| Record Information |
|---|
| Version |
3.5 |
| Creation Date |
2006-05-22 08:17:39 -0600 |
| Update Date |
2013-02-08 17:11:29 -0700 |
| HMDB ID |
HMDB02168 |
| Secondary Accession Numbers |
None |
| Metabolite Identification |
|---|
| Common Name |
Superoxide |
| Description |
Superoxide is the anionic form O2. It is important as the product of the one-electron reduction of dioxygen (oxygen gas), which occurs widely in nature. With one unpaired electron, the superoxide ion is a free radical. It is also paramagnetic. The biological toxicity of superoxide is due to its capacity to inactivate iron-sulfur cluster containing enzymes (which are critical in a wide variety of metabolic pathways), thereby liberating free iron in the cell, which can undergo fenton-chemistry and generate the highly reactive hydroxyl radical. In its HO2 form, superoxide can also initiate lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. It also reacts with carbonyl compounds and halogenated carbons to create toxic peroxy radicals. As such, superoxide is a main cause of oxidative stress. Highly reactive compounds produced when oxygen is reduced by a single electron. In biological systems, they may be generated during the normal catalytic function of a number of enzymes and during the oxidation of hemoglobin to Methemoglobin. Because superoxide is toxic, nearly all organisms living in the presence of oxygen contain isoforms of the superoxide scavenging enzyme, superoxide dismutase, or SOD. SOD is an extremely efficient enzyme; it catalyzes the neutralization of superoxide nearly as fast as the two can diffuse together spontaneously in solution. Genetic inactivation ("knockout") of SOD produces deleterious phenotypes in organisms ranging from bacteria to mice. The latter species dies around 21 days after birth if the mitochondrial variant of SOD (Mn-SOD) is inactivated, and suffers from multiple pathologies, including reduced lifespan, liver cancer, muscle atrophy, cataracts and female infertility when the cytoplasmic (Cu, Zn -SOD) variant is inactivated. With one unpaired electron, the superoxide ion is a free radical and therefore paramagnetic. In living organisms, superoxide dismutase protects the cell from the deleterious effects of superoxides. |
| Structure |
Download:
MOL |
SDF |
SMILES |
InChI
Display:
2D Structure |
3D Structure
|
| Synonyms |
- Dioxidanidyl
- Dioxide(1-)
- Hyperoxid
- Superoxide
- Superoxide anion
- Superoxide radical
- Superoxide radical anion
|
| Chemical Formula |
O2 |
| Average Molecular Weight |
31.9988 |
| Monoisotopic Molecular Weight |
31.989829244 |
| IUPAC Name |
oxidanidyloxidanyl |
| Traditional IUPAC Name |
superoxide |
| CAS Registry Number |
11062-77-4 |
| SMILES |
[O][O-] |
| InChI Identifier |
InChI=1S/HO2/c1-2/h1H/p-1 |
| InChI Key |
OUUQCZGPVNCOIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M |
| Chemical Taxonomy |
|---|
| Kingdom |
Inorganic Compounds |
| Super Class |
Homogeneous Non-metal Compounds |
| Class |
Non-metal Oxoanionic Compounds |
| Sub Class |
Non-metal Superoxides |
| Other Descriptors |
- diatomic oxygen(ChEBI)
- inorganic radical anion(ChEBI)
- reactive oxygen species(ChEBI)
|
| Substituents |
|
| Direct Parent |
Non-metal Superoxides |
| Ontology |
|---|
| Status |
Expected and Not Quantified |
| Origin |
|
| Biofunction |
- Osmolyte, enzyme cofactor, signalling
|
| Application |
Not Available
|
| Cellular locations |
- Cytoplasm
- Extracellular
- Mitochondria
- Nucleus
- Peroxisome
|
| Physical Properties |
|---|
| State |
Solid |
| Experimental Properties |
| Property |
Value |
Reference |
| Melting Point |
Not Available |
Not Available |
| Boiling Point |
Not Available |
Not Available |
| Water Solubility |
Not Available |
Not Available |
| LogP |
Not Available |
Not Available |
|
| Predicted Properties |
|
| Spectra |
|---|
|
Not Available
|
| Biological Properties |
|---|
| Cellular Locations |
- Cytoplasm
- Extracellular
- Mitochondria
- Nucleus
- Peroxisome
|
| Biofluid Locations |
Not Available
|
| Tissue Location |
Not Available
|
| Pathways |
| Name |
SMPDB Link |
KEGG Link |
| Degradation of Superoxides |
SMP00468
|
Not Available
|
|
| Normal Concentrations |
|---|
|
Not Available |
| Abnormal Concentrations |
|---|
|
Not Available |
| Associated Disorders and Diseases |
|---|
| Disease References |
None |
| Associated OMIM IDs |
None |
| External Links |
|---|
| DrugBank ID |
Not Available |
| DrugBank Metabolite ID |
Not Available |
| Phenol Explorer Compound ID |
Not Available |
| Phenol Explorer Metabolite ID |
Not Available |
| FoodDB ID |
FDB022880 |
| KNApSAcK ID |
Not Available |
| Chemspider ID |
4514331  |
| KEGG Compound ID |
C00704 |
| BioCyc ID |
Not Available |
| BiGG ID |
35743 |
| Wikipedia Link |
Superoxide |
| NuGOwiki Link |
HMDB02168 |
| Metagene Link |
HMDB02168 |
| METLIN ID |
Not Available |
| PubChem Compound |
5359597 |
| PDB ID |
Not Available |
| ChEBI ID |
18421 |
| References |
|---|
| Synthesis Reference |
Not Available |
| Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) |
Not Available
|
| General References |
Not Available |
