1. 2-Amino-4-hydroxy-6-(D-erythro-1',2',3'-trihydroxypropyl)-7,8-dihydropteridine
2. 2-Amino-7,8-dihydro-6-(1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl)-4(1H)-pteridinone
3. 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(D-erythro-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl)-7,8-dihydropteridine
4. 2-amino-6-[(1S,2R)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl]-7,8-dihydropteridin-4(1H)-one
5. 2-amino-6-[(1S,2R)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl]-7,8-dihydropteridin-4(3H)-one
6. 7,8-Dihydro-D-erythro-neopterin
7. 7,8-Dihydro-D-neopterin
8. 7,8-Dihydroneopterin
9. D-erythro-7,8-Dihydroneopterin
10. Dihydroneopterin
11. NPR

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1. Pagel H, Fandrey J, Schobersberger W, Fuchs D, Jelkmann W: Effects of neopterin and 7,8-dihydroneopterin on hypoxia-induced renal erythropoietin production. Eur J Haematol. 1999 May;62(5):341-5. [PubMed ]
2. Wirleitner B, Obermoser G, Bock G, Neurauter G, Schennach H, Sepp N, Fuchs D: Induction of apoptosis in human blood T cells by 7,8-dihydroneopterin: the difference between healthy controls and patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Immunol. 2003 Jun;107(3):152-9. [PubMed ]
3. Baier-Bitterlich G, Fuchs D, Zangerle R, Baeuerle PA, Werner ER, Fresser F, Uberall F, Baier G, Wachter H: trans-Activation of the HIV type 1 promoter by 7,8-dihydroneopterin in vitro. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1997 Jan 20;13(2):173-8. [PubMed ]
4. Duggan S, Rait C, Platt A, Gieseg S: Protein and thiol oxidation in cells exposed to peroxyl radicals is inhibited by the macrophage synthesised pterin 7,8-dihydroneopterin. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2002 Aug 19;1591(1-3):139-145. [PubMed ]
5. Baier-Bitterlich G, Baier G, Fuchs D, Bock G, Hausen A, Utermann G, Pavelka M, Wachter H: Role of 7,8-dihydroneopterin in T-cell apoptosis and HTLV-1 transcription in vitro. Oncogene. 1996 Nov 21;13(10):2281-5. [PubMed ]
6. Wirleitner B, Baier-Bitterlich G, Bock G, Widner B, Fuchs D: 7,8-Dihydroneopterin-induced apoptosis in Jurkat T lymphocytes: a comparison with anti-Fas- and hydrogen peroxide-mediated cell death. Biochem Pharmacol. 1998 Nov 1;56(9):1181-7. [PubMed ]
7. Gieseg SP, Maghzal G, Glubb D: Protection of erythrocytes by the macrophage synthesized antioxidant 7,8 dihydroneopterin. Free Radic Res. 2001 Feb;34(2):123-36. [PubMed ]
8. Gieseg SP, Cato S: Inhibition of THP-1 cell-mediated low-density lipoprotein oxidation by the macrophage-synthesised pterin, 7,8-dihydroneopterin. Redox Rep. 2003;8(2):113-5. [PubMed ]
9. Fuchs D, Reibnegger G, Werner ER, Wachter H: Increased 7,8-dihydroneopterin and reduced methyl-group metabolism in HIV-1 infection. Lancet. 1990 May 12;335(8698):1167. [PubMed ]
10. Speth C, Stockl G, Fuchs D, Wirleitner B, Widner B, Wurzner R, Mohsenipour I, Lass-Florl C, Dierich MP: Inflammation marker 7,8-dihydroneopterin induces apoptosis of neurons and glial cells: a potential contribution to neurodegenerative processes. Immunobiology. 2000 Nov;202(5):460-76. [PubMed ]
11. Enzinger C, Wirleitner B, Lutz C, Bock G, Tomaselli B, Baier G, Fuchs D, Baier-Bitterlich G: 7,8-Dihydroneopterin induces apoptosis of Jurkat T-lymphocytes via a Bcl-2-sensitive pathway. Eur J Cell Biol. 2002 Apr;81(4):197-202. [PubMed ]
12. Gieseg SP, Reibnegger G, Wachter H, Esterbauer H: 7,8 Dihydroneopterin inhibits low density lipoprotein oxidation in vitro. Evidence that this macrophage secreted pteridine is an anti-oxidant. Free Radic Res. 1995 Aug;23(2):123-36. [PubMed ]
13. Greilberger J, Oettl K, Cvirn G, Reibnegger G, Jurgens G: Modulation of LDL oxidation by 7,8-dihydroneopterin. Free Radic Res. 2004 Jan;38(1):9-17. [PubMed ]
14. Horejsi R, Jung C, Moller R, Tafeit E, Reibnegger G: Generation of carbon monoxide and iron from hemeproteins in the presence of 7,8-dihydroneopterin. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2002 Jun 6;1571(2):124-30. [PubMed ]
15. Baier-Bitterlich G, Fuchs D, Wachter H: 7,8-Dihydroneopterin upregulates interferon-gamma promoter in T cells. Immunobiology. 1996;196(4):350-5. [PubMed ]
16. Baird SK, Reid L, Hampton MB, Gieseg SP: OxLDL induced cell death is inhibited by the macrophage synthesised pterin, 7,8-dihydroneopterin, in U937 cells but not THP-1 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005 Sep 30;1745(3):361-9. [PubMed ]
17. Wirleitner B, Czaputa R, Oettl K, Bock G, Widner B, Reibnegger G, Baier G, Fuchs D, Baier-Bitterlich G: Induction of apoptosis by 7,8-dihydroneopterin: involvement of radical formation. Immunobiology. 2001 May;203(4):629-41. [PubMed ]
18. Herpfer I, Greilberger J, Ledinski G, Widner B, Fuchs D, Jurgens G: Neopterin and 7,8-dihydroneopterin interfere with low density lipoprotein oxidation mediated by peroxynitrite and/or copper. Free Radic Res. 2002 May;36(5):509-20. [PubMed ]
19. Gieseg SP, Whybrow J, Glubb D, Rait C: Protection of U937 cells from free radical damage by the macrophage synthesized antioxidant 7,8-dihydroneopterin. Free Radic Res. 2001 Sep;35(3):311-8. [PubMed ]

1. Alkaline phosphatase, placental type
2. Intestinal-type alkaline phosphatase
3. Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme
4. Alkaline phosphatase, placental-like
5. 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydrobiopterin synthase
6. RuvB-like 2
7. cDNA, FLJ93658, highly similar to Homo sapiens alkaline phosphatase, intestinal (ALPI), mRNA (Alkaline phosphatase, intestinal, isoform CRA_a)

1. Alkaline phosphatase Regan isozyme
2. Placental alkaline phosphatase 1
3. PLAP-1

MLGPCMLLLLLLLGLRLQLSLGIIPVEEENPDFWNREAAEALGAAKKLQPAQTAAKNLII
FLGDGMGVSTVTAARILKGQKKDKLGPEIPLAMDRFPYVALSKTYNVDKHVPDSGATATA
YLCGVKGNFQTIGLSAAARFNQCNTTRGNEVISVMNRAKKAGKSVGVVTTTRVQHASPAG
TYAHTVNRNWYSDADVPASARQEGCQDIATQLISNMDIDVILGGGRKYMFRMGTPDPEYP
DDYSQGGTRLDGKNLVQEWLAKRQGARYVWNRTELMQASLDPSVTHLMGLFEPGDMKYEI
HRDSTLDPSLMEMTEAALRLLSRNPRGFFLFVEGGRIDHGHHESRAYRALTETIMFDDAI
ERAGQLTSEEDTLSLVTADHSHVFSFGGYPLRGSSIFGLAPGKARDRKAYTVLLYGNGPG
YVLKDGARPDVTESESGSPEYRQQSAVPLDEETHAGEDVAVFARGPQAHLVHGVQEQTFI
AHVMAFAACLEPYTACDLAPPAGTTDAAHPGRSVVPALLPLLAGTLLLLETATAP

• Folate and Pterine Biosynthesis (map00790 )
• gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane Degradation (map00361 )

• a phosphate monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate [RN:R00626]

• Alk_phosphatase (PF00245 )

• 1-22

• 513-529

ATGCTGGGGCCCTGCATGCTGCTGCTGCTGCTGCTGCTGGGCCTGAGGCTACAGCTCTCC
CTGGGCATCATCCCAGTTGAGGAGGAGAACCCGGACTTCTGGAACCGCGAGGCAGCCGAG
GCCCTGGGTGCCGCCAAGAAGCTGCAGCCTGCACAGACAGCCGCCAAGAACCTCATCATC
TTCCTGGGCGATGGGATGGGGGTGTCTACGGTGACAGCTGCCAGGATCCTAAAAGGGCAG
AAGAAGGACAAACTGGGGCCTGAGATACCCCTGGCCATGGACCGCTTCCCATATGTGGCT
CTGTCCAAGACATACAATGTAGACAAACATGTGCCAGACAGTGGAGCCACAGCCACGGCC
TACCTGTGCGGGGTCAAGGGCAACTTCCAGACCATTGGCTTGAGTGCAGCCGCCCGCTTT
AACCAGTGCAACACGACACGCGGCAACGAGGTCATCTCCGTGATGAATCGGGCCAAGAAA
GCAGGGAAGTCAGTGGGAGTGGTAACCACCACACGAGTGCAGCACGCCTCGCCAGCCGGC
ACCTACGCCCACACGGTGAACCGCAACTGGTACTCGGACGCCGACGTGCCTGCCTCGGCC
CGCCAGGAGGGGTGCCAGGACATCGCTACGCAGCTCATCTCCAACATGGACATTGACGTG
ATCCTAGGTGGAGGCCGAAAGTACATGTTTCCCATGGGAACCCCAGACCCTGAGTACCCA
GATGACTACAGCCAAGGTGGGACCAGGCTGGACGGGAAGAATCTGGTGCAGGAATGGCTG
GCGAAGCGCCAGGGTGCCCGGTATGTGTGGAACCGCACTGAGCTCATGCAGGCTTCCCTG
GACCCGTCTGTGACCCATCTCATGGGTCTCTTTGAGCCTGGAGACATGAAATACGAGATC
CACCGAGACTCCACACTGGACCCCTCCCTGATGGAGATGACAGAGGCTGCCCTGCGCCTG
CTGAGCAGGAACCCCCGCGGCTTCTTCCTCTTCGTGGAGGGTGGTCGCATCGACCATGGT
CATCATGAAAGCAGGGCTTACCGGGCACTGACTGAGACGATCATGTTCGACGACGCCATT
GAGAGGGCGGGCCAGCTCACCAGCGAGGAGGACACGCTGAGCCTCGTCACTGCCGACCAC
TCCCACGTCTTCTCCTTCGGAGGCTACCCCCTGCGAGGGAGCTCCATCTTCGGGCTGGCC
CCTGGCAAGGCCCGGGACAGGAAGGCCTACACGGTCCTCCTATACGGAAACGGTCCAGGC
TATGTGCTCAAGGACGGCGCCCGGCCGGATGTTACCGAGAGCGAGAGCGGGAGCCCCGAG
TATCGGCAGCAGTCAGCAGTGCCCCTGGACGAAGAGACCCACGCAGGCGAGGACGTGGCG
GTGTTCGCGCGCGGCCCGCAGGCGCACCTGGTTCACGGCGTGCAGGAGCAGACCTTCATA
GCGCACGTCATGGCCTTCGCCGCCTGCCTGGAGCCCTACACCGCCTGCGACCTGGCGCCC
CCCGCCGGCACCACCGACGCCGCGCACCCGGGGCGGTCCGTGGTCCCCGCGTTGCTTCCT
CTGCTGGCCGGGACCCTGCTGCTGCTGGAGACGGCCACTGCTCCCTGA

1. Knoll BJ, Rothblum KN, Longley M: Nucleotide sequence of the human placental alkaline phosphatase gene. Evolution of the 5' flanking region by deletion/substitution. J Biol Chem. 1988 Aug 25;263(24):12020-7. [PubMed ]
2. Millan JL: Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of human placental alkaline phosphatase. J Biol Chem. 1986 Mar 5;261(7):3112-5. [PubMed ]
3. Henthorn PS, Knoll BJ, Raducha M, Rothblum KN, Slaughter C, Weiss M, Lafferty MA, Fischer T, Harris H: Products of two common alleles at the locus for human placental alkaline phosphatase differ by seven amino acids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Aug;83(15):5597-601. [PubMed ]
4. Hillier LW, Graves TA, Fulton RS, Fulton LA, Pepin KH, Minx P, Wagner-McPherson C, Layman D, Wylie K, Sekhon M, Becker MC, Fewell GA, Delehaunty KD, Miner TL, Nash WE, Kremitzki C, Oddy L, Du H, Sun H, Bradshaw-Cordum H, Ali J, Carter J, Cordes M, Harris A, Isak A, van Brunt A, Nguyen C, Du F, Courtney L, Kalicki J, Ozersky P, Abbott S, Armstrong J, Belter EA, Caruso L, Cedroni M, Cotton M, Davidson T, Desai A, Elliott G, Erb T, Fronick C, Gaige T, Haakenson W, Haglund K, Holmes A, Harkins R, Kim K, Kruchowski SS, Strong CM, Grewal N, Goyea E, Hou S, Levy A, Martinka S, Mead K, McLellan MD, Meyer R, Randall-Maher J, Tomlinson C, Dauphin-Kohlberg S, Kozlowicz-Reilly A, Shah N, Swearengen-Shahid S, Snider J, Strong JT, Thompson J, Yoakum M, Leonard S, Pearman C, Trani L, Radionenko M, Waligorski JE, Wang C, Rock SM, Tin-Wollam AM, Maupin R, Latreille P, Wendl MC, Yang SP, Pohl C, Wallis JW, Spieth J, Bieri TA, Berkowicz N, Nelson JO, Osborne J, Ding L, Meyer R, Sabo A, Shotland Y, Sinha P, Wohldmann PE, Cook LL, Hickenbotham MT, Eldred J, Williams D, Jones TA, She X, Ciccarelli FD, Izaurralde E, Taylor J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Cox DR, Huang X, McPherson JD, Mardis ER, Clifton SW, Warren WC, Chinwalla AT, Eddy SR, Marra MA, Ovcharenko I, Furey TS, Miller W, Eichler EE, Bork P, Suyama M, Torrents D, Waterston RH, Wilson RK: Generation and annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4. Nature. 2005 Apr 7;434(7034):724-31. [PubMed ]
5. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
6. Kam W, Clauser E, Kim YS, Kan YW, Rutter WJ: Cloning, sequencing, and chromosomal localization of human term placental alkaline phosphatase cDNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Dec;82(24):8715-9. [PubMed ]
7. Ezra E, Blacher R, Udenfriend S: Purification and partial sequencing of human placental alkaline phosphatase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1983 Nov 15;116(3):1076-83. [PubMed ]
8. Ovitt CE, Strauss AW, Alpers DH, Chou JY, Boime I: Expression of different-sized placental alkaline phosphatase mRNAs in placenta and choriocarcinoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Jun;83(11):3781-5. [PubMed ]
9. Micanovic R, Bailey CA, Brink L, Gerber L, Pan YC, Hulmes JD, Udenfriend S: Aspartic acid-484 of nascent placental alkaline phosphatase condenses with a phosphatidylinositol glycan to become the carboxyl terminus of the mature enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Mar;85(5):1398-402. [PubMed ]
10. Micanovic R, Gerber LD, Berger J, Kodukula K, Udenfriend S: Selectivity of the cleavage/attachment site of phosphatidylinositol-glycan-anchored membrane proteins determined by site-specific mutagenesis at Asp-484 of placental alkaline phosphatase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Jan;87(1):157-61. [PubMed ]
11. Lowe ME: Site-specific mutations in the COOH-terminus of placental alkaline phosphatase: a single amino acid change converts a phosphatidylinositol-glycan-anchored protein to a secreted protein. J Cell Biol. 1992 Feb;116(3):799-807. [PubMed ]
12. Kozlenkov A, Manes T, Hoylaerts MF, Millan JL: Function assignment to conserved residues in mammalian alkaline phosphatases. J Biol Chem. 2002 Jun 21;277(25):22992-9. Epub 2002 Apr 5. [PubMed ]
13. Dephoure N, Zhou C, Villen J, Beausoleil SA, Bakalarski CE, Elledge SJ, Gygi SP: A quantitative atlas of mitotic phosphorylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Aug 5;105(31):10762-7. Epub 2008 Jul 31. [PubMed ]
14. Le Du MH, Stigbrand T, Taussig MJ, Menez A, Stura EA: Crystal structure of alkaline phosphatase from human placenta at 1.8 A resolution. Implication for a substrate specificity. J Biol Chem. 2001 Mar 23;276(12):9158-65. Epub 2000 Dec 20. [PubMed ]

1. IAP
2. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase

MQGPWVLLLLGLRLQLSLGVIPAEEENPAFWNRQAAEALDAAKKLQPIQKVAKNLILFLG
DGLGVPTVTATRILKGQKNGKLGPETPLAMDRFPYLALSKTYNVDRQVPDSAATATAYLC
GVKANFQTIGLSAAARFNQCNTTRGNEVISVMNRAKQAGKSVGVVTTTRVQHASPAGTYA
HTVNRNWYSDADMPASARQEGCQDIATQLISNMDIDVILGGGRKYMFPMGTPDPEYPADA
SQNGIRLDGKNLVQEWLAKHQGAWYVWNRTELMQASLDQSVTHLMGLFEPGDTKYEIHRD
PTLDPSLMEMTEAALRLLSRNPRGFYLFVEGGRIDHGHHEGVAYQALTEAVMFDDAIERA
GQLTSEEDTLTLVTADHSHVFSFGGYTLRGSSIFGLAPSKAQDSKAYTSILYGNGPGYVF
NSGVRPDVNESESGSPDYQQQAAVPLSSETHGGEDVAVFARGPQAHLVHGVQEQSFVAHV
MAFAACLEPYTACDLAPPACTTDAAHPVAASLPLLAGTLLLLGASAAP

• Folate and Pterine Biosynthesis (map00790 )
• gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane Degradation (map00361 )

• a phosphate monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate [RN:R00626]

• Alk_phosphatase (PF00245 )

• 1-19

• None

ATGCAGGGGCCCTGGGTGCTGCTGCTGCTGGGCCTGAGGCTACAGCTCTCCCTGGGCGTC
ATCCCAGCTGAGGAGGAGAACCCGGCCTTCTGGAACCGCCAGGCAGCTGAGGCCCTGGAT
GCTGCCAAGAAGCTGCAGCCCATCCAGAAGGTCGCCAAGAACCTCATCCTCTTCCTGGGC
GATGGGTTGGGGGTGCCCACGGTGACAGCCACCAGGATCCTAAAGGGGCAGAAGAATGGC
AAACTGGGGCCTGAGACGCCCCTGGCCATGGACCGCTTCCCATACCTGGCTCTGTCCAAG
ACATACAATGTGGACAGACAGGTGCCAGACAGCGCAGCCACAGCCACGGCCTACCTGTGC
GGGGTCAAGGCCAACTTCCAGACCATCGGCTTGAGTGCAGCCGCCCGCTTTAACCAGTGC
AACACGACACGCGGCAATGAGGTCATCTCCGTGATGAACCGGGCCAAGCAAGCAGGAAAG
TCAGTAGGAGTGGTGACCACCACACGGGTGCAGCACGCCTCGCCAGCCGGCACCTACGCA
CACACAGTGAACCGCAACTGGTACTCAGATGCTGACATGCCTGCCTCAGCCCGCCAGGAG
GGGTGCCAGGACATCGCCACTCAGCTCATCTCCAACATGGACATTGACGTGATCCTTGGC
GGAGGCCGCAAGTACATGTTTCCCATGGGGACCCCAGACCCTGAGTACCCAGCTGATGCC
AGCCAGAATGGAATCAGGCTGGACGGGAAGAACCTGGTGCAGGAATGGCTGGCAAAGCAC
CAGGGTGCCTGGTATGTGTGGAACCGCACTGAGCTCATGCAGGCGTCCCTGGACCAGTCT
GTGACCCATCTCATGGGCCTCTTTGAGCCCGGAGACACGAAATATGAGATCCTCCGAGAC
CCCACACTGGACCCCTCCCTGATGGAGATGACAGAGGCTGCCCTGCGCCTGCTGAGCAGG
AACCCCCGCGGCTTCTACCTCTTTGTGGAGGGCGGCCGCATCGACCATGGTCATCATGAG
GGTGTGGCTTACCAGGCAGTCACTGAGGCGGTCATGTTCGACGACGCCATTGAGAGGGCG
GGCCAGCTCACCAGCGAGGAGGACACGCTGACCCTCGTCACCGCTGACCACTCCCATGTC
TTCTCCTTTGGTGGCTACACCTTGCGAGGGAGCTCCATCTTCGGGTTGGCCCCCAGCAAG
GCTCAGGACAGCAAAGCCTACACGTCCATCCTGTACGGCAATGGCCCGGGCTACGTGTTC
AACTCAGGCGTGCGACCAGACGTGAATGAGAGCGAGAGCGGGAGCCCCGATTACCAGCAG
CAGGCGGCGGTGCCCCTGTCGTCCGAGACCCACGGAGGCGAAGACGTGGCGGTGTTTGCG
CGCGGCCCGCAGGCGCACCTGGTGCATGGTGTGCAGGAGCAGAGCTTCGTAGCGCATGTC
ATGGCCTTCGCTGCCTGTCTGGAGCCCTACACGGCCTGCGACCTGGCGCTCCCCGCCTGC
ACCACCGACGCCGCGCACCCAGTTGCCGCGTCGCTGCCACTGCTGGCCGGGACCCTGCTG
CTGCTGGGGGCGTCCGCTGCTCCCTGA

1. Berger J, Garattini E, Hua JC, Udenfriend S: Cloning and sequencing of human intestinal alkaline phosphatase cDNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Feb;84(3):695-8. [PubMed ]
2. Henthorn PS, Raducha M, Edwards YH, Weiss MJ, Slaughter C, Lafferty MA, Harris H: Nucleotide and amino acid sequences of human intestinal alkaline phosphatase: close homology to placental alkaline phosphatase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Mar;84(5):1234-8. [PubMed ]
3. Henthorn PS, Raducha M, Kadesch T, Weiss MJ, Harris H: Sequence and characterization of the human intestinal alkaline phosphatase gene. J Biol Chem. 1988 Aug 25;263(24):12011-9. [PubMed ]
4. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed ]
5. Hillier LW, Graves TA, Fulton RS, Fulton LA, Pepin KH, Minx P, Wagner-McPherson C, Layman D, Wylie K, Sekhon M, Becker MC, Fewell GA, Delehaunty KD, Miner TL, Nash WE, Kremitzki C, Oddy L, Du H, Sun H, Bradshaw-Cordum H, Ali J, Carter J, Cordes M, Harris A, Isak A, van Brunt A, Nguyen C, Du F, Courtney L, Kalicki J, Ozersky P, Abbott S, Armstrong J, Belter EA, Caruso L, Cedroni M, Cotton M, Davidson T, Desai A, Elliott G, Erb T, Fronick C, Gaige T, Haakenson W, Haglund K, Holmes A, Harkins R, Kim K, Kruchowski SS, Strong CM, Grewal N, Goyea E, Hou S, Levy A, Martinka S, Mead K, McLellan MD, Meyer R, Randall-Maher J, Tomlinson C, Dauphin-Kohlberg S, Kozlowicz-Reilly A, Shah N, Swearengen-Shahid S, Snider J, Strong JT, Thompson J, Yoakum M, Leonard S, Pearman C, Trani L, Radionenko M, Waligorski JE, Wang C, Rock SM, Tin-Wollam AM, Maupin R, Latreille P, Wendl MC, Yang SP, Pohl C, Wallis JW, Spieth J, Bieri TA, Berkowicz N, Nelson JO, Osborne J, Ding L, Meyer R, Sabo A, Shotland Y, Sinha P, Wohldmann PE, Cook LL, Hickenbotham MT, Eldred J, Williams D, Jones TA, She X, Ciccarelli FD, Izaurralde E, Taylor J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Cox DR, Huang X, McPherson JD, Mardis ER, Clifton SW, Warren WC, Chinwalla AT, Eddy SR, Marra MA, Ovcharenko I, Furey TS, Miller W, Eichler EE, Bork P, Suyama M, Torrents D, Waterston RH, Wilson RK: Generation and annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4. Nature. 2005 Apr 7;434(7034):724-31. [PubMed ]
6. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
7. Millan JL: Promoter structure of the human intestinal alkaline phosphatase gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Dec 23;15(24):10599. [PubMed ]
8. Knoll BJ, Rothblum KN, Longley M: Two gene duplication events in the evolution of the human heat-stable alkaline phosphatases. Gene. 1987;60(2-3):267-76. [PubMed ]
9. Hua JC, Berger J, Pan YC, Hulmes JD, Udenfriend S: Partial sequencing of human adult, human fetal, and bovine intestinal alkaline phosphatases: comparison with the human placental and liver isozymes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Apr;83(8):2368-72. [PubMed ]
10. Nishihara Y, Hayashi Y, Adachi T, Koyama I, Stigbrand T, Hirano K: Chemical nature of intestinal-type alkaline phosphatase in human kidney. Clin Chem. 1992 Dec;38(12):2539-42. [PubMed ]
11. Beausoleil SA, Jedrychowski M, Schwartz D, Elias JE, Villen J, Li J, Cohn MA, Cantley LC, Gygi SP: Large-scale characterization of HeLa cell nuclear phosphoproteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Aug 17;101(33):12130-5. Epub 2004 Aug 9. [PubMed ]

1. AP-TNAP
2. TNSALP
3. Alkaline phosphatase liver/bone/kidney isozyme

MISPFLVLAIGTCLTNSLVPEKEKDPKYWRDQAQETLKYALELQKLNTNVAKNVIMFLGD
GMGVSTVTAARILKGQLHHNPGEETRLEMDKFPFVALSKTYNTNAQVPDSAGTATAYLCG
VKANEGTVGVSAATERSRCNTTQGNEVTSILRWAKDAGKSVGIVTTTRVNHATPSAAYAH
SADRDWYSDNEMPPEALSQGCKDIAYQLMHNIRDIDVIMGGGRKYMYPKNKTDVEYESDE
KARGTRLDGLDLVDTWKSFKPRYKHSHFIWNRTELLTLDPHNVDYLLGLFEPGDMQYELN
RNNVTDPSLSEMVVVAIQILRKNPKGFFLLVEGGRIDHGHHEGKAKQALHEAVEMDRAIG
QAGSLTSSEDTLTVVTADHSHVFTFGGYTPRGNSIFGLAPMLSDTDKKPFTAILYGNGPG
YKVVGGERENVSMVDYAHNNYQAQSAVPLRHETHGGEDVAVFSKGPMAHLLHGVHEQNYV
PHVMAYAACIGANLGHCAPASSAGSLAAGPLLLALALYPLSVLF

• Folate and Pterine Biosynthesis (map00790 )
• gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane Degradation (map00361 )

• a phosphate monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate [RN:R00626]

• Alk_phosphatase (PF00245 )

• 1-17

• None

ATGATTTCACCATTCTTAGTACTGGCCATTGGCACCTGCCTTACTAACTCCTTAGTGCCA
GAGAAAGAGAAAGACCCCAAGTACTGGCGAGACCAAGCGCAAGAGACACTGAAATATGCC
CTGGAGCTTCAGAAGCTCAACACCAACGTGGCTAAGAATGTCATCATGTTCCTGGGAGAT
GGGATGGGTGTCTCCACAGTGACGGCTGCCCGCATCCTCAAGGGTCAGCTCCACCACAAC
CCTGGGGAGGAGACCAGGCTGGAGATGGACAAGTTCCCCTTCGTGGCCCTCTCCAAGACG
TACAACACCAAAGCCCAGGTCCCTGACAGCGCCGGCACCGCCACCGCCTACCTGTGTGGG
GTGAAGGCCAATGAGGGCACCGTGGGGGTAAGCGCAGCCACTGAGCGTTCCCGGTGCAAC
ACCACCCAGGGGAACGAGGTCACCTCCATCCTGCGCTGGGCCAAGGACGCTGGGAAATCT
GTGGGCATTGTGACCACCACGAGAGTGAACCATGCCACCCCCAGCGCCGCCTACGCCCAC
TCGGCTGACCGGGACTGGTACTCAGACAACGAGATGCCCCCTGAGGCCTTGAGCCAGGGC
TGTAAGGACATCGCCTACCAGCTCATGCATAACATCAGGGACATTGACGTGATCATGGGG
GGTGGCCGGAAATACATGTACCCCAAGAATAAAACTGATGTGGAGTATGAGAGTGACGAG
AAAGCCAGGGGCACGAGGCTGGACGGCCTGGACCTCGTTGACACCTGGAAGAGCTTCAAA
CCGAGACACAAGCACTCCCACTTCATCTGGAACCGCACGGAACTCCTGACCCTTGACCCC
CACAATGTGGACTACCTATTGGGTCTCTTCGAGCCGGGGGACATGCAGTACGAGCTGAAC
AGGAACAACGTGACGGACCCGTCACTCTCCGAGATGGTGGTGGTGGCCATCCAGATCCTG
CGGAAGAACCCCAAAGGCTTCTTCTTGCTGGTGGAAGGAGGCAGAATTGACCACGGGCAC
CATGAAGGAAAAGCCAAGCAGGCCCTGCATGAGGCGGTGGAGATGGACCGGGCCATCGGG
CAGGCAGGCAGCTTGACCTCCTCGGAAGACACTCTGACCGTGGTCACTGCGGACCATTCC
CACGTCTTCACATTTGGTGGATACACCCCCCGTGGCAACTCTATCTTTGGTCTGGCCCCC
ATGCTGAGTGACACAGACAAGAAGCCCTTCACTGCCATCCTGTATGGCAATGGGCCTGGC
TACAAGGTGGTGGGCGGTGAACGAGAGAATGTCTCCATGGTGGACTATGCTCACAACAAC
TACCAGGCGCAGTCTGCTGTGCCCCTGCGCCACGAGACCCACGGCGGGGAGGACGTGGCC
GTCTTCTCCAAGGGCCCCATGGCGCACCTGCTGCACGGCGTCCACGAGCAGAACTACGTC
CCCCACGTGATGGCGTATGCAGCCTGCATCGGGGCCAACCTCGGCCACTGTGCTCCTGCC
AGCTCGGCAGGCAGCCTTGCTGCAGGCCCCCTGCTGCTCGCGCTGGCCCTCTACCCCCTG
AGCGTCCTGTTCTGA

1. Weiss MJ, Henthorn PS, Lafferty MA, Slaughter C, Raducha M, Harris H: Isolation and characterization of a cDNA encoding a human liver/bone/kidney-type alkaline phosphatase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Oct;83(19):7182-6. [PubMed ]
2. Weiss MJ, Ray K, Henthorn PS, Lamb B, Kadesch T, Harris H: Structure of the human liver/bone/kidney alkaline phosphatase gene. J Biol Chem. 1988 Aug 25;263(24):12002-10. [PubMed ]
3. Kishi F, Matsuura S, Kajii T: Nucleotide sequence of the human liver-type alkaline phosphatase cDNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 1989 Mar 11;17(5):2129. [PubMed ]
4. Sugimoto N, Iwamoto S, Hoshino Y, Kajii E: A novel missense mutation of the tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase gene detected in a patient with hypophosphatasia. J Hum Genet. 1998;43(3):160-4. [PubMed ]
5. Gregory SG, Barlow KF, McLay KE, Kaul R, Swarbreck D, Dunham A, Scott CE, Howe KL, Woodfine K, Spencer CC, Jones MC, Gillson C, Searle S, Zhou Y, Kokocinski F, McDonald L, Evans R, Phillips K, Atkinson A, Cooper R, Jones C, Hall RE, Andrews TD, Lloyd C, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Ambrose KD, Anderson F, Andrew RW, Ashwell RI, Aubin K, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Beasley H, Bethel G, Bird CP, Bray-Allen S, Brown JY, Brown AJ, Buckley D, Burton J, Bye J, Carder C, Chapman JC, Clark SY, Clarke G, Clee C, Cobley V, Collier RE, Corby N, Coville GJ, Davies J, Deadman R, Dunn M, Earthrowl M, Ellington AG, Errington H, Frankish A, Frankland J, French L, Garner P, Garnett J, Gay L, Ghori MR, Gibson R, Gilby LM, Gillett W, Glithero RJ, Grafham DV, Griffiths C, Griffiths-Jones S, Grocock R, Hammond S, Harrison ES, Hart E, Haugen E, Heath PD, Holmes S, Holt K, Howden PJ, Hunt AR, Hunt SE, Hunter G, Isherwood J, James R, Johnson C, Johnson D, Joy A, Kay M, Kershaw JK, Kibukawa M, Kimberley AM, King A, Knights AJ, Lad H, Laird G, Lawlor S, Leongamornlert DA, Lloyd DM, Loveland J, Lovell J, Lush MJ, Lyne R, Martin S, Mashreghi-Mohammadi M, Matthews L, Matthews NS, McLaren S, Milne S, Mistry S, Moore MJ, Nickerson T, O'Dell CN, Oliver K, Palmeiri A, Palmer SA, Parker A, Patel D, Pearce AV, Peck AI, Pelan S, Phelps K, Phillimore BJ, Plumb R, Rajan J, Raymond C, Rouse G, Saenphimmachak C, Sehra HK, Sheridan E, Shownkeen R, Sims S, Skuce CD, Smith M, Steward C, Subramanian S, Sycamore N, Tracey A, Tromans A, Van Helmond Z, Wall M, Wallis JM, White S, Whitehead SL, Wilkinson JE, Willey DL, Williams H, Wilming L, Wray PW, Wu Z, Coulson A, Vaudin M, Sulston JE, Durbin R, Hubbard T, Wooster R, Dunham I, Carter NP, McVean G, Ross MT, Harrow J, Olson MV, Beck S, Rogers J, Bentley DR, Banerjee R, Bryant SP, Burford DC, Burrill WD, Clegg SM, Dhami P, Dovey O, Faulkner LM, Gribble SM, Langford CF, Pandian RD, Porter KM, Prigmore E: The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1. Nature. 2006 May 18;441(7091):315-21. [PubMed ]
6. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
7. Garattini E, Hua JC, Pan YC, Udenfriend S: Human liver alkaline phosphatase, purification and partial sequencing: homology with the placental isozyme. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1986 Mar;245(2):331-7. [PubMed ]
8. Nishihara Y, Hayashi Y, Adachi T, Koyama I, Stigbrand T, Hirano K: Chemical nature of intestinal-type alkaline phosphatase in human kidney. Clin Chem. 1992 Dec;38(12):2539-42. [PubMed ]
9. Elortza F, Nuhse TS, Foster LJ, Stensballe A, Peck SC, Jensen ON: Proteomic analysis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane proteins. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2003 Dec;2(12):1261-70. Epub 2003 Sep 29. [PubMed ]
10. Elortza F, Mohammed S, Bunkenborg J, Foster LJ, Nuhse TS, Brodbeck U, Peck SC, Jensen ON: Modification-specific proteomics of plasma membrane proteins: identification and characterization of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins released upon phospholipase D treatment. J Proteome Res. 2006 Apr;5(4):935-43. [PubMed ]
11. Chen R, Jiang X, Sun D, Han G, Wang F, Ye M, Wang L, Zou H: Glycoproteomics analysis of human liver tissue by combination of multiple enzyme digestion and hydrazide chemistry. J Proteome Res. 2009 Feb;8(2):651-61. [PubMed ]
12. Weiss MJ, Cole DE, Ray K, Whyte MP, Lafferty MA, Mulivor RA, Harris H: A missense mutation in the human liver/bone/kidney alkaline phosphatase gene causing a lethal form of hypophosphatasia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Oct;85(20):7666-9. [PubMed ]
13. Henthorn PS, Raducha M, Fedde KN, Lafferty MA, Whyte MP: Different missense mutations at the tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase gene locus in autosomal recessively inherited forms of mild and severe hypophosphatasia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Oct 15;89(20):9924-8. [PubMed ]
14. Greenberg CR, Taylor CL, Haworth JC, Seargeant LE, Philipps S, Triggs-Raine B, Chodirker BN: A homoallelic Gly317-->Asp mutation in ALPL causes the perinatal (lethal) form of hypophosphatasia in Canadian mennonites. Genomics. 1993 Jul;17(1):215-7. [PubMed ]
15. Orimo H, Hayashi Z, Watanabe A, Hirayama T, Hirayama T, Shimada T: Novel missense and frameshift mutations in the tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase gene in a Japanese patient with hypophosphatasia. Hum Mol Genet. 1994 Sep;3(9):1683-4. [PubMed ]
16. Ozono K, Yamagata M, Michigami T, Nakajima S, Sakai N, Cai G, Satomura K, Yasui N, Okada S, Nakayama M: Identification of novel missense mutations (Phe310Leu and Gly439Arg) in a neonatal case of hypophosphatasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Dec;81(12):4458-61. [PubMed ]
17. Mornet E, Taillandier A, Peyramaure S, Kaper F, Muller F, Brenner R, Bussiere P, Freisinger P, Godard J, Le Merrer M, Oury JF, Plauchu H, Puddu R, Rival JM, Superti-Furga A, Touraine RL, Serre JL, Simon-Bouy B: Identification of fifteen novel mutations in the tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP) gene in European patients with severe hypophosphatasia. Eur J Hum Genet. 1998 Jul-Aug;6(4):308-14. [PubMed ]
18. Goseki-Sone M, Orimo H, Iimura T, Takagi Y, Watanabe H, Taketa K, Sato S, Mayanagi H, Shimada T, Oida S: Hypophosphatasia: identification of five novel missense mutations (G507A, G705A, A748G, T1155C, G1320A) in the tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase gene among Japanese patients. Hum Mutat. 1998;Suppl 1:S263-7. [PubMed ]
19. Zurutuza L, Muller F, Gibrat JF, Taillandier A, Simon-Bouy B, Serre JL, Mornet E: Correlations of genotype and phenotype in hypophosphatasia. Hum Mol Genet. 1999 Jun;8(6):1039-46. [PubMed ]
20. Taillandier A, Zurutuza L, Muller F, Simon-Bouy B, Serre JL, Bird L, Brenner R, Boute O, Cousin J, Gaillard D, Heidemann PH, Steinmann B, Wallot M, Mornet E: Characterization of eleven novel mutations (M45L, R119H, 544delG, G145V, H154Y, C184Y, D289V, 862+5A, 1172delC, R411X, E459K) in the tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP) gene in patients with severe hypophosphatasia. Mutations in brief no. 217. Online. Hum Mutat. 1999;13(2):171-2. [PubMed ]
21. Mochizuki H, Saito M, Michigami T, Ohashi H, Koda N, Yamaguchi S, Ozono K: Severe hypercalcaemia and respiratory insufficiency associated with infantile hypophosphatasia caused by two novel mutations of the tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase gene. Eur J Pediatr. 2000 May;159(5):375-9. [PubMed ]
22. Taillandier A, Cozien E, Muller F, Merrien Y, Bonnin E, Fribourg C, Simon-Bouy B, Serre JL, Bieth E, Brenner R, Cordier MP, De Bie S, Fellmann F, Freisinger P, Hesse V, Hennekam RC, Josifova D, Kerzin-Storrar L, Leporrier N, Zabot MT, Mornet E: Fifteen new mutations (-195C>T, L-12X, 298-2A>G, T117N, A159T, R229S, 997+2T>A, E274X, A331T, H364R, D389G, 1256delC, R433H, N461I, C472S) in the tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP) gene in patients with hypophosphatasia. Hum Mutat. 2000 Mar;15(3):293. [PubMed ]
23. Muller HL, Yamazaki M, Michigami T, Kageyama T, Schonau E, Schneider P, Ozono K: Asp361Val Mutant of alkaline phosphatase found in patients with dominantly inherited hypophosphatasia inhibits the activity of the wild-type enzyme. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Feb;85(2):743-7. [PubMed ]
24. Sergi C, Mornet E, Troeger J, Voigtlaender T: Perinatal hypophosphatasia: radiology, pathology and molecular biology studies in a family harboring a splicing mutation (648+1A) and a novel missense mutation (N400S) in the tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP) gene. Am J Med Genet. 2001 Oct 15;103(3):235-40. [PubMed ]
25. Lia-Baldini AS, Muller F, Taillandier A, Gibrat JF, Mouchard M, Robin B, Simon-Bouy B, Serre JL, Aylsworth AS, Bieth E, Delanote S, Freisinger P, Hu JC, Krohn HP, Nunes ME, Mornet E: A molecular approach to dominance in hypophosphatasia. Hum Genet. 2001 Jul;109(1):99-108. [PubMed ]
26. Taillandier A, Lia-Baldini AS, Mouchard M, Robin B, Muller F, Simon-Bouy B, Serre JL, Bera-Louville A, Bonduelle M, Eckhardt J, Gaillard D, Myhre AG, Kortge-Jung S, Larget-Piet L, Malou E, Sillence D, Temple IK, Viot G, Mornet E: Twelve novel mutations in the tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase gene (ALPL) in patients with various forms of hypophosphatasia. Hum Mutat. 2001;18(1):83-4. [PubMed ]
27. Orimo H, Girschick HJ, Goseki-Sone M, Ito M, Oda K, Shimada T: Mutational analysis and functional correlation with phenotype in German patients with childhood-type hypophosphatasia. J Bone Miner Res. 2001 Dec;16(12):2313-9. [PubMed ]
28. Watanabe H, Hashimoto-Uoshima M, Goseki-Sone M, Orimo H, Ishikawa I: A novel point mutation (C571T) in the tissue-non-specific alkaline phosphatase gene in a case of adult-type hypophosphatasia. Oral Dis. 2001 Nov;7(6):331-5. [PubMed ]
29. Litmanovitz, Reish O, Dolfin T, Arnon S, Regev R, Grinshpan G, Yamazaki M, Ozono K: Glu274Lys/Gly309Arg mutation of the tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase gene in neonatal hypophosphatasia associated with convulsions. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2002 Feb;25(1):35-40. [PubMed ]
30. Mumm S, Jones J, Finnegan P, Henthorn PS, Podgornik MN, Whyte MP: Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of the tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme gene in hypophosphatasia. Mol Genet Metab. 2002 Feb;75(2):143-53. [PubMed ]
31. Spentchian M, Merrien Y, Herasse M, Dobbie Z, Glaser D, Holder SE, Ivarsson SA, Kostiner D, Mansour S, Norman A, Roth J, Stipoljev F, Taillemite JL, van der Smagt JJ, Serre JL, Simon-Bouy B, Taillandier A, Mornet E: Severe hypophosphatasia: characterization of fifteen novel mutations in the ALPL gene. Hum Mutat. 2003 Jul;22(1):105-6. [PubMed ]
32. Herasse M, Spentchian M, Taillandier A, Keppler-Noreuil K, Fliorito AN, Bergoffen J, Wallerstein R, Muti C, Simon-Bouy B, Mornet E: Molecular study of three cases of odontohypophosphatasia resulting from heterozygosity for mutations in the tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase gene. J Med Genet. 2003 Aug;40(8):605-9. [PubMed ]
33. Draguet C, Gillerot Y, Mornet E: [Childhood hypophosphatasia: a case report due to a novel mutation] Arch Pediatr. 2004 May;11(5):440-3. [PubMed ]
34. Brun-Heath I, Taillandier A, Serre JL, Mornet E: Characterization of 11 novel mutations in the tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase gene responsible for hypophosphatasia and genotype-phenotype correlations. Mol Genet Metab. 2005 Mar;84(3):273-7. Epub 2004 Dec 19. [PubMed ]

1. ALP-1
2. Alkaline phosphatase Nagao isozyme
3. Germ cell alkaline phosphatase
4. GCAP
5. Placental alkaline phosphatase-like
6. PLAP-like

MQGPWVLLLLGLRLQLSLGIIPVEEENPDFWNRQAAEALGAAKKLQPAQTAAKNLIIFLG
DGMGVSTVTAARILKGQKKDKLGPETFLAMDRFPYVALSKTYSVDKHVPDSGATATAYLC
GVKGNFQTIGLSAAARFNQCNTTRGNEVISVMNRAKKAGKSVGVVTTTRVQHASPAGAYA
HTVNRNWYSDADVPASARQEGCQDIATQLISNMDIDVILGGGRKYMFPMGTPDPEYPDDY
SQGGTRLDGKNLVQEWLAKHQGARYVWNRTELLQASLDPSVTHLMGLFEPGDMKYEIHRD
STLDPSLMEMTEAALLLLSRNPRGFFLFVEGGRIDHGHHESRAYRALTETIMFDDAIERA
GQLTSEEDTLSLVTADHSHVFSFGGYPLRGSSIFGLAPGKARDRKAYTVLLYGNGPGYVL
KDGARPDVTESESGSPEYRQQSAVPLDGETHAGEDVAVFARGPQAHLVHGVQEQTFIAHV
MAFAACLEPYTACDLAPRAGTTDAAHPGPSVVPALLPLLAGTLLLLGTATAP

• Folate and Pterine Biosynthesis (map00790 )
• gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane Degradation (map00361 )

• a phosphate monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate [RN:R00626]

• Alk_phosphatase (PF00245 )

• 1-19

• None

ATGCAGGGGCCCTGGGTGCTGCTCCTGCTGGGCCTGAGGCTACAGCTCTCCCTGGGCATC
ATCCCAGTTGAGGAGGAGAACCCGGACTTCTGGAACCGCCAGGCAGCCGAGGCCCTGGGT
GCCGCCAAGAAGCTGCAGCCTGCACAGACAGCCGCCAAGAACCTCATCATCTTCCTGGGT
GACGGGATGGGGGTGTCTACGGTGACAGCTGCCAGGATCCTAAAAGGGCAGAAGAAGGAC
AAACTGGGGCCTGAGACCTTCCTGGCCATGGACCGCTTCCCGTACGTGGCTCTGTCCAAG
ACATACAGTGTAGACAAGCATGTGCCAGACAGTGGAGCCACAGCCACGGCCTACCTGTGC
GGGGTCAAGGGCAACTTCCAGACCATTGGCTTGAGTGCAGCCGCCCGCTTTAACCAGTGC
AACACGACACGCGGCAACGAGGTCATCTCCGTGATGAATCGGGCCAAGAAAGCAGGAAAG
TCAGTGGGAGTGGTAACCACCACACGGGTGCAGCATGCCTCGCCAGCCGGCGCCTACGCC
CACACGGTGAACCGCAACTGGTACTCGGATGCCGACGTGCCTGCCTCGGCCCGCCAGGAG
GGGTGCCAGGACATCGCCACGCAGCTCATCTCCAACATGGACATTGATGTGATCCTAGGT
GGAGGCCGAAAGTACATGTTTCCCATGGGGACCCCAGACCCTGAGTACCCAGATGACTAC
AGCCAAGGTGGGACCAGGCTGGACGGGAAGAATCTGGTGCAGGAATGGCTGGCGAAGCAC
CAGGGTGCCCGGTACGTGTGGAACCGCACTGAGCTCCTGCAGGCTTCCCTGGACCCGTCT
GTGACCCATCTCATGGGTCTCTTTGAGCCTGGAGACATGAAATACGAGATCCACCGAGAC
TCCACACTGGACCCCTCCCTGATGGAGATGACAGAGGCTGCCCTGCTCCTGCTGAGCAGG
AACCCCCGCGGCTTCTTCCTCTTCGTGGAGGGTGGTCGCATCGACCATGGTCATCATGAA
AGCAGGGCTTACCGGGCACTGACTGAGACGATCATGTTCGACGACGCCATTGAGAGGGCG
GGCCAGCTCACCAGCGAGGAGGACACGCTGAGCCTCGTCACTGCCGACCACTCCCACGTC
TTCTCCTTCGGAGGCTACCCCCTGCGAGGGAGCTCCATCTTCGGGCTGGCCCCTGGCAAG
GCCCGGGACAGGAAGGCCTACACGGTCCTCCTATACGGAAACGGTCCAGGCTATGTGCTC
AAGGACGGCGCCCGGCCGGATGTTACGGAGAGCGAGAGCGGGAGCCCCGAGTATCGGCAG
CAGTCAGCAGTGCCCCTGGACGGAGAGACCCACGCAGGCGAGGACGTGGCGGTGTTCGCG
CGCGGCCCGCAGGCGCACCTGGTTCACGGCGTGCAGGAGCAGACCTTCATAGCGCACGTC
ATGGCCTTCGCCGCCTGCCTGGAGCCCTACACCGCCTGCGACCTGGCGCCCCGCGCCGGC
ACCACCGACGCCGCGCACCCGGGGCCGTCCGTGGTCCCCGCGTTGCTTCCTCTGCTGGCA
GGGACCTTGCTGCTGCTGGGGACGGCCACTGCTCCCTGA

1. Millan JL, Manes T: Seminoma-derived Nagao isozyme is encoded by a germ-cell alkaline phosphatase gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 May;85(9):3024-8. [PubMed ]
2. Watanabe S, Watanabe T, Li WB, Soong BW, Chou JY: Expression of the germ cell alkaline phosphatase gene in human choriocarcinoma cells. J Biol Chem. 1989 Jul 25;264(21):12611-9. [PubMed ]
3. Gum JR, Hicks JW, Sack TL, Kim YS: Molecular cloning of complementary DNAs encoding alkaline phosphatase in human colon cancer cells. Cancer Res. 1990 Feb 15;50(4):1085-91. [PubMed ]
4. Lowe ME, Strauss AW: Expression of a Nagao-type, phosphatidylinositol-glycan anchored alkaline phosphatase in human choriocarcinomas. Cancer Res. 1990 Jul 1;50(13):3956-62. [PubMed ]
5. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed ]
6. Hillier LW, Graves TA, Fulton RS, Fulton LA, Pepin KH, Minx P, Wagner-McPherson C, Layman D, Wylie K, Sekhon M, Becker MC, Fewell GA, Delehaunty KD, Miner TL, Nash WE, Kremitzki C, Oddy L, Du H, Sun H, Bradshaw-Cordum H, Ali J, Carter J, Cordes M, Harris A, Isak A, van Brunt A, Nguyen C, Du F, Courtney L, Kalicki J, Ozersky P, Abbott S, Armstrong J, Belter EA, Caruso L, Cedroni M, Cotton M, Davidson T, Desai A, Elliott G, Erb T, Fronick C, Gaige T, Haakenson W, Haglund K, Holmes A, Harkins R, Kim K, Kruchowski SS, Strong CM, Grewal N, Goyea E, Hou S, Levy A, Martinka S, Mead K, McLellan MD, Meyer R, Randall-Maher J, Tomlinson C, Dauphin-Kohlberg S, Kozlowicz-Reilly A, Shah N, Swearengen-Shahid S, Snider J, Strong JT, Thompson J, Yoakum M, Leonard S, Pearman C, Trani L, Radionenko M, Waligorski JE, Wang C, Rock SM, Tin-Wollam AM, Maupin R, Latreille P, Wendl MC, Yang SP, Pohl C, Wallis JW, Spieth J, Bieri TA, Berkowicz N, Nelson JO, Osborne J, Ding L, Meyer R, Sabo A, Shotland Y, Sinha P, Wohldmann PE, Cook LL, Hickenbotham MT, Eldred J, Williams D, Jones TA, She X, Ciccarelli FD, Izaurralde E, Taylor J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Cox DR, Huang X, McPherson JD, Mardis ER, Clifton SW, Warren WC, Chinwalla AT, Eddy SR, Marra MA, Ovcharenko I, Furey TS, Miller W, Eichler EE, Bork P, Suyama M, Torrents D, Waterston RH, Wilson RK: Generation and annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4. Nature. 2005 Apr 7;434(7034):724-31. [PubMed ]
7. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
8. Knoll BJ, Rothblum KN, Longley M: Two gene duplication events in the evolution of the human heat-stable alkaline phosphatases. Gene. 1987;60(2-3):267-76. [PubMed ]
9. Shen LP, Liu H, Kan YW, Kam W: 5' nucleotide sequence of a putative human placental alkaline phosphatase-like gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 Jun 24;16(12):5694. [PubMed ]

1. PTP synthase
2. PTPS

MSTEGGGRRCQAQVSRRISFSASHRLYSKFLSDEENLKLFGKCNNPNGHGHNYKVVVTVH
GEIDPATGMVMNLADLKKYMEEAIMQPLDHKNLDMDVPYFADVVSTTENVAVYIWDNLQK
VLPVGVLYKVKVYETDNNIVVYKGE

• Folate and Pterine Biosynthesis (map00790 )

• 7,8-dihydroneopterin 3'-triphosphate = 6-pyruvoyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin + triphosphate [RN:R04286]

• PTPS (PF01242 )

• None

• None

ATGAGCACGGAAGGTGGTGGCCGTCGCTGCCAGGCACAAGTGTCCCGCCGCATCTCCTTC
AGCGCGAGCCACCGATTGTACAGTAAATTTCTAAGTGATGAAGAAAACTTGAAACTGTTT
GGGAAATGCAACAATCCAAATGGCCATGGGCACAATTATAAAGTTGTGGTGACAGTACAT
GGAGAGATTGACCCTGCTACGGGAATGGTTATGAATCTGGCTGATCTCAAAAAATATATG
GAGGAGGCGATTATGCAGCCCCTTGATCATAAGAATCTGGATATGGATGTGCCATACTTT
GCAGATGTGGTGAGCACGACTGAAAATGTAGCTGTTTATATCTGGGACAACCTCCAGAAA
GTTCTTCCTGTAGGAGTTCTTTATAAAGTAAAAGTATACGAAACTGACAATAATATTGTG
GTTTATAAAGGAGAATAG

1. Thony B, Leimbacher W, Burgisser D, Heizmann CW: Human 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase: cDNA cloning and heterologous expression of the recombinant enzyme. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992 Dec 30;189(3):1437-43. [PubMed ]
2. Ashida A, Hatakeyama K, Kagamiyama H: cDNA cloning, expression in Escherichia coli and purification of human 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1993 Sep 30;195(3):1386-93. [PubMed ]
3. Ashida A, Owada M, Hatakeyama K: A missense mutation (A to G) of 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase in tetrahydrobiopterin-deficient form of hyperphenylalaninemia. Genomics. 1994 Nov 15;24(2):408-10. [PubMed ]
4. Kluge C, Brecevic L, Heizmann CW, Blau N, Thony B: Chromosomal localization, genomic structure and characterization of the human gene and a retropseudogene for 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase. Eur J Biochem. 1996 Sep 1;240(2):477-84. [PubMed ]
5. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
6. Dephoure N, Zhou C, Villen J, Beausoleil SA, Bakalarski CE, Elledge SJ, Gygi SP: A quantitative atlas of mitotic phosphorylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Aug 5;105(31):10762-7. Epub 2008 Jul 31. [PubMed ]
7. Scherer-Oppliger T, Leimbacher W, Blau N, Thony B: Serine 19 of human 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase is phosphorylated by cGMP protein kinase II. J Biol Chem. 1999 Oct 29;274(44):31341-8. [PubMed ]
8. Thony B, Blau N: Mutations in the GTP cyclohydrolase I and 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase genes. Hum Mutat. 1997;10(1):11-20. [PubMed ]
9. Thony B, Leimbacher W, Blau N, Harvie A, Heizmann CW: Hyperphenylalaninemia due to defects in tetrahydrobiopterin metabolism: molecular characterization of mutations in 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase. Am J Hum Genet. 1994 May;54(5):782-92. [PubMed ]
10. Oppliger T, Thony B, Nar H, Burgisser D, Huber R, Heizmann CW, Blau N: Structural and functional consequences of mutations in 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase causing hyperphenylalaninemia in humans. Phosphorylation is a requirement for in vivo activity. J Biol Chem. 1995 Dec 8;270(49):29498-506. [PubMed ]
11. Liu TT, Hsiao KJ: Identification of a common 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase mutation at codon 87 in Chinese phenylketonuria caused by tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis deficiency. Hum Genet. 1996 Sep;98(3):313-6. [PubMed ]
12. Oppliger T, Thony B, Kluge C, Matasovic A, Heizmann CW, Ponzone A, Spada M, Blau N: Identification of mutations causing 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase deficiency in four Italian families. Hum Mutat. 1997;10(1):25-35. [PubMed ]
13. Hanihara T, Inoue K, Kawanishi C, Sugiyama N, Miyakawa T, Onishi H, Yamada Y, Osaka H, Kosaka K, Iwabuchi K, Owada M: 6-Pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase deficiency with generalized dystonia and diurnal fluctuation of symptoms: a clinical and molecular study. Mov Disord. 1997 May;12(3):408-11. [PubMed ]
14. Liu TT, Hsiao KJ, Lu SF, Wu SJ, Wu KF, Chiang SH, Liu XQ, Chen RG, Yu WM: Mutation analysis of the 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase gene in Chinese hyperphenylalaninemia caused by tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis deficiency. Hum Mutat. 1998;11(1):76-83. [PubMed ]
15. Romstad A, Guldberg P, Blau N, Guttler F: Single-step mutation scanning of the 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase gene in patients with hyperphenylalaninemia. Clin Chem. 1999 Dec;45(12):2102-8. [PubMed ]
16. Scherer-Oppliger T, Matasovic A, Laufs S, Levy HL, Quackenbush EJ, Blau N, Thony B: Dominant negative allele (N47D) in a compound heterozygote for a variant of 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase deficiency causing transient hyperphenylalaninemia. Hum Mutat. 1999;13(4):286-9. [PubMed ]
17. Blau N, Scherer-Oppliger T, Baumer A, Riegel M, Matasovic A, Schinzel A, Jaeken J, Thony B: Isolated central form of tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency associated with hemizygosity on chromosome 11q and a mutant allele of PTPS. Hum Mutat. 2000;16(1):54-60. [PubMed ]
18. Dudesek A, Roschinger W, Muntau AC, Seidel J, Leupold D, Thony B, Blau N: Molecular analysis and long-term follow-up of patients with different forms of 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase deficiency. Eur J Pediatr. 2001 May;160(5):267-76. [PubMed ]

1. 48 kDa TATA box-binding protein-interacting protein
2. 48 kDa TBP-interacting protein
3. 51 kDa erythrocyte cytosolic protein
4. ECP-51
5. INO80 complex subunit J
6. Repressing pontin 52
7. Reptin 52
8. TIP49b
9. TIP60-associated protein 54-beta
10. TAP54-beta

MATVTATTKVPEIRDVTRIERIGAHSHIRGLGLDDALEPRQASQGMVGQLAARRAAGVVL
EMIREGKIAGRAVLIAGQPGTGKTAIAMGMAQALGPDTPFTAIAGSEIFSLEMSKTEALT
QAFRRSIGVRIKEETEIIEGEVVEIQIDRPATGTGSKVGKLTLKTTEMETIYDLGTKMIE
SLTKDKVQAGDVITIDKATGKISKLGRSFTRARDYDAMGSQTKFVQCPDGELQKRKEVVH
TVSLHEIDVINSRTQGFLALFSGDTGEIKSEVREQINAKVAEWREEGKAEIIPGVLFIDE
VHMLDIESFSFLNRALESDMAPVLIMATNRGITRIRGTSYQSPHGIPIDLLDRLLIVSTT
PYSEKDTKQILRIRCEEEDVEMSEDAYTVLTRIGLETSLRYAIQLITAASLVCRKRKGTE
VQVDDIKRVYSLFLDESRSTQYMKEYQDAFLFNELKGETMDTS

• ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate

• TIP49 (PF06068 )

• None

• None

ATGGCAACCGTTACAGCCACAACCAAAGTCCCGGAGATCCGTGATGTAACAAGGATTGAG
CGAATCGGTGCCCACTCCCACATCCGGGGACTGGGGCTGGACGATGCCTTGGAGCCTCGG
CAGGCTTCGCAAGGCATGGTGGGTCAGCTGGCGGCACGGCGGGCGGCTGGCGTGGTGCTG
GAGATGATCCGGGAAGGGAAGATTGCCGGTCGGGCAGTCCTTATTGCTGGCCAGCCGGGC
ACGGGGAAGACGGCCATCGCCATGGGCATGGCGCAGGCCCTGGGCCCTGACACGCCATTC
ACAGCCATCGCCGGCAGTGAAATCTTCTCCCTGGAGATGAGCAAGACCGAGGCGCTGACG
CAGGCCTTCCGGCGGTCCATCGGCGTTCGCATCAAGGAGGAGACGGAGATCATCGAAGGG
GAGGTGGTGGAGATCCAGATTGATCGACCAGCAACAGGGACGGGCTCCAAGGTGGGCAAA
CTGACCCTCAAGACCACAGAGATGGAGACCATCTACGACCTGGGCACCAAGATGATTGAG
TCCCTGACCAAGGACAAGGTCCAGGCCGGGGACGTGATCACCATCGACAAGGCGACGGGC
AAGATCTCCAAGCTGGGCCGCTCCTTCACACGCGCCCGCGACTACGACGCTATGGGCTCC
CAGACCAAGTTCGTGCAGTGCCCAGATGGGGAGCTCCAGAAACGCAAGGAGGTGGTGCAC
ACCGTGTCCCTGCACGAGATCGACGTCATCAACTCTCGCACCCAGGGCTTCCTGGCGCTC
TTCTCAGGTGACACAGGGGAGATCAAGTCAGAAGTCCGTGAGCAGATCAATGCCAAGGTG
GCTGAGTGGCGCGAGGAGGGCAAGGCGGAGATCATCCCTGGAGTGCTGTTCATCGACGAG
GTCCACATGCTGGACATCGAGAGCTTCTCCTTCCTCAACCGGGCCCTGGAGAGTGACATG
GCGCCTGTCCTGATCATGGCCACCAACCGTGGCATCACGCGAATCCGGGGCACCAGCTAC
CAGAGCCCTCACGGCATCCCCATAGACCTGCTGGACCGGCTGCTTATCGTCTCCACCACC
CCCTACAGCGAGAAAGACACGAAGCAGATCCTCCGCATCCGGTGCGAGGAAGAAGATGTG
GAGATGAGTGAGGACGCCTACACGGTGCTGACCCGCATCGGGCTGGAGACGTCACTGCGC
TACGCCATCCAGCTCATCACAGCTGCCAGCTTGGTGTGCCGGAAACGCAAGGGTACAGAA
GTGCAGGTGGATGACATCAAGCGGGTCTACTCACTCTTCCTGGACGAGTCCCGCTCCACG
CAGTACATGAAGGAGTACCAGGACGCCTTCCTCTTCAACGAACTCAAAGGCGAGACCATG
GACACCTCCTGA

1. Salzer U, Kubicek M, Prohaska R: Isolation, molecular characterization, and tissue-specific expression of ECP-51 and ECP-54 (TIP49), two homologous, interacting erythroid cytosolic proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1999 Sep 3;1446(3):365-70. [PubMed ]
2. Kanemaki M, Kurokawa Y, Matsu-ura T, Makino Y, Masani A, Okazaki K, Morishita T, Tamura TA: TIP49b, a new RuvB-like DNA helicase, is included in a complex together with another RuvB-like DNA helicase, TIP49a. J Biol Chem. 1999 Aug 6;274(32):22437-44. [PubMed ]
3. Parfait B, Giovangrandi Y, Asheuer M, Laurendeau I, Olivi M, Vodovar N, Vidaud D, Vidaud M, Bieche I: Human TIP49b/RUVBL2 gene: genomic structure, expression pattern, physical link to the human CGB/LHB gene cluster on chromosome 19q13.3. Ann Genet. 2000 Apr-Jun;43(2):69-74. [PubMed ]
4. Bauer A, Chauvet S, Huber O, Usseglio F, Rothbacher U, Aragnol D, Kemler R, Pradel J: Pontin52 and reptin52 function as antagonistic regulators of beta-catenin signalling activity. EMBO J. 2000 Nov 15;19(22):6121-30. [PubMed ]
5. Wood MA, McMahon SB, Cole MD: An ATPase/helicase complex is an essential cofactor for oncogenic transformation by c-Myc. Mol Cell. 2000 Feb;5(2):321-30. [PubMed ]
6. Lai CH, Chou CY, Ch'ang LY, Liu CS, Lin W: Identification of novel human genes evolutionarily conserved in Caenorhabditis elegans by comparative proteomics. Genome Res. 2000 May;10(5):703-13. [PubMed ]
7. Wiemann S, Weil B, Wellenreuther R, Gassenhuber J, Glassl S, Ansorge W, Bocher M, Blocker H, Bauersachs S, Blum H, Lauber J, Dusterhoft A, Beyer A, Kohrer K, Strack N, Mewes HW, Ottenwalder B, Obermaier B, Tampe J, Heubner D, Wambutt R, Korn B, Klein M, Poustka A: Toward a catalog of human genes and proteins: sequencing and analysis of 500 novel complete protein coding human cDNAs. Genome Res. 2001 Mar;11(3):422-35. [PubMed ]
8. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed ]
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MQGPWVLLLLGLRLQLSLGVIPAEEENPAFWNRQAAEALDAAKKLQPIQKVAKNLILFLG
DGLGVPTVTATRILKGQKNGKLGPETPLAMDRFPYLALSKTYNVDRQVPDSAATATAYLC
GVKANFQTIGLSAAARFNQCNTTRGNEVISVMNRAKQAGKSVGVVTTTRVQHASPAGTYA
HTVNRNWYSDADMPASARQEGCQDIATQLISNMDIDVILGGGRKYMFPMGTPDPEYPADA
SQNGIRLDGKNLVQEWLAKHQGAWYVWNRTELMQASLDQSVTHLMGLFEPGDTKYEIHRD
PTLDPSLMEMTEAALRLLSRNPRGFYLFVEGGRIDHGHHEGVAYQALTEAVMFDDAIERA
GQLTSEEDTLTLVTADHSHVFSFGGYTLRGSSIFGLAPSKAQDSKAYTSILYGNGPGYVF
NSGVRPDVNESESGSPDYQQQAAVPLSSETHGGEDVAVFARGPQAHLVHGVQEQSFVAHV
MAFAACLEPYTACDLAPPACTTDAAHPVAASLPLLAGTLLLLGASAAP

• Alk_phosphatase (PF00245 )

• None

• None