCTTAAACAAACCTGGCTTGAAGTATAAGCCT
GCAGTTAACCAGATTGAGTGCCACCCATATCTCACTCAGGAGAAGTTAATCCAGTACTGC
CAGTCCAAAGGCATCGTGGTGACCGCCTACAGCCCCCTCGGCTCTCCTGACAGGCCCTGG
GCCAAGCCCGAGGACCCTTCTCTCCTGGAGGATCCCAGGATCAAGGCGATCGCAGCCAAG
CACAATAAAACTACAGCCCAGGTCCTGATCCGGTTCCCCATGCAGAGGAACTTGGTGGTG
ATCCCCAAGTCTGTGACACCAGAACGCATTGCTGAGAACTTTAAGGTCTTTGACTTTGAA
CTGAGCAGCCAGGATATGACCACCTTACTCAGCTACAACAGGAACTGGAGGGTCTGTGCC
TTGTTGAGCTGTACCTCCCACAAGGATTACCCCTTCCATGAAGAGTTTTGA
Enzyme 1 GenBank Gene ID J04795 Link Image
Enzyme 1 GeneCard ID AKR1B1 Link Image
Enzyme 1 GenAtlas ID AKR1B1 Link Image
Enzyme 1 HGNC ID HGNC:381 Link Image
Enzyme 1 Chromosome Location 7
Enzyme 1 Locus 7q35
Enzyme 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 1 General References
  1. Bohren KM, Bullock B, Wermuth B, Gabbay KH: The aldo-keto reductase superfamily. cDNAs and deduced amino acid sequences of human aldehyde and aldose reductases. J Biol Chem. 1989 Jun 5;264(16):9547-51. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Chung S, LaMendola J: Cloning and sequence determination of human placental aldose reductase gene. J Biol Chem. 1989 Sep 5;264(25):14775-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Graham A, Hedge PJ, Powell SJ, Riley J, Brown L, Gammack A, Carey F, Markham AF: Nucleotide sequence of cDNA for human aldose reductase. Nucleic Acids Res. 1989 Oct 25;17(20):8368. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Grundmann U, Bohn H, Obermeier R, Amann E: Cloning and prokaryotic expression of a biologically active human placental aldose reductase. DNA Cell Biol. 1990 Apr;9(3):149-57. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Nishimura C, Matsuura Y, Kokai Y, Akera T, Carper D, Morjana N, Lyons C, Flynn TG: Cloning and expression of human aldose reductase. J Biol Chem. 1990 Jun 15;265(17):9788-92. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Graham A, Brown L, Hedge PJ, Gammack AJ, Markham AF: Structure of the human aldose reductase gene. J Biol Chem. 1991 Apr 15;266(11):6872-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Ko BC, Ruepp B, Bohren KM, Gabbay KH, Chung SS: Identification and characterization of multiple osmotic response sequences in the human aldose reductase gene. J Biol Chem. 1997 Jun 27;272(26):16431-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Ferraretto A, Negri A, Giuliani A, De Grada L, Fuhrman Conti AM, Ronchi S: Aldose reductase is involved in long-term adaptation of EUE cells to hyperosmotic stress. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1993 Feb 17;1175(3):283-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Morjana NA, Lyons C, Flynn TG: Aldose reductase from human psoas muscle. Affinity labeling of an active site lysine by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and pyridoxal 5'-diphospho-5'-adenosine. J Biol Chem. 1989 Feb 15;264(5):2912-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Liu SQ, Bhatnagar A, Ansari NH, Srivastava SK: Identification of the reactive cysteine residue in human placenta aldose reductase. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1993 Aug 7;1164(3):268-72. [PubMed Link Image]
  11. Jaquinod M, Potier N, Klarskov K, Reymann JM, Sorokine O, Kieffer S, Barth P, Andriantomanga V, Biellmann JF, Van Dorsselaer A: Sequence of pig lens aldose reductase and electrospray mass spectrometry of non-covalent and covalent complexes. Eur J Biochem. 1993 Dec 15;218(3):893-903. [PubMed Link Image]
  12. Tarle I, Borhani DW, Wilson DK, Quiocho FA, Petrash JM: Probing the active site of human aldose reductase. Site-directed mutagenesis of Asp-43, Tyr-48, Lys-77, and His-110. J Biol Chem. 1993 Dec 5;268(34):25687-93. [PubMed Link Image]
  13. Wilson DK, Bohren KM, Gabbay KH, Quiocho FA: An unlikely sugar substrate site in the 1.65 A structure of the human aldose reductase holoenzyme implicated in diabetic complications. Science. 1992 Jul 3;257(5066):81-4. [PubMed Link Image]
  14. Borhani DW, Harter TM, Petrash JM: The crystal structure of the aldose reductase.NADPH binary complex. J Biol Chem. 1992 Dec 5;267(34):24841-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  15. Wilson DK, Tarle I, Petrash JM, Quiocho FA: Refined 1.8 A structure of human aldose reductase complexed with the potent inhibitor zopolrestat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Nov 1;90(21):9847-51. [PubMed Link Image]
  16. Harrison DH, Bohren KM, Petsko GA, Ringe D, Gabbay KH: The alrestatin double-decker: binding of two inhibitor molecules to human aldose reductase reveals a new specificity determinant. Biochemistry. 1997 Dec 23;36(51):16134-40. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 1 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 2 [top]
Enzyme 2 ID 16486
Enzyme 2 Name cDNA, FLJ93978, Homo sapiens aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B1 (aldosereductase) (AKR1B1), mRNA (Aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B1 (Aldose reductase), isoform CRA_a)
Enzyme 2 Synonyms Not Available
Enzyme 2 Gene Name AKR1B1
Enzyme 2 Protein Sequence >cDNA, FLJ93978, Homo sapiens aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B1 (aldosereductase) (AKR1B1), mRNA (Aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B1 (Aldose reductase), isoform CRA_a) 
MASRLLLNNGAKMPILGLGTWKSPPGQVTEAVKVAIDVGYRHIDCAHVYQNENEVGVAIQ
EKLREQVVKREELFIVSKLWCTYHEKGLVKGACQKTLSDLKLDYLDLYLIHWPTGFKPGK
EFFPLDESGNVVPSDTNILDTWAAMEELVDEGLVKAIGISNFNHLQVEMILNKPGLKYKP
AVNQIECHPYLTQEKLIQYCQSKGIVVTAYSPLGSPDRPWAKPEDPSLLEDPRIKAIAAK
HNKTTAQVLIRFPMQRNLVVIPKSVTPERIAENFKVFDFELSSQDMTTLLSYNRNWRVCA
LLSCTSHKDYPFHEEF
Enzyme 2 Number of Residues 316
Enzyme 2 Molecular Weight 35854
Enzyme 2 Theoretical pI 6.99
Enzyme 2 GO Classification
Function
  • catalytic activity
  • oxidoreductase activity
Process
—
Component
—
Enzyme 2 General Function Not Available
Enzyme 2 Specific Function Not Available
Enzyme 2 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 2 Reactions Not Available
Enzyme 2 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 2 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 2 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 2 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 2 GenBank ID Protein Not Available
Enzyme 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID B2R8N3 Link Image
Enzyme 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name B2R8N3_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 2 PDB ID 1T40 Link Image
Enzyme 2 PDB File Show
Enzyme 2 3D Structure
Enzyme 2 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 2 Gene Sequence Not Available
Enzyme 2 GenBank Gene ID AK313439 Link Image
Enzyme 2 GeneCard ID B2R8N3 Link Image
Enzyme 2 GenAtlas ID Not Available
Enzyme 2 HGNC ID Not Available
Enzyme 2 Chromosome Location Not Available
Enzyme 2 Locus Not Available
Enzyme 2 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 2 General References Not Available
Enzyme 2 Metabolite References Not Available