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Human Metabolome Database Version 3.5

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Showing metabocard for Cadmium (HMDB03638)

Record Information
Version 3.5
Creation Date 2006-08-12 20:21:40 -0600
Update Date 2013-02-08 11:23:19 -0700
HMDB ID HMDB03638
Secondary Accession Numbers None
Metabolite Identification
Common Name Cadmium
Description Cadmium (group IIB of the periodic table of elements) is a heavy metal. It is not a naturally occurring metal in biological systems. Cadmium poses severe risks to human health. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. Up to this day, it has not been shown that cadmium has any physiological function within the human body. Interest has therefore risen in its biohazardous potential. As first described by Friedrich Stromeyer (Gottingen, Germany) in 1817, cadmium intoxication can lead to kidney, bone, and pulmonary damage. Cadmium is widely used in industrial processes, e.g as an anticorrosive agent, as a stabilizer in PVC products, as a colour pigment, a neutron absorber in nuclear power plants, and in the fabrication of nickel cadmium batteries. Phosphate fertilizers also show a big cadmium load. Although some cadmium containing products can be recycled, a large share of the general cadmium pollution is caused by dumping and incinerating cadmium polluted waste. In Scandinavia for example, cadmium concentration in agricultural soil increases by 0.2 percent per year. Total global emission of cadmium amounts to 7000 t/year. The maximum permissible value for workers according to German law is 15 ug/l. For comparison: Non-smokers show an average cadmium blood concentration of 0.5 ug/l. Basically there are three possible ways of cadmium resorption: Gastrointestinal, pulmonary and dermal. The uptake through the human gastrointestinal is approximately 5 percent of an ingested amount of cadmium, depending on the exact dose and nutritional composition. The major source of inhalative cadmium intoxication is cigarette smoke. The human lung resorbes 40 to 60 percent of the cadmium in tobacco smoke. Little research has been done on dermal absorption of cadmium. Two mechanisms facilitate cadmium absorption by the skin: binding of a free cadmium ion to sulfhydryl radicals of cysteine in epidermal keratins, or an induction and complexing with metallothionein. Once taken up by the blood, the majority of cadmium is transported bound to proteins, such as Albumin and Metallothionein. The first organ reached after cadmium uptake into the GI-blood is the liver. Here cadmium induces the production of Metallothionein. After consecutive hepatocyte necrosis and apoptosis, Cd-Metallothionein complexes are washed into sinusoidal blood. From here, parts of the absorbed cadmium enter the entero-hepatical cycle via secretion into the biliary tract in form of Cadmium-glutathione conjugates. Enzymatically degraded to cadmium-cysteine complexes in the biliary tree, cadmium reenters the small intestines. The main organ for long-term cadmium accumulation is the kidney. Here the half life period for cadmium is approximately 10 years. A life long intake can therefore lead to a cadmium accumulation in the kidney, consequently resulting in tubulus cell necrosis. The blood concentration of cadmium serves as a reliable indicator for a recent exposition, while the urinary concentration reflects past exposure, body burden and renal accumulation. Excretion of Cadmium takes place via faeces and urine. (PMID: 16961932 Link_out).
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms
  1. Cadmium atom
  2. Cadmium elemental
  3. Cadmium metallicum
  4. Cd
  5. Colloidal cadmium
  6. Kadmium
Chemical Formula Cd
Average Molecular Weight 112.411
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 113.903358121
IUPAC Name cadmium(2+) ion
Traditional IUPAC Name cadmium(2+)
CAS Registry Number 7440-43-9
SMILES [Cd++]
InChI Identifier InChI=1S/Cd/q+2
InChI Key WLZRMCYVCSSEQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Kingdom Inorganic Compounds
Super Class Homogeneous Metal Compounds
Class Homogeneous Transition Metal Compounds
Sub Class N/A
Other Descriptors
  • a cation(Cyc)
  • cadmium cation(ChEBI)
  • divalent metal cation(ChEBI)
  • monoatomic dication(ChEBI)
Substituents
  • N/A
Direct Parent Homogeneous Transition Metal Compounds
Ontology
Status Detected and Quantified
Origin
  • Toxin/Pollutant
Biofunction
  • Osmolyte, enzyme cofactor, signalling
Application Not Available
Cellular locations Not Available
Physical Properties
State Solid
Experimental Properties
Property Value Reference
Melting Point 321 °C Not Available
Boiling Point Not Available Not Available
Water Solubility Not Available Not Available
LogP Not Available Not Available
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
LogP -0.07 ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count 0 ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count 0 ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area 0 A2 ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count 0 ChemAxon
Refractivity 0 ChemAxon
Polarizability 1.78 ChemAxon
Formal Charge 2 ChemAxon
Physiological Charge 2 ChemAxon
Spectra
Not Available
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations Not Available
Biofluid Locations
  • Blood
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
  • Urine
Tissue Location Not Available
Pathways Not Available
Normal Concentrations
Biofluid Status Value Age Sex Condition Comments
Blood Detected and Quantified
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0.00088 +/- 0.00044 uM Elderly (>65 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
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0.0049 (0.0018-0.011) uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
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0.019 (0.004-0.068) uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
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0.00202(0.00088-0.00465) uM Not Available Both Normal Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
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0.00746(0.00553-0.00992) uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Detected and Quantified
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0.015 +/- 0.007 uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
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0.0004 (0.0002-0.0010) umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal by ICP MS
Urine Detected and Quantified
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0.0012 +/- 0.0013 umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
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0.00035(0.00024-0.00051) umol/mmol creatinine Not Available Both Normal Not Available
Urine Detected and Quantified
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0.00060 (0.00035-0.00100) umol/mmol creatinine Adult (>18 years old) Both Normal Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Biofluid Status Value Age Sex Condition Comments
Blood Detected and Quantified
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0.0097 +/- 0.0049 uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Multiple sclerosis Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
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0.00061 +/- 0.00023 uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Parkinson's disease Not Available
Blood Detected and Quantified
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4.4 +/- 2.5 uM Adult (>18 years old) Both Macular degeneration Non-smoker
Blood Detected and Quantified
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0.00120 +/- 0.00053 uM Elderly (>65 years old) Both Alzheimer's disease Not Available
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease References
Macular degeneration
  • Erie JC, Good JA, Butz JA, Hodge DO, Pulido JS: Urinary cadmium and age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007 Sep;144(3):414-418. Epub 2007 Jul 13. Pubmed: 17631267 Link_out
    Alzheimer's disease
    • Bocca B, Forte G, Petrucci F, Pino A, Marchione F, Bomboi G, Senofonte O, Giubilei F, Alimonti A: Monitoring of chemical elements and oxidative damage in patients affected by Alzheimer's disease. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2005;41(2):197-203. Pubmed: 16244393 Link_out
      Multiple sclerosis
      • Forte G, Visconti A, Santucci S, Ghazaryan A, Figa-Talamanca L, Cannoni S, Bocca B, Pino A, Violante N, Alimonti A, Salvetti M, Ristori G: Quantification of chemical elements in blood of patients affected by multiple sclerosis. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2005;41(2):213-6. Pubmed: 16244395 Link_out
        Parkinson's disease
        • Forte G, Alimonti A, Pino A, Stanzione P, Brescianini S, Brusa L, Sancesario G, Violante N, Bocca B: Metals and oxidative stress in patients with Parkinson's disease. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2005;41(2):189-95. Pubmed: 16244392 Link_out
          Associated OMIM IDs
          DrugBank ID Not Available
          Phenol Explorer Compound ID Not Available
          Phenol Explorer Metabolite ID Not Available
          FoodDB ID FDB003766
          KNApSAcK ID Not Available
          Chemspider ID 28935 Link_out
          KEGG Compound ID C01413 Link_out
          BioCyc ID CD%2b2 Link_out
          BiGG ID Not Available
          Wikipedia Link Cadmium Link_out
          NuGOwiki Link HMDB03638 Link_out
          Metagene Link HMDB03638 Link_out
          METLIN ID Not Available
          PubChem Compound 31193 Link_out
          PDB ID CD Link_out
          ChEBI ID 48775 Link_out
          References
          Synthesis Reference Not Available
          Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) Download (PDF)
          General References Not Available
          Enzymes
          Name: Beta-Ala-His dipeptidase
          Reactions:
          • Preferential hydrolysis of the beta-Ala!His dipeptide (carnosine), and also anserine, Xaa!His dipeptides and other dipeptides including homocarnosine [RN:R01166 R03288] ALL_REAC R01166 R03288 COFACTOR Citrate [CPD:C00158]
          • Cadmium [CPD:C01413]
          Gene Name: CNDP1
          Uniprot ID: Q96KN2 Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          Name: Bis(5'-adenosyl)-triphosphatase
          Reactions:
          • P1,P3-bis(5'-adenosyl) triphosphate + H2O = ADP + AMP [RN:R00187]
          Gene Name: FHIT
          Uniprot ID: P49789 Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          Name: Chondroitin sulfate synthase 3
          Reactions:
          • UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate + N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl- proteoglycan = UDP + beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)- beta-D-glucuronosyl-proteoglycan [RN:R07336]
          Gene Name: CHSY3
          Uniprot ID: Q70JA7 Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          Name: Chondroitin sulfate synthase 1
          Reactions:
          • UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate + N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl- proteoglycan = UDP + beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)- beta-D-glucuronosyl-proteoglycan [RN:R07336]
          Gene Name: CHSY1
          Uniprot ID: Q86X52 Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          Name: Metallothionein-1E
          Reactions:
            Gene Name: MT1E
            Uniprot ID: P04732 Link_out
            Protein Sequence: FASTA
            Gene Sequence: FASTA
            Name: Metallothionein-1F
            Reactions:
              Gene Name: MT1F
              Uniprot ID: P04733 Link_out
              Protein Sequence: FASTA
              Gene Sequence: FASTA
              Name: Metallothionein-1G
              Reactions:
                Gene Name: MT1G
                Uniprot ID: P13640 Link_out
                Protein Sequence: FASTA
                Gene Sequence: FASTA
                Name: Metallothionein-1H
                Reactions:
                  Gene Name: MT1H
                  Uniprot ID: P80294 Link_out
                  Protein Sequence: FASTA
                  Gene Sequence: FASTA
                  Name: Metallothionein-1X
                  Reactions:
                    Gene Name: MT1X
                    Uniprot ID: P80297 Link_out
                    Protein Sequence: FASTA
                    Gene Sequence: FASTA
                    Name: Metallothionein-1L
                    Reactions:
                      Gene Name: MT1L
                      Uniprot ID: Q93083 Link_out
                      Protein Sequence: FASTA
                      Gene Sequence: FASTA
                      Name: Metallothionein-1M
                      Reactions:
                        Gene Name: MT1M
                        Uniprot ID: Q8N339 Link_out
                        Protein Sequence: FASTA
                        Gene Sequence: FASTA
                        Name: Metallothionein-1A
                        Reactions:
                          Gene Name: MT1A
                          Uniprot ID: P04731 Link_out
                          Protein Sequence: FASTA
                          Gene Sequence: FASTA
                          Name: Metallothionein-1B
                          Reactions:
                            Gene Name: MT1B
                            Uniprot ID: P07438 Link_out
                            Protein Sequence: FASTA
                            Gene Sequence: FASTA