1. (protoporphyrinato)iron
2. Ferroheme
3. Ferroheme b
4. Ferroprotoheme
5. Ferroprotoporphyrin
6. Ferroprotoporphyrin IX
7. Ferrous protoheme
8. Ferrous protoheme IX
9. Haem
10. Hem
11. Heme
12. Iron protoporphyrin
13. Iron protoporphyrin IX
14. Iron(II) protoporphyrin IX
15. Protoferroheme
16. Protohaem
17. Protoheme
18. Protoheme IX
19. Reduced hematin

• Cytoplasm
• Extracellular
• mitochondria

1. Ono F, Sharma BK, Smith CC, Burnett JW, Aurelian L: CD34+ cells in the peripheral blood transport herpes simplex virus DNA fragments to the skin of patients with erythema multiforme (HAEM). J Invest Dermatol. 2005 Jun;124(6):1215-24. [PubMed ]
2. Allhorn M, Lundqvist K, Schmidtchen A, Akerstrom B: Heme-scavenging role of alpha1-microglobulin in chronic ulcers. J Invest Dermatol. 2003 Sep;121(3):640-6. [PubMed ]
3. Walczyk T, von Blanckenburg F: Natural iron isotope variations in human blood. Science. 2002 Mar 15;295(5562):2065-6. [PubMed ]
4. Kuhnel A, Gross U, Doss MO: Hereditary coproporphyria in Germany: clinical-biochemical studies in 53 patients. Clin Biochem. 2000 Aug;33(6):465-73. [PubMed ]
5. Zhang JP, Normark S: Induction of gene expression in Escherichia coli after pilus-mediated adherence. Science. 1996 Aug 30;273(5279):1234-6. [PubMed ]
6. Taylor TD, Litt M, Kramer P, Pandolfo M, Angelini L, Nardocci N, Davis S, Pineda M, Hattori H, Flett PJ, Cilio MR, Bertini E, Hayflick SJ: Homozygosity mapping of Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome to chromosome 20p12.3-p13. Nat Genet. 1996 Dec;14(4):479-81. [PubMed ]
7. Park KK, Park JH, Jung YJ, Chung WY: Inhibitory effects of chlorophyllin, hemin and tetrakis(4-benzoic acid)porphyrin on oxidative DNA damage and mouse skin inflammation induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate as a possible anti-tumor promoting mechanism. Mutat Res. 2003 Dec 9;542(1-2):89-97. [PubMed ]
8. Wikipedia

1. 5-aminolevulinate synthase, erythroid-specific, mitochondrial
2. 5-aminolevulinate synthase, nonspecific, mitochondrial
3. Succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit, mitochondrial
4. Aldehyde oxidase
5. Heme oxygenase 2
6. Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] cytochrome b small subunit, mitochondrial
7. NADPH--cytochrome P450 reductase
8. Heme oxygenase 1
9. Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase
10. Coproporphyrinogen-III oxidase, mitochondrial
11. Lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase
12. Thyroid peroxidase
13. Lactoperoxidase
14. Myeloperoxidase
15. Eosinophil peroxidase
16. Uroporphyrinogen-III synthase
17. Porphobilinogen deaminase
18. Cytochrome P450 4A11
19. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1
20. Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase
21. Cytochrome P450 11B1, mitochondrial
22. Cholesterol 7-alpha-monooxygenase
23. Cytochrome P450 11B2, mitochondrial
24. Steroid 21-hydroxylase
25. Biliverdin reductase A
26. Flavin reductase
27. Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, mitochondrial
28. Cystathionine beta-synthase
29. Nitric oxide synthase, inducible
30. Nitric oxide synthase, brain
31. Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial
32. Succinyl-CoA ligase [ADP-forming] subunit beta, mitochondrial
33. Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2
34. Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1
35. Cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 9
36. Cytochrome b
37. Cytochrome c1, heme protein, mitochondrial
38. Cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 6, mitochondrial
39. Leukotriene-B(4) omega-hydroxylase 1
40. Leukotriene-B(4) omega-hydroxylase 2
41. Cytochrome P450 3A4
42. Protoporphyrinogen oxidase
43. Cytochrome P450 2C9
44. Sterol 26-hydroxylase, mitochondrial
45. Cytochrome P450 2C19
46. 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1 alpha hydroxylase, mitochondrial
47. Steroid 17-alpha-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase
48. Sulfite oxidase, mitochondrial
49. Ferrochelatase, mitochondrial
50. Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase
51. Guanylate cyclase soluble subunit beta-1
52. Guanylate cyclase soluble subunit beta-2
53. Prostacyclin synthase
54. Cytochrome P450 2E1
55. Cytochrome P450 4F11
56. Cytochrome P450 3A43
57. Cytochrome P450 1B1
58. Cytochrome P450 2D6
59. Cytochrome P450 2C18
60. Cytochrome P450 4F12
61. Cytochrome P450 2F1
62. Cytochrome P450 4X1
63. Cytochrome P450 2B6
64. Cytochrome P450 3A5
65. Cytochrome P450 1A1
66. Cytochrome P450 2A13
67. Cytochrome P450 3A7
68. Cytochrome P450 4B1
69. Cytochrome P450 4Z1
70. Cytochrome P450 1A2
71. Cytochrome P450 19A1
72. Cytochrome P450 2C8
73. Cytochrome P450 2S1
74. Cytochrome P450 4F8
75. Cytochrome P450 2J2
76. Cytochrome P450 2A7
77. Cytochrome P450 2A6
78. Catalase
79. Thromboxane-A synthase
80. Hemoglobin subunit beta
81. Hemoglobin subunit alpha
82. Hemoglobin subunit gamma-1
83. Hemopexin
84. 25-hydroxycholesterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase
85. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1
86. Protoheme IX farnesyltransferase, mitochondrial
87. Hereditary hemochromatosis protein
88. Protein AMBP
89. Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha-1
90. Cytochrome b561 domain-containing protein 2
91. Cytochrome b561
92. Cytochrome c
93. Cytochrome b-245 heavy chain
94. Cytochrome c-type heme lyase
95. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) 24-hydroxylase, mitochondrial
96. PR domain zinc finger protein 2
97. Cytochrome P450 26A1
98. Serotransferrin
99. Feline leukemia virus subgroup C receptor-related protein 1
100. Myoglobin
101. Transcription factor NF-E2 45 kDa subunit
102. Cytochrome b-245 light chain
103. Fatty acid desaturase 1
104. Vitamin D 25-hydroxylase
105. Translocator protein
106. Histidine-rich glycoprotein
107. Hemoglobin subunit gamma-2
108. Cytochrome b5
109. Frataxin, mitochondrial
110. Proton-coupled folate transporter
111. Cytochrome b reductase 1
112. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5A, mitochondrial
113. Fatty acid desaturase 2
114. Cholesterol 24-hydroxylase
115. 24-hydroxycholesterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase
116. 7-alpha-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one 12-alpha-hydroxylase
117. Cytochrome b5 reductase 4
118. Cytochrome P450 4A22
119. cDNA FLJ76435, highly similar to Homo sapiens cytochrome P450, family 11, subfamily A, polypeptide 1
120. cDNA FLJ76483, highly similar to Homo sapiens ferrochelatase
121. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2
122. Cytochrome P450, family 1, subfamily A, polypeptide 1
123. cDNA FLJ75236, highly similar to Human tryptophan oxygenase
124. Scavenger receptor cysteine-rich type 1 protein M130
125. NADPH oxidase 5
126. Peroxidasin homolog
127. Peroxidasin-like protein
128. Metalloreductase STEAP3
129. NADPH oxidase 1
130. NADPH oxidase 4
131. Metalloreductase STEAP1
132. Metalloreductase STEAP2
133. Metalloreductase STEAP4
134. ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 6, mitochondrial
135. ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 7, mitochondrial
136. ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 10, mitochondrial
137. Cytochrome P450 27C1
138. Putative cytochrome P450 2G1-like protein
139. Cytochrome b561 domain-containing protein 1
140. Cytochrome b5 domain-containing protein 1
141. Neuferricin
142. Hsp90 co-chaperone Cdc37
143. Cytochrome c oxidase assembly protein COX15 homolog
144. Cytochrome P450 20A1
145. Cytochrome P450 26B1
146. Cytochrome P450 26C1
147. Cytochrome P450 2U1
148. Cytochrome P450 2W1
149. Cytochrome P450 4F22
150. Cytochrome P450 4V2
151. Putative cytochrome P450 family member 4Z2
152. Cytochrome b ascorbate-dependent protein 3
153. Cytochrome b5 type B
154. Uncharacterized protein ENSP00000382267
155. Cytoglobin
156. Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 1
157. Fatty acid 2-hydroxylase
158. Fatty acid desaturase 2-like protein
159. Fatty acid desaturase 3
160. Ferric-chelate reductase 1
161. Hemoglobin subunit theta-1
162. Hemoglobin subunit zeta
163. Hemoglobin subunit delta
164. Hemoglobin subunit epsilon
165. Hemoglobin subunit mu
166. Heme-binding protein 1
167. Heme-binding protein 2
168. E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HERC2
169. Heme transporter HRG1
170. Mitoferrin-1
171. Mitoferrin-2
172. Neudesin
173. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 1
174. Neuroglobin
175. Nuclear respiratory factor 1
176. Membrane-associated progesterone receptor component 1
177. Membrane-associated progesterone receptor component 2
178. Radical S-adenosyl methionine domain-containing protein 2
179. Cytochrome P450, family 21, subfamily A, polypeptide 2
180. Cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily A, polypeptide 7
181. Cytochrome P450 2D6
182. Cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily A, polypeptide 5 (Cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily A, polypeptide 5, isoform CRA_a)
183. Cytochrome P450
184. Cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily A, polypeptide 43, isoform CRA_e
185. Myeloperoxidase (Myeloperoxidase, isoform CRA_a)
186. cDNA FLJ76595, highly similar to Homo sapiens peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6), mRNA (Peroxiredoxin 6, isoform CRA_a)
187. Uncharacterized protein ZNF554 (Zinc finger protein 554, isoform CRA_c)
188. Mitochondrial cytochrome P450, family 11, subfamily B, polypeptide 2 (Cytochrome P450, family 11, subfamily B, polypeptide 2)
189. cDNA, FLJ93424, highly similar to Homo sapiens cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily A, polypeptide 6 (CYP2A6), mRNA (Cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily A, polypeptide 6)
190. cDNA, FLJ93938, Homo sapiens cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily C, polypeptide 18(CYP2C18), mRNA (HCG39167, isoform CRA_b)
191. cDNA FLJ40496 fis, clone TESTI2044788, highly similar to CYTOCHROME C-TYPE HEME LYASE (EC 4.4.1.17)

1. ALAS-E
2. 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase 2
3. Delta-ALA synthase 2
4. Delta-aminolevulinate synthase 2

MVTAAMLLQCCPVLARGPTSLLGKVVKTHQFLFGIGRCPILATQGPNCSQIHLKATKAGG
DSPSWAKGHCPFMLSELQDGKSKIVQKAAPEVQEDVKAFKTDLPSSLVSVSLRKPFSGPQ
EQEQISGKVTHLIQNNMPGNYVFSYDQFFRDKIMEKKQDHTYRVFKTVNRWADAYPFAQH
FSEASVASKDVSVWCSNDYLGMSRHPQVLQATQETLQRHGAGAGGTRNISGTSKFHVELE
QELAELHQKDSALLFSSCFVANDSTLFTLAKILPGCEIYSDAGNHASMIQGIRNSGAAKF
VFRHNDPDHLKKLLEKSNPKIPKIVAFETVHSMDGAICPLEELCDVSHQYGALTFVDEVH
AVGLYGSRGAGIGERDGIMHKIDIISGTLGKAFGCVGGYIASTRDLVDMVRSYAAGFIFT
TSLPPMVLSGALESVRLLKGEEGQALRRAHQRNVKHMRQLLMDRGLPVIPCPSHIIPIRV
GNAALNSKLCDLLLSKHGIYVQAINYPTVPRGEELLRLAPSPHHSPQMMEDFVEKLLLAW
TAVGLPLQDVSVAACNFCRRPVHFELMSEWERSYFGNMGPQYVTTYA

• Glycine, Serine and Threonine Metabolism (map00260 )

• succinyl-CoA + glycine = 5-aminolevulinate + CoA + CO2 [RN:R00830]

• Aminotran_1_2 (PF00155 )
• Preseq_ALAS (PF09029 )

• None

• None

ATGGTGACTGCAGCCATGCTGCTACAGTGCTGCCCAGTGCTTGCCCGGGGCCCCACAAGC
CTCCTAGGCAAGGTGGTTAAGACTCACCAGTTCCTGTTTGGTATTGGACGCTGTCCCATC
CTGGCTACCCAAGGACCAAACTGTTCTCAAATCCACCTTAAGGCAACAAAGGCTGGAGGA
GATTCTCCATCTTGGGCGAAGGGCCACTGTCCCTTCATGCTGTCGGAACTCCAGGATGGG
AAGAGCAAGATTGTGCAGAAGGCAGCCCCAGAAGTCCAGGAAGATGTGAAGGCTTTCAAG
ACAGATCTGCCTAGCTCCCTGGTCTCAGTCAGCCTAAGGAAGCCATTTTCCGGTCCCCAG
GAGCAGGAGCAGATCTCTGGGAAGGTCACACACCTGATTCAGAACAATATGCCTGGAAAC
TATGTCTTCAGTTATGACCAGTTTTTCAGGGACAAGATCATGGAGAAGAAACAGGATCAC
ACCTACCGTGTGTTCAAGACTGTGAACCGCTGGGCTGATGCATATCCCTTTGCCCAACAT
TTCTCTGAGGCATCTGTGGCCTCAAAGGATGTGTCCGTCTGGTGTAGTAATGATTACCTG
GGCATGAGCCGACACCCTCAGGTCTTGCAAGCCACACAGGAGACCCTGCAGCGTCATGGT
GCTGGAGCTGGTGGCACCCGCAACATCTCAGGCACCAGTAAGTTTCATGTGGAGCTTGAG
CAGGAGCTGGCTGAGCTGCACCAGAAGGACTCAGCCCTGCTCTTCTCCTCCTGCTTTGTT
GCCAATGACTCTACTCTCTTCACCTTGGCCAAGATCCTGCCAGGGTGCGAGATTTACTCA
GACGCAGGCAACCATGCTTCCATGATCCAAGGTATCCGTAACAGTGGAGCAGCCAAGTTT
GTCTTCAGGCACAATGACCCTGACCACCTAAAGAAACTTCTAGAGAAGTCTAACCCTAAG
ATACCCAAAATTGTGGCCTTTGAGACTGTCCACTCCATGGATGGTGCCATCTGTCCCCTC
GAGGAGTTGTGTGATGTGTCCCACCAGTATGGGGCCCTGACCTTCGTGGATGAGGTCCAT
GCTGTAGGACTGTATGGGTCCCGGGGCGCTGGGATTGGGGAGCGTGATGGAATTATGCAT
AAGATTGACATCATCTCTGGAACTCTTGGCAAGGCCTTTGGCTGTGTGGGCGGCTACATT
GCCAGCACCCGTGACTTGGTGGACATGGTGCGCTCCTATGCTGCAGGCTTCATCTTTACC
ACTTCTCTGCCCCCCATGGTGCTCTCTGGAGCTCTAGAATCTGTGCGGCTGCTCAAGGGA
GAGGAGGGCCAAGCCCTGAGGCGAGCCCACCAGCGCAATGTCAAGCACATGCGCCAGCTA
CTCATGGACAGGGGCCTTCCTGTCATCCCCTGCCCCAGCCACATCATCCCCATCCGGGTG
GGCAATGCAGCACTCAACAGCAAGCTCTGTGATCTCCTGCTCTCCAAGCATGGCATCTAT
GTGCAGGCCATCAACTACCCAACTGTCCCCCGGGGTGAAGAGCTCCTGCGCTTGGCACCC
TCCCCCCACCACAGCCCTCAGATGATGGAAGATTTTGTGGAGAAGCTGCTGCTGGCTTGG
ACTGCGGTGGGGCTGCCCCTCCAGGATGTGTCTGTGGCTGCCTGCAATTTCTGTCGCCGT
CCTGTACACTTTGAGCTCATGAGTGAGTGGGAACGTTCCTACTTCGGGAACATGGGGCCC
CAGTATGTCACCACCTATGCCTGA

1. Bishop DF: Two different genes encode delta-aminolevulinate synthase in humans: nucleotide sequences of cDNAs for the housekeeping and erythroid genes. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990 Dec 11;18(23):7187-8. [PubMed ]
2. Cox TC, Bawden MJ, Martin A, May BK: Human erythroid 5-aminolevulinate synthase: promoter analysis and identification of an iron-responsive element in the mRNA. EMBO J. 1991 Jul;10(7):1891-902. [PubMed ]
3. Surinya KH, Cox TC, May BK: Identification and characterization of a conserved erythroid-specific enhancer located in intron 8 of the human 5-aminolevulinate synthase 2 gene. J Biol Chem. 1998 Jul 3;273(27):16798-809. [PubMed ]
4. Ross MT, Grafham DV, Coffey AJ, Scherer S, McLay K, Muzny D, Platzer M, Howell GR, Burrows C, Bird CP, Frankish A, Lovell FL, Howe KL, Ashurst JL, Fulton RS, Sudbrak R, Wen G, Jones MC, Hurles ME, Andrews TD, Scott CE, Searle S, Ramser J, Whittaker A, Deadman R, Carter NP, Hunt SE, Chen R, Cree A, Gunaratne P, Havlak P, Hodgson A, Metzker ML, Richards S, Scott G, Steffen D, Sodergren E, Wheeler DA, Worley KC, Ainscough R, Ambrose KD, Ansari-Lari MA, Aradhya S, Ashwell RI, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Ballabio A, Banerjee R, Barker GE, Barlow KF, Barrett IP, Bates KN, Beare DM, Beasley H, Beasley O, Beck A, Bethel G, Blechschmidt K, Brady N, Bray-Allen S, Bridgeman AM, Brown AJ, Brown MJ, Bonnin D, Bruford EA, Buhay C, Burch P, Burford D, Burgess J, Burrill W, Burton J, Bye JM, Carder C, Carrel L, Chako J, Chapman JC, Chavez D, Chen E, Chen G, Chen Y, Chen Z, Chinault C, Ciccodicola A, Clark SY, Clarke G, Clee CM, Clegg S, Clerc-Blankenburg K, Clifford K, Cobley V, Cole CG, Conquer JS, Corby N, Connor RE, David R, Davies J, Davis C, Davis J, Delgado O, Deshazo D, Dhami P, Ding Y, Dinh H, Dodsworth S, Draper H, Dugan-Rocha S, Dunham A, Dunn M, Durbin KJ, Dutta I, Eades T, Ellwood M, Emery-Cohen A, Errington H, Evans KL, Faulkner L, Francis F, Frankland J, Fraser AE, Galgoczy P, Gilbert J, Gill R, Glockner G, Gregory SG, Gribble S, Griffiths C, Grocock R, Gu Y, Gwilliam R, Hamilton C, Hart EA, Hawes A, Heath PD, Heitmann K, Hennig S, Hernandez J, Hinzmann B, Ho S, Hoffs M, Howden PJ, Huckle EJ, Hume J, Hunt PJ, Hunt AR, Isherwood J, Jacob L, Johnson D, Jones S, de Jong PJ, Joseph SS, Keenan S, Kelly S, Kershaw JK, Khan Z, Kioschis P, Klages S, Knights AJ, Kosiura A, Kovar-Smith C, Laird GK, Langford C, Lawlor S, Leversha M, Lewis L, Liu W, Lloyd C, Lloyd DM, Loulseged H, Loveland JE, Lovell JD, Lozado R, Lu J, Lyne R, Ma J, Maheshwari M, Matthews LH, McDowall J, McLaren S, McMurray A, Meidl P, Meitinger T, Milne S, Miner G, Mistry SL, Morgan M, Morris S, Muller I, Mullikin JC, Nguyen N, Nordsiek G, Nyakatura G, O'Dell CN, Okwuonu G, Palmer S, Pandian R, Parker D, Parrish J, Pasternak S, Patel D, Pearce AV, Pearson DM, Pelan SE, Perez L, Porter KM, Ramsey Y, Reichwald K, Rhodes S, Ridler KA, Schlessinger D, Schueler MG, Sehra HK, Shaw-Smith C, Shen H, Sheridan EM, Shownkeen R, Skuce CD, Smith ML, Sotheran EC, Steingruber HE, Steward CA, Storey R, Swann RM, Swarbreck D, Tabor PE, Taudien S, Taylor T, Teague B, Thomas K, Thorpe A, Timms K, Tracey A, Trevanion S, Tromans AC, d'Urso M, Verduzco D, Villasana D, Waldron L, Wall M, Wang Q, Warren J, Warry GL, Wei X, West A, Whitehead SL, Whiteley MN, Wilkinson JE, Willey DL, Williams G, Williams L, Williamson A, Williamson H, Wilming L, Woodmansey RL, Wray PW, Yen J, Zhang J, Zhou J, Zoghbi H, Zorilla S, Buck D, Reinhardt R, Poustka A, Rosenthal A, Lehrach H, Meindl A, Minx PJ, Hillier LW, Willard HF, Wilson RK, Waterston RH, Rice CM, Vaudin M, Coulson A, Nelson DL, Weinstock G, Sulston JE, Durbin R, Hubbard T, Gibbs RA, Beck S, Rogers J, Bentley DR: The DNA sequence of the human X chromosome. Nature. 2005 Mar 17;434(7031):325-37. [PubMed ]
5. Cox TC, Bottomley SS, Wiley JS, Bawden MJ, Matthews CS, May BK: X-linked pyridoxine-responsive sideroblastic anemia due to a Thr388-to-Ser substitution in erythroid 5-aminolevulinate synthase. N Engl J Med. 1994 Mar 10;330(10):675-9. [PubMed ]
6. Cotter PD, Baumann M, Bishop DF: Enzymatic defect in "X-linked" sideroblastic anemia: molecular evidence for erythroid delta-aminolevulinate synthase deficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 May 1;89(9):4028-32. [PubMed ]
7. Furuyama K, Uno R, Urabe A, Hayashi N, Fujita H, Kondo M, Sassa S, Yamamoto M: R411C mutation of the ALAS2 gene encodes a pyridoxine-responsive enzyme with low activity. Br J Haematol. 1998 Dec;103(3):839-41. [PubMed ]
8. Harigae H, Furuyama K, Kudo K, Hayashi N, Yamamoto M, Sassa S, Sasaki T: A novel mutation of the erythroid-specific gamma-Aminolevulinate synthase gene in a patient with non-inherited pyridoxine-responsive sideroblastic anemia. Am J Hematol. 1999 Oct;62(2):112-4. [PubMed ]
9. Cotter PD, May A, Li L, Al-Sabah AI, Fitzsimons EJ, Cazzola M, Bishop DF: Four new mutations in the erythroid-specific 5-aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS2) gene causing X-linked sideroblastic anemia: increased pyridoxine responsiveness after removal of iron overload by phlebotomy and coinheritance of hereditary hemochromatosis. Blood. 1999 Mar 1;93(5):1757-69. [PubMed ]
10. Cazzola M, May A, Bergamaschi G, Cerani P, Ferrillo S, Bishop DF: Absent phenotypic expression of X-linked sideroblastic anemia in one of 2 brothers with a novel ALAS2 mutation. Blood. 2002 Dec 1;100(12):4236-8. Epub 2002 Aug 8. [PubMed ]
11. Hurford MT, Marshall-Taylor C, Vicki SL, Zhou JZ, Silverman LM, Rezuke WN, Altman A, Tsongalis GJ: A novel mutation in exon 5 of the ALAS2 gene results in X-linked sideroblastic anemia. Clin Chim Acta. 2002 Jul;321(1-2):49-53. [PubMed ]
12. Whatley SD, Ducamp S, Gouya L, Grandchamp B, Beaumont C, Badminton MN, Elder GH, Holme SA, Anstey AV, Parker M, Corrigall AV, Meissner PN, Hift RJ, Marsden JT, Ma Y, Mieli-Vergani G, Deybach JC, Puy H: C-terminal deletions in the ALAS2 gene lead to gain of function and cause X-linked dominant protoporphyria without anemia or iron overload. Am J Hum Genet. 2008 Sep;83(3):408-14. Epub 2008 Sep 4. [PubMed ]

1. ALAS-H
2. 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase 1
3. Delta-ALA synthase 1
4. Delta-aminolevulinate synthase 1

MESVVRRCPFLSRVPQAFLQKAGKSLLFYAQNCPKMMEVGAKPAPRALSTAAVHYQQIKE
TPPASEKDKTAKAKVQQTPDGSQQSPDGTQLPSGHPLPATSQGTASKCPFLAAQMNQRGS
SVFCKASLELQEDVQEMNAVRKEVAETSAGPSVVSVKTDGGDPSGLLKNFQDIMQKQRPE
RVSHLLQDNLPKSVSTFQYDRFFEKKIDEKKNDHTYRVFKTVNRRAHIFPMADDYSDSLI
TKKQVSVWCSNDYLGMSRHPRVCGAVMDTLKQHGAGAGGTRNISGTSKFHVDLERELADL
HGKDAALLFSSCFVANDSTLFTLAKMMPGCEIYSDSGNHASMIQGIRNSRVPKYIFRHND
VSHLRELLQRSDPSVPKIVAFETVHSMDGAVCPLEELCDVAHEFGAITFVDEVHAVGLYG
ARGGGIGDRDGVMPKMDIISGTLGKAFGCVGGYIASTSSLIDTVRSYAAGFIFTTSLPPM
LLAGALESVRILKSAEGRVLRRQHQRNVKLMRQMLMDAGLPVVHCPSHIIPVRVADAAKN
TEVCDELMSRHNIYVQAINYPTVPRGEELLRIAPTPHHTPQMMNYFLENLLVTWKQVGLE
LKPHSSAECNFCRRPLHFEVMSEREKSYFSGLSKLVSAQA

• Glycine, Serine and Threonine Metabolism (map00260 )

• succinyl-CoA + glycine = 5-aminolevulinate + CoA + CO2 [RN:R00830]

• Aminotran_1_2 (PF00155 )
• Preseq_ALAS (PF09029 )

• None

• None

ATGGAGAGTGTTGTTCGCCGCTGCCCATTCTTATCCCGAGTCCCCCAGGCCTTTCTGCAG
AAAGCAGGCAAATCTCTGTTGTTCTATGCCCAAAACTGCCCCAAGATGATGGAAGTTGGG
GCCAAGCCAGCCCCTCGGGCATTGTCCACTGCAGCAGTACACTACCAACAGATCAAAGAA
ACCCCTCCGGCCAGTGAGAAAGACAAAACTGCTAAGGCCAAGGTCCAACAGACTCCTGAT
GGATCCCAGCAGAGTCCAGATGGCACACAGCTTCCGTCTGGACACCCCTTGCCTGCCACA
AGCCAGGGCACTGCAAGCAAATGCCCTTTCCTGGCAGCACAGATGAATCAGAGAGGCAGC
AGTGTCTTCTGCAAAGCCAGTCTTGAGCTTCAGGAGGATGTGCAGGAAATGAATGCCGTG
AGGAAAGAGGTTGCTGAAACCTCAGCAGGCCCCAGTGTGGTTAGTGTGAAAACCGATGGA
GGGGATCCCAGTGGACTGCTGAAGAACTTCCAGGACATTATGCAAAAGCAAAGACCAGAA
AGAGTGTCTCATCTTCTTCAAGATAACTTGCCAAAATCTGTTTCCACTTTTCAGTATGAT
CGTTTCTTTGAGAAAAAAATTGATGAGAAAAAGAATGACCACACCTATCGAGTTTTTAAA
ACTGTGAACCGGCGAGCACACATCTTCCCCATGGCAGATGACTATTCAGACTCCCTCATC
ACCAAAAAGCAAGTGTCAGTCTGGTGCAGTAATGACTACCTAGGAATGAGTCGCCACCCA
CGGGTGTGTGGGGCAGTTATGGACACTTTGAAACAACATGGTGCTGGGGCAGGTGGTACT
AGAAATATTTCTGGAACTAGTAAATTCCATGTGGACTTAGAGCGGGAGCTGGCAGACCTC
CATGGGAAAGATGCCGCACTCTTGTTTTCCTCGTGCTTTGTGGCCAATGACTCAACCCTC
TTCACCCTGGCTAAGATGATGCCAGGCTGTGAGATTTACTCTGATTCTGGGAACCATGCC
TCCATGATCCAAGGGATTCGAAACAGCCGAGTGCCAAAGTACATCTTCCGCCACAATGAT
GTCAGCCACCTCAGAGAACTGCTGCAAAGATCTGACCCCTCAGTCCCCAAGATTGTGGCA
TTTGAAACTGTCCATTCAATGGATGGGGCGGTGTGCCCACTGGAAGAGCTGTGTGATGTG
GCCCATGAGTTTGGAGCAATCACCTTCGTGGATGAGGTCCACGCAGTGGGGCTTTATGGG
GCTCGAGGCGGAGGGATTGGGGATCGGGATGGAGTCATGCCAAAAATGGACATCATTTCT
GGAACACTTGGCAAAGCCTTTGGTTGTGTTGGAGGGTACATCGCCAGCACGAGTTCTCTG
ATTGACACCGTACGGTCCTATGCTGCTGGCTTCATCTTCACCACCTCTCTGCCACCCATG
CTGCTGGCTGGAGCCCTGGAGTCTGTGCGGATCCTGAAGAGCGCTGAGGGACGGGTGCTT
CGCCGCCAGCACCAGCGCAACGTCAAACTCATGAGACAGATGCTAATGGATGCCGGCCTC
CCTGTTGTCCACTGCCCCAGCCACATCATCCCTGTGCGGGTTGCAGATGCTGCTAAAAAC
ACAGAAGTCTGTGATGAACTAATGAGCAGACATAACATCTACGTGCAAGCAATCAATTAC
CCTACGGTGCCCCGGGGAGAAGAGCTCCTACGGATTGCCCCCACCCCTCACCACACACCC
CAGATGATGAACTACTTCCTTGAGAATCTGCTAGTCACATGGAAGCAAGTGGGGCTGGAA
CTGAAGCCTCATTCCTCAGCTGAGTGCAACTTCTGCAGGAGGCCACTGCATTTTGAAGTG
ATGAGTGAAAGAGAGAAGTCCTATTTCTCAGGCTTGAGCAAGTTGGTATCTGCTCAGGCC
TGA

1. Bishop DF: Two different genes encode delta-aminolevulinate synthase in humans: nucleotide sequences of cDNAs for the housekeeping and erythroid genes. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990 Dec 11;18(23):7187-8. [PubMed ]
2. Bawden MJ, Borthwick IA, Healy HM, Morris CP, May BK, Elliott WH: Sequence of human 5-aminolevulinate synthase cDNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Oct 26;15(20):8563. [PubMed ]
3. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]

1. Integral membrane protein CII-3
2. QPs-1
3. QPs1
4. Succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit C
5. Succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase cytochrome B large subunit
6. CYBL

MAALLLRHVGRHCLRAHFSPQLCIRNAVPLGTTAKEEMERFWNKNIGSNRPLSPHITIYS
WSLPMAMSICHRGTGIALSAGVSLFGMSALLLPGNFESYLELVKSLCLGPALIHTAKFAL
VFPLMYHTWNGIRHLMWDLGKGLKIPQLYQSGVVVLVLTVLSSMGLAAM

• Sdh_cyt (PF01127 )

• None

• 63-92 113-137 145-166

ATGGCTGCGCTGTTGCTGAGACACGTTGGTCGTCATTGCCTCCGAGCCCACTTTAGCCCT
CAGCTCTGTATCAGAAATGCTGTTCCTTTGGGAACCACGGCCAAAGAAGAGATGGAGCGG
TTCTGGAATAAGAATATAGGTTCAAACCGTCCTCTGTCTCCCCACATTACTATCTACAGT
TGGTCTCTTCCCATGGCGATGTCCATCTGCCACCGTGGCACTGGTATTGCTTTGAGTGCA
GGGGTCTCTCTTTTTGGCATGTCGGCCCTGTTACTCCCTGGGAACTTTGAGTCTTATTTG
GAACTTGTGAAGTCCCTGTGTCTGGGGCCAGCACTGATCCACACAGCTAAGTTTGCACTT
GTCTTCCCTCTCATGTATCATACCTGGAATGGGATCCGACACTTGATGTGGGACCTAGGA
AAAGGCCTGAAGATTCCCCAGCTATACCAGTCTGGAGTGGTTGTCCTGGTTCTTACTGTG
TTGTCCTCTATGGGGCTGGCAGCCATGTGA

1. Hirawake H, Taniwaki M, Tamura A, Kojima S, Kita K: Cytochrome b in human complex II (succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase): cDNA cloning of the components in liver mitochondria and chromosome assignment of the genes for the large (SDHC) and small (SDHD) subunits to 1q21 and 11q23. Cytogenet Cell Genet. 1997;79(1-2):132-8. [PubMed ]
2. Elbehti-Green A, Au HC, Mascarello JT, Ream-Robinson D, Scheffler IE: Characterization of the human SDHC gene encoding of the integral membrane proteins of succinate-quinone oxidoreductase in mitochondria. Gene. 1998 Jun 15;213(1-2):133-40. [PubMed ]
3. Gregory SG, Barlow KF, McLay KE, Kaul R, Swarbreck D, Dunham A, Scott CE, Howe KL, Woodfine K, Spencer CC, Jones MC, Gillson C, Searle S, Zhou Y, Kokocinski F, McDonald L, Evans R, Phillips K, Atkinson A, Cooper R, Jones C, Hall RE, Andrews TD, Lloyd C, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Ambrose KD, Anderson F, Andrew RW, Ashwell RI, Aubin K, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Beasley H, Bethel G, Bird CP, Bray-Allen S, Brown JY, Brown AJ, Buckley D, Burton J, Bye J, Carder C, Chapman JC, Clark SY, Clarke G, Clee C, Cobley V, Collier RE, Corby N, Coville GJ, Davies J, Deadman R, Dunn M, Earthrowl M, Ellington AG, Errington H, Frankish A, Frankland J, French L, Garner P, Garnett J, Gay L, Ghori MR, Gibson R, Gilby LM, Gillett W, Glithero RJ, Grafham DV, Griffiths C, Griffiths-Jones S, Grocock R, Hammond S, Harrison ES, Hart E, Haugen E, Heath PD, Holmes S, Holt K, Howden PJ, Hunt AR, Hunt SE, Hunter G, Isherwood J, James R, Johnson C, Johnson D, Joy A, Kay M, Kershaw JK, Kibukawa M, Kimberley AM, King A, Knights AJ, Lad H, Laird G, Lawlor S, Leongamornlert DA, Lloyd DM, Loveland J, Lovell J, Lush MJ, Lyne R, Martin S, Mashreghi-Mohammadi M, Matthews L, Matthews NS, McLaren S, Milne S, Mistry S, Moore MJ, Nickerson T, O'Dell CN, Oliver K, Palmeiri A, Palmer SA, Parker A, Patel D, Pearce AV, Peck AI, Pelan S, Phelps K, Phillimore BJ, Plumb R, Rajan J, Raymond C, Rouse G, Saenphimmachak C, Sehra HK, Sheridan E, Shownkeen R, Sims S, Skuce CD, Smith M, Steward C, Subramanian S, Sycamore N, Tracey A, Tromans A, Van Helmond Z, Wall M, Wallis JM, White S, Whitehead SL, Wilkinson JE, Willey DL, Williams H, Wilming L, Wray PW, Wu Z, Coulson A, Vaudin M, Sulston JE, Durbin R, Hubbard T, Wooster R, Dunham I, Carter NP, McVean G, Ross MT, Harrow J, Olson MV, Beck S, Rogers J, Bentley DR, Banerjee R, Bryant SP, Burford DC, Burrill WD, Clegg SM, Dhami P, Dovey O, Faulkner LM, Gribble SM, Langford CF, Pandian RD, Porter KM, Prigmore E: The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1. Nature. 2006 May 18;441(7091):315-21. [PubMed ]
4. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
5. Niemann S, Muller U: Mutations in SDHC cause autosomal dominant paraganglioma, type 3. Nat Genet. 2000 Nov;26(3):268-70. [PubMed ]
6. McWhinney SR, Pasini B, Stratakis CA: Familial gastrointestinal stromal tumors and germ-line mutations. N Engl J Med. 2007 Sep 6;357(10):1054-6. [PubMed ]

MDRASELLFYVNGRKVIEKNVDPETMLLPYLRKKLRLTGTKYGCGGGGCGACTVMISRYN
PITKRIRHHPANACLIPICSLYGAAVTTVEGIGSTHTRIHPVQERIAKCHGTQCGFCTPG
MVMSIYTLLRNHPEPTLDQLTDALGGNLCRCTGYRPIIDACKTFCKTSGCCQSKENGVCC
LDQGINGLPEFEEGSKTSPKLFAEEEFLPLDPTQELIFPPELMIMAEKQSQRTRVFGSER
MMWFSPVTLKELLEFKFKYPQAPVIMGNTSVGPEVKFKGVFHPVIISPDRIEELSVVNHA
YNGLTLGAGLSLAQVKDILADVVQKLPEEKTQMYHALLKHLGTLAGSQIRNMASLGGHII
SRHPDSDLNPILAVGNCTLNLLSKEGKRQIPLNEQFLSKCPNADLKPQEILVSVNIPYSR
KWEFVSAFRQAQRQENALAIVNSGMRVFFGEGDGIIRELCISYGGVGPATICAKNSCQKL
IGRHWNEQMLDIACRLILNEVSLLGSAPGGKVEFKRTLIISFLFKFYLEVSQILKKMDPV
HYPSLADKYESALEDLHSKHHCSTLKYQNIGPKQHPEDPIGHPIMHLSGVKHATGEAIYC
DDMPLVDQELFLTFVTSSRAHAKIVSIDLSEALSMPGVVDIMTAEHLSDVNSFCFFTEAE
KFLATDKVFCVGQLVCAVLADSEVQAKRAAKRVKIVYQDLEPLILTIEESIQHNSSFKPE
RKLEYGNVDEAFKVVDQILEGEIHMGGQEHFYMETQSMLVVPKGEDQEMDVYVSTQFPKY
IQDIVASTLKLPANKVMCHVRRVGGAFGGKVLKTGIIAAVTAFAANKHGRAVRCVLERGE
DMLITGGRHPYLGKYKAGFMNDGRILALDMEHYSNAGASLDESLFVIEMGLLKMDNAYKF
PNLRCRGWACRTNLPSNTAFRGFGFPQAALITESCITEVAAKCGLSPEKVRIINMYKEID
QTPYKQEINAKNLIQCWRECMAMSSYSLRKVAVEKFNAENYWKKKGLAMVPLKFPVGLGS
RAAGQAAALVHIYLDGSVLVTHGGIEMGQGVHTKMIQVVSRELRMPMSNVHLRGTSTETV
PNANISGGSVVADLNGLAVKDACQTLLKRLEPIISKNPKGTWKDWAQTAFDESINLSAVG
YFRGYESDMNWEKGEGQPFEYFVYGAACSEVEIDCLTGDHKNIRTDIVMDVGCSINPAID
IGQIEGAFIQGMGLYTIEELNYSPQGILHTRGPDQYKIPAICDMPTELHIALLPPSQNSN
TLYSSKGLGESGVFLGCSVFFAIHDAVSAARQERGLHGPLTLNSPLTPEKIRMACEDKFT
KMIPRDEPGSYVPWNVPI

• Nicotinate and Nicotinamide Metabolism (map00760 )
• Tryptophan Metabolism (map00380 )
• Tyrosine Metabolism (map00350 )
• Valine, Leucine and Isoleucine Degradation (map00280 )
• Vitamin B6 Metabolism (map00750 )

• an aldehyde + H2O + O2 = a carboxylic acid + H2O2 [RN:R00635]

• Ald_Xan_dh_C (PF01315 )
• Ald_Xan_dh_C2 (PF02738 )
• CO_deh_flav_C (PF03450 )
• FAD_binding_5 (PF00941 )
• Fer2 (PF00111 )
• Fer2_2 (PF01799 )

• None

• None

ATGGACCGGGCGTCCGAGCTGCTCTTCTACGTGAACGGCCGCAAGGTGATAGAAAAAAAT
GTCGATCCTGAAACAATGCTGTTGCCTTATTTGAGGAAGAAGCTTCGACTCACAGGAACT
AAGTATGGCTGTGGAGGAGGAGGCTGTGGTGCTTGTACAGTGATGATATCACGATACAAC
CCCATCACCAAGAGGATAAGGCATCACCCAGCCAATGCCTGTCTGATTCCCATCTGTTCT
CTGTATGGTGCTGCCGTCACCACAGTAGAAGGCATAGGAAGCACCCACACCAGAATTCAT
CCTGTTCAGGAGAGGATTGCCAAGTGTCATGGCACCCAGTGTGGCTTCTGCACACCTGGG
ATGGTGATGTCCATCTACACGCTGCTCAGGAACCACCCAGAGCCCACTCTGGATCAGTTA
ACTGATGCCCTTGGTGGTAACCTGTGCCGTTGCACTGGATACAGGCCCATAATTGATGCA
TGCAAGACTTTCTGTAAAACTTCGGGCTGCTGTCAAAGTAAAGAAAATGGGGTTTGCTGT
TTGGATCAAGGAATCAATGGATTGCCAGAATTTGAGGAAGGAAGTAAGACAAGTCCAAAA
CTCTTCGCAGAAGAGGAGTTTCTGCCATTGGATCCAACCCAGGAACTGATATTTCCTCCT
GAGCTAATGATAATGGCTGAGAAACAGTCGCAAAGGACCAGGGTGTTTGGCAGTGAGAGA
ATGATGTGGTTTTCCCCCGTGACCCTGAAGGAACTGCTGGAATTTAAATTCAAGTATCCC
CAGGCTCCTGTTATCATGGGAAACACCTCTGTGGGGCCTGAAGTGAAATTTAAAGGCGTC
TTTCACCCAGTTATAATTTCTCCTGATAGAATTGAAGAACTGAGTGTTGTAAACCATGCA
TATAATGGACTCACCCTTGGTGCTGGTCTCAGCCTAGCCCAGGTGAAGGACATTTTGGCT
GATGTAGTCCAGAAGCTTCCAGAGGAGAAGACACAGATGTACCATGCTCTCCTGAAGCAT
TTGGGAACTCTGGCTGGGTCCCAGATCAGGAACATGGCTTCTTTAGGGGGACACATCATT
AGCAGGCATCCAGATTCAGATCTGAATCCCATCCTGGCTGTGGGTAACTGTACCCTCAAC
TTGCTATCAAAAGAAGGAAAACGACAGATTCCTTTAAATGAGCAATTCCTCAGCAAGTGC
CCTAATGCAGATCTTAAGCCTCAAGAAATCTTGGTCTCAGTGAACATCCCCTACTCAAGG
AAGTGGGAATTTGTGTCAGCCTTCCGACAAGCCCAGCGACAGGAGAATGCGCTAGCGATA
GTCAATTCAGGAATGAGAGTCTTTTTTGGAGAAGGGGATGGCATTATTAGAGAGTTATGC
ATCTCATATGGAGGCGTTGGTCCAGCCACCATCTGTGCCAAGAATTCCTGCCAGAAACTC
ATTGGAAGGCACTGGAACGAACAGATGCTGGATATAGCCTGCAGGCTTATTCTGAATGAA
GTCTCCCTTTTGGGCTCGGCGCCAGGTGGGAAAGTGGAGTTCAAGAGGACTCTCATCATC
AGCTTCCTCTTCAAGTTCTACCTGGAAGTGTCACAGATTTTGAAAAAGATGGATCCAGTT
CACTATCCTAGCCTTGCAGACAAGTATGAAAGTGCTTTAGAAGATCTTCATTCCAAACAT
CACTGCAGTACATTAAAGTACCAGAATATAGGCCCAAAGCAGCATCCTGAAGACCCAATT
GGCCACCCCATCATGCATCTGTCTGGTGTGAAGCATGCCACGGGGGAGGCCATCTACTGT
GATGACATGCCTCTGGTGGACCAGGAACTTTTCTTGACTTTTGTGACTAGTTCAAGAGCT
CATGCTAAGATTGTGTCTATTGATCTGTCAGAAGCTCTCAGCATGCCCGGTGTGGTGGAC
ATCATGACAGCAGAACATCTTAGTGACGTCAACTCCTTCTGCTTTTTTACTGAAGCTGAG
AAATTTCTGGCGACAGATAAGGTGTTCTGTGTGGGTCAGCTTGTCTGTGCTGTGCTTGCC
GATTCTGAGGTTCAGGCAAAGCGAGCTGCTAAGCGAGTGAAGATTGTCTATCAAGACTTG
GAGCCGCTGATACTAACAATTGAGGAAAGTATACAACACAACTCCTCCTTCAAGCCAGAA
AGGAAACTGGAATATGGAAATGTTGACGAAGCATTTAAAGTGGTTGATCAAATTCTTGAA
GGTGAAATACATATGGGAGGTCAAGAACATTTTTATATGGAAACCCAAAGCATGCTTGTC
GTTCCCAAGGGAGAGGATCAAGAAATGGATGTCTACGTGTCCACACAGTTTCCCAAATAT
ATACAGGACATTGTTGCCTCAACCTTGAAGCTCCCAGCTAACAAGGTCATGTGCCATGTA
AGGCGTGTTGGTGGAGCGTTTGGAGGGAAGGTGTTAAAAACCGGAATCATTGCAGCCGTC
ACTGCATTTGCCGCAAACAAACATGGCCGTGCAGTTCGCTGTGTTCTGGAACGAGGAGAA
GACATGTTAATAACTGGAGGCCGCCATCCTTACCTTGGAAAGTACAAAGCTGGATTCATG
AACGATGGCAGAATCTTGGCCCTGGACATGGAGCATTACAGCAATGCAGGCGCCTCCTTG
GATGAATCATTATTCGTGATAGAAATGGGACTTCTGAAAATGGACAATGCTTACAAGTTT
CCCAATCTCCGCTGCCGGGGTTGGGCATGCAGAACCAACCTTCCATCCAACACAGCTTTT
CGTGGGTTTGGCTTTCCTCAGGCAGCGCTGATCACCGAATCTTGTATCACGGAAGTTGCA
GCCAAATGTGGACTATCCCCTGAGAAGGTGCGAATCATAAACATGTACAAGGAAATTGAT
CAAACACCCTACAAACAAGAGATCAATGCCAAGAACCTAATCCAGTGTTGGAGAGAATGT
ATGGCCATGTCTTCCTACTCCTTGAGGAAAGTTGCTGTGGAAAAGTTCAATGCAGAGAAT
TATTGGAAGAAGAAAGGACTGGCCATGGTCCCCCTGAAGTTTCCTGTTGGCCTTGGCTCA
CGTGCTGCTGGTCAGGCTGCTGCCTTGGTTCACATTTATCTTGATGGCTCTGTGCTGGTC
ACTCACGGTGGAATTGAAATGGGGCAGGGGGTCCACACTAAAATGATTCAGGTGGTCAGC
CGTGAATTAAGAATGCCAATGTCGAATGTCCACCTGCGTGGAACAAGCACAGAAACTGTC
CCTAATGCAAATATCTCTGGAGGTTCTGTGGTGGCAGATCTCAACGGTTTGGCAGTAAAG
GATGCCTGTCAAACTCTTCTAAAACGCCTCGAACCCATCATCAGCAAGAATCCTAAAGGA
ACTTGGAAAGACTGGGCACAGACTGCTTTTGATGAAAGCATTAACCTTTCAGCTGTTGGA
TACTTCAGAGGTTATGAGTCAGACATGAACTGGGAGAAAGGCGAAGGCCAGCCCTTCGAA
TACTTTGTTTATGGAGCTGCCTGTTCCGAGGTTGAAATAGACTGCCTGACGGGGGATCAT
AAGAACATCAGAACAGACATTGTCATGGATGTTGGCTGCAGTATAAATCCAGCCATTGAC
ATAGGCCAGATTGAAGGTGCATTTATTCAAGGCATGGGACTTTATACAATAGAGGAACTG
AATTATTCTCCCCAGGGCATTCTGCACACTCGTGGTCCAGACCAATATAAAATCCCTGCC
ATCTGTGACATGCCCACGGAGTTGCACATTGCTTTGTTGCCTCCTTCTCAAAACTCAAAT
ACTCTTTATTCATCTAAGGGTCTGGGAGAGTCGGGGGTGTTCCTGGGGTGTTCCGTGTTT
TTCGCTATCCATGACGCAGTGAGTGCAGCACGACAGGAGAGAGGCCTGCATGGACCCTTG
ACCCTTAATAGTCCACTGACCCCGGAGAAGATTAGGATGGCCTGTGAAGACAAGTTCACA
AAAATGATTCCGAGAGATGAACCTGGATCCTACGTTCCTTGGAATGTACCCATCTGA

1. Wright RM, Vaitaitis GM, Wilson CM, Repine TB, Terada LS, Repine JE: cDNA cloning, characterization, and tissue-specific expression of human xanthine dehydrogenase/xanthine oxidase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Nov 15;90(22):10690-4. [PubMed ]
2. Hillier LW, Graves TA, Fulton RS, Fulton LA, Pepin KH, Minx P, Wagner-McPherson C, Layman D, Wylie K, Sekhon M, Becker MC, Fewell GA, Delehaunty KD, Miner TL, Nash WE, Kremitzki C, Oddy L, Du H, Sun H, Bradshaw-Cordum H, Ali J, Carter J, Cordes M, Harris A, Isak A, van Brunt A, Nguyen C, Du F, Courtney L, Kalicki J, Ozersky P, Abbott S, Armstrong J, Belter EA, Caruso L, Cedroni M, Cotton M, Davidson T, Desai A, Elliott G, Erb T, Fronick C, Gaige T, Haakenson W, Haglund K, Holmes A, Harkins R, Kim K, Kruchowski SS, Strong CM, Grewal N, Goyea E, Hou S, Levy A, Martinka S, Mead K, McLellan MD, Meyer R, Randall-Maher J, Tomlinson C, Dauphin-Kohlberg S, Kozlowicz-Reilly A, Shah N, Swearengen-Shahid S, Snider J, Strong JT, Thompson J, Yoakum M, Leonard S, Pearman C, Trani L, Radionenko M, Waligorski JE, Wang C, Rock SM, Tin-Wollam AM, Maupin R, Latreille P, Wendl MC, Yang SP, Pohl C, Wallis JW, Spieth J, Bieri TA, Berkowicz N, Nelson JO, Osborne J, Ding L, Meyer R, Sabo A, Shotland Y, Sinha P, Wohldmann PE, Cook LL, Hickenbotham MT, Eldred J, Williams D, Jones TA, She X, Ciccarelli FD, Izaurralde E, Taylor J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Cox DR, Huang X, McPherson JD, Mardis ER, Clifton SW, Warren WC, Chinwalla AT, Eddy SR, Marra MA, Ovcharenko I, Furey TS, Miller W, Eichler EE, Bork P, Suyama M, Torrents D, Waterston RH, Wilson RK: Generation and annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4. Nature. 2005 Apr 7;434(7034):724-31. [PubMed ]

1. HO-2

MSAEVETSEGVDESEKKNSGALEKENQMRMADLSELLKEGTKEAHDRAENTQFVKDFLKG
NIKKELFKLATTALYFTYSALEEEMERNKDHPAFAPLYFPMELHRKEALTKDMEYFFGEN
WEEQVQCPKAAQKYVERIHYIGQNEPELLVAHAYTRYMGDLSGGQVLKKVAQRALKLPST
GEGTQFYLFENVDNAQQFKQLYRARMNALDLNMKTKERIVEEANKAFEYNMQIFNELDQA
GSTLARETLEDGFPVHDGKGDMRKCPFYAAEQDKGALEGSSCPFRTAMAVLRKPSLQFIL
AAGVALAAGLLAWYYM

• Porphyrin Metabolism (map00860 )

• heme + 3 AH2 + 3 O2 = biliverdin + Fe2+ + CO + 3 A + 3 H2O [RN:R00311]

• Heme_oxygenase (PF01126 )

• None

• None

ATGTCAGCGGAAGTGGAAACCTCAGAGGGGGTAGACGAGTCAGAAAAAAAGAACTCTGGG
GCCCTAGAAAAGGAGAACCAAATGAGAATGGCTGACCTCTCGGAGCTCCTGAAGGAAGGG
ACCAAGGAAGCACACGACCGGGCAGAAAACACCCAGTTTGTCAAGGACTTCTTGAAAGGC
AACATTAAGAAGGAGCTGTTTAAGCTGGCCACCACGGCACTTTACTTCACATACTCAGCC
CTCGAGGAGGAAATGGAGCGCAACAAGGACCATCCAGCCTTTGCCCCTTTGTACTTCCCC
ATGGAGCTGCACCGGAAGGAGGCGCTGACCAAGGACATGGAGTATTTCTTTGGTGAAAAC
TGGGAGGAGCAGGTGCAGTGCCCCAAGGCTGCCCAGAAGTACGTGGAGCGGATCCACTAC
ATAGGGCAGAACGAGCCGGAGCTACTGGTGGCCCATGCATACACCCGCTACATGGGGGAT
CTCTCGGGGGGCCAGGTGCTGAAGAAGGTGGCCCAGCGAGCACTGAAACTCCCCAGCACA
GGGGAAGGGACCCAGTTCTACCTGTTTGAGAATGTGGACAATGCCCAGCAGTTCAAGCAG
CTCTACCGGGCCAGGATGAACGCCCTGGACCTGAACATGAAGACCAAAGAGAGGATCGTG
GAGGAGGCCAACAAGGCTTTTGAGTATAACATGCAGATATTCAATGAACTGGACCAGGCC
GGCTCCACACTGGCCAGAGAGACCTTGGAGGATGGGTTCCCTGTACACGATGGGAAAGGA
GACATGCGTAAATGCCCTTTCTACGCTGCTGAACAAGACAAAGGTGCCCTGGAGGGCAGC
AGCTGTCCCTTCCGAACAGCTATGGCTGTGCTGAGGAAGCCCAGCCTCCAGTTCATCCTG
GCCGCTGGTGTGGCCCTAGCTGCTGGACTCTTGGCCTGGTACTACATGTGA

1. Ishikawa K, Takeuchi N, Takahashi S, Matera KM, Sato M, Shibahara S, Rousseau DL, Ikeda-Saito M, Yoshida T: Heme oxygenase-2. Properties of the heme complex of the purified tryptic fragment of recombinant human heme oxygenase-2. J Biol Chem. 1995 Mar 17;270(11):6345-50. [PubMed ]
2. McCoubrey WK Jr, Ewing JF, Maines MD: Human heme oxygenase-2: characterization and expression of a full-length cDNA and evidence suggesting that the two HO-2 transcripts may differ by choice of polyadenylation signal. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1992 May 15;295(1):13-20. [PubMed ]
3. Martin J, Han C, Gordon LA, Terry A, Prabhakar S, She X, Xie G, Hellsten U, Chan YM, Altherr M, Couronne O, Aerts A, Bajorek E, Black S, Blumer H, Branscomb E, Brown NC, Bruno WJ, Buckingham JM, Callen DF, Campbell CS, Campbell ML, Campbell EW, Caoile C, Challacombe JF, Chasteen LA, Chertkov O, Chi HC, Christensen M, Clark LM, Cohn JD, Denys M, Detter JC, Dickson M, Dimitrijevic-Bussod M, Escobar J, Fawcett JJ, Flowers D, Fotopulos D, Glavina T, Gomez M, Gonzales E, Goodstein D, Goodwin LA, Grady DL, Grigoriev I, Groza M, Hammon N, Hawkins T, Haydu L, Hildebrand CE, Huang W, Israni S, Jett J, Jewett PB, Kadner K, Kimball H, Kobayashi A, Krawczyk MC, Leyba T, Longmire JL, Lopez F, Lou Y, Lowry S, Ludeman T, Manohar CF, Mark GA, McMurray KL, Meincke LJ, Morgan J, Moyzis RK, Mundt MO, Munk AC, Nandkeshwar RD, Pitluck S, Pollard M, Predki P, Parson-Quintana B, Ramirez L, Rash S, Retterer J, Ricke DO, Robinson DL, Rodriguez A, Salamov A, Saunders EH, Scott D, Shough T, Stallings RL, Stalvey M, Sutherland RD, Tapia R, Tesmer JG, Thayer N, Thompson LS, Tice H, Torney DC, Tran-Gyamfi M, Tsai M, Ulanovsky LE, Ustaszewska A, Vo N, White PS, Williams AL, Wills PL, Wu JR, Wu K, Yang J, Dejong P, Bruce D, Doggett NA, Deaven L, Schmutz J, Grimwood J, Richardson P, Rokhsar DS, Eichler EE, Gilna P, Lucas SM, Myers RM, Rubin EM, Pennacchio LA: The sequence and analysis of duplication-rich human chromosome 16. Nature. 2004 Dec 23;432(7020):988-94. [PubMed ]
4. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
5. Bianchetti CM, Yi L, Ragsdale SW, Phillips GN Jr: Comparison of apo- and heme-bound crystal structures of a truncated human heme oxygenase-2. J Biol Chem. 2007 Dec 28;282(52):37624-31. Epub 2007 Oct 26. [PubMed ]

1. CybS
2. CII-4
3. QPs3
4. Succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit D
5. Succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase cytochrome b small subunit
6. Succinate-ubiquinone reductase membrane anchor subunit

MAVLWRLSAVCGALGGRALLLRTPVVRPAHISAFLQDRPIPEWCGVQHIHLSPSHHSGSK
AASLHWTSERVVSVLLLGLLPAAYLNPCSAMDYSLAAALTLHGHWGLGQVVTDYVHGDAL
QKAAKAGLLALSALTFAGLCYFNYHDVGICKAVAMLWKL

• CybS (PF05328 )

• None

• 64-85 91-111 121-142

ATGGCGGTTCTCTGGAGGCTGAGTGCCGTTTGCGGTGCCCTAGGAGGCCGAGCTCTGTTG
CTTCGAACTCCAGTGGTCAGACCTGCTCATATCTCAGCATTTCTTCAGGACCGACCTATC
CCAGAATGGTGTGGAGTGCAGCACATACACTTGTCACCGAGCCACCATTCTGGCTCCAAG
GCTGCATCTCTCCACTGGACTAGCGAGAGGGTTGTCAGTGTTTTGCTCCTGGGTCTGCTT
CCGGCTGCTTATTTGAATCCTTGCTCTGCGATGGACTATTCCCTGGCTGCAGCCCTCACT
CTTCATGGTCACTGGGGCCTTGGACAAGTTGTTACTGACTATGTTCATGGGGATGCCTTG
CAGAAAGCTGCCAAGGCAGGGCTTTTGGCACTTTCAGCTTTAACCTTTGCTGGGCTTTGC
TATTTCAACTATCACGATGTGGGCATCTGCAAAGCTGTTGCCATGCTGTGGAAGCTCTGA

1. Hirawake H, Taniwaki M, Tamura A, Kojima S, Kita K: Cytochrome b in human complex II (succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase): cDNA cloning of the components in liver mitochondria and chromosome assignment of the genes for the large (SDHC) and small (SDHD) subunits to 1q21 and 11q23. Cytogenet Cell Genet. 1997;79(1-2):132-8. [PubMed ]
2. Hirawake H, Taniwaki M, Tamura A, Amino H, Tomitsuka E, Kita K: Characterization of the human SDHD gene encoding the small subunit of cytochrome b (cybS) in mitochondrial succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1999 Aug 4;1412(3):295-300. [PubMed ]
3. Otsuki T, Ota T, Nishikawa T, Hayashi K, Suzuki Y, Yamamoto J, Wakamatsu A, Kimura K, Sakamoto K, Hatano N, Kawai Y, Ishii S, Saito K, Kojima S, Sugiyama T, Ono T, Okano K, Yoshikawa Y, Aotsuka S, Sasaki N, Hattori A, Okumura K, Nagai K, Sugano S, Isogai T: Signal sequence and keyword trap in silico for selection of full-length human cDNAs encoding secretion or membrane proteins from oligo-capped cDNA libraries. DNA Res. 2005;12(2):117-26. [PubMed ]
4. Taylor TD, Noguchi H, Totoki Y, Toyoda A, Kuroki Y, Dewar K, Lloyd C, Itoh T, Takeda T, Kim DW, She X, Barlow KF, Bloom T, Bruford E, Chang JL, Cuomo CA, Eichler E, FitzGerald MG, Jaffe DB, LaButti K, Nicol R, Park HS, Seaman C, Sougnez C, Yang X, Zimmer AR, Zody MC, Birren BW, Nusbaum C, Fujiyama A, Hattori M, Rogers J, Lander ES, Sakaki Y: Human chromosome 11 DNA sequence and analysis including novel gene identification. Nature. 2006 Mar 23;440(7083):497-500. [PubMed ]
5. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
6. Gimm O, Armanios M, Dziema H, Neumann HP, Eng C: Somatic and occult germ-line mutations in SDHD, a mitochondrial complex II gene, in nonfamilial pheochromocytoma. Cancer Res. 2000 Dec 15;60(24):6822-5. [PubMed ]
7. Baysal BE, Ferrell RE, Willett-Brozick JE, Lawrence EC, Myssiorek D, Bosch A, van der Mey A, Taschner PE, Rubinstein WS, Myers EN, Richard CW 3rd, Cornelisse CJ, Devilee P, Devlin B: Mutations in SDHD, a mitochondrial complex II gene, in hereditary paraganglioma. Science. 2000 Feb 4;287(5454):848-51. [PubMed ]
8. Milunsky JM, Maher TA, Michels VV, Milunsky A: Novel mutations and the emergence of a common mutation in the SDHD gene causing familial paraganglioma. Am J Med Genet. 2001 May 15;100(4):311-4. [PubMed ]
9. Badenhop RF, Cherian S, Lord RS, Baysal BE, Taschner PE, Schofield PR: Novel mutations in the SDHD gene in pedigrees with familial carotid body paraganglioma and sensorineural hearing loss. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2001 Jul;31(3):255-63. [PubMed ]
10. Taschner PE, Jansen JC, Baysal BE, Bosch A, Rosenberg EH, Brocker-Vriends AH, van Der Mey AG, van Ommen GJ, Cornelisse CJ, Devilee P: Nearly all hereditary paragangliomas in the Netherlands are caused by two founder mutations in the SDHD gene. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2001 Jul;31(3):274-81. [PubMed ]
11. Masuoka J, Brandner S, Paulus W, Soffer D, Vital A, Chimelli L, Jouvet A, Yonekawa Y, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H: Germline SDHD mutation in paraganglioma of the spinal cord. Oncogene. 2001 Aug 16;20(36):5084-6. [PubMed ]
12. Kytola S, Nord B, Elder EE, Carling T, Kjellman M, Cedermark B, Juhlin C, Hoog A, Isola J, Larsson C: Alterations of the SDHD gene locus in midgut carcinoids, Merkel cell carcinomas, pheochromocytomas, and abdominal paragangliomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2002 Jul;34(3):325-32. [PubMed ]
13. Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Favier J, Rustin P, Rieubland C, Crespin M, Nau V, Khau Van Kien P, Corvol P, Plouin PF, Jeunemaitre X: Mutations in the SDHB gene are associated with extra-adrenal and/or malignant phaeochromocytomas. Cancer Res. 2003 Sep 1;63(17):5615-21. [PubMed ]
14. Neumann HP, Bausch B, McWhinney SR, Bender BU, Gimm O, Franke G, Schipper J, Klisch J, Altehoefer C, Zerres K, Januszewicz A, Eng C, Smith WM, Munk R, Manz T, Glaesker S, Apel TW, Treier M, Reineke M, Walz MK, Hoang-Vu C, Brauckhoff M, Klein-Franke A, Klose P, Schmidt H, Maier-Woelfle M, Peczkowska M, Szmigielski C, Eng C: Germ-line mutations in nonsyndromic pheochromocytoma. N Engl J Med. 2002 May 9;346(19):1459-66. [PubMed ]
15. Cascon A, Ruiz-Llorente S, Cebrian A, Leton R, Telleria D, Benitez J, Robledo M: G12S and H50R variations are polymorphisms in the SDHD gene. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2003 Jun;37(2):220-1. [PubMed ]
16. Neumann HP, Pawlu C, Peczkowska M, Bausch B, McWhinney SR, Muresan M, Buchta M, Franke G, Klisch J, Bley TA, Hoegerle S, Boedeker CC, Opocher G, Schipper J, Januszewicz A, Eng C: Distinct clinical features of paraganglioma syndromes associated with SDHB and SDHD gene mutations. JAMA. 2004 Aug 25;292(8):943-51. [PubMed ]
17. Leube B, Huber R, Goecke TO, Sandmann W, Royer-Pokora B: SDHD mutation analysis in seven German patients with sporadic carotid body paraganglioma: one novel mutation, no Dutch founder mutation and further evidence that G12S is a polymorphism. Clin Genet. 2004 Jan;65(1):61-3. [PubMed ]
18. McWhinney SR, Pasini B, Stratakis CA: Familial gastrointestinal stromal tumors and germ-line mutations. N Engl J Med. 2007 Sep 6;357(10):1054-6. [PubMed ]
19. Ni Y, Zbuk KM, Sadler T, Patocs A, Lobo G, Edelman E, Platzer P, Orloff MS, Waite KA, Eng C: Germline mutations and variants in the succinate dehydrogenase genes in Cowden and Cowden-like syndromes. Am J Hum Genet. 2008 Aug;83(2):261-8. [PubMed ]
20. Ley TJ, Mardis ER, Ding L, Fulton B, McLellan MD, Chen K, Dooling D, Dunford-Shore BH, McGrath S, Hickenbotham M, Cook L, Abbott R, Larson DE, Koboldt DC, Pohl C, Smith S, Hawkins A, Abbott S, Locke D, Hillier LW, Miner T, Fulton L, Magrini V, Wylie T, Glasscock J, Conyers J, Sander N, Shi X, Osborne JR, Minx P, Gordon D, Chinwalla A, Zhao Y, Ries RE, Payton JE, Westervelt P, Tomasson MH, Watson M, Baty J, Ivanovich J, Heath S, Shannon WD, Nagarajan R, Walter MJ, Link DC, Graubert TA, DiPersio JF, Wilson RK: DNA sequencing of a cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukaemia genome. Nature. 2008 Nov 6;456(7218):66-72. [PubMed ]

1. CPR
2. P450R

MGDSHVDTSSTVSEAVAEEVSLFSMTDMILFSLIVGLLTYWFLFRKKKEEVPEFTKIQTL
TSSVRESSFVEKMKKTGRNIIVFYGSQTGTAEEFANRLSKDAHRYGMRGMSADPEEYDLA
DLSSLPEIDNALVVFCMATYGEGDPTDNAQDFYDWLQETDVDLSGVKFAVFGLGNKTYEH
FNAMGKYVDKRLEQLGAQRIFELGLGDDDGNLEEDFITWREQFWPAVCEHFGVEATGEES
SIRQYELVVHTDIDAAKVYMGEMGRLKSYENQKPPFDAKNPFLAAVTTNRKLNQGTERHL
MHLELDISDSKIRYESGDHVAVYPANDSALVNQLGKILGADLDVVMSLNNLDEESNKKHP
FPCPTSYRTALTYYLDITNPPRTNVLYELAQYASEPSEQELLRKMASSSGEGKELYLSWV
VEARRHILAILQDCPSLRPPIDHLCELLPRLQARYYSIASSSKVHPNSVHICAVVVEYET
KAGRINKGVATNWLRAKEPAGENGGRALVPMFVRKSQFRLPFKATTPVIMVGPGTGVAPF
IGFIQERAWLRQQGKEVGETLLYYGCRRSDEDYLYREELAQFHRDGALTQLNVAFSREQS
HKVYVQHLLKQDREHLWKLIEGGAHIYVCGDARNMARDVQNTFYDIVAELGAMEHAQAVD
YIKKLMTKGRYSLDVWS

• NADPH + H+ + n oxidized hemoprotein = NADP+ + n reduced hemoprotein

• FAD_binding_1 (PF00667 )
• Flavodoxin_1 (PF00258 )
• NAD_binding_1 (PF00175 )

• None

• None

ATGGGAGACTCCCACGTGGACACCAGCTCCACCGTGTCCGAGGCGGTGGCCGAAGAAGTA
TCTCTTTTCAGCATGACGGACATGATTCTGTTTTCGCTCATCGTGGGTCTCCTAACCTAC
TGGTTCCTCTTCAGAAAGAAAAAAGAAGAAGTCCCCGAGTTCACCAAAATTCAGACATTG
ACCTCCTCTGTCAGAGAGAGCAGCTTTGTGGAAAAGATGAAGAAAACGGGGAGGAACATC
ATCGTGTTCTACGGCTCCCAGACGGGGACTGCAGAGGAGTTTGCCAACCGCCTGTCCAAG
GACGCCCACCGCTACGGGATGCGAGGCATGTCAGCGGACCCTGAGGAGTATGACCTGGCC
GACCTGAGCAGCCTGCCAGAGATCGACAACGCCCTGGTGGTTTTCTGCATGGCCACCTAC
GGTGAGGGAGACCCCACCGACAATGCCCAGGACTTCTACGACTGGCTGCAGGAGACAGAC
GTGGATCTCTCTGGGGTCAAGTTCGCGGTGTTTGGTCTTGGGAACAAGACCTACGAGCAC
TTCAATGCCATGGGCAAGTACGTGGACAAGCGGCTGGAGCAGCTCGGCGCCCAGCGCATC
TTTGAGCTGGGGTTGGGCGACGACGATGGGAACTTGGAGGAGGACTTCATCACCTGGCGA
GAGCAGTTCTGGCCGGCCGTGTGTGAACACTTTGGGGTGGAAGCCACTGGCGAGGAGTCC
AGCATTCGCCAGTACGAGCTTGTGGTCCACACCGACATAGATGCGGCCAAGGTGTACATG
GGGGAGATGGGCCGGCTGAAGAGCTACGAGAACCAGAAGCCCCCCTTTGATGCCAAGAAT
CCGTTCCTGGCTGCAGTCACCACCAACCGGAAGCTGAACCAGGGAACCGAGCGCCACCTC
ATGCACCTGGAATTGGACATCTCGGACTCCAAAATCAGGTATGAATCTGGGGACCACGTG
GCTGTGTACCCAGCCAACGACTCTGCTCTCGTCAACCAGCTGGGCAAAATCCTGGGTGCC
GACCTGGACGTCGTCATGTCCCTGAACAACCTGGATGAGGAGTCCAACAAGAAGCACCCA
TTCCCGTGCCCTACGTCCTACCGCACGGCCCTCACCTACTACCTGGACATCACCAACCCG
CCGCGTACCAACGTGCTGTACGAGCTGGCGCAGTACGCCTCGGAGCCCTCGGAGCAGGAG
CTGCTGCGCAAGCTGGCCTCCTCCTCCGGCGAGGGCAAGGAGCTGTACCTGAGCTGGGTG
GTGGAGGCCCGGAGGCACATCCTGGCCATCCTGCAGGACTGCCCGTCCCTGCGGCCCCCC
ATCGACCACCTGTGTGAGCTGCTGCCGCGCCTGCAGGCCCGCTACTACTCCATCGCCTCA
TCCTCCAAGGTCCACCCCAACTCTGTGCACATCTGTGCGGTGGTTGTGGAGTACGAGACC
AAGGCCGGCCGCATCAACAAGGGCGTGGCCACCAACTGGCTGCGGGCCAAGGAGCCTGCC
GGGGAGAACGGCGGCCGTGCGCTGGTGCCCATGTTCGTGCGCAAGTCCCAGTTACGCCTG
CCCTTCAAGGCCACCACGCCTGTCATCATGGTGGGCCCCGGCACCGGGGTGGCACCCTTC
ATAGGCTTCATCCAGGAGCGGGCCTGGCTGCGACAGCAGGGCAAGGAGGTGGGGGAGACG
CTGCTGTACTACGGCTGCCGCCGCTCAGATGAGGACTACCTGTACCGGGAGGAGCTGGCG
CAGTTCCACAGGGACGGTGCGCTCACCCAGCTCAACGTGGCCTTCTCCCGGGAGCAGTCC
CACAAGGTCTACGTCCAGCACCTGCTAAAGCAAGACCGAGAGCACCTGTGGAAGTTGATC
GAAGGCGGTGCCCACATCTACGTCTGTGGGGATGCACGGAACATGGCCAGGGATGTGCAG
AACACCTTCTACGACATCGTGGCTGAGCTCGGGGCCATGGAGCACGCGCAGGCGGTGGAC
TACATCAAGAAACTGATGACCAAGGGCCGCTACTCCCTGGACGTGTGGAGCTAG

1. Shephard EA, Palmer CN, Segall HJ, Phillips IR: Quantification of cytochrome P450 reductase gene expression in human tissues. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1992 Apr;294(1):168-72. [PubMed ]
2. Hillier LW, Fulton RS, Fulton LA, Graves TA, Pepin KH, Wagner-McPherson C, Layman D, Maas J, Jaeger S, Walker R, Wylie K, Sekhon M, Becker MC, O'Laughlin MD, Schaller ME, Fewell GA, Delehaunty KD, Miner TL, Nash WE, Cordes M, Du H, Sun H, Edwards J, Bradshaw-Cordum H, Ali J, Andrews S, Isak A, Vanbrunt A, Nguyen C, Du F, Lamar B, Courtney L, Kalicki J, Ozersky P, Bielicki L, Scott K, Holmes A, Harkins R, Harris A, Strong CM, Hou S, Tomlinson C, Dauphin-Kohlberg S, Kozlowicz-Reilly A, Leonard S, Rohlfing T, Rock SM, Tin-Wollam AM, Abbott A, Minx P, Maupin R, Strowmatt C, Latreille P, Miller N, Johnson D, Murray J, Woessner JP, Wendl MC, Yang SP, Schultz BR, Wallis JW, Spieth J, Bieri TA, Nelson JO, Berkowicz N, Wohldmann PE, Cook LL, Hickenbotham MT, Eldred J, Williams D, Bedell JA, Mardis ER, Clifton SW, Chissoe SL, Marra MA, Raymond C, Haugen E, Gillett W, Zhou Y, James R, Phelps K, Iadanoto S, Bubb K, Simms E, Levy R, Clendenning J, Kaul R, Kent WJ, Furey TS, Baertsch RA, Brent MR, Keibler E, Flicek P, Bork P, Suyama M, Bailey JA, Portnoy ME, Torrents D, Chinwalla AT, Gish WR, Eddy SR, McPherson JD, Olson MV, Eichler EE, Green ED, Waterston RH, Wilson RK: The DNA sequence of human chromosome 7. Nature. 2003 Jul 10;424(6945):157-64. [PubMed ]
3. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
4. Haniu M, McManus ME, Birkett DJ, Lee TD, Shively JE: Structural and functional analysis of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase from human liver: complete sequence of human enzyme and NADPH-binding sites. Biochemistry. 1989 Oct 17;28(21):8639-45. [PubMed ]
5. Zhao Q, Modi S, Smith G, Paine M, McDonagh PD, Wolf CR, Tew D, Lian LY, Roberts GC, Driessen HP: Crystal structure of the FMN-binding domain of human cytochrome P450 reductase at 1.93 A resolution. Protein Sci. 1999 Feb;8(2):298-306. [PubMed ]
6. Adachi M, Tachibana K, Asakura Y, Yamamoto T, Hanaki K, Oka A: Compound heterozygous mutations of cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase gene (POR) in two patients with Antley-Bixler syndrome. Am J Med Genet A. 2004 Aug 1;128A(4):333-9. [PubMed ]
7. Fukami M, Horikawa R, Nagai T, Tanaka T, Naiki Y, Sato N, Okuyama T, Nakai H, Soneda S, Tachibana K, Matsuo N, Sato S, Homma K, Nishimura G, Hasegawa T, Ogata T: Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase gene mutations and Antley-Bixler syndrome with abnormal genitalia and/or impaired steroidogenesis: molecular and clinical studies in 10 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Jan;90(1):414-26. Epub 2004 Oct 13. [PubMed ]
8. Arlt W, Walker EA, Draper N, Ivison HE, Ride JP, Hammer F, Chalder SM, Borucka-Mankiewicz M, Hauffa BP, Malunowicz EM, Stewart PM, Shackleton CH: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia caused by mutant P450 oxidoreductase and human androgen synthesis: analytical study. Lancet. 2004 Jun 26;363(9427):2128-35. [PubMed ]
9. Fluck CE, Tajima T, Pandey AV, Arlt W, Okuhara K, Verge CF, Jabs EW, Mendonca BB, Fujieda K, Miller WL: Mutant P450 oxidoreductase causes disordered steroidogenesis with and without Antley-Bixler syndrome. Nat Genet. 2004 Mar;36(3):228-30. Epub 2004 Feb 1. [PubMed ]

1. HO-1

MERPQPDSMPQDLSEALKEATKEVHTQAENAEFMRNFQKGQVTRDGFKLVMASLYHIYVA
LEEEIERNKESPVFAPVYFPEELHRKAALEQDLAFWYGPRWQEVIPYTPAMQRYVKRLHE
VGRTEPELLVAHAYTRYLGDLSGGQVLKKIAQKALDLPSSGEGLAFFTFPNIASATKFKQ
LYRSRMNSLEMTPAVRQRVIEEAKTAFLLNIQLFEELQELLTHDTKDQSPSRAPGLRQRA
SNKVQDSAPVETPRGKPPLNTRSQAPLLRWVLTLSFLVATVAVGLYAM

• Porphyrin Metabolism (map00860 )

• heme + 3 AH2 + 3 O2 = biliverdin + Fe2+ + CO + 3 A + 3 H2O [RN:R00311]

• Heme_oxygenase (PF01126 )

• None

• None

ATGGAGCGTCCGCAACCCGACAGCATGCCCCAGGATTTGTCAGAGGCCCTGAAGGAGGCC
ACCAAGGAGGTGCACACCCAGGCAGAGAATGCTGAGTTCATGAGGAACTTTCAGAAGGGC
CAGGTGACCCGAGACGGCTTCAAGCTGGTGATGGCCTCCCTGTACCACATCTATGTGGCC
CTGGAGGAGGAGATTGAGCGCAACAAGGAGAGCCCAGTCTTCGCCCCTGTCTACTTCCCA
GAAGAGCTGCACCGCAAGGCTGCCCTGGAGCAGGACCTGGCCTTCTGGTACGGGCCCCGC
TGGCAGGAGGTCATCCCCTACACACCAGCCATGCAGCGCTATGTGAAGCGGCTCCACGAG
GTGGGGCGCACAGAGCCCGAGCTGCTGGTGGCCCACGCCTACACCCGCTACCTGGGTGAC
CTGTCTGGGGGCCAGGTGCTCAAAAAGATTGCCCAGAAAGCCCTGGACCTGCCCAGCTCT
GGCGAGGGCCTGGCCTTCTTCACCTTCCCCAACATTGCCAGTGCCACCAAGTTCAAGCAG
CTCTACCGCTCCCGCATGAACTCCCTGGAGATGACTCCCGCAGTCAGGCAGAGGGTGATA
GAAGAGGCCAAGACTGCGTTCCTGCTCAACATCCAGCTCTTTGAGGAGTTGCAGGAGCTG
CTGACCCATGACACCAAGGACCAGAGCCCCTCACGGGCACCAGGGCTTCGCCAGCGGGCC
AGCAACAAAGTGCAAGATTCTGCCCCCGTGGAGACTCCCAGAGGGAAGCCCCCACTCAAC
ACCCGCTCCCAGGCTCCGCTTCTCCGATGGGTCCTTACACTCAGCTTTCTGGTGGCGACA
GTTGCTGTAGGGCTTTATGCCATGTGA

1. Yoshida T, Biro P, Cohen T, Muller RM, Shibahara S: Human heme oxygenase cDNA and induction of its mRNA by hemin. Eur J Biochem. 1988 Feb 1;171(3):457-61. [PubMed ]
2. Collins JE, Wright CL, Edwards CA, Davis MP, Grinham JA, Cole CG, Goward ME, Aguado B, Mallya M, Mokrab Y, Huckle EJ, Beare DM, Dunham I: A genome annotation-driven approach to cloning the human ORFeome. Genome Biol. 2004;5(10):R84. Epub 2004 Sep 30. [PubMed ]
3. Dunham I, Shimizu N, Roe BA, Chissoe S, Hunt AR, Collins JE, Bruskiewich R, Beare DM, Clamp M, Smink LJ, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Babbage A, Bagguley C, Bailey J, Barlow K, Bates KN, Beasley O, Bird CP, Blakey S, Bridgeman AM, Buck D, Burgess J, Burrill WD, O'Brien KP, et al.: The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22. Nature. 1999 Dec 2;402(6761):489-95. [PubMed ]
4. Keyse SM, Tyrrell RM: Heme oxygenase is the major 32-kDa stress protein induced in human skin fibroblasts by UVA radiation, hydrogen peroxide, and sodium arsenite. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Jan;86(1):99-103. [PubMed ]
5. Shibahara S, Sato M, Muller RM, Yoshida T: Structural organization of the human heme oxygenase gene and the function of its promoter. Eur J Biochem. 1989 Feb 15;179(3):557-63. [PubMed ]
6. Olsen JV, Blagoev B, Gnad F, Macek B, Kumar C, Mortensen P, Mann M: Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks. Cell. 2006 Nov 3;127(3):635-48. [PubMed ]
7. Gauci S, Helbig AO, Slijper M, Krijgsveld J, Heck AJ, Mohammed S: Lys-N and trypsin cover complementary parts of the phosphoproteome in a refined SCX-based approach. Anal Chem. 2009 Jun 1;81(11):4493-501. [PubMed ]
8. Choudhary C, Kumar C, Gnad F, Nielsen ML, Rehman M, Walther TC, Olsen JV, Mann M: Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions. Science. 2009 Aug 14;325(5942):834-40. Epub 2009 Jul 16. [PubMed ]
9. Schuller DJ, Wilks A, Ortiz de Montellano PR, Poulos TL: Crystal structure of human heme oxygenase-1. Nat Struct Biol. 1999 Sep;6(9):860-7. [PubMed ]

1. UPD
2. URO-D

MEANGLGPQGFPELKNDTFLRAAWGEETDYTPVWCMRQAGRYLPEFRETRAAQDFFSTCR
SPEACCELTLQPLRRFPLDAAIIFSDILVVPQALGMEVTMVPGKGPSFPEPLREEQDLER
LRDPEVVASELGYVFQAITLTRQRLAGRVPLIGFAGAPWTLMTYMVEGGGSSTMAQAKRW
LYQRPQASHQLLRILTDALVPYLVGQVVAGAQALQLFESHAGHLGPQLFNKFALPYIRDV
AKQVKARLREAGLAPVPMIIFAKDGHFALEELAQAGYEVVGLDWTVAPKKARECVGKTVT
LQGNLDPCALYASEEEIGQLVKQMLDDFGPHRYIANLGHGLYPDMDPEHVGAFVDAVHKH
SRLLRQN

• Porphyrin Metabolism (map00860 )

• uroporphyrinogen III = coproporphyrinogen III + 4 CO2 [RN:R03197]

• URO-D (PF01208 )

• None

• None

ATGGAAGCGAATGGGTTGGGACCTCAGGGTTTTCCGGAGCTGAAGAATGACACATTCCTG
CGAGCAGCTTGGGGAGAGGAAACAGACTACACTCCCGTTTGGTGCATGCGCCAGGCAGGC
CGTTACTTACCAGAGTTTAGGGAAACCCGGGCTGCCCAGGACTTTTTCAGCACGTGTCGC
TCTCCTGAGGCCTGCTGTGAACTGACTCTGCAGCCACTGCGTCGCTTCCCTCTGGATGCT
GCCATCATTTTCTCCGACATCCTTGTTGTACCCCAGGCACTGGGCATGGAGGTGACCATG
GTACCTAGCAAAGGACCCAGCTTCCCAGAGCCATTAAGAGAAGAGCAGGACCTAGAAGCG
CTACGGGATCCAGAAGTGGTAGCCTCTGAGCTAGGCTATGTGTTCCAAGCCATCACCCTT
ACCCGACAACGACTGGCTGGACGTGTGCCGCTGATTGGCTTTGCTGGTGCCCCATGGACC
CTGATGACATACATGGTTGAGGGTGGTGGCTCAAGCACCATGGCTCAGGCCAAGCGCTGG
CTCTATCAGAGACCTCAGGCTAGTCACCAGCTGCTTCGCATCCTCACTGATGCTCTGGTC
CCATATCTGGTAGGACAAGTGGTGGCTGGTGCCCAGGCATTGCAGCTGTTTGAGTCCCAT
GCAGGGCATCTTGGCCCACAGCTCTTCAACAAGTTTGCACTGCCTTACATCCGTGATGTG
GCCAAGCAAGTGAAGGCCAGGTTGCGGGAGGCAGGCCTGGCACCAGTGCCCATGATCATC
TTTGCTAAGGATGGGCATTTTGCCCTGGAGGAGCTGGCCCAAGCTGGCTATGAGGTGGTT
GGGCTTGACTGGACAGTGGCCCCAAAGAAAGCCCGGGAGTGTGTGGGGAAGACGGTGACA
TTGCAGGGCAACTTGGACCCCTGTGCCTTGTATGCATCTGAGGAGGAGATCGGGCAGTTG
GTGAAGCAGATGCTGGATGACTTTGGACCACATCGCTACATTGCCAACTTGGGCCATGGG
CTTTATCCTGACATGGACCCAGAACATGTGGGCGCCTTTGTGGATGCTGTGCATAAACAC
TCACGTCTGCTTCGACAGAACTGA

1. Romeo PH, Raich N, Dubart A, Beaupain D, Pryor M, Kushner J, Cohen-Solal M, Goossens M: Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of a complete human uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase cDNA. J Biol Chem. 1986 Jul 25;261(21):9825-31. [PubMed ]
2. Moran-Jimenez MJ, Ged C, Romana M, Enriquez De Salamanca R, Taieb A, Topi G, D'Alessandro L, de Verneuil H: Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase: complete human gene sequence and molecular study of three families with hepatoerythropoietic porphyria. Am J Hum Genet. 1996 Apr;58(4):712-21. [PubMed ]
3. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed ]
4. Gregory SG, Barlow KF, McLay KE, Kaul R, Swarbreck D, Dunham A, Scott CE, Howe KL, Woodfine K, Spencer CC, Jones MC, Gillson C, Searle S, Zhou Y, Kokocinski F, McDonald L, Evans R, Phillips K, Atkinson A, Cooper R, Jones C, Hall RE, Andrews TD, Lloyd C, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Ambrose KD, Anderson F, Andrew RW, Ashwell RI, Aubin K, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Beasley H, Bethel G, Bird CP, Bray-Allen S, Brown JY, Brown AJ, Buckley D, Burton J, Bye J, Carder C, Chapman JC, Clark SY, Clarke G, Clee C, Cobley V, Collier RE, Corby N, Coville GJ, Davies J, Deadman R, Dunn M, Earthrowl M, Ellington AG, Errington H, Frankish A, Frankland J, French L, Garner P, Garnett J, Gay L, Ghori MR, Gibson R, Gilby LM, Gillett W, Glithero RJ, Grafham DV, Griffiths C, Griffiths-Jones S, Grocock R, Hammond S, Harrison ES, Hart E, Haugen E, Heath PD, Holmes S, Holt K, Howden PJ, Hunt AR, Hunt SE, Hunter G, Isherwood J, James R, Johnson C, Johnson D, Joy A, Kay M, Kershaw JK, Kibukawa M, Kimberley AM, King A, Knights AJ, Lad H, Laird G, Lawlor S, Leongamornlert DA, Lloyd DM, Loveland J, Lovell J, Lush MJ, Lyne R, Martin S, Mashreghi-Mohammadi M, Matthews L, Matthews NS, McLaren S, Milne S, Mistry S, Moore MJ, Nickerson T, O'Dell CN, Oliver K, Palmeiri A, Palmer SA, Parker A, Patel D, Pearce AV, Peck AI, Pelan S, Phelps K, Phillimore BJ, Plumb R, Rajan J, Raymond C, Rouse G, Saenphimmachak C, Sehra HK, Sheridan E, Shownkeen R, Sims S, Skuce CD, Smith M, Steward C, Subramanian S, Sycamore N, Tracey A, Tromans A, Van Helmond Z, Wall M, Wallis JM, White S, Whitehead SL, Wilkinson JE, Willey DL, Williams H, Wilming L, Wray PW, Wu Z, Coulson A, Vaudin M, Sulston JE, Durbin R, Hubbard T, Wooster R, Dunham I, Carter NP, McVean G, Ross MT, Harrow J, Olson MV, Beck S, Rogers J, Bentley DR, Banerjee R, Bryant SP, Burford DC, Burrill WD, Clegg SM, Dhami P, Dovey O, Faulkner LM, Gribble SM, Langford CF, Pandian RD, Porter KM, Prigmore E: The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1. Nature. 2006 May 18;441(7091):315-21. [PubMed ]
5. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
6. Romana M, Dubart A, Beaupain D, Chabret C, Goossens M, Romeo PH: Structure of the gene for human uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Sep 25;15(18):7343-56. [PubMed ]
7. Garey JR, Harrison LM, Franklin KF, Metcalf KM, Radisky ES, Kushner JP: Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase: a splice site mutation causes the deletion of exon 6 in multiple families with porphyria cutanea tarda. J Clin Invest. 1990 Nov;86(5):1416-22. [PubMed ]
8. Phillips JD, Whitby FG, Kushner JP, Hill CP: Characterization and crystallization of human uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase. Protein Sci. 1997 Jun;6(6):1343-6. [PubMed ]
9. Gauci S, Helbig AO, Slijper M, Krijgsveld J, Heck AJ, Mohammed S: Lys-N and trypsin cover complementary parts of the phosphoproteome in a refined SCX-based approach. Anal Chem. 2009 Jun 1;81(11):4493-501. [PubMed ]
10. Whitby FG, Phillips JD, Kushner JP, Hill CP: Crystal structure of human uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase. EMBO J. 1998 May 1;17(9):2463-71. [PubMed ]
11. Phillips JD, Parker TL, Schubert HL, Whitby FG, Hill CP, Kushner JP: Functional consequences of naturally occurring mutations in human uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase. Blood. 2001 Dec 1;98(12):3179-85. [PubMed ]
12. Phillips JD, Whitby FG, Kushner JP, Hill CP: Structural basis for tetrapyrrole coordination by uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase. EMBO J. 2003 Dec 1;22(23):6225-33. [PubMed ]
13. de Verneuil H, Grandchamp B, Beaumont C, Picat C, Nordmann Y: Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase structural mutant (Gly281----Glu) in a case of porphyria. Science. 1986 Nov 7;234(4777):732-4. [PubMed ]
14. Garey JR, Hansen JL, Harrison LM, Kennedy JB, Kushner JP: A point mutation in the coding region of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase associated with familial porphyria cutanea tarda. Blood. 1989 Mar;73(4):892-5. [PubMed ]
15. Romana M, Grandchamp B, Dubart A, Amselem S, Chabret C, Nordmann Y, Goossens M, Romeo PH: Identification of a new mutation responsible for hepatoerythropoietic porphyria. Eur J Clin Invest. 1991 Apr;21(2):225-9. [PubMed ]
16. de Verneuil H, Bourgeois F, de Rooij F, Siersema PD, Wilson JH, Grandchamp B, Nordmann Y: Characterization of a new mutation (R292G) and a deletion at the human uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase locus in two patients with hepatoerythropoietic porphyria. Hum Genet. 1992 Jul;89(5):548-52. [PubMed ]
17. Meguro K, Fujita H, Ishida N, Akagi R, Kurihara T, Galbraith RA, Kappas A, Zabriskie JB, Toback AC, Harber LC, et al.: Molecular defects of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase in a patient with mild hepatoerythropoietic porphyria. J Invest Dermatol. 1994 May;102(5):681-5. [PubMed ]
18. Roberts AG, Elder GH, De Salamanca RE, Herrero C, Lecha M, Mascaro JM: A mutation (G281E) of the human uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase gene causes both hepatoerythropoietic porphyria and overt familial porphyria cutanea tarda: biochemical and genetic studies on Spanish patients. J Invest Dermatol. 1995 Apr;104(4):500-2. [PubMed ]
19. McManus JF, Begley CG, Sassa S, Ratnaike S: Five new mutations in the uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase gene identified in families with cutaneous porphyria. Blood. 1996 Nov 1;88(9):3589-600. [PubMed ]
20. Mendez M, Sorkin L, Rossetti MV, Astrin KH, del C Batlle AM, Parera VE, Aizencang G, Desnick RJ: Familial porphyria cutanea tarda: characterization of seven novel uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase mutations and frequency of common hemochromatosis alleles. Am J Hum Genet. 1998 Nov;63(5):1363-75. [PubMed ]
21. McManus JF, Begley CG, Sassa S, Ratnaike S: Three new mutations in the uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase gene in familial porphyria cutanea tarda. Mutation in brief no. 237. Online. Hum Mutat. 1999;13(5):412. [PubMed ]
22. Christiansen L, Ged C, Hombrados I, Brons-Poulsen J, Fontanellas A, de Verneuil H, Horder M, Petersen NE: Screening for mutations in the uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase gene using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Identification and characterization of six novel mutations associated with familial PCT. Hum Mutat. 1999;14(3):222-32. [PubMed ]
23. Brady JJ, Jackson HA, Roberts AG, Morgan RR, Whatley SD, Rowlands GL, Darby C, Shudell E, Watson R, Paiker J, Worwood MW, Elder GH: Co-inheritance of mutations in the uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase and hemochromatosis genes accelerates the onset of porphyria cutanea tarda. J Invest Dermatol. 2000 Nov;115(5):868-74. [PubMed ]
24. Cappellini MD, Martinez di Montemuros F, Tavazzi D, Fargion S, Pizzuti A, Comino A, Cainelli T, Fiorelli G: Seven novel point mutations in the uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (UROD) gene in patients with familial porphyria cutanea tarda (f-PCT). Hum Mutat. 2001 Apr;17(4):350. [PubMed ]
25. Ged C, Ozalla D, Herrero C, Lecha M, Mendez M, de Verneuil H, Mascaro JM: Description of a new mutation in hepatoerythropoietic porphyria and prenatal exclusion of a homozygous fetus. Arch Dermatol. 2002 Jul;138(7):957-60. [PubMed ]
26. Armstrong DK, Sharpe PC, Chambers CR, Whatley SD, Roberts AG, Elder GH: Hepatoerythropoietic porphyria: a missense mutation in the UROD gene is associated with mild disease and an unusual porphyrin excretion pattern. Br J Dermatol. 2004 Oct;151(4):920-3. [PubMed ]

1. COX
2. Coprogen oxidase
3. Coproporphyrinogenase

MALQLGRLSSGPCWLVARGGCGGPRAWSQCGGGGLRAWSQRSAAGRVCRPPGPAGTEQSR
GLGHGSTSRGGPWVGTGLAAALAGLVGLATAAFGHVQRAEMLPKTSGTRATSLGRPEEEE
DELAHRCSSFMAPPVTDLGELRRRPGDMKTKMELLILETQAQVCQALAQVDGGANFSVDR
WERKEGGGGISCVLQDGCVFEKAGVSISVVHGNLSEEAAKQMRSRGKVLKTKDGKLPFCA
MGVSSVIHPKNPHAPTIHFNYRYFEVEEADGNKQWWFGGGCDLTPTYLNQEDAVHFHRTL
KEACDQHGPDLYPKFKKWCDDYFFIAHRGERRGIGGIFFDDLDSPSKEEVFRFVQSCARA
VVPSYIPLVKKHCDDSFTPQEKLWQQLRRGRYVEFNLLYDRGTKFGLFTPGSRIESILMS
LPLTARWEYMHSPSENSKEAEILEVLRHPRDWVR

• Porphyrin Metabolism (map00860 )

• coproporphyrinogen III + O2 + 2 H+ = protoporphyrinogen-IX + 2 CO2 + 2 H2O [RN:R03220]

• Coprogen_oxidas (PF01218 )

• None

• None

ATGGCCTTGCAGCTGGGCAGGCTGAGCTCGGGCCCCTGCTGGCTCGTGGCGCGGGGCGGC
TGCGGAGGGCCCCGCGCCTGGTCCCAGTGCGGCGGCGGAGGGCTCCGAGCCTGGTCCCAG
CGCAGCGCAGCCGGACGCGTCTGCCGGCCCCCTGGCCCGGCTGGCACGGAGCAGAGCCGC
GGGCTGGGGCACGGCTCGACGTCGAGAGGCGGCCCCTGGGTGGGGACAGGGCTGGCCGCG
GCGCTGGCGGGGTTGGTGGGGCTGGCCACCGCCGCCTTCGGGCATGTGCAGCGGGCGGAG
ATGTTGCCTAAGACCTCGGGGACGCGGGCCACTTCGCTGGGGAGGCCGGAGGAGGAGGAG
GATGAGCTGGCCCACCGCTGCAGCAGCTTCATGGCCCCGCCTGTGACCGACCTGGGCGAG
CTGCGAAGGAGGCCGGGCGACATGAAGACCAAGATGGAGCTGCTGATTCTGGAGACCCAG
GCCCAGGTGTGCCAGGCTCTGGCACAGGTAGACGGGGGCGCCAACTTTTCTGTGGACCGG
TGGGAGAGGAAGGAAGGAGGTGGCGGCATCAGCTGTGTACTTCAAGATGGGTGTGTTTTC
GAAAAGGCTGGGGTGAGCATTTCTGTTGTTCATGGAAATCTTTCAGAGGAAGCTGCAAAA
CAAATGAGAAGCAGAGGAAAAGTTCTGAAGACTAAAGATGGTAAATTGCCATTTTGTGCT
ATGGGCGTGAGCTCTGTTATCCACCCCAAGAATCCTCATGCTCCTACTATCCATTTCAAC
TACAGATACTTTGAAGTAGAAGAAGCTGATGGCAACAAGCAGTGGTGGTTTGGTGGTGGA
TGTGACCTCACTCCAACATACTTGAATCAAGAAGACGCTGTCCATTTTCACAGAACTCTG
AAGGAGGCTTGTGACCAGCATGGTCCAGATCTCTACCCCAAATTTAAAAAATGGTGTGAT
GATTACTTCTTTATAGCCCATCGTGGAGAACGGCGGGGCATTGGTGGTATCTTTTTTGAT
GATCTTGACTCTCCGTCCAAGGAGGAGGTGTTTCGCTTTGTACAGAGCTGTGCCAGGGCT
GTAGTTCCTTCTTACATTCCCCTTGTGAAAAAGCACTGTGATGACTCATTCACCCCCCAG
GAGAAGCTGTGGCAGCAGCTCAGAAGAGGACGGTATGTAGAATTTAATCTGCTGTATGAT
CGGGGCACAAAGTTTGGCCTCTTCACTCCAGGATCCAGAATTGAAAGTATCTTGATGTCT
TTACCTCTAACTGCCCGATGGGAGTACATGCATTCACCCTCAGAGAATTCCAAAGAAGCT
GAAATTCTGGAAGTTCTACGCCATCCAAGGGACTGGGTGCGTTGA

1. Delfau-Larue MH, Martasek P, Grandchamp B: Coproporphyrinogen oxidase: gene organization and description of a mutation leading to exon 6 skipping. Hum Mol Genet. 1994 Aug;3(8):1325-30. [PubMed ]
2. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed ]
3. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
4. Taketani S, Kohno H, Furukawa T, Yoshinaga T, Tokunaga R: Molecular cloning, sequencing and expression of cDNA encoding human coproporphyrinogen oxidase. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1994 Jan 4;1183(3):547-9. [PubMed ]
5. Martasek P, Camadro JM, Delfau-Larue MH, Dumas JB, Montagne JJ, de Verneuil H, Labbe P, Grandchamp B: Molecular cloning, sequencing, and functional expression of a cDNA encoding human coproporphyrinogen oxidase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Apr 12;91(8):3024-8. [PubMed ]
6. Susa S, Daimon M, Ono H, Li S, Yoshida T, Kato T: The long, but not the short, presequence of human coproporphyrinogen oxidase is essential for its import and sorting to mitochondria. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2003 May;200(1):39-45. [PubMed ]
7. Lee DS, Flachsova E, Bodnarova M, Demeler B, Martasek P, Raman CS: Structural basis of hereditary coproporphyria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Oct 4;102(40):14232-7. Epub 2005 Sep 21. [PubMed ]
8. Martasek P, Nordmann Y, Grandchamp B: Homozygous hereditary coproporphyria caused by an arginine to tryptophane substitution in coproporphyrinogen oxidase and common intragenic polymorphisms. Hum Mol Genet. 1994 Mar;3(3):477-80. [PubMed ]
9. Fujita H, Kondo M, Taketani S, Nomura N, Furuyama K, Akagi R, Nagai T, Terajima M, Galbraith RA, Sassa S: Characterization and expression of cDNA encoding coproporphyrinogen oxidase from a patient with hereditary coproporphyria. Hum Mol Genet. 1994 Oct;3(10):1807-10. [PubMed ]
10. Lamoril J, Martasek P, Deybach JC, Da Silva V, Grandchamp B, Nordmann Y: A molecular defect in coproporphyrinogen oxidase gene causing harderoporphyria, a variant form of hereditary coproporphyria. Hum Mol Genet. 1995 Feb;4(2):275-8. [PubMed ]
11. Daimon M, Gojyou E, Sugawara M, Yamatani K, Tominaga M, Sasaki H: A novel missense mutation in exon 4 of the human coproporphyrinogen oxidase gene in two patients with hereditary coproporphyria. Hum Genet. 1997 Feb;99(2):199-201. [PubMed ]
12. Lamoril J, Deybach JC, Puy H, Grandchamp B, Nordmann Y: Three novel mutations in the coproporphyrinogen oxidase gene. Hum Mutat. 1997;9(1):78-80. [PubMed ]
13. Schreiber WE, Zhang X, Senz J, Jamani A: Hereditary coproporphyria: exon screening by heteroduplex analysis detects three novel mutations in the coproporphyrinogen oxidase gene. Hum Mutat. 1997;10(3):196-200. [PubMed ]
14. Rosipal R, Lamoril J, Puy H, Da Silva V, Gouya L, De Rooij FW, Te Velde K, Nordmann Y, Martasek P, Deybach JC: Systematic analysis of coproporphyrinogen oxidase gene defects in hereditary coproporphyria and mutation update. Hum Mutat. 1999;13(1):44-53. [PubMed ]
15. Wiman A, Floderus Y, Harper P: Two novel mutations and coexistence of the 991C>T and the 1339C>T mutation on a single allele in the coproporphyrinogen oxidase gene in Swedish patients with hereditary coproporphyria. J Hum Genet. 2002;47(8):407-12. [PubMed ]
16. To-Figueras J, Badenas C, Enriquez MT, Segura S, Alvarez C, Mila M, Lecha M, Herrero C: Biochemical and genetic characterization of four cases of hereditary coproporphyria in Spain. Mol Genet Metab. 2005 Jun;85(2):160-3. Epub 2005 Feb 25. [PubMed ]
17. Akagi R, Inoue R, Muranaka S, Tahara T, Taketani S, Anderson KE, Phillips JD, Sassa S: Dual gene defects involving delta-aminolaevulinate dehydratase and coproporphyrinogen oxidase in a porphyria patient. Br J Haematol. 2006 Jan;132(2):237-43. [PubMed ]

1. LDM
2. CYPLI
3. Cytochrome P450 51A1
4. Cytochrome P450-14DM
5. Cytochrome P45014DM
6. Cytochrome P450LI
7. Sterol 14-alpha demethylase

MLLLGLLQAGGSVLGQAMEKVTGGNLLSMLLIACAFTLSLVYLIRLAAGHLVQLPAGVKS
PPYIFSPIPFLGHAIAFGKSPIEFLENAYEKYGPVFSFTMVGKTFTYLLGSDAAALLFNS
KNEDLNAEDVYSRLTTPVFGKGVAYDVPNPVFLEQKKMLKSGLNIAHFKQHVSIIEKETK
EYFESWGESGEKNVFEALSELIILTASHCLHGKEIRSQLNEKVAQLYADLDGGFSHAAWL
LPGWLPLPSFRRRDRAHREIKDIFYKAIQKRRQSQEKIDDILQTLLDATYKDGRPLTDDE
VAGMLIGLLLAGQHTSSTTSAWMGFFLARDKTLQKKCYLEQKTVCGENLPPLTYDQLKDL
NLLDRCIKETLRLRPPIMIMMRMARTPQTVAGYTIPPGHQVCVSPTVNQRLKDSWVERLD
FNPDRYLQDNPASGEKFAYVPFGAGRHRCIGENFAYVQIKTIWSTMLRLYEFDLIDGYFP
TVNYTTMIHTPENPVIRYKRRSK

• obtusifoliol + 3 O2 + 3 NADPH + 3 H+ = 4alpha-methyl-5alpha-ergosta-8,14,24(28)-trien-3beta-ol + formate + 3 NADP+ + 4 H2O [RN:R05731]

• p450 (PF00067 )

• None

• 24-44

ATGGCGGCGGCGGCTGGGATGCTGCTGCTGGGCTTGCTGCAGGCGGGTGGGTCGGTGCTG
GGCCAGGCGATGGAGAAGGTGACAGGCGGCAACCTCTTGTCCATGCTGCTGATCGCCTGC
GCCTTCACCCTCAGCCTGGTCTACCTGATCCGTCTGGCCGCCGGCCACCTGGTCCAGCTG
CCCGCAGGGGTGAAAAGTCCTCCATACATTTTCTCCCCAATTCCATTCCTTGGGCATGCC
ATAGCATTTGGGAAAAGTCCAATTGAATTTCTAGAAAATGCATATGAGAAGTATGGACCT
GTATTTAGTTTTACCATGGTAGGCAAGACATTTACTTACCTTCTGGGGAGTGATGCTGCT
GCACTGCTTTTTAATAGTAAAAATGAAGACCTGAATGCAGAAGATGTCTACAGTCGCCTG
ACAACACCTGTGTTTGGGAAGGGAGTTGCATACGATGTGCCTAATCCAGTTTTCTTGGAG
CAGAAGAAAATGTTAAAAAGTGGCCTTAACATAGCCCACTTTAAACAGCATGTTTCTATA
ATTGAAAAAGAAACAAAGGAATACTTTGAGAGTTGGGGAGAAAGTGGAGAAAAAAATGTG
TTTGAAGCTCTTTCTGAGCTCATAATTTTAACAGCTAGCCATTGTTTGCATGGAAAGGAA
ATCAGAAGTCAACTCAATGAAAAGGTAGCACAGCTGTATGCAGATTTGGATGGAGGTTTC
AGCCATGCAGCCTGGCTCTTACCAGGTTGGCTGCCTTTGCCTAGTTTCAGACGCAGGGAC
AGAGCTCATCGGGAAATCAAGGATATTTTCTATAAGGCAATCCAGAAACGCAGACAGTCT
CAAGAAAAAATTGATGACATTCTCCAAACTTTACTAGATGCTACATACAAGGATGGGCGT
CCTTTGACTGATGATGAAGTAGCAGGGATGCTTATTGGATTACTCTTGGCAGGGCAGCAT
ACATCCTCAACTACTAGTGCTTGGATGGGCTTCTTTTTGGCCAGAGACAAAACACTTCAA
AAAAAATGTTATTTAGAACAGAAAACAGTCTGTGGAGAGAATCTGCCTCCTTTAACTTAT
GACCAGCTCAAGGATCTAAATTTACTTGATCGCTGTATAAAAGAAACATTAAGACTTAGA
CCTCCTATAATGATCATGATGAGAATGGCCAGAACTCCTCAGACTGTGGCAGGGTATACC
ATTCCTCCAGGACATCAGGTGTGTGTTTCTCCCACTGTCAATCAAAGACTTAAAGACTCA
TGGGTAGAACGCCTGGACTTTAATCCTGATCGCTACTTACAGGATAACCCAGCATCAGGG
GAAAAGTTTGCCTATGTGCCATTTGGAGCTGGGCGTCATCGTTGTATTGGGGAAAATTTT
GCCTATGTTCAAATTAAGACAATTTGGTCCACTATGCTTCGTTTATATGAATTTGATCTC
ATTGATGGATACTTTCCCACTGTGAATTATACAACTATGATTCACACCCCTGAAAACCCA
GTTATCCGTTACAAACGAAGATCAAAATGA

1. Stromstedt M, Rozman D, Waterman MR: The ubiquitously expressed human CYP51 encodes lanosterol 14 alpha-demethylase, a cytochrome P450 whose expression is regulated by oxysterols. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1996 May 1;329(1):73-81. [PubMed ]
2. Aoyama Y, Noshiro M, Gotoh O, Imaoka S, Funae Y, Kurosawa N, Horiuchi T, Yoshida Y: Sterol 14-demethylase P450 (P45014DM*) is one of the most ancient and conserved P450 species. J Biochem. 1996 May;119(5):926-33. [PubMed ]
3. Rozman D, Stromstedt M, Waterman MR: The three human cytochrome P450 lanosterol 14 alpha-demethylase (CYP51) genes reside on chromosomes 3, 7, and 13: structure of the two retrotransposed pseudogenes, association with a line-1 element, and evolution of the human CYP51 family. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1996 Sep 15;333(2):466-74. [PubMed ]
4. Rozman D, Stromstedt M, Tsui LC, Scherer SW, Waterman MR: Structure and mapping of the human lanosterol 14alpha-demethylase gene (CYP51) encoding the cytochrome P450 involved in cholesterol biosynthesis; comparison of exon/intron organization with other mammalian and fungal CYP genes. Genomics. 1996 Dec 15;38(3):371-81. [PubMed ]
5. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed ]
6. Hillier LW, Fulton RS, Fulton LA, Graves TA, Pepin KH, Wagner-McPherson C, Layman D, Maas J, Jaeger S, Walker R, Wylie K, Sekhon M, Becker MC, O'Laughlin MD, Schaller ME, Fewell GA, Delehaunty KD, Miner TL, Nash WE, Cordes M, Du H, Sun H, Edwards J, Bradshaw-Cordum H, Ali J, Andrews S, Isak A, Vanbrunt A, Nguyen C, Du F, Lamar B, Courtney L, Kalicki J, Ozersky P, Bielicki L, Scott K, Holmes A, Harkins R, Harris A, Strong CM, Hou S, Tomlinson C, Dauphin-Kohlberg S, Kozlowicz-Reilly A, Leonard S, Rohlfing T, Rock SM, Tin-Wollam AM, Abbott A, Minx P, Maupin R, Strowmatt C, Latreille P, Miller N, Johnson D, Murray J, Woessner JP, Wendl MC, Yang SP, Schultz BR, Wallis JW, Spieth J, Bieri TA, Nelson JO, Berkowicz N, Wohldmann PE, Cook LL, Hickenbotham MT, Eldred J, Williams D, Bedell JA, Mardis ER, Clifton SW, Chissoe SL, Marra MA, Raymond C, Haugen E, Gillett W, Zhou Y, James R, Phelps K, Iadanoto S, Bubb K, Simms E, Levy R, Clendenning J, Kaul R, Kent WJ, Furey TS, Baertsch RA, Brent MR, Keibler E, Flicek P, Bork P, Suyama M, Bailey JA, Portnoy ME, Torrents D, Chinwalla AT, Gish WR, Eddy SR, McPherson JD, Olson MV, Eichler EE, Green ED, Waterston RH, Wilson RK: The DNA sequence of human chromosome 7. Nature. 2003 Jul 10;424(6945):157-64. [PubMed ]
7. Scherer SW, Cheung J, MacDonald JR, Osborne LR, Nakabayashi K, Herbrick JA, Carson AR, Parker-Katiraee L, Skaug J, Khaja R, Zhang J, Hudek AK, Li M, Haddad M, Duggan GE, Fernandez BA, Kanematsu E, Gentles S, Christopoulos CC, Choufani S, Kwasnicka D, Zheng XH, Lai Z, Nusskern D, Zhang Q, Gu Z, Lu F, Zeesman S, Nowaczyk MJ, Teshima I, Chitayat D, Shuman C, Weksberg R, Zackai EH, Grebe TA, Cox SR, Kirkpatrick SJ, Rahman N, Friedman JM, Heng HH, Pelicci PG, Lo-Coco F, Belloni E, Shaffer LG, Pober B, Morton CC, Gusella JF, Bruns GA, Korf BR, Quade BJ, Ligon AH, Ferguson H, Higgins AW, Leach NT, Herrick SR, Lemyre E, Farra CG, Kim HG, Summers AM, Gripp KW, Roberts W, Szatmari P, Winsor EJ, Grzeschik KH, Teebi A, Minassian BA, Kere J, Armengol L, Pujana MA, Estivill X, Wilson MD, Koop BF, Tosi S, Moore GE, Boright AP, Zlotorynski E, Kerem B, Kroisel PM, Petek E, Oscier DG, Mould SJ, Dohner H, Dohner K, Rommens JM, Vincent JB, Venter JC, Li PW, Mural RJ, Adams MD, Tsui LC: Human chromosome 7: DNA sequence and biology. Science. 2003 May 2;300(5620):767-72. Epub 2003 Apr 10. [PubMed ]
8. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]

1. TPO

MRALAVLSVTLVMACTEAFFPFISRGKELLWGKPEESRVSSVLEESKRLVDTAMYATMQR
NLKKRGILSPAQLLSFSKLPEPTSGVIARAAEIMETSIQAMKRKVNLKTQQSQHPTDALS
EDLLSIIANMSGCLPYMLPPKCPNTCLANKYRPITGACNNRDHPRWGASNTALARWLPPV
YEDGFSQPRGWNPGFLYNGFPLPPVREVTRHVIQVSNEVVTDDDRYSDLLMAWGQYIDHD
IAFTPQSTSKAAFGGGADCQMTCENQNPCFPIQLPEEARPAAGTACLPFYRSSAACGTGD
QGALFGNLSTANPRQQMNGLTSFLDASTVYGSSPALERQLRNWTSAEGLLRVHARLRDSG
RAYLPFVPPRAPAACAPEPGIPGETRGPCFLAGDGRASEVPSLTALHTLWLREHNRLAAA
LKALNAHWSADAVYQEARKVVGALHQIITLRDYIPRILGPEAFQQYVGPYEGYDSTANPT
VSNVFSTAAFRFGHATIHPLVRRLDASFQEHPDLPGLWLHQAFFSPWTLLRGGGLDPLIR
GLLARPAKLQVQDQLMNEELTERLFVLSNSSTLDLASINLQRGRDHGLPGYNEWREFCGL
PRLETPADLSTAIASRSVADKILDLYKHPDNIDVWLGGLAENFLPRARTGPLFACLIGKQ
MKALRDGDWFWWENSHVFTDAQRRELEKHSLSRVICDNTGLTRVPMDAFQVGKFPEDFES
CDSITGMNLEAWRETFPQDDKCGFPESVENGDFVHCEESGRRVLVYSCRHGYELQGREQL
TCTQEGWDFQPPLCKDVNECADGAHPPCHASARCRNTKGGFQCLCADPYELGDDGRTCVD
SGRLPRVTWISMSLAALLIGGFAGLTSTVICRWTRTGTKSTLPISETGGGTPELRCGKHQ
AVGTSPQRAAAQDSEQESAGMEGRDTHRLPRAL

• Tyrosine Metabolism (map00350 )

• 2 iodide + H2O2 + 2 H+ = diiodine + 2 H2O [RN:R02810]

• An_peroxidase (PF03098 )
• EGF_CA (PF07645 )

• 1-14

• 847-871

ATGAGAGCGCTCGCTGTGCTGTCTGTCACGCTGGTTATGGCCTGCACAGAAGCCTTCTTC
CCCTTCATCTCGAGAGGGAAAGAACTCCTTTGGGGAAAGCCTGAGGAGTCTCGTGTCTCT
AGCGTCTTGGAGGAAAGCAAGCGCCTGGTGGACACCGCCATGTACGCCACGATGCAGAGA
AACCTCAAGAAAAGAGGAATCCTTTCTCCAGCTCAGCTTCTGTCTTTTTCCAAACTTCCT
GAGCCAACAAGCGGAGTGATTGCCCGAGCAGCAGAGATAATGGAAACATCAATACAAGCG
ATGAAAAGAAAAGTCAACCTGAAAACTCAACAATCACAGCATCCAACGGATGCTTTATCA
GAAGATCTGCTGAGCATCATTGCAAACATGTCTGGATGTCTCCCTTACATGCTGCCCCCA
AAATGCCCAAACACTTGCCTGGCGAACAAATACAGGCCCATCACAGGAGCTTGCAACAAC
AGAGACCACCCCAGATGGGGCGCCTCCAACACGGCCCTGGCACGATGGCTCCCTCCAGTC
TATGAGGACGGCTTCAGTCAGCCCCGAGGCTGGAACCCCGGCTTCTTGTACAACGGGTTC
CCACTGCCCCCGGTCCGGGAGGTGACAAGACATGTCATTCAAGTTTCAAATGAGGTTGTC
ACAGATGATGACCGCTATTCTGACCTCCTGATGGCATGGGGACAATACATCGACCACGAC
ATCGCGTTCACACCACAGAGCACCAGCAAAGCTGCCTTCGGGGGAGGGGCTGACTGCCAG
ATGACTTGTGAGAACCAAAACCCATGTTTTCCCATACAACTCCCGGAGGAGGCCCGGCCG
GCCGCGGGCACCGCCTGTCTGCCCTTCTACCGCTCTTCGGCCGCCTGCGGCACCGGGGAC
CAAGGCGCGCTCTTTGGGAACCTGTCCACGGCCAACCCGCGGCAGCAGATGAACGGGTTG
ACCTCGTTCCTGGACGCGTCCACCGTGTATGGCAGCTCCCCGGCCCTAGAGAGGCAGCTG
CGGAACTGGACCAGTGCCGAAGGGCTGCTCCGCGTCCACGCGCGCCTCCGGGACTCCGGC
CGCGCCTACCTGCCCTTCGTGCCGCCACGGCGGCCTGCGGCCTGTGCGCCCGAGCCCGGC
ATCCCCGGAGAGACCCGCGGGCCCTGCTTCCTGGCCGGAGACGGCCGCGCCAGCGAGGTC
CCCTCCCTGACGGCACTGCACACGCTGTGGCTGCGCGAGCACAACCGCCTGGCCGCGGCG
CTCAAGGCCCTCAATGCGCACTGGAGCGCGGACGCCGTGTACCAGGAGGCGCGCAAGGTC
GTGGGCGCTCTGCACCAGATCATCACCCTGAGGGATTACATCCCCAGGATCCTGGGACCC
GAGGCCTTCCAGCAGTACGTGGGTCCCTATGAAGGCTATGACTCCACCGCCAACCCCACT
GTGTCCAACGTGTTCTCCACAGCCGCCTTCCGCTTCGGCCATGCCACGATCCACCCGCTG
GTGAGGAGGCTGGACGCCAGCTTCCAGGAGCACCCCGACCTGCCCGGGCTGTGGCTGCAC
CAGGCTTTCTTCAGCCCATGGACATTACTCCGTGGAGGTGGTTTGGACCCACTAATACGA
GGCCTTCTTGCAAGACCAGCCAAACTGCAGGTGCAGGATCAGCTGATGAACGAGGAGCTG
ACGGAAAGGCTCTTTGTGCTGTCCAATTCCAGCACCTTGGATCTGGCGTCCATCAACCTG
CAGAGGGGCCGGGACCACGGGCTGCCAGGTTACAATGAGTGGAGGGAGTTCTGCGGCCTG
CCTCGCCTGGAGACCCCCGCTGACCTGAGCACAGCCATCGCCAGCAGGAGCGTGGCCGAC
AAGATCCTGGACTTGTACAAGCATCCTGACAACATCGATGTCTGGCTGGGAGGCTTAGCT
GAAAACTTCCTCCCCAGGGCTCGGACAGGGCCCCTGTTTGCCTGTCTCATTGGGAAGCAG
ATGAAGGCTCTGCGGGATGGTGACTGGTTTTGGTGGGAGAACAGCCACGTCTTCACGGAT
GCACAGAGGCGTGAGCTGGAGAAGCACTCCCTGTCTCGGGTCATCTGTGACAACACTGGC
CTCACCAGGGTGCCCATGGATGCCTTCCAAGTCGGCAAATTCCCTGAAGACTTTGAGTCT
TGTGACAGCATCCCTGGCATGAACCTGGAGGCCTGGAGGGAAACCTTTCCTCAAGACGAC
AAGTGTGGCTTCCCAGAGAGCGTGGAGAATGGGGACTTTGTGCACTGTGAGGAGTCTGGG
AGGCGCGTGCTGGTGTATTCCTGCCGGCACGGGTATGAGCTCCAAGGCCGGGAGCAGCTC
ACTTGCACCCAGGAAGGATGGGATTTCCAGCCTCCCCTCTGCAAAGATGTGAACGAGTGT
GCAGACGGTGCCCACCCCCCCTGCCACGCCTCTGCGAGGTGCAGAAACACCAAAGGCGGC
TTCCAGTGTCTCTGCGCGGACCCCTACGAGTTAGGAGACGATGGGAGAACCTGCGTAGAC
TCCGGGAGGCTCCCTCGGGCGACTTGGATCTCCATGTCGCTGGCTGCTCTGCTGATCGGA
GGCTTCGCAGGTCTCACCTCGACGGTGATTTGCAGGTGGACACGCACTGGCACTAAATCC
ACACTGCCCATCTCGGAGACAGGCGGAGGAACTCCCGAGCTGAGATGCGGAAAGCACCAG
GCCGTAGGGACCTCACCGCAGCGGGCCGCAGCTCAGGACTCGGAGCAGGAGAGTGCTGGG
ATGGAAGGCCGGGATACTCACAGGCTGCCGAGAGCCCTCTGA

1. Kimura S, Kotani T, McBride OW, Umeki K, Hirai K, Nakayama T, Ohtaki S: Human thyroid peroxidase: complete cDNA and protein sequence, chromosome mapping, and identification of two alternately spliced mRNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Aug;84(16):5555-9. [PubMed ]
2. Libert F, Ruel J, Ludgate M, Swillens S, Alexander N, Vassart G, Dinsart C: Complete nucleotide sequence of the human thyroperoxidase-microsomal antigen cDNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Aug 25;15(16):6735. [PubMed ]
3. Kimura S, Hong YS, Kotani T, Ohtaki S, Kikkawa F: Structure of the human thyroid peroxidase gene: comparison and relationship to the human myeloperoxidase gene. Biochemistry. 1989 May 16;28(10):4481-9. [PubMed ]
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8. Wang D, De Deken X, Milenkovic M, Song Y, Pirson I, Dumont JE, Miot F: Identification of a novel partner of duox: EFP1, a thioredoxin-related protein. J Biol Chem. 2005 Jan 28;280(4):3096-103. Epub 2004 Nov 22. [PubMed ]
9. Bikker H, Vulsma T, Baas F, de Vijlder JJ: Identification of five novel inactivating mutations in the human thyroid peroxidase gene by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Hum Mutat. 1995;6(1):9-16. [PubMed ]
10. Bikker H, Baas F, De Vijlder JJ: Molecular analysis of mutated thyroid peroxidase detected in patients with total iodide organification defects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Feb;82(2):649-53. [PubMed ]
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12. Pannain S, Weiss RE, Jackson CE, Dian D, Beck JC, Sheffield VC, Cox N, Refetoff S: Two different mutations in the thyroid peroxidase gene of a large inbred Amish kindred: power and limits of homozygosity mapping. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Mar;84(3):1061-71. [PubMed ]
13. Kotani T, Umeki K, Yamamoto I, Maesaka H, Tachibana K, Ohtaki S: A novel mutation in the human thyroid peroxidase gene resulting in a total iodide organification defect. J Endocrinol. 1999 Feb;160(2):267-73. [PubMed ]
14. Bakker B, Bikker H, Vulsma T, de Randamie JS, Wiedijk BM, De Vijlder JJ: Two decades of screening for congenital hypothyroidism in The Netherlands: TPO gene mutations in total iodide organification defects (an update). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Oct;85(10):3708-12. [PubMed ]
15. Ambrugger P, Stoeva I, Biebermann H, Torresani T, Leitner C, Gruters A: Novel mutations of the thyroid peroxidase gene in patients with permanent congenital hypothyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol. 2001 Jul;145(1):19-24. [PubMed ]
16. Umeki K, Kotani T, Kawano J, Suganuma T, Yamamoto I, Aratake Y, Furujo M, Ichiba Y: Two novel missense mutations in the thyroid peroxidase gene, R665W and G771R, result in a localization defect and cause congenital hypothyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol. 2002 Apr;146(4):491-8. [PubMed ]
17. Niu DM, Hwang B, Chu YK, Liao CJ, Wang PL, Lin CY: High prevalence of a novel mutation (2268 insT) of the thyroid peroxidase gene in Taiwanese patients with total iodide organification defect, and evidence for a founder effect. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Sep;87(9):4208-12. [PubMed ]
18. Wu JY, Shu SG, Yang CF, Lee CC, Tsai FJ: Mutation analysis of thyroid peroxidase gene in Chinese patients with total iodide organification defect: identification of five novel mutations. J Endocrinol. 2002 Mar;172(3):627-35. [PubMed ]
19. Calaciura F, Miscio G, Coco A, Leonardi D, Cisternino C, Regalbuto C, Bozzali M, Maiorana R, Ranieri A, Carta A, Buscema M, Trischitta V, Sava L, Tassi V: Genetics of specific phenotypes of congenital hypothyroidism: a population-based approach. Thyroid. 2002 Nov;12(11):945-51. [PubMed ]
20. Kotani T, Umeki K, Kawano J, Suganuma T, Hishinuma A, Ieiri T, Harada S: Partial iodide organification defect caused by a novel mutation of the thyroid peroxidase gene in three siblings. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2003 Aug;59(2):198-206. [PubMed ]
21. Rivolta CM, Esperante SA, Gruneiro-Papendieck L, Chiesa A, Moya CM, Domene S, Varela V, Targovnik HM: Five novel inactivating mutations in the thyroid peroxidase gene responsible for congenital goiter and iodide organification defect. Hum Mutat. 2003 Sep;22(3):259. [PubMed ]
22. Fugazzola L, Cerutti N, Mannavola D, Vannucchi G, Fallini C, Persani L, Beck-Peccoz P: Monoallelic expression of mutant thyroid peroxidase allele causing total iodide organification defect. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Jul;88(7):3264-71. [PubMed ]
23. Tajima T, Tsubaki J, Fujieda K: Two novel mutations in the thyroid peroxidase gene with goitrous hypothyroidism. Endocr J. 2005 Oct;52(5):643-5. [PubMed ]
24. Pfarr N, Borck G, Turk A, Napiontek U, Keilmann A, Muller-Forell W, Kopp P, Pohlenz J: Goitrous congenital hypothyroidism and hearing impairment associated with mutations in the TPO and SLC26A4/PDS genes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jul;91(7):2678-81. Epub 2006 May 9. [PubMed ]

1. LPO
2. Salivary peroxidase
3. SPO

MRVLLHLPALLASLILLQAAASTTRAQTTRTSAISDTVSQAKVQVNKAFLDSRTRLKTAM
SSETPTSRQLSEYLKHAKGRTRTAIRNGQVWEESLKRLRQKASLTNVTDPSLDLTSLSLE
VGCGAPAPVVRCDPCSPYRTITGDCNNRRKPALGAANRALARWLPAEYEDGLSLPFGWTP
GKTRNGFPLPLAREVSNKIVGYLNEEGVLDQNRSLLFMQWGQIVDHDLDFAPDTELGSSE
YSKAQCDEYCIQGDNCFPIMFPPNDPKAGTQGKCMPFFRAGFVCPTPPYKSLAREQINAL
TSFLDASFVYSSEPSLASRLRNLSSPLGLMAVNQEVSDHGLPYLPYDSKKPSPCEFINTT
ARVPCFLAGDSRASEHILLATSHTLFLREHNRLARELKRLNPQWDGEKLYQEARKILGAF
VQIITFRDYLPILLGDHMQKWIPPYQGYSESVDPRISNVFTFAFRFGHLEVPSSMFRLDE
NYQPWGPEPELPLHTLFFNTWRMVKDGGIDPLVRGLLAKKSKLMKQNKMMTGELRNKLFQ
PTHRIHGFDLAAINTQRCRDHGQPGYNSWRAFCDLSQPQTLEELNTVLKSKMLAKKLLGL
YGTPDNIDIWIGAIAEPLVERGRVGPLLACLLGKQFQQIRDGDRFWWENPGVFTNEQKDS
LQKMSFSRLVCDNTRITKVPRDPFWANSYPYDFVDCSAIDKLDLSPWASVKN

• Arachidonic acid metabolism (map00590 )
• Methane metabolism (map00680 )
• Phenylalanine Metabolism (map00360 )
• Stilbene, coumarine and lignin biosynthesis (map00940 )

• donor + H2O2 = oxidized donor + 2 H2O [RN:R03532]

• An_peroxidase (PF03098 )

• 1-26

• None

ATGAGGGTCCTTCTCCATCTCCCAGCCCTCCTGGCTTCCCTCATCTTGCTTCAGGCTGCA
GCATCTACCACAAGAGCGCAGACTACCAGAACCTCTGCCATCTCCGATACTGTGAGTCAG
GCCAAGGTCCAAGTCAACAAGGCCTTCCTGGACTCCCGAACCAGGCTGAAGACCGCCATG
AGCTCTGAGACTCCCACCAGCCGACAGCTCTCAGAATACCTCAAGCATGCCAAAGGCCGG
ACGCGCACAGCCATCCGCAATGGACAGGTGTGGGAGGAGTCTTTAAAGAGACTGAGGCAG
AAGGCATCCTTGACCAATGTCACAGATCCCAGCCTGGACTTGACTTCACTGTCTCTGGAG
GTGGGCTGTGGTGCTCCTGCTCCCGTGGTGAGATGCGACCCGTGCAGCCCTTACCGCACC
ATTACGGGAGACTGCAATAACAGGAGGAAGCCTGCGCTGGGCGCCGCCAACAGGGCTCTG
GCGCGCTGGCTGCCCGCGGAGTACGAGGACGGGCTCTCCCTGCCCTTCGGCTGGACGCCG
GGGAAGACGCGCAACGGCTTCCCTCTCCCGCTGGCCCGGGAGGTATCTAACAAGATTGTT
GGCTATCTGAATGAGGAGGGTGTTCTGGACCAAAACAGGTCCCTGCTCTTCATGCAGTGG
GGTCAGATTGTGGATCATGACCTGGACTTTGCCCCTGACACCGAGCTGGGGAGTAGCGAG
TACTCCAAAGCCCAGTGTGATGAGTACTGTATCCAGGGAGACAACTGCTTCCCCATCATG
TTCCCACCCAATGACCCCAAGGCGGGGACTCAAGGGAAATGCATGCCTTTCTTCCGAGCT
GGGTTCGTCTGCCCCACTCCACCCTACAAGTCCCTGGCCCGAGAGCAGATCAACGCTCTG
ACCTCCTTCCTGGATGCCAGCTTTGTGTACAGCTCCGAGCCAAGCCTGGCCAGCCGCCTC
CGCAACCTCAGCAGCCCCCTGGGCCTCATGGCTGTCAACCAGGAGGTCTCAGACCATGGA
CTACCCTACCTGCCCTATGACAGCAAGAAGCCAAGCCCCTGTGAGTTCATCAACACCACT
GCCCGTGTGCCCTGCTTCCTGGCAGGAGATTCTCGAGCCTCAGAGCATATTCTGCTGGCC
ACATCCCACACCCTCTTTCTCCGCGAGCATAACCGGCTGGCCAGAGAACTAAAGAGACTC
AACCCTCAGTGGGATGGAGAGAAGCTCTACCAGGAAGCCCGGAAAATCCTGGGAGCCTTC
GTGCAGATTATCACCTTTAGGGACTACCTACCCATTTTGCTAGGTGACCACATGCAGAAG
TGGATACCCCCATATCAAGGCTACAGTGAATCTGTGGATCCCAGAATTTCCAATGTCTTC
ACCTTCGCCTTCCGCTTTGGCCACTTGGAGGTCCCCTCTAGTATGTTCCGCCTGGATGAG
AATTATCAGCCATGGGGGCCAGAACCAGAACTCCCCCTCCACACCCTCTTCTTCAACACT
TGGAGGATGGTCAAAGATGGTGGAATTGATCCTCTGGTGCGGGGCCTGCTGGCCAAGAAA
TCCAAGCTGATGAAACAGAATAAAATGATGACTGGAGAGCTGCGCAACAAGCTTTTCCAG
CCAACTCACAGGATCCATGGCTTTGACCTGGCTGCCATCAACACACAGCGTTGCCGGGAC
CATGGGCAACCTGGGTACAATTCCTGGAGAGCCTTCTGTGACCTCTCACAGCCGCAGACA
CTAGAGGAGTTGAACACAGTGCTGAAGAGCAAGATGCTGGCCAAGAAGTTACTGGGTCTC
TACGGGACCCCTGACAACATCGACATCTGGATAGGGGCCATTGCTGAGCCGCTGGTGGAA
AGGGGTCGGGTGGGGCCTCTCCTGGCCTGCCTCTTGGGCAAGCAGTTCCAGCAGATCCGT
GATGGAGACAGGTTCTGGTGGGAAAACCCTGGGGTCTTCACGAACGAGCAGAAGGACTCT
CTACAGAAAATGTCCTTCTCACGCCTTGTCTGTGACAACACCCGCATCACCAAGGTCCCA
CGGGACCCATTCTGGGCCAACAGCTACCCCTATGACTTCGTGGATTGCTCAGCCATCGAC
AAGCTGGACCTGTCACCCTGGGCCTCAGTGAAGAATTAG

1. Kiser C, Caterina CK, Engler JA, Rahemtulla B, Rahemtulla F: Cloning and sequence analysis of the human salivary peroxidase-encoding cDNA. Gene. 1996 Sep 16;173(2):261-4. [PubMed ]
2. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
3. Dull TJ, Uyeda C, Strosberg AD, Nedwin G, Seilhamer JJ: Molecular cloning of cDNAs encoding bovine and human lactoperoxidase. DNA Cell Biol. 1990 Sep;9(7):499-509. [PubMed ]
4. Wijkstrom-Frei C, El-Chemaly S, Ali-Rachedi R, Gerson C, Cobas MA, Forteza R, Salathe M, Conner GE: Lactoperoxidase and human airway host defense. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2003 Aug;29(2):206-12. Epub 2003 Mar 6. [PubMed ]
5. Ramachandran P, Boontheung P, Xie Y, Sondej M, Wong DT, Loo JA: Identification of N-linked glycoproteins in human saliva by glycoprotein capture and mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res. 2006 Jun;5(6):1493-503. [PubMed ]
6. Picariello G, Ferranti P, Mamone G, Roepstorff P, Addeo F: Identification of N-linked glycoproteins in human milk by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Proteomics. 2008 Sep;8(18):3833-47. [PubMed ]

1. MPO
2. 89 kDa myeloperoxidase
3. 84 kDa myeloperoxidase
4. Myeloperoxidase light chain
5. Myeloperoxidase heavy chain

MGVPFFSSLRCMVDLGPCWAGGLTAEMKLLLALAGLLAILATPQPSEGAAPAVLGEVDTS
LVLSSMEEAKQLVDKAYKERRESIKQRLRSGSASPMELLSYFKQPVAATRTAVRAADYLH
VALDLLERKLRSLWRRPFNVTDVLTPAQLNVLSKSSGCAYQDVGVTCPEQDKYRTITGMC
NNRRSPTLGASNRAFVRWLPAEYEDGFSLPYGWTPGVKRNGFPVALARAVSNEIVRFPTD
QLTPDQERSLMFMQWGQLLDHDLDFTPEPAARASFVTGVNCETSCVQQPPCFPLKIPPND
PRIKNQADCIPFFRSCPACPGSNITIRNQINALTSFVDASMVYGSEEPLARNLRNMSNQL
GLLAVNQRFQDNGRALLPFDNLHDDPCLLTNRSARIPCFLAGDTRSSEMPELTSMHTLLL
REHNRLATELKSLNPRWDGERLYQEARKIVGAMVQIITYRDYLPLVLGPTAMRKYLPTYR
SYNDSVDPRIANVFTNAFRYGHTLIQPFMFRLDNRYQPMEPNPRVPLSRVFFASWRVVLE
GGIDPILRGLMATPAKLNRQNQIAVDEIRERLFEQVMRIGLDLPALNMQRSRDHGLPGYN
AWRRFCGLPQPETVGQLGTVLRNLKLARKLMEQYGTPNNIDIWMGGVSEPLKRKGRVGPL
LACIIGTQFRKLRDGDRFWWENEGVFSMQQRQALAQISLPRIICDNTGITTVSKNNIFMS
NSYPRDFVNCSTLPALNLASWREAS

• Arachidonic acid metabolism (map00590 )
• Methane metabolism (map00680 )
• Phenylalanine Metabolism (map00360 )
• Stilbene, coumarine and lignin biosynthesis (map00940 )

• donor + H2O2 = oxidized donor + 2 H2O [RN:R03532]

• An_peroxidase (PF03098 )

• 1-48

• None

ATGGGGGTTCCCTTCTTCTCTTCTCTCAGATGCATGGTGGACTTAGGACCTTGCTGGGCT
GGGGGTCTCACTGCAGAGATGAAGCTGCTTCTGGCCCTAGCAGGGCTCCTGGCCATTCTG
GCCACGCCCCAGCCCTCTGAAGGTGCTGCTCCAGCTGTCCTGGGGGAGGTGGACACCTCG
TTGGTGCTGAGCTCCATGGAGGAGGCCAAGCAGCTGGTGGACAAGGCCTACAAGGAGCGG
CGGGAAAGCATCAAGCAGCGGCTTCGCAGCGGCTCAGCCAGCCCCATGGAACTCCTATCC
TACTTCAAGCAGCCGGTGGCAGCCACCAGGACGGCGGTGAGGGCCGCTGACTACCTGCAC
GTGGCTCTAGACCTGCTGGAGAGGAAGCTGCGGTCCCTGTGGCGAAGGCCATTCAATGTC
ACTGATGTGCTGACGCCCGCCCAGCTGAATGTGTTGTCCAAGTCAAGCGGCTGCGCCTAC
CAGGACGTGGGGGTGACTTGCCCGGAGCAGGACAAATACCGCACCATCACCGGGATGTGC
AACAACAGACGCAGCCCCACGCTGGGGGCCTCCAACCGTGCCTTTGTGCGCTGGCTGCCG
GCGGAGTATGAGGACGGCTTCTCTCTTCCCTACGGCTGGACGCCCGGGGTCAAGCGCAAC
GGCTTCCCGGTGGCTCTGGCTCGCGCGGTCTCCAACGAGATCGTGCGCTTCCCCACTGAT
CAGCTGACTCCGGACCAGGAGCGCTCACTCATGTTCATGCAATGGGGCCAGCTGTTGGAC
CACGACCTCGACTTCACCCCTGAGCCGGCCGCCCGGGCCTCCTTCGTCACTGGCGTCAAC
TGCGAGACCAGCTGCGTTCAGCAGCCGCCCTGCTTCCCGCTCAAGATCCCGCCCAATGAC
CCCCGCATCAAGAACCAAGCCGACTGCATCCCGTTCTTCCGCTCCTGCCCGGCTTGCCCC
GGGAGCAACATCACCATCCGCAACCAGATCAACGCGCTCACTTCCTTCGTGGACGCCAGC
ATGGTGTACGGCAGCGAGGAGCCCCTGGCCAGGAACCTGCGCAACATGTCCAACCAGCTG
GGGCTGCTGGCCGTCAACCAGCGCTTCCAAGACAACGGCCGGGCCCTGCTGCCCTTTGAC
AACCTGCACGATGACCCCTGTCTCCTCACCAACCGCTCAGCGCGCATCCCCTGCTTCCTG
GCAGGGGACACCCGTTCCAGTGAGATGCCCGAGCTCACCTCCATGCACACCCTCTTACTT
CGGGAGCACAACCGGCTGGCCACAGAGCTCAAGAGCCTGAACCCTAGGTGGGATGGGGAG
AGGCTCTACCAGGAAGCCCGGAAGATCGTGGGGGCCATGGTCCAGATCATCACTTACCGG
GACTACCTGCCCCTGGTGCTGGGGCCAACGGCCATGAGGAAGTACCTGCCCACGTACCGT
TCCTACAATGACTCAGTGGACCCACGCATCGCCAACGTCTTCACCAATGCCTTCCGCTAC
GGCCACACCCTCATCCAACCCTTCATGTTCCGCCTGGACAATCGGTACCAGCCCATGGAA
CCCAACCCCCGTGTCCCCCTCAGCAGGGTCTTTTTTGCCTCCTGGAGGGTCGTGCTGGAA
GGTGGCATTGACCCCATCCTCCGGGGCCTCATGGCCACCCCTGCCAAGCTGAATCGTCAG
AACCAAATTGCAGTGGATGAGATCCGGGAGCGATTGTTTGAGCAGGTCATGAGGATTGGG
CTGGACCTGCCTGCTCTGAACATGCAGCGCAGCAGGGACCACGGCCTCCCAGGATACAAT
GCCTGGAGGCGCTTCTGTGGGCTCCCGCAGCCTGAAACTGTGGGCCAGCTGGGCACGGTG
CTGAGGAACCTGAAATTGGCGAGGAAACTGATGGAGCAGTATGGCACGCCCAACAACATC
GACATCTGGATGGGCGGCGTGTCCGAGCCTCTGAAGCGCAAAGGCCGCGTGGGCCCACTC
CTCGCCTGCATCATCGGTACCCAGTTCAGGAAGCTCCGGGATGGTGATCGGTTTTGGTGG
GAGAACGAGGGTGTGTTCAGCATGCAGCAGCGACAGGCCCTGGCCCAGATCTCATTGCCC
CGGATCATCTGCGACAACACAGGCATCACCACCGTGTCTAAGAACAACATCTTCATGTCC
AACTCATATCCCCGGGACTTTGTCAACTGCAGTACACTTCCTGCATTGAACCTGGCTTCC
TGGAGGGAAGCCTCCTAG

1. Morishita K, Kubota N, Asano S, Kaziro Y, Nagata S: Molecular cloning and characterization of cDNA for human myeloperoxidase. J Biol Chem. 1987 Mar 15;262(8):3844-51. [PubMed ]
2. Morishita K, Tsuchiya M, Asano S, Kaziro Y, Nagata S: Chromosomal gene structure of human myeloperoxidase and regulation of its expression by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. J Biol Chem. 1987 Nov 5;262(31):15208-13. [PubMed ]
3. Seto P, Hirayu H, Magnusson RP, Gestautas J, Portmann L, DeGroot LJ, Rapoport B: Isolation of a complementary DNA clone for thyroid microsomal antigen. Homology with the gene for thyroid peroxidase. J Clin Invest. 1987 Oct;80(4):1205-8. [PubMed ]
4. Johnson KR, Nauseef WM, Care A, Wheelock MJ, Shane S, Hudson S, Koeffler HP, Selsted M, Miller C, Rovera G: Characterization of cDNA clones for human myeloperoxidase: predicted amino acid sequence and evidence for multiple mRNA species. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Mar 11;15(5):2013-28. [PubMed ]
5. Hashinaka K, Nishio C, Hur SJ, Sakiyama F, Tsunasawa S, Yamada M: Multiple species of myeloperoxidase messenger RNAs produced by alternative splicing and differential polyadenylation. Biochemistry. 1988 Aug 9;27(16):5906-14. [PubMed ]
6. Johnson K, Gemperlein I, Hudson S, Shane S, Rovera G: Complete nucleotide sequence of the human myeloperoxidase gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1989 Oct 11;17(19):7985-6. [PubMed ]
7. Hosokawa Y, Kawaguchi R, Hikiji K, Yamada M, Suzuki K, Nakagawa T, Yoshihara T, Yamaguchi K: Cloning and characterization of four types of cDNA encoding myeloperoxidase from human monocytic leukemia cell line, SKM-1. Leukemia. 1993 Mar;7(3):441-5. [PubMed ]
8. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
9. Yamada M, Hur SJ, Toda H: Isolation and characterization of extracellular myeloperoxidase precursor in HL-60 cell cultures. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1990 Jan 30;166(2):852-9. [PubMed ]
10. Taylor KL, Pohl J, Kinkade JM Jr: Unique autolytic cleavage of human myeloperoxidase. Implications for the involvement of active site MET409. J Biol Chem. 1992 Dec 15;267(35):25282-8. [PubMed ]
11. Yamada M, Yoshida M, Hashinaka K: Identification of transcriptional cis-elements in introns 7 and 9 of the myeloperoxidase gene. J Biol Chem. 1993 Jun 25;268(18):13479-85. [PubMed ]
12. Yamada M, Hur SJ, Hashinaka K, Tsuneoka K, Saeki T, Nishio C, Sakiyama F, Tsunasawa S: Isolation and characterization of a cDNA coding for human myeloperoxidase. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1987 May 15;255(1):147-55. [PubMed ]
13. Liu T, Qian WJ, Gritsenko MA, Camp DG 2nd, Monroe ME, Moore RJ, Smith RD: Human plasma N-glycoproteome analysis by immunoaffinity subtraction, hydrazide chemistry, and mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res. 2005 Nov-Dec;4(6):2070-80. [PubMed ]
14. Ramachandran P, Boontheung P, Xie Y, Sondej M, Wong DT, Loo JA: Identification of N-linked glycoproteins in human saliva by glycoprotein capture and mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res. 2006 Jun;5(6):1493-503. [PubMed ]
15. Chen R, Jiang X, Sun D, Han G, Wang F, Ye M, Wang L, Zou H: Glycoproteomics analysis of human liver tissue by combination of multiple enzyme digestion and hydrazide chemistry. J Proteome Res. 2009 Feb;8(2):651-61. [PubMed ]
16. Fiedler TJ, Davey CA, Fenna RE: X-ray crystal structure and characterization of halide-binding sites of human myeloperoxidase at 1.8 A resolution. J Biol Chem. 2000 Apr 21;275(16):11964-71. [PubMed ]
17. Fenna R, Zeng J, Davey C: Structure of the green heme in myeloperoxidase. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1995 Jan 10;316(1):653-6. [PubMed ]
18. Blair-Johnson M, Fiedler T, Fenna R: Human myeloperoxidase: structure of a cyanide complex and its interaction with bromide and thiocyanate substrates at 1.9 A resolution. Biochemistry. 2001 Nov 20;40(46):13990-7. [PubMed ]
19. Kizaki M, Miller CW, Selsted ME, Koeffler HP: Myeloperoxidase (MPO) gene mutation in hereditary MPO deficiency. Blood. 1994 Apr 1;83(7):1935-40. [PubMed ]
20. Nauseef WM, Brigham S, Cogley M: Hereditary myeloperoxidase deficiency due to a missense mutation of arginine 569 to tryptophan. J Biol Chem. 1994 Jan 14;269(2):1212-6. [PubMed ]
21. Nauseef WM, Cogley M, McCormick S: Effect of the R569W missense mutation on the biosynthesis of myeloperoxidase. J Biol Chem. 1996 Apr 19;271(16):9546-9. [PubMed ]
22. DeLeo FR, Goedken M, McCormick SJ, Nauseef WM: A novel form of hereditary myeloperoxidase deficiency linked to endoplasmic reticulum/proteasome degradation. J Clin Invest. 1998 Jun 15;101(12):2900-9. [PubMed ]
23. Romano M, Dri P, Dadalt L, Patriarca P, Baralle FE: Biochemical and molecular characterization of hereditary myeloperoxidase deficiency. Blood. 1997 Nov 15;90(10):4126-34. [PubMed ]
24. Sjoblom T, Jones S, Wood LD, Parsons DW, Lin J, Barber TD, Mandelker D, Leary RJ, Ptak J, Silliman N, Szabo S, Buckhaults P, Farrell C, Meeh P, Markowitz SD, Willis J, Dawson D, Willson JK, Gazdar AF, Hartigan J, Wu L, Liu C, Parmigiani G, Park BH, Bachman KE, Papadopoulos N, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW, Velculescu VE: The consensus coding sequences of human breast and colorectal cancers. Science. 2006 Oct 13;314(5797):268-74. Epub 2006 Sep 7. [PubMed ]

1. EPO
2. Eosinophil peroxidase light chain
3. Eosinophil peroxidase heavy chain

MHLLPALAGVLATLVLAQPCEGTDPASPGAVETSVLRDCIAEAKLLVDAAYNWTQKSIKQ
RLRSGSASPMDLLSYFKQPVAATRTVVRAADYMHVALGLLEEKLQPQRSGPFNVTDVLTE
PQLRLLSQASGCALRDQAERCSDKYRTITGRCNNKRRPLLGASNQALARWLPAEYEDGLS
LPFGWTPSRRRNGFLLPLVRAVSNQIVRFPNERLTSDRGRALMFMQWGQFIDHDLDFSPE
SPARVAFTAGVDCERTCAQLPPCFPIKIPPNDPRIKNQRDCIPFFRSAPSCPQNKNRVRN
QINALTSFVDASMVYGSEVSLSLRLRNRTNYLGLLAINQRFQDNGRALLPFDNLHDDPCL
LTNRSARIPCFLAGDTRSTETPKLAAMHTLFMREHNRLATELRRLNPRWNGDKLYNEARK
IMGAMVQIITYRDFLPLVLGKARARRTLGHYRGYCSNVDPRVANVFTLAFRFGHTMLQPF
MFRLDSQYRASAPNSHVPLSSAFFASWRIVYEGGIDPILRGLMATPAKLNRQDAMLVDEL
RDRLFRQVRRIGLDLAALNMQRSRDHGLPGYNAWRRFCGLSQPRNLAQLSRVLKNQDLAR
KFLNLYGTPDNIDIWIGAIAEPLLPGARVGPLLACLFENQFRRARDGDRFWWQKRGVFTK
RQRKALSRISLSRIICDNTGITTVSRDIFRANIYPRGFVNCSRIPRLNLSAWRGT

• Arachidonic acid metabolism (map00590 )
• Methane metabolism (map00680 )
• Phenylalanine Metabolism (map00360 )
• Stilbene, coumarine and lignin biosynthesis (map00940 )

• donor + H2O2 = oxidized donor + 2 H2O [RN:R03532]

• An_peroxidase (PF03098 )

• 1-17

• None

ATGCATCTGCTCCCAGCCCTGGCAGGGGTCCTGGCCACACTCGTCCTCGCCCAGCCCTGT
GAGGGCACTGACCCAGCCTCCCCTGGGGCAGTGGAGACCTCGGTCCTGCGAGACTGCATA
GCAGAGGCCAAGTTGCTGGTGGATGCTGCCTACAATTGGACCCAGAAGAGCATCAAGCAG
CGGCTTCGCAGCGGTTCAGCCAGCCCCATGGACCTCCTGTCCTACTTCAAACAACCGGTA
GCAGCCACCAGGACAGTTGTTCGGGCCGCAGATTATATGCATGTGGCTTTGGGGCTGCTT
GAAGAGAAGTTACAACCCCAGCGGTCCGGACCCTTCAATGTCACTGATGTGCTAACAGAA
CCACAGCTGCGGCTGCTGTCCCAGGCCAGTGGCTGTGCTCTCCGGGACCAGGCCGAGCGC
TGCAGCGACAAGTACCGCACCATCACTGGACGGTGCAACAACAAGAGGAGACCCTTGCTA
GGGGCCTCCAACCAGGCTCTGGCTCGCTGGCTGCCCGCCGAGTATGAGGATGGGCTGTCG
CTCCCCTTCGGCTGGACCCCCAGCAGGAGGCGCAATGGCTTCCTTCTCCCTCTTGTCCGG
GCTGTCTCCAACCAGATTGTGCGCTTCCCCAATGAGAGACTGACCTCCGACCGTGGCCGA
GCCCTCATGTTCATGCAGTGGGGCCAGTTCATTGACCATGACCTGGACTTCTCCCCGGAG
TCCCCGGCCAGAGTGGCCTTCACTGCAGGCGTTGACTGTGAGAGGACCTGCGCCCAGCTG
CCCCCCTGCTTTCCCATCAAGATCCCACCCAATGACCCCCGCATCAAGAACCAGCGTGAC
TGCATCCCTTTCTTCCGCTCGGCACCCTCATGCCCCCAAAACAAGAACAGAGTCCGCAAC
CAGATCAACGCGCTCACCTCCTTTGTGGACGCCAGCATGGTGTATGGCAGTGAGGTCTCC
CTCTCGCTGCGGCTCCGCAACCGGACCAACTACCTGGGGCTGCTGGCCATCAACCAGCGC
TTTCAAGACAACGGCCGGGCCCTGCTGCCCTTCGACAACCTGCACGATGACCCCTGTCTC
CTCACCAACCGCTCGGCGCGCATCCCCTGCTTCCTGGCAGGTGACACCCGATCAACGGAA
ACCCCCAAACTGGCAGCCATGCACACCCTCTTTATGCGAGAGCACAACCGGCTGGCCACC
GAGCTGAGACGCCTGAATCCCCGGTGGAATGGAGACAAACTGTACAATGAGGCTCGGAAG
ATCATGGGGGCCATGGTCCAGATCATCACCTACCGAGACTTTCTGCCCCTGGTTCTGGGC
AAGGCCCGGGCCAGGAGAACCCTGGGGCACTACAGGGGGTACTGCTCCAATGTGGACCCA
CGGGTGGCCAATGTCTTCACCCTGGCCTTCCGCTTTGGCCACACAATGCTCCAGCCCTTC
ATGTTCCGCTTGGACAGTCAGTACCGGGCCTCCGCACCCAACTCGCATGTCCCACTTAGC
TCTGCCTTCTTTGCCAGCTGGCGGATCGTGTATGAAGGGGGCATCGACCCCATCCTCCGG
GGCCTCATGGCCACCCCTGCCAAGCTGAACCGTCAGGATGCCATGTTAGTGGATGAGCTC
CGGGACCGGCTGTTTCGGCAAGTGAGGAGGATTGGGCTGGACCTGGCAGCTCTCAACATG
CAACGAAGCCGGGACCACGGCCTTCCAGGGTACAATGCTTGGAGGCGCTTCTGTGGGCTC
TCCCAGCCCCGGAATTTGGCACAGCTTAGCCGGGTGCTGAAAAACCAGGACTTGGCAAGG
AAGTTCCTGAATTTGTATGGAACACCTGACAACATTGACATCTGGATTGGGGCCATCGCT
GAGCCTCTTTTGCCGGGGGCTCGAGTGGGGCCTCTTCTGGCTTGTCTGTTCGAGAACCAG
TTCAGAAGAGCCCGAGACGGAGACAGGTTCTGGTGGCAGAAACGAGGTGTTTTCACCAAA
AGACAGCGCAAGGCCCTGAGCAGAATTTCCTTGTCTCGAATTATATGTGACAATACCGGT
ATCACCACGGTTTCAAGGGACATCTTCAGAGCCAACATCTACCCTCGGGGCTTTGTGAAC
TGCAGCCGTATCCCCAGGTTGAACCTATCAGCCTGGCGAGGGACATGA

1. Sakamaki K, Tomonaga M, Tsukui K, Nagata S: Molecular cloning and characterization of a chromosomal gene for human eosinophil peroxidase. J Biol Chem. 1989 Oct 5;264(28):16828-36. [PubMed ]
2. Ten RM, Pease LR, McKean DJ, Bell MP, Gleich GJ: Molecular cloning of the human eosinophil peroxidase. Evidence for the existence of a peroxidase multigene family. J Exp Med. 1989 May 1;169(5):1757-69. [PubMed ]
3. Oxvig C, Thomsen AR, Overgaard MT, Sorensen ES, Hojrup P, Bjerrum MJ, Gleich GJ, Sottrup-Jensen L: Biochemical evidence for heme linkage through esters with Asp-93 and Glu-241 in human eosinophil peroxidase. The ester with Asp-93 is only partially formed in vivo. J Biol Chem. 1999 Jun 11;274(24):16953-8. [PubMed ]
4. Borelli V, Vita F, Shankar S, Soranzo MR, Banfi E, Scialino G, Brochetta C, Zabucchi G: Human eosinophil peroxidase induces surface alteration, killing, and lysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect Immun. 2003 Feb;71(2):605-13. [PubMed ]
5. Ulrich M, Petre A, Youhnovski N, Promm F, Schirle M, Schumm M, Pero RS, Doyle A, Checkel J, Kita H, Thiyagarajan N, Acharya KR, Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Simon HU, Schwarz H, Tsutsui M, Shimokawa H, Bellon G, Lee JJ, Przybylski M, Doring G: Post-translational tyrosine nitration of eosinophil granule toxins mediated by eosinophil peroxidase. J Biol Chem. 2008 Oct 17;283(42):28629-40. Epub 2008 Aug 11. [PubMed ]
6. Romano M, Patriarca P, Melo C, Baralle FE, Dri P: Hereditary eosinophil peroxidase deficiency: immunochemical and spectroscopic studies and evidence for a compound heterozygosity of the defect. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Dec 20;91(26):12496-500. [PubMed ]
7. Nakamura H, Miyagawa K, Ogino K, Endo T, Imai T, Ozasa K, Motohashi Y, Matsuzaki I, Sasahara S, Hatta K, Eboshida A: High contribution contrast between the genes of eosinophil peroxidase and IL-4 receptor alpha-chain in Japanese cedar pollinosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003 Dec;112(6):1127-31. [PubMed ]

1. UROIIIS
2. UROS
3. Hydroxymethylbilane hydrolyase [cyclizing]
4. Uroporphyrinogen-III cosynthase

MKVLLLKDAKEDDCGQDPYIRELGLYGLEATLIPVLSFEFLSLPSFSEKLSHPEDYGGLI
FTSPRAVEAAELCLEQNNKTEVWERSLKEKWNAKSVYVVGNATASLVSKIGLDTEGETCG
NAEKLAEYICSRESSALPLLFPCGNLKREILPKALKDKGIAMESITVYQTVAHPGIQGNL
NSYYSQQGVPASITFFSPSGLTYSLKHIQELSGDNIDQIKFAAIGPTTARALAAQGLPVS
CTAESPTPQALATGIRKALQPHGCC

• Porphyrin Metabolism (map00860 )

• hydroxymethylbilane = uroporphyrinogen III + H2O [RN:R03165]

• HEM4 (PF02602 )

• None

• None

ATGAAGGTTCTTTTACTGAAGGATGCGAAGGAAGATGACTGTGGCCAGGATCCGTATATC
AGGGAATTAGGATTATATGGACTTGAAGCCACTTTGATCCCTGTTTTATCGTTTGAGTTT
TTGTCTCTTCCCAGTTTCTCTGAGAAGCTTTCTCATCCTGAAGATTACGGGGGACTCATT
TTTACCAGCCCCAGAGCAGTGGAAGCAGCAGAGTTATGTTTGGAGCAAAACAATAAAACT
GAAGTCTGGGAAAGGTCTCTGAAAGAAAAATGGAATGCCAAGTCAGTGTATGTGGTTGGA
AATGCTACTGCTTCTCTAGTGAGTAAAATTGGCCTGGATACAGAAGGAGAAACCTGTGGA
AATGCAGAAAAGCTTGCAGAATATATTTGTTCCAGGGAGTCCTCAGCACTGCCTCTTCTA
TTTCCCTGTGGAAACCTCAAAAGAGAAATCCTGCCAAAAGCGCTCAAGGACAAAGGGATT
GCCATGGAAAGCATAACTGTGTATCAGACAGTTGCACACCCAGGAATCCAAGGGAACCTG
AACAGCTACTATTCCCAGCAGGGGGTTCCAGCCAGCATCACATTTTTTAGTCCCTCTGGC
CTCACATACAGTCTCAAGCACATTCAGGAGTTATCTGGTGACAATATCGATCAAATTAAG
TTTGCAGCCATCGGCCCCACTACGGCTCGCGCGCTGGCCGCCCAGGGCCTTCCTGTAAGC
TGCACTGCAGAGAGCCCCACGCCACAAGCCCTGGCCACTGGCATCAGGAAGGCTCTCCAG
CCCCATGGCTGCTGCTGA

1. Tsai SF, Bishop DF, Desnick RJ: Human uroporphyrinogen III synthase: molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression of a full-length cDNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Oct;85(19):7049-53. [PubMed ]
2. Aizencang G, Solis C, Bishop DF, Warner C, Desnick RJ: Human uroporphyrinogen-III synthase: genomic organization, alternative promoters, and erythroid-specific expression. Genomics. 2000 Dec 1;70(2):223-31. [PubMed ]
3. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed ]
4. Deloukas P, Earthrowl ME, Grafham DV, Rubenfield M, French L, Steward CA, Sims SK, Jones MC, Searle S, Scott C, Howe K, Hunt SE, Andrews TD, Gilbert JG, Swarbreck D, Ashurst JL, Taylor A, Battles J, Bird CP, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Ashwell RI, Ambrose KD, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Banerjee R, Bates K, Beasley H, Bray-Allen S, Brown AJ, Brown JY, Burford DC, Burrill W, Burton J, Cahill P, Camire D, Carter NP, Chapman JC, Clark SY, Clarke G, Clee CM, Clegg S, Corby N, Coulson A, Dhami P, Dutta I, Dunn M, Faulkner L, Frankish A, Frankland JA, Garner P, Garnett J, Gribble S, Griffiths C, Grocock R, Gustafson E, Hammond S, Harley JL, Hart E, Heath PD, Ho TP, Hopkins B, Horne J, Howden PJ, Huckle E, Hynds C, Johnson C, Johnson D, Kana A, Kay M, Kimberley AM, Kershaw JK, Kokkinaki M, Laird GK, Lawlor S, Lee HM, Leongamornlert DA, Laird G, Lloyd C, Lloyd DM, Loveland J, Lovell J, McLaren S, McLay KE, McMurray A, Mashreghi-Mohammadi M, Matthews L, Milne S, Nickerson T, Nguyen M, Overton-Larty E, Palmer SA, Pearce AV, Peck AI, Pelan S, Phillimore B, Porter K, Rice CM, Rogosin A, Ross MT, Sarafidou T, Sehra HK, Shownkeen R, Skuce CD, Smith M, Standring L, Sycamore N, Tester J, Thorpe A, Torcasso W, Tracey A, Tromans A, Tsolas J, Wall M, Walsh J, Wang H, Weinstock K, West AP, Willey DL, Whitehead SL, Wilming L, Wray PW, Young L, Chen Y, Lovering RC, Moschonas NK, Siebert R, Fechtel K, Bentley D, Durbin R, Hubbard T, Doucette-Stamm L, Beck S, Smith DR, Rogers J: The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 10. Nature. 2004 May 27;429(6990):375-81. [PubMed ]
5. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
6. Xu W, Astrin KH, Desnick RJ: Molecular basis of congenital erythropoietic porphyria: mutations in the human uroporphyrinogen III synthase gene. Hum Mutat. 1996;7(3):187-92. [PubMed ]
7. Mathews MA, Schubert HL, Whitby FG, Alexander KJ, Schadick K, Bergonia HA, Phillips JD, Hill CP: Crystal structure of human uroporphyrinogen III synthase. EMBO J. 2001 Nov 1;20(21):5832-9. [PubMed ]
8. Deybach JC, de Verneuil H, Boulechfar S, Grandchamp B, Nordmann Y: Point mutations in the uroporphyrinogen III synthase gene in congenital erythropoietic porphyria (Gunther's disease). Blood. 1990 May 1;75(9):1763-5. [PubMed ]
9. Boulechfar S, Da Silva V, Deybach JC, Nordmann Y, Grandchamp B, de Verneuil H: Heterogeneity of mutations in the uroporphyrinogen III synthase gene in congenital erythropoietic porphyria. Hum Genet. 1992 Jan;88(3):320-4. [PubMed ]
10. Warner CA, Yoo HW, Roberts AG, Desnick RJ: Congenital erythropoietic porphyria: identification and expression of exonic mutations in the uroporphyrinogen III synthase gene. J Clin Invest. 1992 Feb;89(2):693-700. [PubMed ]
11. Xu W, Warner CA, Desnick RJ: Congenital erythropoietic porphyria: identification and expression of 10 mutations in the uroporphyrinogen III synthase gene. J Clin Invest. 1995 Feb;95(2):905-12. [PubMed ]
12. Tanigawa K, Bensidhoum M, Takamura N, Namba H, Yamashita S, de Verneuil H, Ged C: A novel point mutation in congenital erythropoietic porphyria in two members of Japanese family. Hum Genet. 1996 May;97(5):557-60. [PubMed ]
13. Takamura N, Hombrados I, Tanigawa K, Namba H, Nagayama Y, de Verneuil H, Yamashita S: Novel point mutation in the uroporphyrinogen III synthase gene causes congenital erythropoietic porphyria of a Japanese family. Am J Med Genet. 1997 Jun 13;70(3):299-302. [PubMed ]
14. Tezcan I, Xu W, Gurgey A, Tuncer M, Cetin M, Oner C, Yetgin S, Ersoy F, Aizencang G, Astrin KH, Desnick RJ: Congenital erythropoietic porphyria successfully treated by allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Blood. 1998 Dec 1;92(11):4053-8. [PubMed ]
15. Frank J, Wang X, Lam HM, Aita VM, Jugert FK, Goerz G, Merk HF, Poh-Fitzpatrick MB, Christiano AM: C73R is a hotspot mutation in the uroporphyrinogen III synthase gene in congenital erythropoietic porphyria. Ann Hum Genet. 1998 May;62(Pt 3):225-30. [PubMed ]
16. Rogounovitch T, Takamura N, Hombrados I, Morel C, Tanaka T, Kameyoshi Y, Shimizu-Yoshida Y, de Verneuil H, Yamashita S: Congenital erythropoietic porphyria: a novel homozygous mutation in a Japanese patient. J Invest Dermatol. 2000 Dec;115(6):1156. [PubMed ]
17. Shady AA, Colby BR, Cunha LF, Astrin KH, Bishop DF, Desnick RJ: Congenital erythropoietic porphyria: identification and expression of eight novel mutations in the uroporphyrinogen III synthase gene. Br J Haematol. 2002 Jun;117(4):980-7. [PubMed ]
18. Ged C, Megarbane H, Chouery E, Lalanne M, Megarbane A, de Verneuil H: Congenital erythropoietic porphyria: report of a novel mutation with absence of clinical manifestations in a homozygous mutant sibling. J Invest Dermatol. 2004 Sep;123(3):589-91. [PubMed ]

1. PBG-D
2. Hydroxymethylbilane synthase
3. HMBS
4. Pre-uroporphyrinogen synthase

MSGNGNAAATAEENSPKMRVIRVGTRKSQLARIQTDSVVATLKASYPGLQFEIIAMSTTG
DKILDTALSKIGEKSLFTKELEHALEKNEVDLVVHSLKDLPTVLPPGFTIGAICKRENPH
DAVVFHPKFVGKTLETLPEKSVVGTSSLRRAAQLQRKFPHLEFRSIRGNLNTRLRKLDEQ
QEFSAIILATAGLQRMGWHNRVGQILHPEECMYAVGQGALGVEVRAKDQDILDLVGVLHD
PETLLRCIAERAFLRHLEGGCSVPVAVHTAMKDGQLYLTGGVWSLDGSDSIQETMQATIH
VPAQHEDGPEDDPQLVGITARNIPRGPQLAAQNLGISLANLLLSKGAKNILDVARQLNDA
H

• Porphyrin Metabolism (map00860 )

• 4 porphobilinogen + H2O = hydroxymethylbilane + 4 NH3 [RN:R00084]

• Porphobil_deam (PF01379 )
• Porphobil_deamC (PF03900 )

• None

• None

ATGTCTGGTAACGGCAATGCGGCTGCAACGGCGGAAGAAAACAGCCCAAAGATGAGAGTG
ATTCGCGTGGGTACCCGCAAGAGCCAGCTTGCTCGCATACAGACGGACAGTGTGGTGGCA
ACATTGAAAGCCTCGTACCCTGGCCTGCAGTTTGAAATCATTGCTATGTCCACCACAGGG
GACAAGATTCTTGATACTGCACTCTCTAAGATTGGAGAGAAAAGCCTGTTTACCAAGGAG
CTTGAACATGCCCTGGAGAAGAATGAAGTGGACCTGGTTGTTCACTCCTTGAAGGACCTG
CCCACTGTGCTTCCTCCTGGCTTCACCATCGGAGCCATCTGCAAGCGGGAAAACCCTCAT
GATGCTGTTGTCTTTCACCCAAAATTTGTTGGGAAGACCCTAGAAACCCTGCCAGAGAAG
AGTGTGGTGGGAACCAGCTCCCTGCGAAGAGCAGCCCAGCTGCAGAGAAAGTTCCCGCAT
CTGGAGTTCAGGAGTATTCGGGGAAACCTCAACACCCGGCTTCGGAAGCTGGACGAGCAG
CAGGAGTTCAGTGCCATCATCCTGGCAACAGCTGGCCTGCAGCGCATGGGCTGGCACAAC
CGGGTGGGGCAGATCCTGCACCCTGAGGAATGCATGTATGCTGTGGGCCAGGGGGCCTTG
GGCGTGGAAGTGCGAGCCAAGGACCAGGACATCTTGGATCTGGTGGGTGTGCTGCACGAT
CCCGAGACTCTGCTTCGCTGCATCGCTGAAAGGGCCTTCCTGAGGCACCTGGAAGGAGGC
TGCAGTGTGCCAGTAGCCGTGCATACAGCTATGAAGGATGGGCAACTGTACCTGACTGGA
GGAGTCTGGAGTCTAGACGGCTCAGATAGCATACAAGAGACCATGCAGGCTACCATCCAT
GTCCCTGCCCAGCATGAAGATGGCCCTGAGGATGACCCACAGTTGGTAGGCATCACTGCT
CGTAACATTCCACGAGGGCCCCAGTTGGCTGCCCAGAACTTGGGCATCAGCCTGGCCAAC
TTGTTGCTGAGCAAAGGAGCCAAAAACATCCTGGATGTTGCACGGCAGCTTAACGATGCC
CATTAA

1. Raich N, Romeo PH, Dubart A, Beaupain D, Cohen-Solal M, Goossens M: Molecular cloning and complete primary sequence of human erythrocyte porphobilinogen deaminase. Nucleic Acids Res. 1986 Aug 11;14(15):5955-68. [PubMed ]
2. Grandchamp B, De Verneuil H, Beaumont C, Chretien S, Walter O, Nordmann Y: Tissue-specific expression of porphobilinogen deaminase. Two isoenzymes from a single gene. Eur J Biochem. 1987 Jan 2;162(1):105-10. [PubMed ]
3. Yoo HW, Warner CA, Chen CH, Desnick RJ: Hydroxymethylbilane synthase: complete genomic sequence and amplifiable polymorphisms in the human gene. Genomics. 1993 Jan;15(1):21-9. [PubMed ]
4. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed ]
5. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
6. Chretien S, Dubart A, Beaupain D, Raich N, Grandchamp B, Rosa J, Goossens M, Romeo PH: Alternative transcription and splicing of the human porphobilinogen deaminase gene result either in tissue-specific or in housekeeping expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Jan;85(1):6-10. [PubMed ]
7. Lannfelt L, Wetterberg L, Lilius L, Thunell S, Jornvall H, Pavlu B, Wielburski A, Gellerfors P: Porphobilinogen deaminase in human erythrocytes: purification of two forms with apparent molecular weights of 40 kDa and 42 kDa. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1989 Nov;49(7):677-84. [PubMed ]
8. Gauci S, Helbig AO, Slijper M, Krijgsveld J, Heck AJ, Mohammed S: Lys-N and trypsin cover complementary parts of the phosphoproteome in a refined SCX-based approach. Anal Chem. 2009 Jun 1;81(11):4493-501. [PubMed ]
9. Gill R, Kolstoe SE, Mohammed F, Al D-Bass A, Mosely JE, Sarwar M, Cooper JB, Wood SP, Shoolingin-Jordan PM: Structure of human porphobilinogen deaminase at 2.8 A: the molecular basis of acute intermittent porphyria. Biochem J. 2009 Apr 28;420(1):17-25. [PubMed ]
10. Song G, Li Y, Cheng C, Zhao Y, Gao A, Zhang R, Joachimiak A, Shaw N, Liu ZJ: Structural insight into acute intermittent porphyria. FASEB J. 2009 Feb;23(2):396-404. Epub 2008 Oct 20. [PubMed ]
11. Delfau MH, Picat C, de Rooij FW, Hamer K, Bogard M, Wilson JH, Deybach JC, Nordmann Y, Grandchamp B: Two different point G to A mutations in exon 10 of the porphobilinogen deaminase gene are responsible for acute intermittent porphyria. J Clin Invest. 1990 Nov;86(5):1511-6. [PubMed ]
12. Delfau MH, Picat C, De Rooij F, Voortman G, Deybach JC, Nordmann Y, Grandchamp B: Molecular heterogeneity of acute intermittent porphyria: identification of four additional mutations resulting in the CRIM-negative subtype of the disease. Am J Hum Genet. 1991 Aug;49(2):421-8. [PubMed ]
13. Gu XF, de Rooij F, Voortman G, Te Velde K, Nordmann Y, Grandchamp B: High frequency of mutations in exon 10 of the porphobilinogen deaminase gene in patients with a CRIM-positive subtype of acute intermittent porphyria. Am J Hum Genet. 1992 Sep;51(3):660-5. [PubMed ]
14. Mgone CS, Lanyon WG, Moore MR, Connor JM: Detection of seven point mutations in the porphobilinogen deaminase gene in patients with acute intermittent porphyria, by direct sequencing of in vitro amplified cDNA. Hum Genet. 1992 Sep-Oct;90(1-2):12-6. [PubMed ]
15. Kauppinen R, Peltonen L, Pihlaja H, Mustajoki P: CRIM-positive mutations of acute intermittent porphyria in Finland. Hum Mutat. 1992;1(5):392-6. [PubMed ]
16. Mgone CS, Lanyon WG, Moore MR, Louie GV, Connor JM: Detection of a high mutation frequency in exon 12 of the porphobilinogen deaminase gene in patients with acute intermittent porphyria. Hum Genet. 1993 Dec;92(6):619-22. [PubMed ]
17. Llewellyn DH, Whatley S, Elder GH: Acute intermittent porphyria caused by an arginine to histidine substitution (R26H) in the cofactor-binding cleft of porphobilinogen deaminase. Hum Mol Genet. 1993 Aug;2(8):1315-6. [PubMed ]
18. Gu XF, de Rooij F, de Baar E, Bruyland M, Lissens W, Nordmann Y, Grandchamp B: Two novel mutations of the porphobilinogen deaminase gene in acute intermittent porphyria. Hum Mol Genet. 1993 Oct;2(10):1735-6. [PubMed ]
19. Gu XF, de Rooij F, Voortman G, Te Velde K, Deybach JC, Nordmann Y, Grandchamp B: Detection of eleven mutations causing acute intermittent porphyria using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Hum Genet. 1994 Jan;93(1):47-52. [PubMed ]
20. Lundin G, Wedell A, Thunell S, Anvret M: Two new mutations in the porphobilinogen deaminase gene and a screening method using PCR amplification of specific alleles. Hum Genet. 1994 Jan;93(1):59-62. [PubMed ]
21. Mgone CS, Lanyon WG, Moore MR, Louie GV, Connor JM: Identification of five novel mutations in the porphobilinogen deaminase gene. Hum Mol Genet. 1994 May;3(5):809-11. [PubMed ]
22. Astrin KH, Desnick RJ: Molecular basis of acute intermittent porphyria: mutations and polymorphisms in the human hydroxymethylbilane synthase gene. Hum Mutat. 1994;4(4):243-52. [PubMed ]
23. Chen CH, Astrin KH, Lee G, Anderson KE, Desnick RJ: Acute intermittent porphyria: identification and expression of exonic mutations in the hydroxymethylbilane synthase gene. An initiation codon missense mutation in the housekeeping transcript causes "variant acute intermittent porphyria" with normal expression of the erythroid-specific enzyme. J Clin Invest. 1994 Nov;94(5):1927-37. [PubMed ]
24. Kauppinen R, Mustajoki S, Pihlaja H, Peltonen L, Mustajoki P: Acute intermittent porphyria in Finland: 19 mutations in the porphobilinogen deaminase gene. Hum Mol Genet. 1995 Feb;4(2):215-22. [PubMed ]
25. Lundin G, Hashemi J, Floderus Y, Thunell S, Sagen E, Laegreid A, Wassif W, Peters T, Anvret M: Four mutations in the porphobilinogen deaminase gene in patients with acute intermittent porphyria. J Med Genet. 1995 Dec;32(12):979-81. [PubMed ]
26. Puy H, Deybach JC, Lamoril J, Robreau AM, Da Silva V, Gouya L, Grandchamp B, Nordmann Y: Molecular epidemiology and diagnosis of PBG deaminase gene defects in acute intermittent porphyria. Am J Hum Genet. 1997 Jun;60(6):1373-83. [PubMed ]
27. Lundin G, Lee JS, Thunell S, Anvret M: Genetic investigation of the porphobilinogen deaminase gene in Swedish acute intermittent porphyria families. Hum Genet. 1997 Jul;100(1):63-6. [PubMed ]
28. Mustajoki S, Pihlaja H, Ahola H, Petersen NE, Mustajoki P, Kauppinen R: Three splicing defects, an insertion, and two missense mutations responsible for acute intermittent porphyria. Hum Genet. 1998 May;102(5):541-8. [PubMed ]
29. Ong PM, Lanyon WG, Hift RJ, Halkett J, Cramp CE, Moore MR, Connor JM: Identification of two novel mutations in the hydroxymethylbilane synthase gene in three patients from two unrelated families with acute intermittent porphyria. Hum Hered. 1998 Jan-Feb;48(1):24-9. [PubMed ]
30. De Siervi A, Rossetti MV, Parera VE, Astrin KH, Aizencang GI, Glass IA, Batlle AM, Desnick RJ: Identification and characterization of hydroxymethylbilane synthase mutations causing acute intermittent porphyria: evidence for an ancestral founder of the common G111R mutation. Am J Med Genet. 1999 Oct 8;86(4):366-75. [PubMed ]
31. Whatley SD, Woolf JR, Elder GH: Comparison of complementary and genomic DNA sequencing for the detection of mutations in the HMBS gene in British patients with acute intermittent porphyria: identification of 25 novel mutations. Hum Genet. 1999 Jun;104(6):505-10. [PubMed ]
32. De Siervi A, Mendez M, Parera VE, Varela L, Batlle AM, Rossetti MV: Acute intermittent porphyria: characterization of two novel mutations in the porphobilinogen deaminase gene, one amino acid deletion (453-455delAGC) and one splicing aceptor site mutation (IVS8-1G>T). Hum Mutat. 1999 Oct;14(4):355. [PubMed ]
33. Gross U, Puy H, Doss M, Robreau AM, Nordmann Y, Doss MO, Deybach JC: New mutations of the hydroxymethylbilane synthase gene in German patients with acute intermittent porphyria. Mol Cell Probes. 1999 Dec;13(6):443-7. [PubMed ]
34. Solis C, Lopez-Echaniz I, Sefarty-Graneda D, Astrin KH, Desnick RJ: Identification and expression of mutations in the hydroxymethylbilane synthase gene causing acute intermittent porphyria (AIP). Mol Med. 1999 Oct;5(10):664-71. [PubMed ]
35. Ramdall RB, Cunha L, Astrin KH, Katz DR, Anderson KE, Glucksman M, Bottomley SS, Desnick RJ: Acute intermittent porphyria: novel missense mutations in the human hydroxymethylbilane synthase gene. Genet Med. 2000 Sep-Oct;2(5):290-5. [PubMed ]
36. Robreau-Fraolini AM, Puy H, Aquaron C, Bogard C, Traore M, Nordmann Y, Aquaron R, Deybach JC: Porphobilinogen deaminase gene in African and Afro-Caribbean ethnic groups: mutations causing acute intermittent porphyria and specific intragenic polymorphisms. Hum Genet. 2000 Aug;107(2):150-9. [PubMed ]
37. Schneider-Yin X, Bogard C, Rufenacht UB, Puy H, Nordmann Y, Minder EI, Deybach J: Identification of a prevalent nonsense mutation (W283X) and two novel mutations in the porphobilinogen deaminase gene of Swiss patients with acute intermittent porphyria. Hum Hered. 2000 Jul-Aug;50(4):247-50. [PubMed ]
38. De Siervi A, Weiss Cadiz DE, Parera VE, del C Batlle AM, Rossetti MV: Identification and characterization of two novel mutations that produce acute intermittent porphyria: A 3-base deletion (841-843delGGA) and a missense mutation (T35M). Hum Mutat. 2000 Oct;16(4):373. [PubMed ]
39. Kauppinen R, von und zu Fraunberg M: Molecular and biochemical studies of acute intermittent porphyria in 196 patients and their families. Clin Chem. 2002 Nov;48(11):1891-900. [PubMed ]
40. Floderus Y, Shoolingin-Jordan PM, Harper P: Acute intermittent porphyria in Sweden. Molecular, functional and clinical consequences of some new mutations found in the porphobilinogen deaminase gene. Clin Genet. 2002 Oct;62(4):288-97. [PubMed ]
41. Gregor A, Schneider-Yin X, Szlendak U, Wettstein A, Lipniacka A, Rufenacht UB, Minder EI: Molecular study of the hydroxymethylbilane synthase gene (HMBS) among Polish patients with acute intermittent porphyria. Hum Mutat. 2002 Mar;19(3):310. [PubMed ]
42. Gouya L, Puy H, Robreau AM, Lyoumi S, Lamoril J, Da Silva V, Grandchamp B, Deybach JC: Modulation of penetrance by the wild-type allele in dominantly inherited erythropoietic protoporphyria and acute hepatic porphyrias. Hum Genet. 2004 Feb;114(3):256-62. Epub 2003 Dec 11. [PubMed ]
43. Hessels J, Voortman G, van der Wagen A, van der Elzen C, Scheffer H, Zuijderhoudt FM: Homozygous acute intermittent porphyria in a 7-year-old boy with massive excretions of porphyrins and porphyrin precursors. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2004;27(1):19-27. [PubMed ]
44. Schneider-Yin X, Hergersberg M, Schuurmans MM, Gregor A, Minder EI: Mutation hotspots in the human porphobilinogen deaminase gene: recurrent mutations G111R and R173Q occurring at CpG motifs. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2004;27(5):625-31. [PubMed ]

1. 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid synthase
2. 20-HETE synthase
3. CYP4AII
4. CYPIVA11
5. Cytochrome P-450HK-omega
6. Cytochrome P450HL-omega
7. Fatty acid omega-hydroxylase
8. Lauric acid omega-hydroxylase

MSVSVLSPSRLLGDVSGILQAASLLILLLLLIKAVQLYLHRQWLLKALQQFPCPPSHWLF
GHIQELQQDQELQRIQKWVETFPSACPHWLWGGKVRVQLYDPDYMKVILGRSDPKSHGSY
RFLAPWIGYGLLLLNGQTWFQHRRMLTPAFHYDILKPYVGLMADSVRVMLDKWEELLGQD
SPLEVFQHVSLMTLDTIMKCAFSHQGSIQVDRNSQSYIQAISDLNNLVFSRVRNAFHQND
TIYSLTSAGRWTHRACQLAHQHTDQVIQLRKAQLQKEGELEKIKRKRHLDFLDILLLAKM
ENGSILSDKDLRAEVDTFMFEGHDTTASGISWILYALATHPKHQERCREEIHSLLGDGAS
ITWNHLDQMPYTTMCIKEALRLYPPVPGIGRELSTPVTFPDGRSLPKGIMVLLSIYGLHH
NPKVWPNPEVFDPFRFAPGSAQHSHAFLPFSGGSRNCIGKQFAMNELKVATALTLLRFEL
LPDPTRIPIPIARLVLKSKNGIHLRLRRLPNPCEDKDQL

• Fatty Acid Metabolism (map00071 )

• octane + reduced rubredoxin + O2 = 1-octanol + oxidized rubredoxin + H2O [RN:R02879]

• p450 (PF00067 )

• None

• None

ATGAGTGTCTCTGTGCTGAGCCCCAGCAGACTCCTGGGTGATGTCTCTGGAATCCTCCAA
GCGGCCTCCCTGCTCATTCTGCTTCTGCTGCTGATCAAGGCAGTTCAGCTCTACCTGCAC
AGGCAGTGGCTGCTCAAAGCCCTCCAGCAGTTCCCGTGCCCTCCCTCCCACTGGCTCTTC
GGGCACATCCAGGAGCTCCAACAGGACCAGGAGCTACAACGGATTCAGAAATGGGTGGAG
ACATTCCCAAGTGCCTGTCCTCATTGGCTATGGGGAGGCAAAGTTCGTGTCCAGCTCTAT
GACCCTGACTATATGAAGGTGATTCTGGGGAGATCAGACCCGAAATCCCATGGTTCCTAC
AGATTCCTGGCTCCATGGATTGGGTACGGCTTGCTCCTGTTGAATGGGCAGACATGGTTC
CAGCATCGACGGATGCTGACCCCAGCCTTCCACTATGACATCCTGAAGCCCTATGTGGGG
CTCATGGCAGACTCTGTACGAGTGATGCTGGACAAATGGGAAGAGCTCCTTGGCCAGGAT
TCCCCTCTGGAGGTCTTTCAGCACGTCTCCTTGATGACCCTGGACACCATCATGAAGTGT
GCCTTCAGCCATCAGGGCAGCATCCAGGTGGACAGGAATTCTCAGTCCTACATACAGGCC
ATTAGTGACCTGAACAACCTGGTTTTTTCCCGTGTGAGGAATGCCTTTCACCAGAATGAC
ACCATCTACAGCCTGACCTCTGCTGGCCGCTGGACACACCGCGCCTGCCAGCTGGCCCAT
CAGCACACAGACCAAGTGATCCAACTGAGGAAGGCTCAACTACAGAAGGAGGGGGAGCTG
GAGAAGATCAAGAGGAAGAGGCATTTGGATTTTCTGGATATCCTCCTCTTGGCCAAAATG
GAGAATGGGAGCATCTTGTCAGACAAGGACCTCCGTGCTGAGGTGGACACGTTCATGTTT
GAGGGCCACGACACCACAGCCAGTGGGATCTCCTGGATCCTCTATGCTCTGGCCACACAC
CCCAAGCATCAGGAGAGGTGCCGGGAGGAGATCCACAGCCTCCTGGGTGATGGAGCCTCC
ATCACCTGGAACCACCTGGACCAGATGCCCTACACCACCATGTGCATTAAGGAGGCACTG
AGGCTCTACCCACCGGTGCCAGGCATTGGCAGAGAGCTCAGCACTCCCGTCACCTTCCCT
GATGGGCGCTCCTTGCCCAAAGGTATCATGGTCCTCCTCTCCATTTATGGCCTTCACCAC
AACCCAAAAGTGTGGCCCAACCCAGAGGTGTTTGACCCTTTCCGTTTTGCACCGGGTTCT
GCTCAACACAGCCACGCTTTCCTGCCCTTCTCAGGAGGATCAAGGAACTGCATTGGGAAA
CAATTTGCCATGAACGAGCTGAAGGTGGCCACGGCCCTGACCCTGCTCCGCTTTGAGCTG
CTGCCTGATCCCACCAGGATCCCCATCCCCATTGCACGACTTGTGTTGAAATCCAAAAAT
GGAATCCACCTGCGTCTCAGGAGGCTCCCTAACCCTTGTGAAGACAAGGACCAGCTTTGA

1. Palmer CN, Richardson TH, Griffin KJ, Hsu MH, Muerhoff AS, Clark JE, Johnson EF: Characterization of a cDNA encoding a human kidney, cytochrome P-450 4A fatty acid omega-hydroxylase and the cognate enzyme expressed in Escherichia coli. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1993 Feb 20;1172(1-2):161-6. [PubMed ]
2. Kawashima H, Kusunose E, Kikuta Y, Kinoshita H, Tanaka S, Yamamoto S, Kishimoto T, Kusunose M: Purification and cDNA cloning of human liver CYP4A fatty acid omega-hydroxylase. J Biochem (Tokyo). 1994 Jul;116(1):74-80. [PubMed ]
3. Imaoka S, Ogawa H, Kimura S, Gonzalez FJ: Complete cDNA sequence and cDNA-directed expression of CYP4A11, a fatty acid omega-hydroxylase expressed in human kidney. DNA Cell Biol. 1993 Dec;12(10):893-9. [PubMed ]
4. Bellamine A, Wang Y, Waterman MR, Gainer JV 3rd, Dawson EP, Brown NJ, Capdevila JH: Characterization of the CYP4A11 gene, a second CYP4A gene in humans. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2003 Jan 1;409(1):221-7. [PubMed ]
5. Gregory SG, Barlow KF, McLay KE, Kaul R, Swarbreck D, Dunham A, Scott CE, Howe KL, Woodfine K, Spencer CC, Jones MC, Gillson C, Searle S, Zhou Y, Kokocinski F, McDonald L, Evans R, Phillips K, Atkinson A, Cooper R, Jones C, Hall RE, Andrews TD, Lloyd C, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Ambrose KD, Anderson F, Andrew RW, Ashwell RI, Aubin K, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Beasley H, Bethel G, Bird CP, Bray-Allen S, Brown JY, Brown AJ, Buckley D, Burton J, Bye J, Carder C, Chapman JC, Clark SY, Clarke G, Clee C, Cobley V, Collier RE, Corby N, Coville GJ, Davies J, Deadman R, Dunn M, Earthrowl M, Ellington AG, Errington H, Frankish A, Frankland J, French L, Garner P, Garnett J, Gay L, Ghori MR, Gibson R, Gilby LM, Gillett W, Glithero RJ, Grafham DV, Griffiths C, Griffiths-Jones S, Grocock R, Hammond S, Harrison ES, Hart E, Haugen E, Heath PD, Holmes S, Holt K, Howden PJ, Hunt AR, Hunt SE, Hunter G, Isherwood J, James R, Johnson C, Johnson D, Joy A, Kay M, Kershaw JK, Kibukawa M, Kimberley AM, King A, Knights AJ, Lad H, Laird G, Lawlor S, Leongamornlert DA, Lloyd DM, Loveland J, Lovell J, Lush MJ, Lyne R, Martin S, Mashreghi-Mohammadi M, Matthews L, Matthews NS, McLaren S, Milne S, Mistry S, Moore MJ, Nickerson T, O'Dell CN, Oliver K, Palmeiri A, Palmer SA, Parker A, Patel D, Pearce AV, Peck AI, Pelan S, Phelps K, Phillimore BJ, Plumb R, Rajan J, Raymond C, Rouse G, Saenphimmachak C, Sehra HK, Sheridan E, Shownkeen R, Sims S, Skuce CD, Smith M, Steward C, Subramanian S, Sycamore N, Tracey A, Tromans A, Van Helmond Z, Wall M, Wallis JM, White S, Whitehead SL, Wilkinson JE, Willey DL, Williams H, Wilming L, Wray PW, Wu Z, Coulson A, Vaudin M, Sulston JE, Durbin R, Hubbard T, Wooster R, Dunham I, Carter NP, McVean G, Ross MT, Harrow J, Olson MV, Beck S, Rogers J, Bentley DR, Banerjee R, Bryant SP, Burford DC, Burrill WD, Clegg SM, Dhami P, Dovey O, Faulkner LM, Gribble SM, Langford CF, Pandian RD, Porter KM, Prigmore E: The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1. Nature. 2006 May 18;441(7091):315-21. [PubMed ]
6. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
7. Kawashima H, Kusunose E, Kubota I, Maekawa M, Kusunose M: Purification and NH2-terminal amino acid sequences of human and rat kidney fatty acid omega-hydroxylases. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1992 Jan 24;1123(2):156-62. [PubMed ]
8. Bell DR, Plant NJ, Rider CG, Na L, Brown S, Ateitalla I, Acharya SK, Davies MH, Elias E, Jenkins NA, et al.: Species-specific induction of cytochrome P-450 4A RNAs: PCR cloning of partial guinea-pig, human and mouse CYP4A cDNAs. Biochem J. 1993 Aug 15;294 ( Pt 1):173-80. [PubMed ]
9. Hoch U, Ortiz De Montellano PR: Covalently linked heme in cytochrome p4504a fatty acid hydroxylases. J Biol Chem. 2001 Apr 6;276(14):11339-46. Epub 2001 Jan 3. [PubMed ]
10. LeBrun LA, Hoch U, Ortiz de Montellano PR: Autocatalytic mechanism and consequences of covalent heme attachment in the cytochrome P4504A family. J Biol Chem. 2002 Apr 12;277(15):12755-61. Epub 2002 Jan 30. [PubMed ]
11. Gainer JV, Bellamine A, Dawson EP, Womble KE, Grant SW, Wang Y, Cupples LA, Guo CY, Demissie S, O'Donnell CJ, Brown NJ, Waterman MR, Capdevila JH: Functional variant of CYP4A11 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid synthase is associated with essential hypertension. Circulation. 2005 Jan 4;111(1):63-9. Epub 2004 Dec 20. [PubMed ]
12. Cho BH, Park BL, Kim LH, Chung HS, Shin HD: Highly polymorphic human CYP4A11 gene. J Hum Genet. 2005;50(5):259-63. Epub 2005 May 14. [PubMed ]

1. IDO-1
2. Indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase

MAHAMENSWTISKEYHIDEEVGFALPNPQENLPDFYNDWMFIAKHLPDLIESGQLRERVE
KLNMLSIDHLTDHKSQRLARLVLGCITMAYVWGKGHGDVRKVLPRNIAVPYCQLSKKLEL
PPILVYADCVLANWKKKDPNKPLTYENMDVLFSFRDGDCSKGFFLVSLLVEIAAASAIKV
IPTVFKAMQMQERDTLLKALLEIASCLEKALQVFHQIHDHVNPKAFFSVLRIYLSGWKGN
PQLSDGLVYEGFWEDPKEFAGGSAGQSSVFQCFDVLLGIQQTAGGGHAAQFLQDMRRYMP
PAHRNFLCSLESNPSVREFVLSKGDAGLREAYDACVKALVSLRSYHLQIVTKYILIPASQ
QPKENKTSEDPSKLEAKGTGGTDLMNFLKTVRSTTEKSLLKEG

• (1) D-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-D-kynurenine [RN:R07362]
• (2) L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine [RN:R00678]

• IDO (PF01231 )

• None

• None

ATGGCACACGCTATGGAAAACTCCTGGACAATCAGTAAAGAGTACCATATTGATGAAGAA
GTGGGCTTTGCTCTGCCAAATCCACAGGAAAATCTACCTGATTTTTATAATGACTGGATG
TTCATTGCTAAACATCTGCCTGATCTCATAGAGTCTGGCCAGCTTCGAGAAAGAGTTGAG
AAGTTAAACATGCTCAGCATTGATCATCTCACAGACCACAAGTCACAGCGCCTTGCACGT
CTAGTTCTGGGATGCATCACCATGGCATATGTGTGGGGCAAAGGTCATGGAGATGTCCGT
AAGGTCTTGCCAAGAAATATTGCTGTTCCTTACTGCCAACTCTCCAAGAAACTGGAACTG
CCTCCTATTTTGGTTTATGCAGACTGTGTCTTGGCAAACTGGAAGAAAAAGGATCCTAAT
AAGCCCCTGACTTATGAGAACATGGACGTTTTGTTCTCATTTCGTGATGGAGACTGCAGT
AAAGGATTCTTCCTGGTCTCTCTATTGGTGGAAATAGCAGCTGCTTCTGCAATCAAAGTA
ATTCCTACTGTATTCAAGGCAATGCAAATGCAAGAACGGGACACTTTGCTAAAGGCGCTG
TTGGAAATAGCTTCTTGCTTGGAGAAAGCCCTTCAAGTGTTTCACCAAATCCACGATCAT
GTGAACCCAAAAGCATTTTTCAGTGTTCTTCGCATATATTTGTCTGGCTGGAAAGGCAAC
CCCCAGCTATCAGACGGTCTGGTGTATGAAGGGTTCTGGGAAGACCCAAAGGAGTTTGCA
GGGGGCAGTGCAGGCCAAAGCAGCGTCTTTCAGTGCTTTGACGTCCTGCTGGGCATCCAG
CAGACTGCTGGTGGAGGACATGCTGCTCAGTTCCTCCAGGACATGAGAAGATATATGCCA
CCAGCTCACAGGAACTTCCTGTGCTCATTAGAGTCAAATCCCTCAGTCCGTGAGTTTGTC
CTTTCAAAAGGTGATGCTGGCCTGCGGGAAGCTTATGACGCCTGTGTGAAAGCTCTGGTC
TCCCTGAGGAGCTACCATCTGCAAATCGTGACTAAGTACATCCTGATTCCTGCAAGCCAG
CAGCCAAAGGAGAATAAGACCTCTGAAGACCCTTCAAAACTGGAAGCCAAAGGAACTGGA
GGCACTGATTTAATGAATTTCCTGAAGACTGTGAGAAGTACAACTGAGAAATCCCTTTTG
AAGGAAGGTTAA

1. Dai W, Gupta SL: Molecular cloning, sequencing and expression of human interferon-gamma-inducible indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase cDNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1990 Apr 16;168(1):1-8. [PubMed ]
2. Tone S, Takikawa O, Habara-Ohkubo A, Kadoya A, Yoshida R, Kido R: Primary structure of human indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase deduced from the nucleotide sequence of its cDNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990 Jan 25;18(2):367. [PubMed ]
3. Kadoya A, Tone S, Maeda H, Minatogawa Y, Kido R: Gene structure of human indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992 Nov 30;189(1):530-6. [PubMed ]
4. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed ]
5. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
6. Metz R, Duhadaway JB, Kamasani U, Laury-Kleintop L, Muller AJ, Prendergast GC: Novel tryptophan catabolic enzyme IDO2 is the preferred biochemical target of the antitumor indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibitory compound D-1-methyl-tryptophan. Cancer Res. 2007 Aug 1;67(15):7082-7. [PubMed ]
7. Yuasa HJ, Takubo M, Takahashi A, Hasegawa T, Noma H, Suzuki T: Evolution of vertebrate indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenases. J Mol Evol. 2007 Dec;65(6):705-14. Epub 2007 Nov 17. [PubMed ]
8. Sugimoto H, Oda S, Otsuki T, Hino T, Yoshida T, Shiro Y: Crystal structure of human indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase: catalytic mechanism of O2 incorporation by a heme-containing dioxygenase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Feb 21;103(8):2611-6. Epub 2006 Feb 13. [PubMed ]

1. TDO
2. Tryptamin 2,3-dioxygenase
3. Tryptophan oxygenase
4. TO
5. TRPO
6. Tryptophan pyrrolase
7. Tryptophanase

MSGCPFLGNNFGYTFKKLPVEGSEEDKSQTGVNRASKGGLIYGNYLHLEKVLNAQELQSE
TKGNKIHDEHLFIITHQAYELWFKQILWELDSVREIFQNGHVRDERNMLKVVSRMHRVSV
ILKLLVQQFSILETMTALDFNDFREYLSPASGFQSLQFRLLENKIGVLQNMRVPYNRRHY
RDNFKGEENELLLKSEQEKTLLELVEAWLERTPGLEPHGFNFWGKLEKNITRGLEEEFIR
IQAKEESEEKEEQVAEFQKQKEVLLSLFDEKRHEHLLSKGERRLSYRALQGALMIYFYRE
EPRFQVPFQLLTSLMDIDSLMTKWRYNHVCMVHRMLGSKAGTGGSSGYHYLRSTVSDRYK
VFVDLFNLSTYLIPRHWIPKMNPTIHKFLYTAEYCDSSYFSSDESD

• Tryptophan Metabolism (map00380 )

• L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine [RN:R00678]

• Trp_dioxygenase (PF03301 )

• None

• None

ATGAGTGGGTGCCCATTTTTAGGAAACAACTTTGGATATACTTTTAAAAAACTCCCCGTA
GAAGGCAGCGAAGAAGACAAATCACAAACTGGTGTGAATAGAGCCAGCAAAGGAGGTCTT
ATCTATGGGAACTACCTGCATTTGGAAAAAGTTTTGAATGCACAAGAACTGCAAAGTGAA
ACAAAAGGAAATAAAATCCATGATGAACATCTTTTTATCATAACTCATCAAGCTTATGAA
CTCTGGTTTAAGCAAATCCTCTGGGAGTTGGATTCTGTTCGAGAGATCTTTCAGAATGGC
CATGTCAGAGATGAAAGGAACATGCTTAAGGTTGTTTCTCGGATGCACCGAGTGTCAGTG
ATCCTGAAACTGCTGGTGCAGCAGTTTTCCATTCTGGAGACGATGACAGCCTTGGACTTC
AATGACTTCAGAGAGTACTTATCTCCAGCATCAGGCTTCCAGAGTTTGCAATTCCGACTA
TTAGAAAACAAGATAGGTGTTCTTCAGAACATGAGAGTCCCTTATAACAGAAGACATTAT
CGTGATAACTTCAAAGGAGAAGAAAATGAACTGCTACTTAAATCTGAGCAGGAAAAGACA
CTTCTGGAATTAGTGGAGGCATGGCTGGAAAGAACTCCAGGTTTAGAGCCACATGGATTT
AACTTCTGGGGAAAGCTTGAAAAAAATATCACCAGAGGCCTGGAAGAGGAATTCATAAGG
ATTCAGGCTAAAGAAGAGTCTGAAGAAAAAGAGGAACAGGTGGCTGAATTTCAGAAGCAA
AAAGAGGTGCTACTGTCCTTATTTGATGAGAAACGTCATGAACATCTCCTTAGTAAAGGT
GAAAGACGGCTGTCATACAGAGCACTTCAGGGAGCATTGATGATATATTTTTACAGGGAA
GAGCCTAGGTTCCAGGTGCCTTTTCAGTTGCTGACTTCTCTTATGGACATAGATTCACTG
ATGACCAAATGGAGATATAACCATGTGTGCATGGTGCACAGAATGCTGGGCAGCAAAGCT
GGCACCGGTGGTTCCTCAGGCTATCACTACCTGCGATCAACTGTGAGTGATAGGTACAAG
GTATTTGTAGATTTATTTAATCTTTCAACATACCTGATTCCCCGACACTGGATACCGAAG
ATGAACCCAACCATTCACAAATTTCTATATACAGCAGAATACTGTGATAGCTCCTACTTC
AGCAGTGATGAATCAGATTAA

1. Comings DE, Muhleman D, Dietz G, Sherman M, Forest GL: Sequence of human tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2): presence of a glucocorticoid response-like element composed of a GTT repeat and an intronic CCCCT repeat. Genomics. 1995 Sep 20;29(2):390-6. [PubMed ]
2. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed ]
3. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
4. Tao WA, Wollscheid B, O'Brien R, Eng JK, Li XJ, Bodenmiller B, Watts JD, Hood L, Aebersold R: Quantitative phosphoproteome analysis using a dendrimer conjugation chemistry and tandem mass spectrometry. Nat Methods. 2005 Aug;2(8):591-8. [PubMed ]

1. CYPXIB1
2. Cytochrome P-450c11
3. Cytochrome P450C11
4. Steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase

MALRAKAEVCMAVPWLSLQRAQALGTRAARVPRTVLPFEAMPRRPGNRWLRLLQIWREQG
YEDLHLEVHQTFQELGPIFRYDLGGAGMVCVMLPEDVEKLQQVDSLHPHRMSLEPWVAYR
QHRGHKCGVFLLNGPEWRFNRLRLNPEVLSPNAVQRFLPMVDAVARDFSQALKKKVLQNA
RGSLTLDVQPSIFHYTIEASNLALFGERLGLVGHSPSSASLNFLHALEVMFKSTVQLMFM
PRSLSRWTSPKVWKEHFEAWDCIFQYGDNCIQKIYQELAFSRPQQYTSIVAELLLNAELS
PDAIKANSMELTAGSVDTTVFPLLMTLFELARNPNVQQALRQESLAAAASISEHPQKATT
ELPLLRAALKETLRLYPVGLFLERVASSDLVLQNYHIPAGTLVRVFLYSLGRNPALFPRP
ERYNPQRWLDIRGSGRNFYHVPFGFGMRQCLGRRLAEAEMLLLLHHVLKHLQVETLTQED
IKMVYSFILRPSMFPLLTFRAIN

• Androgen and Estrogen Metabolism (map00150 )
• C21 Steroid Hormone Metabolism (map00140 )

• a steroid + reduced adrenal ferredoxin + O2 = an 11beta-hydroxysteroid + oxidized adrenal ferredoxin + H2O [RN:R02726]

• p450 (PF00067 )

• None

• None

ATGGCACTCAGGGCAAAGGCAGAGGTGTGCATGGCAGTGCCCTGGCTGTCCCTGCAAAGG
GCACAGGCACTGGGCACGAGAGCCGCCCGGGTCCCCAGGACAGTGCTGCCCTTTGAAGCC
ATGCCCCAGCGTCCAGGCAACAGGTGGCTGAGGCTGCTGCAGATCTGGAGGGAGCAGGGT
TATGAGGACCTGCACCTGGAAGTACACCAGACCTTCCAGGAACTGGGGCCCATTTTCAGG
TACGACTTGGGAGGAGCAGGCATGGTGTGTGTGATGCTGCCGGAGGACGTGGAGAAGCTG
CAACAGGTGGACAGCCTGCATCCCCACAGGATGAGCCTGGAGCCCTGGGTGGCCTACAGA
CAACATCGTGGGCACAAATGTGGCGTGTTCTTGCTGAATGGGCCTGAATGGCGCTTCAAC
CGATTGCGGCTGAATCCAGAAGTGCTGTCGCCCAACGCTGTGCAGAGGTTCCTCCCGATG
GTGGATGCAGTGGCCAGGGACTTCTCCCAGGCCCTGAAGAAGAAGGTGCTGCAGAACGCC
CGGGGGAGCCTGACCCTGGACGTCCAGCCCAGCATCTTCCACTACACCATAGAAGCCAGC
AACTTGGCTCTTTTTGGAGAGCGGCTGGGCCTGGTTGGCCACAGCCCCAGTTCTGCCAGC
CTGAACTTCCTCCATGCCCTGGAGGTCATGTTCAAATCCACCGTCCAGCTCATGTTCATG
CCCAGGAGCCTGTCTCGCTGGACCAGCCCCAAGGTGTGGAAGGAGCACTTTGAGGCCTGG
GACTGCATCTTCCAGTACGGCGACAACTGTATCCAGAAAATCTATCAGGAACTGGCCTTC
AGCCGCCCTCAACAGTACACCAGCATCGTGGCGGAGCTCCTGTTGAATGCGGAACTGTCG
CCAGATGCCATCAAGGCCAACTCTATGGAACTCACTGCAGGGAGCGTGGACACGACGGTG
TTTCCCTTGCTGATGACGCTCTTTGAGCTGGCTCGGAACCCCAACGTGCAGCAGGCCCTG
CGCCAGGAGAGCCTGGCCGCCGCAGCCAGCATCAGTGAACATCCCCAGAAGGCAACCACC
GAGCTCCCCTTGCTGCGTGCGGCCCTCAAGGAGACCTTGCGGCTCTACCCTGTGGGTCTG
TTTCTGGAGCGAGTGGTGAGCTCAGACTTGGTGCTTCAGAACTACCACATCCCAGCTGGG
ACATTGGTGCGCGTGTTCCTCTACTCTCTGGGTCGCAACCCCGCCTTGTTCCCGAGGCCT
GAGCGCTATAACCCCCAGCGCTGGCTAGACATCAGGGGCTCCGGCAGGAACTTCTACCAC
GTGCCCTTTGGCTTTGGCATGCGCCAGTGCCTTGGGCGGCGCCTGGCAGAGGCAGAGATG
CTGCTGCTGCTGCACCATGTGCTGAAACACCTCCAGGTGGAGACACTAACCCAAGAGGAC
ATAAAGATGGTCTACAGCTTCATATTGAGGCCCAGCATGTTCCCCCTCCTCACCTTCAGA
GCCATCAACTAA

1. Mornet E, Dupont J, Vitek A, White PC: Characterization of two genes encoding human steroid 11 beta-hydroxylase (P-450(11) beta). J Biol Chem. 1989 Dec 15;264(35):20961-7. [PubMed ]
2. Kawamoto T, Mitsuuchi Y, Toda K, Miyahara K, Yokoyama Y, Nakao K, Hosoda K, Yamamoto Y, Imura H, Shizuta Y: Cloning of cDNA and genomic DNA for human cytochrome P-45011 beta. FEBS Lett. 1990 Sep 3;269(2):345-9. [PubMed ]
3. Nusbaum C, Mikkelsen TS, Zody MC, Asakawa S, Taudien S, Garber M, Kodira CD, Schueler MG, Shimizu A, Whittaker CA, Chang JL, Cuomo CA, Dewar K, FitzGerald MG, Yang X, Allen NR, Anderson S, Asakawa T, Blechschmidt K, Bloom T, Borowsky ML, Butler J, Cook A, Corum B, DeArellano K, DeCaprio D, Dooley KT, Dorris L 3rd, Engels R, Glockner G, Hafez N, Hagopian DS, Hall JL, Ishikawa SK, Jaffe DB, Kamat A, Kudoh J, Lehmann R, Lokitsang T, Macdonald P, Major JE, Matthews CD, Mauceli E, Menzel U, Mihalev AH, Minoshima S, Murayama Y, Naylor JW, Nicol R, Nguyen C, O'Leary SB, O'Neill K, Parker SC, Polley A, Raymond CK, Reichwald K, Rodriguez J, Sasaki T, Schilhabel M, Siddiqui R, Smith CL, Sneddon TP, Talamas JA, Tenzin P, Topham K, Venkataraman V, Wen G, Yamazaki S, Young SK, Zeng Q, Zimmer AR, Rosenthal A, Birren BW, Platzer M, Shimizu N, Lander ES: DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 8. Nature. 2006 Jan 19;439(7074):331-5. [PubMed ]
4. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
5. Naiki Y, Kawamoto T, Mitsuuchi Y, Miyahara K, Toda K, Orii T, Imura H, Shizuta Y: A nonsense mutation (TGG [Trp116]-->TAG [Stop]) in CYP11B1 causes steroid 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993 Dec;77(6):1677-82. [PubMed ]
6. Chua SC, Szabo P, Vitek A, Grzeschik KH, John M, White PC: Cloning of cDNA encoding steroid 11 beta-hydroxylase (P450c11). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Oct;84(20):7193-7. [PubMed ]
7. Kawamoto T, Mitsuuchi Y, Toda K, Yokoyama Y, Miyahara K, Miura S, Ohnishi T, Ichikawa Y, Nakao K, Imura H, et al.: Role of steroid 11 beta-hydroxylase and steroid 18-hydroxylase in the biosynthesis of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Feb 15;89(4):1458-62. [PubMed ]
8. White PC, Dupont J, New MI, Leiberman E, Hochberg Z, Rosler A: A mutation in CYP11B1 (Arg-448----His) associated with steroid 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency in Jews of Moroccan origin. J Clin Invest. 1991 May;87(5):1664-7. [PubMed ]
9. Joehrer K, Geley S, Strasser-Wozak EM, Azziz R, Wollmann HA, Schmitt K, Kofler R, White PC: CYP11B1 mutations causing non-classic adrenal hyperplasia due to 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency. Hum Mol Genet. 1997 Oct;6(11):1829-34. [PubMed ]
10. Loidi L, Quinteiro C, Barros F, Dominguez F, Barreiro J, Pombo M: The C494F variant in the CYP11B1 gene is a sequence polymorphism in the Spanish population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Dec;84(12):4749. [PubMed ]
11. Cargill M, Altshuler D, Ireland J, Sklar P, Ardlie K, Patil N, Shaw N, Lane CR, Lim EP, Kalyanaraman N, Nemesh J, Ziaugra L, Friedland L, Rolfe A, Warrington J, Lipshutz R, Daley GQ, Lander ES: Characterization of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in coding regions of human genes. Nat Genet. 1999 Jul;22(3):231-8. [PubMed ]
12. Halushka MK, Fan JB, Bentley K, Hsie L, Shen N, Weder A, Cooper R, Lipshutz R, Chakravarti A: Patterns of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in candidate genes for blood-pressure homeostasis. Nat Genet. 1999 Jul;22(3):239-47. [PubMed ]

1. CYPVII
2. Cholesterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase
3. Cytochrome P450 7A1

MMTTSLIWGIAIAACCCLWLILGIRRRQTGEPPLENGLIPYLGCALQFGANPLEFLRANQ
RKHGHVFTCKLMGKYVHFITNPLSYHKVLCHGKYFDWKKFHFATSAKAFGHRSIDPMDGN
TTENINDTFIKTLQGHALNSLTESMMENLQRIMRPPVSSNSKTAAWVTEGMYSFCYRVMF
EAGYLTIFGRDLTRRDTQKAHILNNLDNFKQFDKVFPALVAGLPIHMFRTAHNAREKLAE
SLRHENLQKRESISELISLRMFLNDTLSTFDDLEKAKTHLVVLWASQANTIPATFWSLFQ
MIRNPEAMKAATEEVKRTLENAGQKVSLEGNPICLSQAELNDLPVLDSIIKESLRLSSAS
LNIRTAKEDFTLHLEDGSYNIRKDDIIALYPQLMHLDPEIYPDPLTFKYDRYLDENGKTK
TTFYCNGLKLKYYYMPFGSGATICPGRLFAIHEIKQFLILMLSYFELELIEGQAKCPPLD
QSRAGLGILPPLNDIEFKYKFKHL

• Bile Acid Biosynthesis (map00120 )

• cholesterol + NADPH + H+ + O2 = 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol + NADP+ + H2O [RN:R01463]

• p450 (PF00067 )

• None

• None

ATGATGACCACATCTTTGATTTGGGGGATTGCTATAGCAGCATGCTGTTGTCTATGGCTT
ATTCTTGGAATTAGGAGAAGGCAAACGGGTGAACCACCTCTAGAGAATGGATTAATTCCA
TACCTGGGCTGTGCTCTGCAATTTGGTGCCAATCCTCTTGAGTTCCTCAGAGCAAATCAA
AGGAAACATGGTCATGTTTTTACCTGCAAACTAATGGGAAAATATGTCCATTTCATCACA
AATCCCTTGTCATACCATAAGGTGTTGTGCCACGGAAAATATTTTGATTGGAAAAAATTT
CACTTTGCTACTTCTGCGAAGGCATTTGGGCACAGAAGCATTGACCCGATGGATGGAAAT
ACCACTGAAAACATAAACGACACTTTCATCAAAACCCTGCAGGGCCATGCCTTGAATTCC
CTCACGGAAAGCATGATGGAAAACCTCCAACGTATCATGAGACCTCCAGTCTCCTCTAAC
TCAAAGACCGCTGCCTGGGTGACAGAAGGGATGTATTCTTTCTGCTACCGAGTGATGTTT
GAAGCTGGGTATTTAACTATCTTTGGCAGAGATCTTACAAGGCGGGACACACAGAAAGCA
CATATTCTAAACAATCTTGACAACTTCAAGCAATTCGACAAAGTCTTTCCAGCCCTGGTA
GCAGGCCTCCCCATTCACATGTTCAGGACTGCGCACAATGCCCGGGAGAAACTGGCAGAG
AGCTTGAGGCACGAGAACCTCCAAAAGAGGGAAAGCATCTCAGAACTGATCAGCCTGCGC
ATGTTTCTCAATGACACTTTGTCCACCTTTGATGATCTGGAGAAGGCCAAGACACACCTC
GTGGTCCTCTGGGCATCGCAAGCAAACACCATTCCAGCGACTTTCTGGAGTTTATTTCAA
ATGATTAGGAACCCAGAAGCAATGAAAGCAGCTACTGAAGAAGTGAAAAGAACATTAGAG
AATGCTGGTCAAAAAGTCAGCTTGGAAGGCAATCCTATTTGTTTGAGTCAAGCAGAACTG
AATGACCTGCCAGTATTAGATAGTATAATCAAGGAATCGCTGAGGCTTTCCAGTGCCTCC
CTCAACATCCGGACAGCTAAGGAGGATTTCACTTTGCACCTTGAGGACGGTTCCTACAAC
ATCCGAAAAGATGACATCATAGCTCTTTACCCACAGTTAATGCACTTAGATCCAGAAATC
TACCCAGACCCTTTGACTTTTAAATATGATAGGTATCTTGATGAAAACGGGAAGACAAAG
ACTACCTTCTATTGTAATGGACTCAAGTTAAAGTATTACTACATGCCCTTTGGATCGGGA
GCTACAATATGTCCTGGAAGATTGTTCGCTATCCACGAAATCAAGCAATTTTTGATTCTG
ATGCTTTCTTATTTTGAATTGGAGCTTATAGAGGGCCAAGCTAAATGTCCACCTTTGGAC
CAGTCCCGGGCAGGCTTGGGCATTTTGCCGCCATTGAATGATATTGAATTTAAATATAAA
TTCAAGCATTTGTGA

1. Nishimoto M, Noshiro M, Okuda K: Structure of the gene encoding human liver cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1993 Feb 20;1172(1-2):147-50. [PubMed ]
2. Noshiro M, Okuda K: Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA encoding human cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase. FEBS Lett. 1990 Jul 30;268(1):137-40. [PubMed ]
3. Karam WG, Chiang JY: Polymorphisms of human cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992 Jun 15;185(2):588-95. [PubMed ]
4. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
5. Wang DP, Chiang JY: Structure and nucleotide sequences of the human cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase gene (CYP7). Genomics. 1994 Mar 15;20(2):320-3. [PubMed ]
6. Molowa DT, Chen WS, Cimis GM, Tan CP: Transcriptional regulation of the human cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase gene. Biochemistry. 1992 Mar 10;31(9):2539-44. [PubMed ]
7. Abrahamsson A, Gustafsson U, Ellis E, Nilsson LM, Sahlin S, Bjorkhem I, Einarsson C: Feedback regulation of bile acid synthesis in human liver: importance of HNF-4alpha for regulation of CYP7A1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 May 6;330(2):395-9. [PubMed ]
8. Li T, Chanda D, Zhang Y, Choi HS, Chiang JY: Glucose stimulates cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase gene transcription in human hepatocytes. J Lipid Res. 2010 Apr;51(4):832-42. Epub 2009 Oct 28. [PubMed ]
9. Saito S, Iida A, Sekine A, Kawauchi S, Higuchi S, Ogawa C, Nakamura Y: Catalog of 680 variations among eight cytochrome p450 ( CYP) genes, nine esterase genes, and two other genes in the Japanese population. J Hum Genet. 2003;48(5):249-70. Epub 2003 Apr 29. [PubMed ]

1. Aldosterone synthase
2. ALDOS
3. Aldosterone-synthesizing enzyme
4. CYPXIB2
5. Cytochrome P-450Aldo
6. Cytochrome P-450C18
7. Steroid 18-hydroxylase

MALRAKAEVCVAAPWLSLQRARALGTRAARAPRTVLPFEAMPQHPGNRWLRLLQIWREQG
YEHLHLEMHQTFQELGPIFRYNLGGPRMVCVMLPEDVEKLQQVDSLHPCRMILEPWVAYR
QHRGHKCGVFLLNGPEWRFNRLRLNPDVLSPKAVQRFLPMVDAVARDFSQALKKKVLQNA
RGSLTLDVQPSIFHYTIEASNLALFGERLGLVGHSPSSASLNFLHALEVMFKSTVQLMFM
PRSLSRWISPKVWKEHFEAWDCIFQYGDNCIQKIYQELAFNRPQHYTGIVAELLLKAELS
LEAIKANSMELTAGSVDTTAFPLLMTLFELARNPDVQQILRQESLAAAASISEHPQKATT
ELPLLRAALKETLRLYPVGLFLERVVSSDLVLQNYHIPAGTLVQVFLYSLGRNAALFPRP
ERYNPQRWLDIRGSGRNFHHVPFGFGMRQCLGRRLAEAEMLLLLHHVLKHFLVETLTQED
IKMVYSFILRPGTSPLLTFRAIN

• C21 Steroid Hormone Metabolism (map00140 )

• corticosterone + reduced adrenal ferredoxin + O2 = 18-hydroxycorticosterone + oxidized adrenal ferredoxin + H2O [RN:R03262]

• p450 (PF00067 )

• None

• None

ATGGCACTCAGGGCAAAGGCAGAGGTGTGCGTGGCAGCGCCCTGGCTGTCCCTGCAAAGG
GCACGGGCACTGGGCACTAGAGCCGCTCGGGCCCCTAGGACGGTGCTGCCGTTTGAAGCC
ATGCCCCAGCATCCAGGCAACAGGTGGCTGAGGCTGCTGCAGATCTGGAGGGAGCAGGGT
TATGAGCACCTGCACCTGGAGATGCACCAGACCTTCCAGGAGCTGGGGCCCATTTTCAGG
TACAACTTGGGAGGACCACGCATGGTGTGTGTGATGCTGCCGGAGGATGTGGAGAAGCTG
CAACAGGTGGACAGCCTGCATCCCTGCAGGATGATCCTGGAGCCCTGGGTGGCCTACAGA
CAACATCGTGGGCACAAATGTGGCGTGTTCTTGTTGAATGGGCCTGAATGGCGCTTCAAC
CGATTGCGGCTGAACCCAGATGTGCTGTCGCCCAAGGCCGTGCAGAGGTTCCTCCCGATG
GTGGATGCAGTGGCCAGGGACTTCTCCCAGGCCCTGAAGAAGAAGGTGCTGCAGAACGCC
CGGGGGAGCCTGACCCTGGACGTCCAGCCCAGCATCTTCCACTACACCATAGAAGCCAGC
AACTTAGCTCTTTTTGGAGAGCGGCTGGGCCTGGTTGGCCACAGCCCCAGTTCTGCCAGC
CTGAACTTCCTCCATGCCCTGGAGGTCATGTTCAAATCCACCGTCCAGCTCATGTTCATG
CCCAGGAGCCTGTCTCGCTGGATCAGCCCCAAGGTGTGGAAGGAGCACTTTGAGGCCTGG
GACTGCATCTTCCAGTACGGTGACAACTGTATCCAGAAAATCTACCAGGAACTGGCCTTC
AACCGCCCTCAACACTACACAGGCATCGTGGCGGAGCTCCTGTTGAAGGCGGAACTGTCA
CTAGAAGCCATCAAGGCCAACTCTATGGAACTCACTGCAGGGAGCGTGGACACGACAGCG
TTTCCCTTGCTGATGACGCTCTTTGAGCTGGCTCGGAACCCCGACGTGCAGCAGATCCTG
CGCCAGGAGAGCCTGGCCGCCGCAGCCAGCATCAGTGAACATCCCCAGAAGGCAACCACC
GAGCTGCCCTTGCTGCGGGCGGCCCTCAAGGAGACCTTGCGGCTCTACCCTGTGGGTCTG
TTTTTGGAGCGAGTGGTGAGCTCAGACTTGGTGCTTCAGAACTACCACATCCCAGCTGGG
ACATTGGTACAGGTTTTCCTCTACTCGCTGGGTCGCAATGCCGCCTTGTTCCCGAGGCCT
GAGCGGTATAATCCCCAGCGCTGGCTAGACATCAGGGGCTCCGGCAGGAACTTCCACCAC
GTGCCCTTTGGCTTTGGCATGCGCCAGTGCCTCGGGCGGCGCCTGGCAGAGGCAGAGATG
CTGCTGCTGCTGCACCACGTGCTGAAGCACTTCCTGGTGGAGACACTAACTCAAGAGGAC
ATAAAGATGGTCTACAGCTTCATATTGAGGCCTGGCACGTCCCCCCTCCTCACTTTCAGA
GCGATTAACTAG

1. Mornet E, Dupont J, Vitek A, White PC: Characterization of two genes encoding human steroid 11 beta-hydroxylase (P-450(11) beta). J Biol Chem. 1989 Dec 15;264(35):20961-7. [PubMed ]
2. Kawainoto T, Mitsuuchi Y, Ohnishi T, Ichikawa Y, Yokoyama Y, Sumimoto H, Toda K, Miyahara K, Kuribayashi I, Nakao K, et al.: Cloning and expression of a cDNA for human cytochrome P-450aldo as related to primary aldosteronism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1990 Nov 30;173(1):309-16. [PubMed ]
3. Pascoe L, Curnow KM, Slutsker L, Rosler A, White PC: Mutations in the human CYP11B2 (aldosterone synthase) gene causing corticosterone methyloxidase II deficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Jun 1;89(11):4996-5000. [PubMed ]
4. Mitsuuchi Y, Kawamoto T, Naiki Y, Miyahara K, Toda K, Kuribayashi I, Orii T, Yasuda K, Miura K, Nakao K, et al.: Congenitally defective aldosterone biosynthesis in humans: the involvement of point mutations of the P-450C18 gene (CYP11B2) in CMO II deficient patients. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992 Jan 31;182(2):974-9. [PubMed ]
5. Mitsuuchi Y, Kawamoto T, Miyahara K, Ulick S, Morton DH, Naiki Y, Kuribayashi I, Toda K, Hara T, Orii T, et al.: Congenitally defective aldosterone biosynthesis in humans: inactivation of the P-450C18 gene (CYP11B2) due to nucleotide deletion in CMO I deficient patients. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1993 Feb 15;190(3):864-9. [PubMed ]
6. Nomoto S, Massa G, Mitani F, Ishimura Y, Miyahara K, Toda K, Nagano I, Yamashiro T, Ogoshi S, Fukata J, Onishi S, Hashimoto K, Doi Y, Imura H, Shizuta Y: CMO I deficiency caused by a point mutation in exon 8 of the human CYP11B2 gene encoding steroid 18-hydroxylase (P450C18). Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997 May 19;234(2):382-5. [PubMed ]
7. Peter M, Bunger K, Solyom J, Sippell WG: Mutation THR-185 ILE is associated with corticosterone methyl oxidase deficiency type II. Eur J Pediatr. 1998 May;157(5):378-81. [PubMed ]
8. Portrat-Doyen S, Tourniaire J, Richard O, Mulatero P, Aupetit-Faisant B, Curnow KM, Pascoe L, Morel Y: Isolated aldosterone synthase deficiency caused by simultaneous E198D and V386A mutations in the CYP11B2 gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Nov;83(11):4156-61. [PubMed ]
9. Tamaki S, Iwai N, Tsujita Y, Kinoshita M: Genetic polymorphism of CYP11B2 gene and hypertension in Japanese. Hypertension. 1999 Jan;33(1 Pt 2):266-70. [PubMed ]
10. Cargill M, Altshuler D, Ireland J, Sklar P, Ardlie K, Patil N, Shaw N, Lane CR, Lim EP, Kalyanaraman N, Nemesh J, Ziaugra L, Friedland L, Rolfe A, Warrington J, Lipshutz R, Daley GQ, Lander ES: Characterization of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in coding regions of human genes. Nat Genet. 1999 Jul;22(3):231-8. [PubMed ]
11. Halushka MK, Fan JB, Bentley K, Hsie L, Shen N, Weder A, Cooper R, Lipshutz R, Chakravarti A: Patterns of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in candidate genes for blood-pressure homeostasis. Nat Genet. 1999 Jul;22(3):239-47. [PubMed ]
12. Kayes-Wandover KM, Schindler RE, Taylor HC, White PC: Type 1 aldosterone synthase deficiency presenting in a middle-aged man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Mar;86(3):1008-12. [PubMed ]
13. Dunlop FM, Crock PA, Montalto J, Funder JW, Curnow KM: A compound heterozygote case of type II aldosterone synthase deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Jun;88(6):2518-26. [PubMed ]

1. 21-OHase
2. Cytochrome P-450c21
3. Cytochrome P450 21
4. Cytochrome P450 XXI
5. Cytochrome P450-C21
6. Cytochrome P450-C21B

MLLLGLLLLPLLAGARLLWNWWKLRSLHLPPLAPGFLHLLQPDLPIYLLGLTQKFGPIYR
LHLGLQDVVVLNSKRTIEEAMVKKWADFAGRPEPLTYKLVSKNYPDLSLGDYSLLWKAHK
KLTRSALLLGIRDSMEPVVEQLTQEFCERMRAQPGTPVAIEEEFSLLTCSIICYLTFGDK
IKDDNLMPAYYKCIQEVLKTWSHWSIQIVDVIPFLRFFPNPGLRRLKQAIEKRDHIVEMQ
LRQHKESLVAGQWRDMMDYMLQGVAQPSMEEGSGQLLEGHVHMAAVDLLIGGTETTANTL
SWAVVFLLHHPEIQQRLQEELDHELGPGASSSRVPYKDRARLPLLNATIAEVLRLRPVVP
LALPHRTTRPSSISGYDIPEGTVIIPNLQGAHLDETVWERPHEFWPDRFLEPGKNSRALA
FGCGARVCLGEPLARLELFVVLTRLLQAFTLLPSGDALPSLQPLPHCSVILKMQPFQVRL
QPRGMGAHSPGQNQ

• C21 Steroid Hormone Metabolism (map00140 )

• a steroid + AH2 + O2 = a 21-hydroxysteroid + A + H2O [RN:R02130]

• p450 (PF00067 )

• None

• None

ATGCTGCTCCTGGGCCTGCTGCTGCTGCCCCTGCTGGCTGGCGCCCGCCTGCTGTGGAAC
TGGTGGAAGCTCCGGAGCCTCCACCTCCCGCCTCTTGCCCCGGGCTTCTTGCACTTGCTG
CAGCCCGACCTCCCAATCTATCTGCTTGGCCTGACTCAGAAATTCGGGCCCATCTACAGG
CTCCACCTTGGGCTGCAAGATGTGGTGGTGCTGAACTCCAAGAGGACCATTGAGGAAGCC
ATGGTCAAAAAGTGGGCAGACTTTGCTGGCAGACCTGAGCCACTTACCTACAAGCTGGTG
TCTAAGAACTACCCGGACCTGTCCTTGGGAGACTACTCCCTGCTCTGGAAAGCCCACAAG
AAGCTCACCCGCTCAGCCCTGCTGCTGGGCATCCGTGACTCCATGGAGCCAGTGGTGGAG
CAGCTGACCCAGGAGTTCTGTGAGCGCATGAGAGCCCAGCCCGGCACCCCTGTGGCCATT
GAGGAGGAATTCTCTCTCCTCACCTGCAGCATCATCTGTTACCTCACCTTCGGAGACAAG
ATCAAGGACGACAACTTAATGCCTGCCTATTACAAATGTATCCAGGAGGTGTTAAAAACC
TGGAGCCACTGGTCCATCCAAATTGTGGACGTGATTCCCTTTCTCAGGTTCTTCCCCAAT
CCAGGTCTCCGGAGGCTGAAGCAGGCCATAGAGAAGAGGGATCACATCGTGGAGATGCAG
CTGAGGCAGCACAAGGAGAGCCTCGTGGCAGGCCAGTGGAGGGACATGATGGACTACATG
CTCCAAGGGGTGGCGCAGCCGAGCATGGAAGAGGGCTCTGGACAGCTCCTGGAAGGGCAC
GTGCACATGGCTGCAGTGGACCTCCTGATCGGTGGCACTGAGACCACAGCAAACACCCTC
TCCTGGGCCGTGGTTTTTTTGCTTCACCACCCTGAGATTCAGCAGCGACTGCAGGAGGAG
CTAGACCACGAACTGGGCCCTGGTGCCTCCAGCTCCCGGGTCCCCTACAAGGACCGTGCA
CGGCTGCCCTTGCTCAATGCCACCATCGCCGAGGTGCTGCGCCTGCGGCCCGTTGTGCCC
TTAGCCTTGCCCCACCGCACCACACGGCCCAGCAGCATCTCCGGCTACGACATCCCTGAG
GGCACAGTCATCATTCCGAACCTCCAAGGCGCCCACCTGGATGAGACGGTCTGGGAGAGG
CCACATGAGTTCTGGCCTGATCGCTTCCTGGAGCCAGGCAAGAACTCCAGAGCTCTGGCC
TTCGGCTGCGGTGCCCGCGTGTGCCTGGGCGAGCCGCTGGCGCGCCTGGAGCTCTTCGTG
GTGCTGACCCGACTGCTGCAGGCCTTCACGCTGCTGCCCTCCGGGGACGCCCTGCCCTCC
CTGCAGCCCCTGCCCCACTGCAGTGTCATCCTCAAGATGCAGCCTTTCCAAGTGCGGCTG
CAGCCCCGGGGGATGGGGGCCCACAGCCCGGGCCAGAGCCAGTGA

1. Higashi Y, Yoshioka H, Yamane M, Gotoh O, Fujii-Kuriyama Y: Complete nucleotide sequence of two steroid 21-hydroxylase genes tandemly arranged in human chromosome: a pseudogene and a genuine gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 May;83(9):2841-5. [PubMed ]
2. White PC, New MI, Dupont B: Structure of human steroid 21-hydroxylase genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Jul;83(14):5111-5. [PubMed ]
3. Rodrigues NR, Dunham I, Yu CY, Carroll MC, Porter RR, Campbell RD: Molecular characterization of the HLA-linked steroid 21-hydroxylase B gene from an individual with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. EMBO J. 1987 Jun;6(6):1653-61. [PubMed ]
4. Globerman H, Amor M, Parker KL, New MI, White PC: Nonsense mutation causing steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency. J Clin Invest. 1988 Jul;82(1):139-44. [PubMed ]
5. Helmberg A, Tusie-Luna MT, Tabarelli M, Kofler R, White PC: R339H and P453S: CYP21 mutations associated with nonclassic steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency that are not apparent gene conversions. Mol Endocrinol. 1992 Aug;6(8):1318-22. [PubMed ]
6. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
7. Collier S, Tassabehji M, Sinnott P, Strachan T: A de novo pathological point mutation at the 21-hydroxylase locus: implications for gene conversion in the human genome. Nat Genet. 1993 Mar;3(3):260-5. [PubMed ]
8. Carroll MC, Campbell RD, Porter RR: Mapping of steroid 21-hydroxylase genes adjacent to complement component C4 genes in HLA, the major histocompatibility complex in man. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Jan;82(2):521-5. [PubMed ]
9. Amor M, Parker KL, Globerman H, New MI, White PC: Mutation in the CYP21B gene (Ile-172----Asn) causes steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Mar;85(5):1600-4. [PubMed ]
10. Matteson KJ, Phillips JA 3rd, Miller WL, Chung BC, Orlando PJ, Frisch H, Ferrandez A, Burr IM: P450XXI (steroid 21-hydroxylase) gene deletions are not found in family studies of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Aug;84(16):5858-62. [PubMed ]
11. Wu DA, Chung BC: Mutations of P450c21 (steroid 21-hydroxylase) at Cys428, Val281, and Ser268 result in complete, partial, or no loss of enzymatic activity, respectively. J Clin Invest. 1991 Aug;88(2):519-23. [PubMed ]
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13. Speiser PW, New MI, White PC: Molecular genetic analysis of nonclassic steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency associated with HLA-B14,DR1. N Engl J Med. 1988 Jul 7;319(1):19-23. [PubMed ]
14. Chiou SH, Hu MC, Chung BC: A missense mutation at Ile172----Asn or Arg356----Trp causes steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency. J Biol Chem. 1990 Feb 25;265(6):3549-52. [PubMed ]
15. Partanen J, Campbell RD: Substitution of Ile-172 to Asn in the steroid 21-hydroxylase B (P450c21B) gene in a Finnish patient with the simple virilizing form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Hum Genet. 1991 Oct;87(6):716-20. [PubMed ]
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17. Speiser PW, Dupont J, Zhu D, Serrat J, Buegeleisen M, Tusie-Luna MT, Lesser M, New MI, White PC: Disease expression and molecular genotype in congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. J Clin Invest. 1992 Aug;90(2):584-95. [PubMed ]
18. Owerbach D, Sherman L, Ballard AL, Azziz R: Pro-453 to Ser mutation in CYP21 is associated with nonclassic steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Mol Endocrinol. 1992 Aug;6(8):1211-5. [PubMed ]
19. Wedell A, Ritzen EM, Haglund-Stengler B, Luthman H: Steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency: three additional mutated alleles and establishment of phenotype-genotype relationships of common mutations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Aug 1;89(15):7232-6. [PubMed ]
20. Wedell A, Luthman H: Steroid 21-hydroxylase (P450c21): a new allele and spread of mutations through the pseudogene. Hum Genet. 1993 Apr;91(3):236-40. [PubMed ]
21. Barbat B, Bogyo A, Raux-Demay MC, Kuttenn F, Boue J, Simon-Bouy B, Serre JL, Mornet E: Screening of CYP21 gene mutations in 129 French patients affected by steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Hum Mutat. 1995;5(2):126-30. [PubMed ]
22. Kirby-Keyser L, Porter CC, Donohoue PA: E380D: a novel point mutation of CYP21 in an HLA-homozygous patient with salt-losing congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Hum Mutat. 1997;9(2):181-2. [PubMed ]
23. Lajic S, Levo A, Nikoshkov A, Lundberg Y, Partanen J, Wedell A: A cluster of missense mutations at Arg356 of human steroid 21-hydroxylase may impair redox partner interaction. Hum Genet. 1997 Jun;99(6):704-9. [PubMed ]
24. Nikoshkov A, Lajic S, Holst M, Wedell A, Luthman H: Synergistic effect of partially inactivating mutations in steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Jan;82(1):194-9. [PubMed ]
25. Ordonez-Sanchez ML, Ramirez-Jimenez S, Lopez-Gutierrez AU, Riba L, Gamboa-Cardiel S, Cerrillo-Hinojosa M, Altamirano-Bustamante N, Calzada-Leon R, Robles-Valdes C, Mendoza-Morfin F, Tusie-Luna MT: Molecular genetic analysis of patients carrying steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency in the Mexican population: identification of possible new mutations and high prevalence of apparent germ-line mutations. Hum Genet. 1998 Feb;102(2):170-7. [PubMed ]
26. Nikoshkov A, Lajic S, Vlamis-Gardikas A, Tranebjaerg L, Holst M, Wedell A, Luthman H: Naturally occurring mutants of human steroid 21-hydroxylase (P450c21) pinpoint residues important for enzyme activity and stability. J Biol Chem. 1998 Mar 13;273(11):6163-5. [PubMed ]
27. Lajic S, Nikoshkov A, Holst M, Wedell A: Effects of missense mutations and deletions on membrane anchoring and enzyme function of human steroid 21-hydroxylase (P450c21). Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999 Apr 13;257(2):384-90. [PubMed ]
28. Lobato MN, Ordonez-Sanchez ML, Tusie-Luna MT, Meseguer A: Mutation analysis in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia in the Spanish population: identification of putative novel steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency alleles associated with the classic form of the disease. Hum Hered. 1999 Jun;49(3):169-75. [PubMed ]
29. Witchel SF, Smith R, Suda-Hartman M: Identification of CYP21 mutations, one novel, by single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. Mutations in brief no. 218. Online. Hum Mutat. 1999;13(2):172. [PubMed ]
30. Ohlsson G, Muller J, Skakkebaek NE, Schwartz M: Steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency: mutational spectrum in Denmark, three novel mutations, and in vitro expression analysis. Hum Mutat. 1999;13(6):482-6. [PubMed ]
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32. Billerbeck AE, Bachega TA, Frazatto ET, Nishi MY, Goldberg AC, Marin ML, Madureira G, Monte O, Arnhold IJ, Mendonca BB: A novel missense mutation, GLY424SER, in Brazilian patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Aug;84(8):2870-2. [PubMed ]
33. Asanuma A, Ohura T, Ogawa E, Sato S, Igarashi Y, Matsubara Y, Iinuma K: Molecular analysis of Japanese patients with steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency. J Hum Genet. 1999;44(5):312-7. [PubMed ]
34. Lako M, Ramsden S, Campbell RD, Strachan T: Mutation screening in British 21-hydroxylase deficiency families and development of novel microsatellite based approaches to prenatal diagnosis. J Med Genet. 1999 Feb;36(2):119-24. [PubMed ]
35. Cargill M, Altshuler D, Ireland J, Sklar P, Ardlie K, Patil N, Shaw N, Lane CR, Lim EP, Kalyanaraman N, Nemesh J, Ziaugra L, Friedland L, Rolfe A, Warrington J, Lipshutz R, Daley GQ, Lander ES: Characterization of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in coding regions of human genes. Nat Genet. 1999 Jul;22(3):231-8. [PubMed ]
36. Krone N, Braun A, Roscher AA, Knorr D, Schwarz HP: Predicting phenotype in steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency? Comprehensive genotyping in 155 unrelated, well defined patients from southern Germany. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Mar;85(3):1059-65. [PubMed ]
37. Loke KY, Lee YS, Lee WW, Poh LK: Molecular analysis of CYP-21 mutations for congenital adrenal hyperplasia in Singapore. Horm Res. 2001;55(4):179-84. [PubMed ]
38. Deneux C, Tardy V, Dib A, Mornet E, Billaud L, Charron D, Morel Y, Kuttenn F: Phenotype-genotype correlation in 56 women with nonclassical congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Jan;86(1):207-13. [PubMed ]
39. Baumgartner-Parzer SM, Schulze E, Waldhausl W, Pauschenwein S, Rondot S, Nowotny P, Meyer K, Frisch H, Waldhauser F, Vierhapper H: Mutational spectrum of the steroid 21-hydroxylase gene in Austria: identification of a novel missense mutation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Oct;86(10):4771-5. [PubMed ]
40. Levo A, Partanen J: Novel mutations in the human CYP21 gene. Prenat Diagn. 2001 Oct;21(10):885-9. [PubMed ]
41. Ezquieta B, Cueva E, Varela J, Oliver A, Fernandez J, Jariego C: Non-classical 21-hydroxylase deficiency in children: association of adrenocorticotropic hormone-stimulated 17-hydroxyprogesterone with the risk of compound heterozygosity with severe mutations. Acta Paediatr. 2002;91(8):892-8. [PubMed ]
42. Lajic S, Clauin S, Robins T, Vexiau P, Blanche H, Bellanne-Chantelot C, Wedell A: Novel mutations in CYP21 detected in individuals with hyperandrogenism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Jun;87(6):2824-9. [PubMed ]
43. Billerbeck AE, Mendonca BB, Pinto EM, Madureira G, Arnhold IJ, Bachega TA: Three novel mutations in CYP21 gene in Brazilian patients with the classical form of 21-hydroxylase deficiency due to a founder effect. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Sep;87(9):4314-7. [PubMed ]
44. Dolzan V, Stopar-Obreza M, Zerjav-Tansek M, Breskvar K, Krzisnik C, Battelino T: Mutational spectrum of congenital adrenal hyperplasia in Slovenian patients: a novel Ala15Thr mutation and Pro30Leu within a larger gene conversion associated with a severe form of the disease. Eur J Endocrinol. 2003 Aug;149(2):137-44. [PubMed ]
45. Pinto G, Tardy V, Trivin C, Thalassinos C, Lortat-Jacob S, Nihoul-Fekete C, Morel Y, Brauner R: Follow-up of 68 children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency: relevance of genotype for management. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Jun;88(6):2624-33. [PubMed ]
46. Stikkelbroeck NM, Hoefsloot LH, de Wijs IJ, Otten BJ, Hermus AR, Sistermans EA: CYP21 gene mutation analysis in 198 patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency in The Netherlands: six novel mutations and a specific cluster of four mutations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Aug;88(8):3852-9. [PubMed ]
47. Kharrat M, Tardy V, M'Rad R, Maazoul F, Jemaa LB, Refai M, Morel Y, Chaabouni H: Molecular genetic analysis of Tunisian patients with a classic form of 21-hydroxylase deficiency: identification of four novel mutations and high prevalence of Q318X mutation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Jan;89(1):368-74. [PubMed ]
48. Usui T, Nishisho K, Kaji M, Ikuno N, Yorifuji T, Yasuda T, Kuzuya H, Shimatsu A: Three novel mutations in Japanese patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Horm Res. 2004;61(3):126-32. Epub 2003 Dec 15. [PubMed ]
49. Barbaro M, Lajic S, Baldazzi L, Balsamo A, Pirazzoli P, Cicognani A, Wedell A, Cacciari E: Functional analysis of two recurrent amino acid substitutions in the CYP21 gene from Italian patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 May;89(5):2402-7. [PubMed ]
50. Zeng X, Witchel SF, Dobrowolski SF, Moulder PV, Jarvik JW, Telmer CA: Detection and assignment of CYP21 mutations using peptide mass signature genotyping. Mol Genet Metab. 2004 May;82(1):38-47. [PubMed ]

1. BVR A
2. Biliverdin-IX alpha-reductase

MNAEPERKFGVVVVGVGRAGSVRMRDLRNPHPSSAFLNLIGFVSRRELGSIDGVQQISLE
DALSSQEVEVAYICSESSSHEDYIRQFLNAGKHVLVEYPMTLSLAAAQELWELAEQKGKV
LHEEHVELLMEEFAFLKKEVVGKDLLKGSLLFTAGPLEEERFGFPAFSGISRLTWLVSLF
GELSLVSATLEERKEDQYMKMTVCLETEKKSPLSWIEEKGPGLKRNRYLSFHFKSGSLEN
VPNVGVNKNIFLKDQNIFVQKLLGQFSEKELAAEKKRILHCLGLAEEIQKYCCSRK

• Porphyrin Metabolism (map00860 )

• bilirubin + NAD(P)+ = biliverdin + NAD(P)H + H+ [RN:R02391 R02393]

• Biliv-reduc_cat (PF09166 )
• GFO_IDH_MocA (PF01408 )

• None

• None

ATGAATGCAGAGCCCGAGAGGAAGTTTGGCGTGGTGGTGGTTGGTGTTGGCCGAGCCGGC
TCCGTGCGGATGAGGGACTTGCGGAATCCACACCCTTCCTCAGCGTTCCTGAACCTGATT
GGCTTCGTGTCGAGAAGGGAGCTCGGGAGCATTGATGGAGTCCAGCAGATTTCTTTGGAG
GATGCTCTTTCCAGCCAAGAGGTGGAGGTCGCCTATATCTGCAGTGAGAGCTCCAGCCAT
GAGGACTACATCAGGCAGTTCCTTAATGCTGGCAAGCACGTCCTTGTGGAATACCCCATG
ACACTGTCATTGGCGGCCGCTCAGGAACTGTGGGAGCTGGCTGAGCAGAAAGGAAAAGTC
TTGCACGAGGAGCATGTTGAACTCTTGATGGAGGAATTCGCTTTCCTGAAAAAAGAAGTG
GTGGGGAAAGACCTGCTGAAAGGGTCGCTCCTCTTCACAGCTGGCCCGTTGGAAGAAGAG
CGGTTTGGCTTCCCTGCATTCAGCGGCATCTCTCGCCTGACCTGGCTGGTCTCCCTCTTT
GGGGAGCTTTCTCTTGTGTCTGCCACTTTGGAAGAGCGAAAGGAAGATCAGTATATGAAA
ATGACAGTGTGTCTGGAGACAGAGAAGAAAAGTCCACTGTCATGGATTGAAGAAAAAGGA
CCTGGTCTAAAACGAAACAGATATTTAAGCTTCCATTTCAAGTCTGGGTCCTTGGAGAAT
GTGCCAAATGTAGGAGTGAATAAGAACATATTTCTGAAAGATCAAAATATATTTGTCCAG
AAACTCTTGGGCCAGTTCTCTGAGAAGGAACTGGCTGCTGAAAAGAAACGCATCCTGCAC
TGCCTGGGGCTTGCAGAAGAAATCCAGAAATATTGCTGTTCAAGGAAGTAA

1. Komuro A, Tobe T, Nakano Y, Yamaguchi T, Tomita M: Cloning and characterization of the cDNA encoding human biliverdin-IX alpha reductase. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1996 Nov 11;1309(1-2):89-99. [PubMed ]
2. Maines MD, Polevoda BV, Huang TJ, McCoubrey WK Jr: Human biliverdin IXalpha reductase is a zinc-metalloprotein. Characterization of purified and Escherichia coli expressed enzymes. Eur J Biochem. 1996 Jan 15;235(1-2):372-81. [PubMed ]
3. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed ]
4. Hillier LW, Fulton RS, Fulton LA, Graves TA, Pepin KH, Wagner-McPherson C, Layman D, Maas J, Jaeger S, Walker R, Wylie K, Sekhon M, Becker MC, O'Laughlin MD, Schaller ME, Fewell GA, Delehaunty KD, Miner TL, Nash WE, Cordes M, Du H, Sun H, Edwards J, Bradshaw-Cordum H, Ali J, Andrews S, Isak A, Vanbrunt A, Nguyen C, Du F, Lamar B, Courtney L, Kalicki J, Ozersky P, Bielicki L, Scott K, Holmes A, Harkins R, Harris A, Strong CM, Hou S, Tomlinson C, Dauphin-Kohlberg S, Kozlowicz-Reilly A, Leonard S, Rohlfing T, Rock SM, Tin-Wollam AM, Abbott A, Minx P, Maupin R, Strowmatt C, Latreille P, Miller N, Johnson D, Murray J, Woessner JP, Wendl MC, Yang SP, Schultz BR, Wallis JW, Spieth J, Bieri TA, Nelson JO, Berkowicz N, Wohldmann PE, Cook LL, Hickenbotham MT, Eldred J, Williams D, Bedell JA, Mardis ER, Clifton SW, Chissoe SL, Marra MA, Raymond C, Haugen E, Gillett W, Zhou Y, James R, Phelps K, Iadanoto S, Bubb K, Simms E, Levy R, Clendenning J, Kaul R, Kent WJ, Furey TS, Baertsch RA, Brent MR, Keibler E, Flicek P, Bork P, Suyama M, Bailey JA, Portnoy ME, Torrents D, Chinwalla AT, Gish WR, Eddy SR, McPherson JD, Olson MV, Eichler EE, Green ED, Waterston RH, Wilson RK: The DNA sequence of human chromosome 7. Nature. 2003 Jul 10;424(6945):157-64. [PubMed ]
5. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
6. Maines MD, Trakshel GM: Purification and characterization of human biliverdin reductase. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1993 Jan;300(1):320-6. [PubMed ]
7. Yamaguchi T, Komoda Y, Nakajima H: Biliverdin-IX alpha reductase and biliverdin-IX beta reductase from human liver. Purification and characterization. J Biol Chem. 1994 Sep 30;269(39):24343-8. [PubMed ]
8. Dephoure N, Zhou C, Villen J, Beausoleil SA, Bakalarski CE, Elledge SJ, Gygi SP: A quantitative atlas of mitotic phosphorylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Aug 5;105(31):10762-7. Epub 2008 Jul 31. [PubMed ]
9. Gauci S, Helbig AO, Slijper M, Krijgsveld J, Heck AJ, Mohammed S: Lys-N and trypsin cover complementary parts of the phosphoproteome in a refined SCX-based approach. Anal Chem. 2009 Jun 1;81(11):4493-501. [PubMed ]
10. Mayya V, Lundgren DH, Hwang SI, Rezaul K, Wu L, Eng JK, Rodionov V, Han DK: Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of T cell receptor signaling reveals system-wide modulation of protein-protein interactions. Sci Signal. 2009 Aug 18;2(84):ra46. [PubMed ]
11. Choudhary C, Kumar C, Gnad F, Nielsen ML, Rehman M, Walther TC, Olsen JV, Mann M: Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions. Science. 2009 Aug 14;325(5942):834-40. Epub 2009 Jul 16. [PubMed ]

1. FR
2. Biliverdin reductase B
3. BVR-B
4. Biliverdin-IX beta-reductase
5. Green heme-binding protein
6. GHBP
7. NADPH-dependent diaphorase
8. NADPH-flavin reductase
9. FLR

MAVKKIAIFGATGQTGLTTLAQAVQAGYEVTVLVRDSSRLPSEGPRPAHVVVGDVLQAAD
VDKTVAGQDAVIVLLGTRNDLSPTTVMSEGARNIVAAMKAHGVDKVVACTSAFLLWDPTK
VPPRLQAVTDDHIRMHKVLRESGLKYVAVMPPHIGDQPLTGAYTVTLDGRGPSRVISKHD
LGHFMLRCLTTDEYDGHSTYPSHQYQ

• Porphyrin Metabolism (map00860 )

• reduced riboflavin + NADP+ = riboflavin + NADPH + H+ [RN:R05707]

• NmrA (PF05368 )

• None

• None

ATGGCCGTCAAGAAGATCGCGATCTTCGGCGCCACTGGCCAGACCGGGCTCACCACCCTG
GCGCAGGCGGTGCAAGCAGGTTACGAAGTGACAGTGCTGGTGCGGGACTCCTCCAGGCTG
CCATCAGAGGGGCCCCGGCCGGCCCACGTGGTAGTGGGAGATGTTCTGCAGGCAGCCGAT
GTGGACAAGACCGTGGCTGGGCAGGACGCTGTCATCGTGCTGCTGGGCACCCGCAATGAC
CTCAGTCCCACGACAGTGATGTCCGAGGGCGCCCGGAACATTGTGGCAGCCATGAAGGCT
CATGGTGTGGACAAGGTCGTGGCCTGCACCTCGGCTTTCCTGCTCTGGGACCCTACCAAG
GTGCCCCCACGACTGCAGGCTGTGACTGATGACCACATCCGGATGCACAAGGTGCTGCGG
GAATCAGGCCTGAAGTACGTGGCTGTGATGCCGCCACACATAGGAGACCAGCCACTAACT
GGGGCGTACACAGTGACCCTGGATGGACGAGGGCCCTCAAGGGTCATCTCCAAACATGAC
CTGGGCCATTTCATGCTGCGCTGCCTCACCACCGATGAGTACGACGGACACAGCACCTAC
CCCTCCCACCAGTACCAGTAG

1. Chikuba K, Yubisui T, Shirabe K, Takeshita M: Cloning and nucleotide sequence of a cDNA of the human erythrocyte NADPH-flavin reductase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994 Feb 15;198(3):1170-6. [PubMed ]
2. Komuro A, Tobe T, Hashimoto K, Nakano Y, Yamaguchi T, Nakajima H, Tomita M: Molecular cloning and expression of human liver biliverdin-IX beta reductase. Biol Pharm Bull. 1996 Jun;19(6):796-804. [PubMed ]
3. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed ]
4. Grimwood J, Gordon LA, Olsen A, Terry A, Schmutz J, Lamerdin J, Hellsten U, Goodstein D, Couronne O, Tran-Gyamfi M, Aerts A, Altherr M, Ashworth L, Bajorek E, Black S, Branscomb E, Caenepeel S, Carrano A, Caoile C, Chan YM, Christensen M, Cleland CA, Copeland A, Dalin E, Dehal P, Denys M, Detter JC, Escobar J, Flowers D, Fotopulos D, Garcia C, Georgescu AM, Glavina T, Gomez M, Gonzales E, Groza M, Hammon N, Hawkins T, Haydu L, Ho I, Huang W, Israni S, Jett J, Kadner K, Kimball H, Kobayashi A, Larionov V, Leem SH, Lopez F, Lou Y, Lowry S, Malfatti S, Martinez D, McCready P, Medina C, Morgan J, Nelson K, Nolan M, Ovcharenko I, Pitluck S, Pollard M, Popkie AP, Predki P, Quan G, Ramirez L, Rash S, Retterer J, Rodriguez A, Rogers S, Salamov A, Salazar A, She X, Smith D, Slezak T, Solovyev V, Thayer N, Tice H, Tsai M, Ustaszewska A, Vo N, Wagner M, Wheeler J, Wu K, Xie G, Yang J, Dubchak I, Furey TS, DeJong P, Dickson M, Gordon D, Eichler EE, Pennacchio LA, Richardson P, Stubbs L, Rokhsar DS, Myers RM, Rubin EM, Lucas SM: The DNA sequence and biology of human chromosome 19. Nature. 2004 Apr 1;428(6982):529-35. [PubMed ]
5. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
6. Yamaguchi T, Komuro A, Nakano Y, Tomita M, Nakajima H: Complete amino acid sequence of biliverdin-IX beta reductase from human liver. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1993 Dec 30;197(3):1518-23. [PubMed ]
7. Yamaguchi T, Komoda Y, Nakajima H: Biliverdin-IX alpha reductase and biliverdin-IX beta reductase from human liver. Purification and characterization. J Biol Chem. 1994 Sep 30;269(39):24343-8. [PubMed ]
8. Hochstrasser DF, Frutiger S, Paquet N, Bairoch A, Ravier F, Pasquali C, Sanchez JC, Tissot JD, Bjellqvist B, Vargas R, et al.: Human liver protein map: a reference database established by microsequencing and gel comparison. Electrophoresis. 1992 Dec;13(12):992-1001. [PubMed ]
9. Golaz O, Hughes GJ, Frutiger S, Paquet N, Bairoch A, Pasquali C, Sanchez JC, Tissot JD, Appel RD, Walzer C, et al.: Plasma and red blood cell protein maps: update 1993. Electrophoresis. 1993 Nov;14(11):1223-31. [PubMed ]
10. Shalloe F, Elliott G, Ennis O, Mantle TJ: Evidence that biliverdin-IX beta reductase and flavin reductase are identical. Biochem J. 1996 Jun 1;316 ( Pt 2):385-7. [PubMed ]
11. Cunningham O, Gore MG, Mantle TJ: Initial-rate kinetics of the flavin reductase reaction catalysed by human biliverdin-IXbeta reductase (BVR-B). Biochem J. 2000 Jan 15;345 Pt 2:393-9. [PubMed ]
12. Smith LJ, Browne S, Mulholland AJ, Mantle TJ: Computational and experimental studies on the catalytic mechanism of biliverdin-IXbeta reductase. Biochem J. 2008 May 1;411(3):475-84. [PubMed ]
13. Pereira PJ, Macedo-Ribeiro S, Parraga A, Perez-Luque R, Cunningham O, Darcy K, Mantle TJ, Coll M: Structure of human biliverdin IXbeta reductase, an early fetal bilirubin IXbeta producing enzyme. Nat Struct Biol. 2001 Mar;8(3):215-20. [PubMed ]

1. CYPXIA1
2. Cholesterol desmolase
3. Cytochrome P450 11A1
4. Cytochrome P450(scc)

MLAKGLPPRSVLVKGCQTFLSAPREGLGRLRVPTGEGAGISTRSPRPFNEIPSPGDNGWL
NLYHFWRETGTHKVHLHHVQNFQKYGPIYREKLGNVESVYVIDPEDVALLFKSEGPNPER
FLIPPWVAYHQYYQRPIGVLLKKSAAWKKDRVALNQEVMAPEATKNFLPLLDAVSRDFVS
VLHRRIKKAGSGNYSGDISDDLFRFAFESITNVIFGERQGMLEEVVNPEAQRFIDAIYQM
FHTSVPMLNLPPDLFRLFRTKTWKDHVAAWDVIFSKADIYTQNFYWELRQKGSVHHDYRG
ILYRLLGDSKMSFEDIKANVTEMLAGGVDTTSMTLQWHLYEMARNLKVQDMLRAEVLAAR
HQAQGDMATMLQLVPLLKASIKETLRLHPISVTLQRYLVNDLVLRDYMIPAKTLVQVAIY
ALGREPTFFFDPENFDPTRWLSKDKNITYFRNLGFGWGVRQCLGRRIAELEMTIFLINML
ENFRVEIQHLSDVGTTFNLILMPEKPISFTFWPFNQEATQQ

• C21 Steroid Hormone Metabolism (map00140 )

• cholesterol + reduced adrenal ferredoxin + O2 = pregnenolone + 4-methylpentanal + oxidized adrenal ferredoxin + H2O [RN:R02724]

• p450 (PF00067 )

• None

• None

ATGCTGGCCAAGGGTCTTCCCCCACGCTCAGTCCTGGTCAAAGGCTGCCAGACCTTTCTG
AGTGCCCCCAGGGAGGGGCTGGGGCGTCTCAGGGTGCCCACTGGCGAGGGAGCTGGCATC
TCCACCCGCAGTCCTCGCCCCTTCAATGAGATCCCCTCTCCTGGTGACAATGGCTGGCTA
AACCTGTACCATTTCTGGAGGGAGACGGGCACACACAAAGTCCACCTTCACCATGTCCAG
AATTTCCAGAAGTATGGCCCGATTTACAGGGAGAAGCTCGGCAACGTGGAGTCGGTTTAT
GTCATCGACCCTGAAGATGTGGCCCTTCTCTTTAAGTCCGAGGGCCCCAACCCAGAACGA
TTCCTCATCCCGCCCTGGGTCGCCTATCACCAGTATTACCAGAGACCCATAGGAGTCCTG
TTGAAGAAGTCGGCAGCCTGGAAGAAAGACCGGGTGGCCCTGAACCAGGAGGTGATGGCT
CCAGAGGCCACCAAGAACTTTTTGCCCCTGTTGGATGCAGTGTCTCGGGACTTCGTCAGT
GTCCTGCACAGGCGCATCAAGAAGGCGGGCTCCGGAAATTACTCGGGGGACATCAGTGAT
GACCTGTTCCGCTTTGCCTTTGAGTCCATCACTAACGTCATTTTTGGGGAGCGCCAGGGG
ATGCTGGAGGAAGTAGTGAACCCCGAGGCCCAGCGATTCATTGATGCCATCTACCAGATG
TTCCACACCAGCGTCCCCATGCTCAACCTTCCCCCAGACCTGTTCCGTCTGTTCAGGACC
AAGACCTGGAAGGACCATGTGGCTGCATGGGACGTGATTTTCAGTAAAGCTGACATATAC
ACCCAGAACTTCTACTGGGAATTGAGACAGAAAGGAAGTGTTCACCACGATTACCGTGGC
ATCCTCTACAGACTCCTGGGAGACAGCAAGATGTCCTTCGAGGACATCAAGGCCAACGTC
ACAGAGATGCTGGCAGGAGGGGTGGACACGACGTCCATGACCCTGCAGTGGCACTTGTAT
GAGATGGCACGCAACCTGAAGGTGCAGGATATGCTGCGGGCAGAGGTCTTGGCTGCGCGG
CACCAGGCCCAGGGAGACATGGCCACGATGCTACAGCTGGTCCCCCTCCTCAAAGCCAGC
ATCAAGGAGACACTAAGACTTCACCCCATCTCCGTGACCCTGCAGAGATATCTTGTAAAT
GACTTGGTTCTTCGAGATTACATGATTCCTGCCAAGACACTGGTGCAAGTGGCCATCTAT
GCTCTGGGCCGAGAGCCCACCTTCTTCTTCGACCCGGAAAATTTTGACCCAACCCGATGG
CTGAGCAAAGACAAGAACATCACCTACTTCCGGAACTTGGGCTTTGGCTGGGGTGTGCGG
CAGTGTCTGGGACGGCGGATCGCTGAGCTAGAGATGACCATCTTCCTCATCAATATGCTG
GAGAACTTCAGAGTTGAAATCCAACACCTCAGCGATGTGGGCACCACATTCAACCTCATT
CTGATGCCTGAAAAGCCCATCTCCTTCACCTTCTGGCCCTTTAACCAGGAAGCAACCCAG
CAGTGA

1. Chung BC, Matteson KJ, Voutilainen R, Mohandas TK, Miller WL: Human cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, P450scc: cDNA cloning, assignment of the gene to chromosome 15, and expression in the placenta. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Dec;83(23):8962-6. [PubMed ]
2. Morohashi K, Sogawa K, Omura T, Fujii-Kuriyama Y: Gene structure of human cytochrome P-450(SCC), cholesterol desmolase. J Biochem (Tokyo). 1987 Apr;101(4):879-87. [PubMed ]
3. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed ]
4. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
5. Hu MC, Guo IC, Lin JH, Chung BC: Regulated expression of cytochrome P-450scc (cholesterol-side-chain cleavage enzyme) in cultured cell lines detected by antibody against bacterially expressed human protein. Biochem J. 1991 Mar 15;274 ( Pt 3):813-7. [PubMed ]
6. Matteson KJ, Chung BC, Urdea MS, Miller WL: Study of cholesterol side-chain cleavage (20,22 desmolase) deficiency causing congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia using bovine-sequence P450scc oligodeoxyribonucleotide probes. Endocrinology. 1986 Apr;118(4):1296-305. [PubMed ]
7. Cargill M, Altshuler D, Ireland J, Sklar P, Ardlie K, Patil N, Shaw N, Lane CR, Lim EP, Kalyanaraman N, Nemesh J, Ziaugra L, Friedland L, Rolfe A, Warrington J, Lipshutz R, Daley GQ, Lander ES: Characterization of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in coding regions of human genes. Nat Genet. 1999 Jul;22(3):231-8. [PubMed ]
8. Tajima T, Fujieda K, Kouda N, Nakae J, Miller WL: Heterozygous mutation in the cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme (p450scc) gene in a patient with 46,XY sex reversal and adrenal insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Aug;86(8):3820-5. [PubMed ]
9. Katsumata N, Ohtake M, Hojo T, Ogawa E, Hara T, Sato N, Tanaka T: Compound heterozygous mutations in the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme gene (CYP11A) cause congenital adrenal insufficiency in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Aug;87(8):3808-13. [PubMed ]

1. Beta-thionase
2. Serine sulfhydrase

MPSETPQAEVGPTGCPHRSGPHSAKGSLEKGSPEDKEAKEPLWIRPDAPSRCTWQLGRPA
SESPHHHTAPAKSPKILPDILKKIGDTPMVRINKIGKKFGLKCELLAKCEFFNAGGSVKD
RISLRMIEDAERDGTLKPGDTIIEPTSGNTGIGLALAAAVRGYRCIIVMPEKMSSEKVDV
LRALGAEIVRTPTNARFDSPESHVGVAWRLKNEIPNSHILDQYRNASNPLAHYDTTADEI
LQQCDGKLDMLVASVGTGGTITGIARKLKEKCPGCRIIGVDPEGSILAEPEELNQTEQTT
YEVEGIGYDFIPTVLDRTVVDKWFKSNDEEAFTFARMLIAQEGLLCGGSAGSTVAVAVKA
AQELQEGQRCVVILPDSVRNYMTKFLSDRWMLQKGFLKEEDLTEKKPWWWHLRVQELGLS
APLTVLPTITCGHTIEILREKGFDQAPVVDEAGVILGMVTLGNMLSSLLAGKVQPSDQVG
KVIYKQFKQIRLTDTLGRLSHILEMDHFALVVHEQIQYHSTGKSSQRQMVFGVVTAIDLL
NFVAAQERDQK

• Glycine, Serine and Threonine Metabolism (map00260 )
• Methionine Metabolism (map00271 )
• Selenoamino Acid Metabolism (map00450 )

• L-serine + L-homocysteine = L-cystathionine + H2O [RN:R01290]

• CBS (PF00571 )
• PALP (PF00291 )

• None

• None

ATGCCTTCTGAGACCCCCCAGGCAGAAGTGGGGCCCACAGGCTGCCCCCACCGCTCAGGG
CCACACTCGGCGAAGGGGAGCCTGGAGAAGGGGTCCCCAGAGGATAAGGAAGCCAAGGAG
CCCCTGTGGATCCGGCCCGATGCTCCGAGCAGGTGCACCTGGCAGCTGGGCCGGCCTGCC
TCCGAGTCCCCACATCACCACACTGCCCCGGCAAAATCTCCAAAAATCTTGCCAGATATT
CTGAAGAAAATCGGGGACACCCCTATGGTCAGAATCAACAAGATTGGGAAGAAGTTCGGC
CTGAAGTGTGAGCTCTTGGCCAAGTGTGAGTTCTTCAACGCGGGCGGGAGCGTGAAGGAC
CGCATCAGCCTGCGGATGATTGAGGATGCTGAGCGCGACGGGACGCTGAAGCCCGGGGAC
ACGATTATCGAGCCGACATCCGGGAACACCGGGATCGGGCTGGCCCTGGCTGCGGCAGTG
AGGGGCTATCGCTGCATCATCGTGATGCCAGAGAAGATGAGCTCCGAGAAGGTGGACGTG
CTGCGGGCACTGGGGGCTGAGATTGTGAGGACGCCCACCAATGCCAGGTTCGACTCCCCG
GAGTCACACGTGGGGGTGGCCTGGCGGCTGAAGAACGAAATCCCCAATTCTCACATCCTA
GACCAGTACCGCAACGCCAGCAACCCCCTGGCTCACTACGACACCACCGCTGATGAGATC
CTGCAGCAGTGTGATGGGAAGCTGGACATGCTGGTGGCTTCAGTGGGCACGGGCGGCACC
ATCACGGGCATTGCCAGGAAGCTGAAGGAGAAGTGTCCTGGATGCAGGATCATTGGGGTG
GATCCCGAAGGGTCCATCCTCGCAGAGCCGGAGGAGCTGAACCAGACGGAGCAGACAACC
TACGAGGTGGAAGGGATCGGCTACGACTTCATCCCCACGGTGCTGGACAGGACGGTGGTG
GACAAGTGGTTCAAGAGCAACGATGAGGAGGCGTTCACCTTTGCCCGCATGCTGATCGCG
CAAGAGGGGCTGCTGTGCGGTGGCAGTGCTGGCAGCACGGTGGCGGTGGCCGTGAAGGCT
GCGCAGGAGCTGCAGGAGGGCCAGCGCTGCGTGGTCATTCTGCCCGACTCAGTGCGGAAC
TACATGACCAAGTTCCTGAGCGACAGGTGGATGCTGCAGAAGGGCTTTCTGAAGGAGGAG
GACCTCACGGAGAAGAAGCCCTGGTGGTGGCACCTCCGTGTTCAGGAGCTGGGCCTGTCA
GCCCCGCTGACCGTGCTCCCGACCATCACCTGTGGGCACACCATCGAGATCCTCCGGGAG
AAGGGCTTCGACCAGGCGCCCGTGGTGGATGAGGCGGGGGTAATCCTGGGAATGGTGACG
CTTGGGAACATGCTCTCGTCCCTGCTTGCCGGGAAGGTGCAGCCGTCAGACCAAGTTGGC
AAAGTCATCTACAAGCAGTTCAAACAGATCCGCCTCACGGACACGCTGGGCAGGCTCTCG
CACATCCTGGAGATGGACCACTTCGCCCTGGTGGTGCACGAGCAGATCCAGTACCACAGC
ACCGGGAAGTCCAGTCAGCGGCAGATGGTGTTCGGGGTGGTCACCGCCATTGACTTGCTG
AACTTCGTGGCCGCCCAGGAGCGGGACCAGAAGTGA

1. Kraus JP, Le K, Swaroop M, Ohura T, Tahara T, Rosenberg LE, Roper MD, Kozich V: Human cystathionine beta-synthase cDNA: sequence, alternative splicing and expression in cultured cells. Hum Mol Genet. 1993 Oct;2(10):1633-8. [PubMed ]
2. Chasse JF, Paly E, Paris D, Paul V, Sinet PM, Kamoun P, London J: Genomic organization of the human cystathionine beta-synthase gene: evidence for various cDNAs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995 Jun 26;211(3):826-32. [PubMed ]
3. Kruger WD, Cox DR: A yeast system for expression of human cystathionine beta-synthase: structural and functional conservation of the human and yeast genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Jul 5;91(14):6614-8. [PubMed ]
4. Chasse JF, Paul V, Escanez R, Kamoun P, London J: Human cystathionine beta-synthase: gene organization and expression of different 5' alternative splicing. Mamm Genome. 1997 Dec;8(12):917-21. [PubMed ]
5. Kraus JP, Oliveriusova J, Sokolova J, Kraus E, Vlcek C, de Franchis R, Maclean KN, Bao L, Bukovsk, Patterson D, Paces V, Ansorge W, Kozich V: The human cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) gene: complete sequence, alternative splicing, and polymorphisms. Genomics. 1998 Sep 15;52(3):312-24. [PubMed ]
6. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed ]
7. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
8. Kraus J, Packman S, Fowler B, Rosenberg LE: Purification and properties of cystathionine beta-synthase from human liver. Evidence for identical subunits. J Biol Chem. 1978 Sep 25;253(18):6523-8. [PubMed ]
9. Kabil O, Zhou Y, Banerjee R: Human cystathionine beta-synthase is a target for sumoylation. Biochemistry. 2006 Nov 14;45(45):13528-36. [PubMed ]
10. Gauci S, Helbig AO, Slijper M, Krijgsveld J, Heck AJ, Mohammed S: Lys-N and trypsin cover complementary parts of the phosphoproteome in a refined SCX-based approach. Anal Chem. 2009 Jun 1;81(11):4493-501. [PubMed ]
11. Meier M, Janosik M, Kery V, Kraus JP, Burkhard P: Structure of human cystathionine beta-synthase: a unique pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent heme protein. EMBO J. 2001 Aug 1;20(15):3910-6. [PubMed ]
12. Taoka S, Lepore BW, Kabil O, Ojha S, Ringe D, Banerjee R: Human cystathionine beta-synthase is a heme sensor protein. Evidence that the redox sensor is heme and not the vicinal cysteines in the CXXC motif seen in the crystal structure of the truncated enzyme. Biochemistry. 2002 Aug 20;41(33):10454-61. [PubMed ]
13. Kraus JP, Janosik M, Kozich V, Mandell R, Shih V, Sperandeo MP, Sebastio G, de Franchis R, Andria G, Kluijtmans LA, Blom H, Boers GH, Gordon RB, Kamoun P, Tsai MY, Kruger WD, Koch HG, Ohura T, Gaustadnes M: Cystathionine beta-synthase mutations in homocystinuria. Hum Mutat. 1999;13(5):362-75. [PubMed ]
14. Kozich V, Kraus JP: Screening for mutations by expressing patient cDNA segments in E. coli: homocystinuria due to cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency. Hum Mutat. 1992;1(2):113-23. [PubMed ]
15. Kozich V, de Franchis R, Kraus JP: Molecular defect in a patient with pyridoxine-responsive homocystinuria. Hum Mol Genet. 1993 Jun;2(6):815-6. [PubMed ]
16. Hu FL, Gu Z, Kozich V, Kraus JP, Ramesh V, Shih VE: Molecular basis of cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency in pyridoxine responsive and nonresponsive homocystinuria. Hum Mol Genet. 1993 Nov;2(11):1857-60. [PubMed ]
17. de Franchis R, Kozich V, McInnes RR, Kraus JP: Identical genotypes in siblings with different homocystinuric phenotypes: identification of three mutations in cystathionine beta-synthase using an improved bacterial expression system. Hum Mol Genet. 1994 Jul;3(7):1103-8. [PubMed ]
18. Marble M, Geraghty MT, de Franchis R, Kraus JP, Valle D: Characterization of a cystathionine beta-synthase allele with three mutations in cis in a patient with B6 nonresponsive homocystinuria. Hum Mol Genet. 1994 Oct;3(10):1883-6. [PubMed ]
19. Kraus JP: Komrower Lecture. Molecular basis of phenotype expression in homocystinuria. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1994;17(4):383-90. [PubMed ]
20. Shih VE, Fringer JM, Mandell R, Kraus JP, Berry GT, Heidenreich RA, Korson MS, Levy HL, Ramesh V: A missense mutation (I278T) in the cystathionine beta-synthase gene prevalent in pyridoxine-responsive homocystinuria and associated with mild clinical phenotype. Am J Hum Genet. 1995 Jul;57(1):34-9. [PubMed ]
21. Sebastio G, Sperandeo MP, Panico M, de Franchis R, Kraus JP, Andria G: The molecular basis of homocystinuria due to cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency in Italian families, and report of four novel mutations. Am J Hum Genet. 1995 Jun;56(6):1324-33. [PubMed ]
22. Kluijtmans LA, Blom HJ, Boers GH, van Oost BA, Trijbels FJ, van den Heuvel LP: Two novel missense mutations in the cystathionine beta-synthase gene in homocystinuric patients. Hum Genet. 1995 Aug;96(2):249-50. [PubMed ]
23. Kruger WD, Cox DR: A yeast assay for functional detection of mutations in the human cystathionine beta-synthase gene. Hum Mol Genet. 1995 Jul;4(7):1155-61. [PubMed ]
24. Sperandeo MP, Panico M, Pepe A, Candito M, de Franchis R, Kraus JP, Andria G, Sebastio G: Molecular analysis of patients affected by homocystinuria due to cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency: report of a new mutation in exon 8 and a deletion in intron 11. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1995;18(2):211-4. [PubMed ]
25. Kluijtmans LA, Boers GH, Stevens EM, Renier WO, Kraus JP, Trijbels FJ, van den Heuvel LP, Blom HJ: Defective cystathionine beta-synthase regulation by S-adenosylmethionine in a partially pyridoxine responsive homocystinuria patient. J Clin Invest. 1996 Jul 15;98(2):285-9. [PubMed ]
26. Sperandeo MP, Candito M, Sebastio G, Rolland MO, Turc-Carel C, Giudicelli H, Dellamonica P, Andria G: Homocysteine response to methionine challenge in four obligate heterozygotes for homocystinuria and relationship with cystathionine beta-synthase mutations. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1996;19(3):351-6. [PubMed ]
27. Dawson PA, Cox AJ, Emmerson BT, Dudman NP, Kraus JP, Gordon RB: Characterisation of five missense mutations in the cystathionine beta-synthase gene from three patients with B6-nonresponsive homocystinuria. Eur J Hum Genet. 1997 Jan-Feb;5(1):15-21. [PubMed ]
28. Kim CE, Gallagher PM, Guttormsen AB, Refsum H, Ueland PM, Ose L, Folling I, Whitehead AS, Tsai MY, Kruger WD: Functional modeling of vitamin responsiveness in yeast: a common pyridoxine-responsive cystathionine beta-synthase mutation in homocystinuria. Hum Mol Genet. 1997 Dec;6(13):2213-21. [PubMed ]
29. Aral B, Coude M, London J, Aupetit J, Chasse JF, Zabot MT, Chadefaux-Vekemans B, Kamoun P: Two novel mutations (K384E and L539S) in the C-terminal moiety of the cystathionine beta-synthase protein in two French pyridoxine-responsive homocystinuria patients. Hum Mutat. 1997;9(1):81-2. [PubMed ]
30. Kozich V, Janosik M, Sokolova J, Oliveriusova J, Orendac M, Kraus JP, Elleder D: Analysis of CBS alleles in Czech and Slovak patients with homocystinuria: report on three novel mutations E176K, W409X and 1223 + 37 del99. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1997 Jul;20(3):363-6. [PubMed ]
31. Tsai MY, Wong PW, Garg U, Hanson NQ, Schwichtenberg K: Two Novel Mutations in the Cystathionine beta-synthase Gene of Homocystinuric Patients. Mol Diagn. 1997 Jun;2(2):129-133. [PubMed ]
32. Gordon RB, Cox AJ, Dawson PA, Emmerson BT, Kraus JP, Dudman NP: Mutational analysis of the cystathionine beta-synthase gene: a splicing mutation, two missense mutations and an insertion in patients with homocystinuria. Mutations in brief no. 120. Online. Hum Mutat. 1998;11(4):332. [PubMed ]
33. Gallagher PM, Naughten E, Hanson NQ, Schwichtenberg K, Bignell M, Yuan M, Ward P, Yap S, Whitehead AS, Tsai MY: Characterization of mutations in the cystathionine beta-synthase gene in Irish patients with homocystinuria. Mol Genet Metab. 1998 Dec;65(4):298-302. [PubMed ]
34. de Franchis R, Kraus E, Kozich V, Sebastio G, Kraus JP: Four novel mutations in the cystathionine beta-synthase gene: effect of a second linked mutation on the severity of the homocystinuric phenotype. Hum Mutat. 1999;13(6):453-7. [PubMed ]
35. Gat-Yablonski G, Mandel H, Fowler B, Taleb O, Sela BA: Homocystinuria in the Arab population of Israel: identification of two novel mutations using DGGE analysis. Hum Mutat. 2000 Oct;16(4):372. [PubMed ]
36. Janosik M, Oliveriusova J, Janosikova B, Sokolova J, Kraus E, Kraus JP, Kozich V: Impaired heme binding and aggregation of mutant cystathionine beta-synthase subunits in homocystinuria. Am J Hum Genet. 2001 Jun;68(6):1506-13. Epub 2001 May 15. [PubMed ]
37. Castro R, Heil SG, Rivera I, Jakobs C, de Almeida IT, Blom HJ: Molecular genetic analysis of the cystathionine beta-synthase gene in Portuguese homocystinuria patients: three novel mutations. Clin Genet. 2001 Aug;60(2):161-3. [PubMed ]
38. Maclean KN, Gaustadnes M, Oliveriusova J, Janosik M, Kraus E, Kozich V, Kery V, Skovby F, Rudiger N, Ingerslev J, Stabler SP, Allen RH, Kraus JP: High homocysteine and thrombosis without connective tissue disorders are associated with a novel class of cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) mutations. Hum Mutat. 2002 Jun;19(6):641-55. [PubMed ]
39. Gaustadnes M, Wilcken B, Oliveriusova J, McGill J, Fletcher J, Kraus JP, Wilcken DE: The molecular basis of cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency in Australian patients: genotype-phenotype correlations and response to treatment. Hum Mutat. 2002 Aug;20(2):117-26. [PubMed ]
40. Urreizti R, Balcells S, Rodes M, Vilarinho L, Baldellou A, Couce ML, Munoz C, Campistol J, Pinto X, Vilaseca MA, Grinberg D: Spectrum of CBS mutations in 16 homocystinuric patients from the Iberian Peninsula: high prevalence of T191M and absence of I278T or G307S. Hum Mutat. 2003 Jul;22(1):103. [PubMed ]
41. Kruger WD, Wang L, Jhee KH, Singh RH, Elsas LJ 2nd: Cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency in Georgia (USA): correlation of clinical and biochemical phenotype with genotype. Hum Mutat. 2003 Dec;22(6):434-41. [PubMed ]
42. Orendae M, Pronicka E, Kubalska J, Janosik M, Sokolova J, Linnebank M, Koch HG, Kozich V: Identification and functional analysis of two novel mutations in the CBS gene in Polish patients with homocystinuria. Hum Mutat. 2004 Jun;23(6):631. [PubMed ]
43. Linnebank M, Janosik M, Kozich V, Pronicka E, Kubalska J, Sokolova J, Linnebank A, Schmidt E, Leyendecker C, Klockgether T, Kraus JP, Koch HG: The cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) mutation c.1224-2A>C in Central Europe: Vitamin B6 nonresponsiveness and a common ancestral haplotype. Hum Mutat. 2004 Oct;24(4):352-3. [PubMed ]
44. Porto MP, Galdieri LC, Pereira VG, Vergani N, da Rocha JC, Micheletti C, Martins AM, Perez AB, Almeida VD: Molecular analysis of homocystinuria in Brazilian patients. Clin Chim Acta. 2005 Dec;362(1-2):71-8. Epub 2005 Jul 5. [PubMed ]
45. Lee SJ, Lee DH, Yoo HW, Koo SK, Park ES, Park JW, Lim HG, Jung SC: Identification and functional analysis of cystathionine beta-synthase gene mutations in patients with homocystinuria. J Hum Genet. 2005;50(12):648-54. Epub 2005 Oct 5. [PubMed ]
46. Urreizti R, Asteggiano C, Cozar M, Frank N, Vilaseca MA, Grinberg D, Balcells S: Functional assays testing pathogenicity of 14 cystathionine-beta synthase mutations. Hum Mutat. 2006 Feb;27(2):211. [PubMed ]

1. Hepatocyte NOS
2. HEP-NOS
3. Inducible NO synthase
4. Inducible NOS
5. iNOS
6. NOS type II

MACPWKFLFKTKFHQYAMNGEKDINNNVEKAPCATSSPVTQDDLQYHNLSKQQNESPQPL
VETGKKSPESLVKLDATPLSSPRHVRIKNWGSGMTFQDTLHHKAKGILTCRSKSCLGSIM
TPKSLTRGPRDKPTPPDELLPQAIEFVNQYYGSFKEAKIEEHLARVEAVTKEIETTGTYQ
LTGDELIFATKQAWRNAPRCIGRIQWSNLQVFDARSCSTAREMFEHICRHVRYSTNNGNI
RSAITVFPQRSDGKHDFRVWNAQLIRYAGYQMPDGSIRGDPANVEFTQLCIDLGWKPKYG
RFDVVPLVLQANGRDPELFEIPPDLVLEVAMEHPKYEWFRELELKWYALPAVANMLLEVG
GLEFPGCPFNGWYMGTEIGVRDFCDVQRYNILEEVGRRMGLETHKLASLWKDQAVVEINI
AVLHSFQKQNVTIMDHHSAAESFMKYMQNEYRSRGGCPADWIWLVPPMSGSITPVFHQEM
LNYVLSPFYYYQVEAWKTHVWQDEKRRPKRREIPLKVLVKAVLFACMLMRKTMASRVRVT
ILFATETGKSEALAWDLGALFSCAFNPKVVCMDKYRLSCLEEERLLLVVTSTFGNGDCPG
NGEKLKKSLFMLKELNNKFRYAVFGLGSSMYPRFCAFAHDIDQKLSHLGASQLTPMGEGD
ELSGQEDAFRSWAVQTFKAACETFDVRGKQHIQIPKLYTSNVTWDPHHYRLVQDSQPLDL
SKALSSMHAKNVFTMRLKSRQNLQSPTSSRATILVELSCEDGQGLNYLPGEHLGVCPGNQ
PALVQGILERVVDGPTPHQTVRLEALDESGSYWVSDKRLPPCSLSQALTYFLDITTPPTQ
LLLQKLAQVATEEPERQRLEALCQPSEYSKWKFTNSPTFLEVLEEFPSLRVSAGFLLSQL
PILKPRFYSISSSRDHTPTEIHLTVAVVTYHTRDGQGPLHHGVCSTWLNSLKPQDPVPCF
VRNASGFHLPEDPSHPCILIGPGTGIAPFRSFWQQRLHDSQHKGVRGGRMTLVFGCRRPD
EDHIYQEEMLEMAQKGVLHAVHTAYSRLPGKPKVYVQDILRQQLASEVLRVLHKEPGHLY
VCGDVRMARDVAHTLKQLVAAKLKLNEEQVEDYFFQLKSQKRYHEDIFGAVFPYEAKKDR
VAVQPSSLEMSAL

• Arginine and Proline Metabolism (map00330 )

• L-arginine + n NADPH + n H+ + m O2 = citrulline + nitric oxide + n NADP+ [RN:R00557]

• FAD_binding_1 (PF00667 )
• Flavodoxin_1 (PF00258 )
• NAD_binding_1 (PF00175 )
• NO_synthase (PF02898 )

• None

• None

ATGGCCTGTCCTTGGAAATTTCTGTTCAAGACCAAATTCCACCAGTATGCAATGAATGGG
GAAAAAGACATCAACAACAATGTGGAGAAAGCCCCCTGTGCCACCTCCAGTCCAGTGACA
CAGGATGACCTTCAGTATCACAACCTCAGCAAGCAGCAGAATGAGTCCCCGCAGCCCCTC
GTGGAGACGGGAAAGAAGTCTCCAGAATCTCTGGTCAAGCTGGATGCAACCCCATTGTCC
TCCCCACGGCATGTGAGGATCAAAAACTGGGGCAGCGGGATGACTTTCCAAGACACACTT
CACCATAAGGCCAAAGGGATTTTAACTTGCAGGTCCAAATCTTGCCTGGGGTCCATTATG
ACTCCCAAAAGTTTGACCAGAGGACCCAGGGACAAGCCTACCCCTCCAGATGAGCTTCTA
CCTCAAGCTATCGAATTTGTCAACCAATATTACGGCTCCTTCAAAGAGGCAAAAATAGAG
GAACATCTGGCCAGGGTGGAAGCGGTAACAAAGGAGATAGAAACAACAGGAACCTACCAA
CTGACGGGAGATGAGCTCATCTTCGCCACCAAGCAGGCCTGGCGCAATGCCCCACGCTGC
ATTGGGAGGATCCAGTGGTCCAACCTGCAGGTCTTCGATGCCCGCAGCTGTTCCACTGCC
CGGGAAATGTTTGAACACATCTGCAGACACGTGCGTTACTCCACCAACAATGGCAACATC
AGGTCGGCCATCACCGTGTTCCCCCAGCGGAGTGATGGCAAGCACGACTTCCGGGTGTGG
AATGCTCAGCTCATCCGCTATGCTGGCTACCAGATGCCAGATGGCAGCATCAGAGGGGAC
CCTGCCAACGTGGAATTCACTCAGCTGTGCATCGACCTGGGCTGGAAGCCCAAGTACGGC
CGCTTCGATGTGGTCCCCCTGGTCCTGCAGGCCAATGGCCGTGACCCTGAGCTCTTCGAA
ATCCCACCTGACCTTGTGCTTGAGGTGGCCATGGAACATCCCAAATACGAGTGGTTTCGG
GAACTGGAGCTAAAGTGGTACGCCCTGCCTGCAGTGGCCAACATGCTGCTTGAGGTGGGC
GGCCTGGAGTTCCCAGGGTGCCCCTTCAATGGCTGGTACATGGGCACAGAGATCGGAGTC
CGGGACTTCTGTGACGTCCAGCGCTACAACATCCTGGAGGAAGTGGGCAGGAGAATGGGC
CTGGAAACGCACAAGCTGGCCTCGCTCTGGAAAGACCAGGCTGTCGTTGAGATCAACATT
GCTGTGCTCCATAGTTTCCAGAAGCAGAATGTGACCATCATGGACCACCACTCGGCTGCA
GAATCCTTCATGAAGTACATGCAGAATGAATACCGGTCCCGTGGGGGCTGCCCGGCAGAC
TGGATTTGGCTGGTCCCTCCCATGTCTGGGAGCATCACCCCCGTGTTTCACCAGGAGATG
CTGAACTACGTCCTGTCCCCTTTCTACTACTATCAGGTAGAGGCCTGGAAAACCCATGTC
TGGCAGGACGAGAAGCGGAGACCCAAGAGAAGAGAGATTCCATTGAAAGTCTTGGTCAAA
GCTGTGCTCTTTGCCTGTATGCTGATGCGCAAGACAATGGCGTCCCGAGTCAGAGTCACC
ATCCTCTTTGCGACAGAGACAGGAAAATCAGAGGCGCTGGCCTGGGACCTGGGGGCCTTA
TTCAGCTGTGCCTTCAACCCCAAGGTTGTCTGCATGGATAAGTACAGGCTGAGCTGCCTG
GAGGAGGAACGGCTGCTGTTGGTGGTGACCAGTACGTTTGGCAATGGAGACTGCCCTGGC
AATGGAGAGAAACTGAAGAAATCGCTCTTCATGCTGAAAGAGCTCAACAACAAATTCAGG
TACGCTGTGTTTGGCCTCGGCTCCAGCATGTACCCTCGGTTCTGCGCCTTTGCTCATGAC
ATTGATCAGAAGCTGTCCCACCTGGGGGCCTCTCAGCTCACCCCGATGGGAGAAGGGGAT
GAGCTCAGTGGGCAGGAGGACGCCTTCCGCAGCTGGGCCGTGCAAACCTTCAAGGCAGCC
TGTGAGACGTTTGATGTCCGAGGCAAACAGCACATTCAGATCCCCAAGCTCTACACCTCC
AATGTGACCTGGGACCCGCACCACTACAGGCTCGTGCAGGACTCACAGCCTTTGGACCTC
AGCAAAGCCCTCAGCAGCATGCATGCCAAGAACGTGTTCACCATGAGGCTCAAATCTCGG
CAGAATCTACAAAGTCCGACATCCAGCCGTGCCACCATCCTGGTGGAACTCTCCTGTGAG
GATGGCCAAGGCCTGAACTACCTGCCGGGGGAGCACCTTGGGGTTTGCCCAGGCAACCAG
CCGGCCCTGGTCCAAGGCATCCTGGAGCGAGTGGTGGATGGCCCCACACCCCACCAGACA
GTGCGCCTGGAGGCCCTGGATGAGAGTGGCAGCTACTGGGTCAGTGACAAGAGGCTGCCC
CCCTGCTCACTCAGCCAGGCCCTCACCTACTTCCTGGACATCACCACACCCCCAACCCAG
CTGCTGCTCCAAAAGCTGGCCCAGGTGGCCACAGAAGAGCCTGAGAGACAGAGGCTGGAG
GCCCTGTGCCAGCCCTCAGAGTACAGCAAGTGGAAGTTCACCAACAGCCCCACATTCCTG
GAGGTGCTAGAGGAGTTCCCGTCCCTGCGGGTGTCTGCTGGCTTCCTGCTTTCCCAGCTC
CCCATTCTGAAGCCCAGGTTCTACTCCATCAGCTCCTCCCGGGATCACACGCCCACGGAG
ATCCACCTGACTGTGGCCGTGGTCACCTACCACACCCGAGATGGCCAGGGTCCCCTGCAC
CACGGCGTCTGCAGCACATGGCTCAACAGCCTGAAGCCCCAAGACCCAGTGCCCTGCTTT
GTGCGGAATGCCAGCGGCTTCCACCTCCCCGAGGATCCCTCCCATCCTTGCATCCTCATC
GGGCCTGGCACAGGCATCGCGCCCTTCCGCAGTTTCTGGCAGCAACGGCTCCATGACTCC
CAGCACAAGGGAGTGCGGGGAGGCCGCATGACCTTGGTGTTTGGGTGCCGCCGCCCAGAT
GAGGACCACATCTACCAGGAGGAGATGCTGGAGATGGCCCAGAAGGGGGTGCTGCATGCG
GTGCACACAGCCTATTCCCGCCTGCCTGGCAAGCCCAAGGTCTATGTTCAGGACATCCTG
CGGCAGCAGCTGGCCAGCGAGGTGCTCCGTGTGCTCCACAAGGAGCCAGGCCACCTCTAT
GTTTGCGGGGATGTGCGCATGGCCCGGGACGTGGCCCACACCCTGAAGCAGCTGGTGGCT
GCCAAGCTGAAATTGAATGAGGAGCAGGTCGAGGACTATTTCTTTCAGCTCAAGAGCCAG
AAGCGCTATCACGAAGATATCTTTGGTGCTGTATTTCCTTACGAGGCGAAGAAGGACAGG
GTGGCGGTGCAGCCCAGCAGCCTGGAGATGTCAGCGCTCTGA

1. Sherman PA, Laubach VE, Reep BR, Wood ER: Purification and cDNA sequence of an inducible nitric oxide synthase from a human tumor cell line. Biochemistry. 1993 Nov 2;32(43):11600-5. [PubMed ]
2. Geller DA, Lowenstein CJ, Shapiro RA, Nussler AK, Di Silvio M, Wang SC, Nakayama DK, Simmons RL, Snyder SH, Billiar TR: Molecular cloning and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase from human hepatocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Apr 15;90(8):3491-5. [PubMed ]
3. Charles IG, Palmer RM, Hickery MS, Bayliss MT, Chubb AP, Hall VS, Moss DW, Moncada S: Cloning, characterization, and expression of a cDNA encoding an inducible nitric oxide synthase from the human chondrocyte. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Dec 1;90(23):11419-23. [PubMed ]
4. Maier R, Bilbe G, Rediske J, Lotz M: Inducible nitric oxide synthase from human articular chondrocytes: cDNA cloning and analysis of mRNA expression. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1994 Sep 21;1208(1):145-50. [PubMed ]
5. Park CS, Pardhasaradhi K, Gianotti C, Villegas E, Krishna G: Human retina expresses both constitutive and inducible isoforms of nitric oxide synthase mRNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994 Nov 30;205(1):85-91. [PubMed ]
6. Hokari A, Zeniya M, Esumi H: Cloning and functional expression of human inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS) cDNA from a glioblastoma cell line A-172. J Biochem (Tokyo). 1994 Sep;116(3):575-81. [PubMed ]
7. Guo FH, De Raeve HR, Rice TW, Stuehr DJ, Thunnissen FB, Erzurum SC: Continuous nitric oxide synthesis by inducible nitric oxide synthase in normal human airway epithelium in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Aug 15;92(17):7809-13. [PubMed ]
8. Luss H, Li RK, Shapiro RA, Tzeng E, McGowan FX, Yoneyama T, Hatakeyama K, Geller DA, Mickle DA, Simmons RL, Billiar TR: Dedifferentiated human ventricular cardiac myocytes express inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA but not protein in response to IL-1, TNF, IFNgamma, and LPS. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1997 Apr;29(4):1153-65. [PubMed ]
9. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
10. McLay JS, Chatterjee P, Nicolson AG, Jardine AG, McKay NG, Ralston SH, Grabowski P, Haites NE, MacLeod AM, Hawksworth GM: Nitric oxide production by human proximal tubular cells: a novel immunomodulatory mechanism? Kidney Int. 1994 Oct;46(4):1043-9. [PubMed ]
11. Fujisawa H, Ogura T, Hokari A, Weisz A, Yamashita J, Esumi H: Inducible nitric oxide synthase in a human glioblastoma cell line. J Neurochem. 1995 Jan;64(1):85-91. [PubMed ]
12. Bloch KD, Wolfram JR, Brown DM, Roberts JD Jr, Zapol DG, Lepore JJ, Filippov G, Thomas JE, Jacob HJ, Bloch DB: Three members of the nitric oxide synthase II gene family (NOS2A, NOS2B, and NOS2C) colocalize to human chromosome 17. Genomics. 1995 Jun 10;27(3):526-30. [PubMed ]
13. Taylor BS, Alarcon LH, Billiar TR: Inducible nitric oxide synthase in the liver: regulation and function. Biochemistry (Mosc). 1998 Jul;63(7):766-81. [PubMed ]
14. Glynne PA, Darling KE, Picot J, Evans TJ: Epithelial inducible nitric-oxide synthase is an apical EBP50-binding protein that directs vectorial nitric oxide output. J Biol Chem. 2002 Sep 6;277(36):33132-8. Epub 2002 Jun 21. [PubMed ]
15. Li H, Raman CS, Glaser CB, Blasko E, Young TA, Parkinson JF, Whitlow M, Poulos TL: Crystal structures of zinc-free and -bound heme domain of human inducible nitric-oxide synthase. Implications for dimer stability and comparison with endothelial nitric-oxide synthase. J Biol Chem. 1999 Jul 23;274(30):21276-84. [PubMed ]
16. Fischmann TO, Hruza A, Niu XD, Fossetta JD, Lunn CA, Dolphin E, Prongay AJ, Reichert P, Lundell DJ, Narula SK, Weber PC: Structural characterization of nitric oxide synthase isoforms reveals striking active-site conservation. Nat Struct Biol. 1999 Mar;6(3):233-42. [PubMed ]
17. Sjoblom T, Jones S, Wood LD, Parsons DW, Lin J, Barber TD, Mandelker D, Leary RJ, Ptak J, Silliman N, Szabo S, Buckhaults P, Farrell C, Meeh P, Markowitz SD, Willis J, Dawson D, Willson JK, Gazdar AF, Hartigan J, Wu L, Liu C, Parmigiani G, Park BH, Bachman KE, Papadopoulos N, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW, Velculescu VE: The consensus coding sequences of human breast and colorectal cancers. Science. 2006 Oct 13;314(5797):268-74. Epub 2006 Sep 7. [PubMed ]

1. Constitutive NOS
2. NC-NOS
3. NOS type I
4. Neuronal NOS
5. N-NOS
6. nNOS
7. bNOS

MEDHMFGVQQIQPNVISVRLFKRKVGGLGFLVKERVSKPPVIISDLIRGGAAEQSGLIQA
GDIILAVNGRPLVDLSYDSALEVLRGIASETHVVLILRGPEGFTTHLETTFTGDGTPKTI
RVTQPLGPPTKAVDLSHQPPAGKEQPLAVDGASGPGNGPQHAYDDGQEAGSLPHANGLAP
RPPGQDPAKKATRVSLQGRGENNELLKEIEPVLSLLTSGSRGVKGGAPAKAEMKDMGIQV
DRDLDGKSHKPLPLGVENDRVFNDLWGKGNVPVVLNNPYSEKEQPPTSGKQSPTKNGSPS
KCPRFLKVKNWETEVVLTDTLHLKSTLETGCTEYICMGSIMHPSQHARRPEDVRTKGQLF
PLAKEFIDQYYSSIKRFGSKAHMERLEEVNKEIDTTSTYQLKDTELIYGAKHAWRNASRC
VGRIQWSKLQVFDARDCTTAHGMFNYICNHVKYATNKGNLRSAITIFPQRTDGKHDFRVW
NSQLIRYAGYKQPDGSTLGDPANVQFTEICIQQGWKPPRGRFDVLPLLLQANGNDPELFQ
IPPELVLEVPIRHPKFEWFKDLGLKWYGLPAVSNMLLEIGGLEFSACPFSGWYMGTEIGV
RDYCDNSRYNILEEVAKKMNLDMRKTSSLWKDQALVEINIAVLYSFQSDKVTIVDHHSAT
ESFIKHMENEYRCRGGCPADWVWIVPPMSGSITPVFHQEMLNYRLTPSFEYQPDPWNTHV
WKGTNGTPTKRRAIGFKKLAEAVKFSAKLMGQAMAKRVKATILYATETGKSQAYAKTLCE
IFKHAFDAKVMSMEEYDIVHLEHETLVLVVTSTFGNGDPPENGEKFGCALMEMRHPNSVQ
EERKSYKVRFNSVSSYSDSQKSSGDGPDLRDNFESAGPLANVRFSVFGLGSRAYPHFCAF
GHAVDTLLEELGGERILKMREGDELCGQEEAFRTWAKKVFKAACDVFCVGDDVNIEKANN
SLISNDRSWKRNKFRLTFVAEAPELTQGLSNVHKKRVSAARLLSRQNLQSPKSSRSTIFV
RLHTNGSQELQYQPGDHLGVFPGNHEDLVNALIERLEDAPPVNQMVKVELLEERNTALGV
ISNWTDELRLPPCTIFQAFKYYLDITTPPTPLQLQQFASLATSEKEKQRLLVLSKGLQEY
EEWKWGKNPTIVEVLEEFPSIQMPATLLLTQLSLLQPRYYSISSSPDMYPDEVHLTVAIV
SYRTRDGEGPIHHGVCSSWLNRIQADELVPCFVRGAPSFHLPRNPQVPCILVGPGTGIAP
FRSFWQQRQFDIQHKGMNPCPMVLVFGCRQSKIDHIYREETLQAKNKGVFRELYTAYSRE
PDKPKKYVQDILQEQLAESVYRALKEQGGHIYVCGDVTMAADVLKAIQRIMTQQGKLSAE
DAGVFISRMRDDNRYHEDIFGVTLRTYEVTNRLRSESIAFIEESKKDTDEVFSS

• Arginine and Proline Metabolism (map00330 )

• L-arginine + n NADPH + n H+ + m O2 = citrulline + nitric oxide + n NADP+ [RN:R00557]

• FAD_binding_1 (PF00667 )
• Flavodoxin_1 (PF00258 )
• NAD_binding_1 (PF00175 )
• NO_synthase (PF02898 )
• PDZ (PF00595 )

• None

• None

ATGGAGGATCACATGTTCGGTGTTCAGCAAATCCAGCCCAATGTCATTTCTGTTCGTCTC
TTCAAGCGCAAAGTTGGGGGCCTGGGATTTCTGGTGAAGGAGCGGGTCAGTAAGCCGCCC
GTGATCATCTCTGACCTGATTCGTGGGGGCGCCGCAGAGCAGAGTGGCCTCATCCAGGCC
GGAGACATCATTCTTGCGGTCAACGGCCGGCCCTTGGTGGACCTGAGCTATGACAGCGCC
CTGGAGGTACTCAGAGGCATTGCCTCTGAGACCCACGTGGTCCTCATTCTGAGGGGCCCT
GAAGGTTTCACCACGCACCTGGAGACCACCTTTACAGGTGATGGGACCCCCAAGACCATC
CGGGTGACACAGCCCCTGGGTCCCCCCACCAAAGCCGTGGATCTGTCCCACCAGCCACCG
GCCGGCAAAGAACAGCCCCTGGCAGTGGATGGGGCCTCGGGTCCCGGGAATGGGCCTCAG
CATGCCTACGATGATGGGCAGGAGGCTGGCTCACTCCCCCATGCCAACGGCCTGGCCCCC
AGGCCCCCAGGCCAGGACCCCGCGAAGAAAGCAACCAGAGTCAGCCTCCAAGGCAGAGGG
GAGAACAATGAACTGCTCAAGGAGATAGAGCCTGTGCTGAGCCTTCTCACCAGTGGGAGC
AGAGGGGTCAAGGGAGGGGCACCTGCCAAGGCAGAGATGAAAGATATGGGAATCCAGGTG
GACAGAGATTTGGACGGCAAGTCACACAAACCTCTGCCCCTCGGCGTGGAGAACGACCGA
GTCTTCAATGACCTATGGGGGAAGGGCAATGTGCCTGTCGTCCTCAACAACCCATATTCA
GAGAAGGAGCAGCCCCCCACCTCAGGAAAACAGTCCCCCACAAAGAATGGCAGCCCCTCC
AAGTGTCCACGCTTCCTCAAGGTCAAGAACTGGGAGACTGAGGTGGTTCTCACTGACACC
CTCCACCTTAAGAGCACATTGGAAACGGGATGCACTGAGTACATCTGCATGGGCTCCATC
ATGCATCCTTCTCAGCATGCAAGGAGGCCTGAAGACGTCCGCACAAAAGGACAGCTCTTC
CCTCTCGCCAAAGAGTTTATTGATCAATACTATTCATCAATTAAAAGATTTGGCTCCAAA
GCCCACATGGAAAGGCTGGAAGAGGTGAACAAAGAGATCGACACCACTAGCACTTACCAG
CTCAAGGACACAGAGCTCATCTATGGGGCCAAGCACGCCTGGCGGAATGCCTCGCGCTGT
GTGGGCAGGATCCAGTGGTCCAAGCTGCAGGTATTCGATGCCCGTGACTGCACCACGGCC
CACGGGATGTTCAACTACATCTGTAACCATGTCAAGTATGCCACCAACAAAGGGAACCTC
AGGTCTGCCATCACCATATTCCCCCAGAGGACAGACGGCAAGCACGACTTCCGAGTCTGG
AACTCCCAGCTCATCCGCTACGCTGGCTACAAGCAGCCTGACGGCTCCACCCTGGGGGAC
CCAGCCAATGTGCAGTTCACAGAGATATGCATACAGCAGGGCTGGAAACCGCCTAGAGGC
CGCTTCGATGTCCTGCCGCTCCTGCTTCAGGCCAACGGCAATGACCCTGAGCTCTTCCAG
ATTCCTCCAGAGCTGGTGTTGGAAGTTCCCATCAGGCACCCCAAGTTTGAGTGGTTCAAG
GACCTGGGGCTGAAGTGGTACGGCCTCCCCGCCGTGTCCAACATGCTCCTAGAGATTGGC
GGCCTGGAGTTCAGCGCCTGTCCCTTCAGTGGCTGGTACATGGGCACAGAGATTGGTGTC
CGCGACTACTGTGACAACTCCCGCTACAATATCCTGGAGGAAGTGGCCAAGAAGATGAAC
TTAGACATGAGGAAGACGTCCTCCCTGTGGAAGGACCAGGCGCTGGTGGAGATCAATATC
GCGGTTCTCTATAGCTTCCAGAGTGACAAAGTGACCATTGTTGACCATCACTCCGCCACC
GAGTCCTTCATTAAGCACATGGAGAATGAGTACCGCTGCCGGGGGGGCTGCCCTGCCGAC
TGGGTGTGGATCGTGCCCCCCATGTCCGGAAGCATCACCCCTGTGTTCCACCAGGAGATG
CTCAACTACCGGCTCACCCCCTCCTTCGAATACCAGCCTGATCCCTGGAACACGCATGTC
TGGAAAGGCACCAACGGGACCCCCACAAAGCGGCGAGCCATCGGCTTCAAGAAGCTAGCA
GAAGCTGTCAAGTTCTCGGCCAAGCTGATGGGGCAGGCTATGGCCAAGAGGGTGAAAGCG
ACCATCCTCTATGCCACAGAGACAGGCAAATCGCAAGCTTATGCCAAGACCTTGTGTGAG
ATCTTCAAACACGCCTTTGATGCCAAGGTGATGTCCATGGAAGAATATGACATTGTGCAC
CTGGAACATGAAACTCTGGTCCTTGTGGTCACCAGCACCTTTGGCAATGGAGATCCCCCT
GAGAATGGGGAGAAATTCGGCTGTGCTTTGATGGAAATGAGGCACCCCAACTCTGTGCAG
GAAGAAAGGAAGAGCTACAAGGTCCGATTCAACAGCGTCTCCTCCTACTCTGACTCCCAA
AAATCATCAGGCGATGGGCCCGACCTCAGAGACAACTTTGAGAGTGCTGGACCCCTGGCC
AATGTGAGGTTCTCAGTTTTTGGCCTCGGCTCACGAGCATACCCTCACTTTTGCGCCTTC
GGACACGCTGTGGACACCCTCCTGGAAGAACTGGGAGGGGAGAGGATCCTGAAGATGAGG
GAAGGGGATGAGCTCTGTGGGCAGGAAGAGGCTTTCAGGACCTGGGCCAAGAAGGTCTTC
AAGGCAGCCTGTGATGTCTTCTGTGTGGGAGATGATGTCAACATTGAAAAGGCCAACAAT
TCCCTCATCAGCAATGATCGCAGCTGGAAGAGAAACAAGTTCCGCCTCACCTTTGTGGCC
GAAGCTCCAGAACTCACACAAGGTCTATCCAATGTCCACAAAAAGCGAGTCTCAGCTGCC
CGGCTCCTTAGCCGTCAAAACCTCCAGAGCCCTAAATCCAGTCGGTCAACTATCTTCGTG
CGTCTCCACACCAACGGGAGCCAGGAGCTGCAGTACCAGCCTGGGGACCACCTGGGTGTC
TTCCCTGGCAACCACGAGGACCTCGTGAATGCCCTGATCGAGCGGCTGGAGGACGCGCCG
CCTGTCAACCAGATGGTGAAAGTGGAACTGCTGGAGGAGCGGAACACGGCTTTAGGTGTC
ATCAGTAACTGGACAGACGAGCTCCGCCTCCCGCCCTGCACCATCTTCCAGGCCTTCAAG
TACTACCTGGACATCACCACGCCACCAACGCCTCTGCAGCTGCAGCAGTTTGCCTCCCTA
GCTACCAGCGAGAAGGAGAAGCAGCGTCTGCTGGTCCTCAGCAAGGGTTTGCAGGAGTAC
GAGGAATGGAAATGGGGCAAGAACCCCACCATCGTGGAGGTGCTGGAGGAGTTCCCATCT
ATCCAGATGCCGGCCACCCTGCTCCTGACCCAGCTGTCCCTGCTGCAGCCCCGCTACTAT
TCCATCAGCTCCTCCCCAGACATGTACCCTGATGAAGTGCACCTCACTGTGGCCATCGTT
TCCTACCGCACTCGAGATGGAGAAGGACCAATTCACCACGGCGTATGCTCCTCCTGGCTC
AACCGGATACAGGCTGACGAACTGGTCCCCTGTTTCGTGAGAGGAGCACCCAGCTTCCAC
CTGCCCCGGAACCCCCAAGTCCCCTGCATCCTCGTTGGACCAGGCACCGGCATTGCCCCT
TTCCGAAGCTTCTGGCAACAGCGGCAATTTGATATCCAACACAAAGGAATGAACCCCTGC
CCCATGGTCCTGGTCTTCGGGTGCCGGCAATCCAAGATAGATCATATCTACAGGGAAGAG
ACCCTGCAGGCCAAGAACAAGGGGGTCTTCAGAGAGCTGTACACGGCTTACTCCCGGGAG
CCAGACAAACCAAAGAAGTACGTGCAGGACATCCTGCAGGAGCAGCTGGCGGAGTCTGTG
TACCGAGCCCTGAAGGAGCAAGGGGGCCACATATACGTCTGTGGGGACGTCACCATGGCT
GCTGATGTCCTCAAAGCCATCCAGCGCATCATGACCCAGCAGGGGAAGCTCTCGGCAGAG
GACGCCGGCGTATTCATCAGCCGGATGAGGGATGACAACCGATACCATGAGGATATTTTT
GGAGTCACCCTGCGAACGTACGAAGTGACCAACCGCCTTAGATCTGAGTCCATTGCCTTC
ATTGAAGAGAGCAAAAAAGACACCGATGAGGTTTTCAGCTCCTAA

1. Hall AV, Antoniou H, Wang Y, Cheung AH, Arbus AM, Olson SL, Lu WC, Kau CL, Marsden PA: Structural organization of the human neuronal nitric oxide synthase gene (NOS1). J Biol Chem. 1994 Dec 30;269(52):33082-90. [PubMed ]
2. Fujisawa H, Ogura T, Kurashima Y, Yokoyama T, Yamashita J, Esumi H: Expression of two types of nitric oxide synthase mRNA in human neuroblastoma cell lines. J Neurochem. 1994 Jul;63(1):140-5. [PubMed ]
3. Nakane M, Schmidt HH, Pollock JS, Forstermann U, Murad F: Cloned human brain nitric oxide synthase is highly expressed in skeletal muscle. FEBS Lett. 1993 Jan 25;316(2):175-80. [PubMed ]
4. Park CS, Gianotti C, Park R, Krishna G: Neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase is expressed at low levels in human retina. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 1996 Aug;16(4):499-515. [PubMed ]
5. Wang Y, Goligorsky MS, Lin M, Wilcox JN, Marsden PA: A novel, testis-specific mRNA transcript encoding an NH2-terminal truncated nitric-oxide synthase. J Biol Chem. 1997 Apr 25;272(17):11392-401. [PubMed ]

1. Constitutive NOS
2. cNOS
3. EC-NOS
4. Endothelial NOS
5. eNOS
6. NOS type III
7. NOSIII

MGNLKSVAQEPGPPCGLGLGLGLGLCGKQGPATPAPEPSRAPASLLPPAPEHSPPSSPLT
QPPEGPKFPRVKNWEVGSITYDTLSAQAQQDGPCTPRRCLGSLVFPRKLQGRPSPGPPAP
EQLLSQARDFINQYYSSIKRSGSQAHEQRLQEVEAEVAATGTYQLRESELVFGAKQAWRN
APRCVGRIQWGKLQVFDARDCRSAQEMFTYICNHIKYATNRGNLRSAITVFPQRCPGRGD
FRIWNSQLVRYAGYRQQDGSVRGDPANVEITELCIQHGWTPGNGRFDVLPLLLQAPDEPP
ELFLLPPELVLEVPLEHPTLEWFAALGLRWYALPAVSNMLLEIGGLEFPAAPFSGWYMST
EIGTRNLCDPHRYNILEDVAVCMDLDTRTTSSLWKDKAAVEINVAVLHSYQLAKVTIVDH
HAATASFMKHLENEQKARGGCPADWAWIVPPISGSLTPVFHQEMVNYFLSPAFRYQPDPW
KGSAAKGTGITRKKTFKEVANAVKISASLMGTVMAKRVKATILYGSETGRAQSYAQQLGR
LFRKAFDPRVLCMDEYDVVSLEHETLVLVVTSTFGNGDPPENGESFAAALMEMSGPYNSS
PRPEQHKSYKIRFNSISCSDPLVSSWRRKRKESSNTDSAGALGTLRFCVFGLGSRAYPHF
CAFARAVDTRLEELGGERLLQLGQGDELCGQEEAFRGWAQAAFQAACETFCVGEDAKAAA
RDIFSPKRSWKRQRYRLSAQAEGLQLLPGLIHVHRRKMFQATIRSVENLQSSKSTRATIL
VRLDTGGQEGLQYQPGDHIGVCPPNRPGLVEALLSRVEDPPAPTEPVAVEQLEKGSPGGP
PPGWVRDPRLPPCTLRQALTFFLDITSPPSPQLLRLLSTLAEEPREQQELEALSQDPRRY
EEWKWFRCPTLLEVLEQFPSVALPAPLLLTQLPLLQPRYYSVSSAPSTHPGEIHLTVAVL
AYRTQDGLGPLHYGVCSTWLSQLKPGDPVPCFIRGAPSFRLPPDPSLPCILVGPGTGIAP
FRGFWQERLHDIESKGLQPTPMTLVFGCRCSQLDHLYRDEVQNAQQRGVFGRVLTAFSRE
PDNPKTYVQDILRTELAAEVHRVLCLERGHMFVCGDVTMATNVLQTVQRILATEGDMELD
EAGDVIGVLRDQQRYHEDIFGLTLRTQEVTSRIRTQSFSLQERQLRGAVPWAFDPPGSDT
NSP

• Arginine and Proline Metabolism (map00330 )

• L-arginine + n NADPH + n H+ + m O2 = citrulline + nitric oxide + n NADP+ [RN:R00557]

• FAD_binding_1 (PF00667 )
• Flavodoxin_1 (PF00258 )
• NAD_binding_1 (PF00175 )
• NO_synthase (PF02898 )

• None

• None

ATGGGCAACTTGAAGAGCGTGGCCCAGGAGCCTGGGCCACCCTGCGGCCTGGGGCTGGGG
CTGGGCCTTGGGCTGTGCGGCAAGCAGGGCCCAGCCACCCCGGCCCCTGAGCCCAGCCGG
GCCCCAGCATCCCTACTCCCACCAGCGCCAGAACACAGCCCCCCGAGCTCCCCGCTAACC
CAGCCCCCAGAGGGGCCCAAGTTCCCTCGTGTGAAGAACTGGGAGGTGGGGAGCATCACC
TATGACACCCTCAGCGCCCAGGCGCAGCAGGATGGGCCCTGCACCCCAAGACGCTGCCTG
GGCTCCCTGGTATTTCCACGGAAACTACAGGGCCGGCCCTCCCCCGGCCCCCCGGCCCCT
GAGCAGCTGCTGAGTCAGGCCCGGGACTTCATCAACCAGTACTACAGCTCCATTAAGAGG
AGCGGCTCCCAGGCCCACGAACAGCGGCTTCAAGAGGTGGAAGCCGAGGTGGCAGCCACA
GGCACCTACCAGCTTAGGGAGAGCGAGCTGGTGTTCGGGGCTAAGCAGGCCTGGCGCAAC
GCTCCCCGCTGCGTGGGCCGGATCCAGTGGGGGAAGCTGCAGGTGTTCGATGCCCGGGAC
TGCAGGTCTGCACAGGAAATGTTCACCTACATCTGCAACCACATCAAGTATGCCACCAAC
CGGGGCAACCTTCGCTCGGCCATCACAGTGTTCCCGCAGCGCTGCCCTGGCCGAGGAGAC
TTCCGAATCTGGAACAGCCAGCTGGTGCGCTACGCGGGCTACCGGCAGCAGGACGGCTCT
GTGCGGGGGGACCCAGCCAACGTGGAGATCACCGAGCTCTGCATTCAGCACGGCTGGACC
CCAGGAAACGGTCGCTTCGACGTGCTGCCCCTGCTGCTGCAGGCCCCAGATGAGCCCCCA
GAACTCTTCCTTCTGCCCCCCGAGCTGGTCCTTGAGGTGCCCCTGGAGCACCCCACGCTG
GAGTGGTTTGCAGCCCTGGGCCTGCGCTGGTACGCCCTCCCGGCAGTGTCCAACATGCTG
CTGGAAATTGGGGGCCTGGAGTTCCCCGCAGCCCCCTTCAGTGGCTGGTACATGAGCACT
GAGATCGGCACGAGGAACCTGTGTGACCCTCACCGCTACAACATCCTGGAGGATGTGGCT
GTCTGCATGGACCTGGATACCCGGACCACCTCGTCCCTGTGGAAAGACAAGGCAGCAGTG
GAAATCAACGTGGCCGTGCTGCACAGTTACCAGCTAGCCAAAGTCACCATCGTGGACCAC
CACGCCGCCACGGCCTCTTTCATGAAGCACCTGGAGAATGAGCAGAAGGCCAGGGGGGGC
TGCCCTGCAGACTGGGCCTGGATCGTGCCCCCCATCTCGGGCAGCCTCACTCCTGTTTTC
CATCAGGAGATGGTCAACTATTTCCTGTCCCCGGCCTTCCGCTACCAGCCAGACCCCTGG
AAGGGGAGTGCCGCCAAGGGCACCGGCATCACCAGGAAGAAGACCTTTAAAGAAGTGGCC
AACGCCGTGAAGATCTCCGCCTCGCTCATGGGCACGGTGATGGCGAAGCGAGTGAAGGCG
ACAATCCTGTATGGCTCCGAGACCGGCCGGGCCCAGAGCTACGCACAGCAGCTGGGGAGA
CTCTTCCGGAAGGCTTTTGATCCCCGGGTCCTGTGTATGGATGAGTATGACGTGGTGTCC
CTCGAACACGAGACGCTGGTGCTGGTGGTAACCAGCACATTTGGGAATGGGGATCCCCCG
GAGAATGGAGAGAGCTTTGCAGCTGCCCTGATGGAGATGTCCGGCCCCTACAACAGCTCC
CCTCGGCCGGAACAGCACAAGAGTTATAAGATCCGCTTCAACAGCATCTCCTGCTCAGAC
CCACTGGTGTCCTCTTGGCGGCGGAAGAGGAAGGAGTCCAGTAACACAGACAGTGCAGGG
GCCCTGGGCACCCTCAGGTTCTGTGTGTTCGGGCTCGGCTCCCGGGCATACCCCCACTTC
TGCGCCTTTGCTCGTGCCGTGGACACACGGCTGGAGGAACTGGGCGGGGAGCGGCTGCTG
CAGCTGGGCCAGGGCGACGAGCTGTGCGGCCAGGAGGAGGCCTTCCGAGGCTGGGCCCAG
GCTGCCTTCCAGGCCGCCTGTGAGACCTTCTGTGTGGGAGAGGATGCCAAGGCCGCCGCC
CGAGACATCTTCAGCCCCAAACGGAGCTGGAAGCGCCAGAGGTACCGGCTGAGCGCCCAG
GCCGAGGGCCTGCAGTTGCTGCCAGGTCTGATCCACGTGCACAGGCGGAAGATGTTCCAG
GCTACAATCCGCTCAGTGGAAAACCTGCAAAGCAGCAAGTCCACGAGGGCCACCATCCTG
GTGCGCCTGGACACCGGAGGCCAGGAGGGGCTGCAGTACCAGCCGGGGGACCACATAGGT
GTCTGCCCGCCCAACCGGCCCGGCCTTGTGGAGGCGCTGCTGAGCCGCGTGGAGGACCCG
CCGGCGCCCACTGAGCCCGTGGCAGTAGAGCAGCTGGAGAAGGGCAGCCCTGGTGGCCCT
CCCCCCGGCTGGGTGCGGGACCCCCGGCTGCCCCCGTGCACGCTGCGCCAGGCTCTCACC
TTCTTCCTGGACATCACCTCCCCACCCAGCCCTCAGCTCTTGCGGCTGCTCAGCACCTTG
GCAGAAGAGCCCAGGGAACAGCAGGAGCTGGAGGCCCTCAGCCAGGATCCCCGACGCTAC
GAGGAGTGGAAGTGGTTCCGCTGCCCCACGCTGCTGGAGGTGCTGGAGCAGTTCCCGTCG
GTGGCGCTGCCTGCCCCACTGCTCCTCACCCAGCTGCCTCTGCTCCAGCCCCGGTACTAC
TCAGTCAGCTCGGCACCCAGCACCCACCCAGGAGAGATCCACCTCACTGTAGCTGTGCTG
GCATACAGGACTCAGGATGGGCTGGGCCCCCTGCACTATGGAGTCTGCTCCACGTGGCTA
AGCCAGCTCAAGCCCGGAGACCCTGTGCCCTGCTTCATCCGGGGGGCTCCCTCCTTCCGG
CTGCCACCCGATCCCAGCTTGCCCTGCATCCTGGTGGGTCCAGGCACTGGCATTGCCCCC
TTCCGGGGATTCTGGCAGGAGCGGCTGCATGACATTGAGAGCAAAGGGCTGCAGCCCACT
CCCATGACTTTGGTGTTCGGCTGCCGATGCTCCCAACTTGACCATCTCTACCGCGACGAG
GTGCAGAACGCCCAGCAGCGCGGGGTGTTTGGCCGAGTCCTCACCGCCTTCTCCCGGGAA
CCTGACAACCCCAAGACCTACGTGCAGGACATCCTGAGGACGGAGCTGGCTGCGGAGGTG
CACCGCGTGCTGTGCCTCGAGCGGGGCCACATGTTTGTCTGCGGCGATGTTACCATGGCA
ACCAACGTCCTGCAGACCGTGCAGCGCATCCTGGCGACGGAGGGCGACATGGAGCTGGAC
GAGGCCGGCGACGTCATCGGCGTGCTGCGGGATCAGCAACGCTACCACGAAGACATTTTC
GGGCTCACGCTGCGCACCCAGGAGGTGACAAGCCGCATACGCACCCAGAGCTTTTCCTTG
CAGGAGCGTCAGTTGCGGGGCGCAGTGCCCTGGGCGTTCGACCCTCCCGGCTCAGACACC
AACAGCCCCTGA

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