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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusExpected but not Quantified
Creation Date2012-09-06 15:16:49 UTC
Update Date2022-03-07 02:51:35 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0014344
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB14344
Metabolite Identification
Common NameErythromycin
DescriptionErythromycin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as xanthines. These are purine derivatives with a ketone group conjugated at carbons 2 and 6 of the purine moiety. Thus, erythromycin is considered to be a macrolide lipid molecule. Erythromycin is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces erythreus. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to bacterial 50S ribosomal subunits; binding inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with the translocation of amino acids during the translation and assembly of proteins. Erythromycin may be bacteriostatic or bactericidal depending on the organism and drug concentration.
Structure
Data?1583952325
Synonyms
ValueSource
(3R,4S,5S,6R,7R,9R,11R,12R,13S,14R)-6-{[(2S,3R,4S,6R)-4-(dimethylamino)-3-hydroxy-6-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]oxy}-14-ethyl-7,12,13-trihydroxy-4-{[(2R,4R,5S,6S)-5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-4,6-dimethyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]oxy}-3,5,7,9,11,13-hexamethyloxacyclotetradecane-2,10-dioneChEBI
3''-O-DemethylerythromycinChEBI
AbomacetinChEBI
EritromicinaChEBI
ErthromycinChEBI
Erythromycin CChEBI
ErythromycineChEBI
ErythromycinumChEBI
Erythromycin aKegg
EMKegg
Akne-mycinKegg
ErycKegg
ErygelKegg
PceKegg
StaticinKegg
T-StatKegg
Erythrocin stearateHMDB
Erythromycin ethylsuccinateHMDB
Erythromycin glucoheptonateHMDB
Erythromycin lactobionateHMDB
Erythromycin oximeHMDB
Erythromycin stearateHMDB
ErymaxHMDB
C, ErythromycinHMDB
IlotycinHMDB
Phosphate, erythromycinHMDB
TStatHMDB
ErycetteHMDB
Erythromycin phosphateHMDB
Lactate, erythromycinHMDB
Erythromycin lactateHMDB
T StatHMDB
Chemical FormulaC37H67NO13
Average Molecular Weight733.9268
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight733.461241235
IUPAC Name(3R,4S,5S,6R,7R,9R,11R,12R,13S,14R)-6-{[(2S,3R,4S,6R)-4-(dimethylamino)-3-hydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy}-14-ethyl-7,12,13-trihydroxy-4-{[(2R,4R,5S,6S)-5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-4,6-dimethyloxan-2-yl]oxy}-3,5,7,9,11,13-hexamethyl-1-oxacyclotetradecane-2,10-dione
Traditional Nameerythromycin
CAS Registry Number114-07-8
SMILES
[H][C@@]1(C[C@@](C)(OC)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)O1)O[C@H]1[C@H](C)[C@@H](O[C@]2([H])O[C@H](C)C[C@@H]([C@H]2O)N(C)C)[C@](C)(O)C[C@@H](C)C(=O)[C@H](C)[C@@H](O)[C@](C)(O)[C@@H](CC)OC(=O)[C@@H]1C
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C37H67NO13/c1-14-25-37(10,45)30(41)20(4)27(39)18(2)16-35(8,44)32(51-34-28(40)24(38(11)12)15-19(3)47-34)21(5)29(22(6)33(43)49-25)50-26-17-36(9,46-13)31(42)23(7)48-26/h18-26,28-32,34,40-42,44-45H,14-17H2,1-13H3/t18-,19-,20+,21+,22-,23+,24+,25-,26+,28-,29+,30-,31+,32-,34+,35-,36-,37-/m1/s1
InChI KeyULGZDMOVFRHVEP-RWJQBGPGSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aminoglycosides. These are molecules or a portion of a molecule composed of amino-modified sugars.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic oxygen compounds
ClassOrganooxygen compounds
Sub ClassCarbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates
Direct ParentAminoglycosides
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Aminoglycoside core
  • Macrolide
  • Glycosyl compound
  • O-glycosyl compound
  • Oxane
  • Monosaccharide
  • Tertiary alcohol
  • 1,2-aminoalcohol
  • Amino acid or derivatives
  • Carboxylic acid ester
  • Ketone
  • Cyclic ketone
  • Tertiary aliphatic amine
  • Tertiary amine
  • Secondary alcohol
  • Lactone
  • Acetal
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Dialkyl ether
  • Ether
  • Oxacycle
  • Organoheterocyclic compound
  • Polyol
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Alcohol
  • Amine
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
Process
Role
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point191 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water Solubility0.46 g/LNot Available
LogP3.06MCFARLAND,JW ET AL. (1997)
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.46 g/LALOGPS
logP2.37ALOGPS
logP2.6ChemAxon
logS-3.2ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)12.44ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)8.38ChemAxon
Physiological Charge1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count13ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count5ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area193.91 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count7ChemAxon
Refractivity186.04 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability78.51 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings3ChemAxon
BioavailabilityNoChemAxon
Rule of FiveNoChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DeepCCS[M+H]+252.99630932474
DeepCCS[M-H]-251.27230932474
DeepCCS[M-2H]-285.30430932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+259.23830932474
AllCCS[M+H]+259.932859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+259.432859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+260.432859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+260.532859911
AllCCS[M-H]-257.732859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-263.332859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-269.532859911

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Erythromycin[H][C@@]1(C[C@@](C)(OC)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)O1)O[C@H]1[C@H](C)[C@@H](O[C@]2([H])O[C@H](C)C[C@@H]([C@H]2O)N(C)C)[C@](C)(O)C[C@@H](C)C(=O)[C@H](C)[C@@H](O)[C@](C)(O)[C@@H](CC)OC(=O)[C@@H]1C3309.8Standard polar33892256
Erythromycin[H][C@@]1(C[C@@](C)(OC)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)O1)O[C@H]1[C@H](C)[C@@H](O[C@]2([H])O[C@H](C)C[C@@H]([C@H]2O)N(C)C)[C@](C)(O)C[C@@H](C)C(=O)[C@H](C)[C@@H](O)[C@](C)(O)[C@@H](CC)OC(=O)[C@@H]1C4319.0Standard non polar33892256
Erythromycin[H][C@@]1(C[C@@](C)(OC)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)O1)O[C@H]1[C@H](C)[C@@H](O[C@]2([H])O[C@H](C)C[C@@H]([C@H]2O)N(C)C)[C@](C)(O)C[C@@H](C)C(=O)[C@H](C)[C@@H](O)[C@](C)(O)[C@@H](CC)OC(=O)[C@@H]1C4382.2Semi standard non polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Erythromycin GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-06di-9400002400-18cc27308908580ca1df2017-11-06Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Erythromycin GC-MS (TMS_1_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-18Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Erythromycin GC-MS (TMS_1_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-18Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Erythromycin GC-MS (TMS_1_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-18Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Erythromycin GC-MS (TMS_1_4) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-18Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Erythromycin GC-MS (TMS_1_5) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-18Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Erythromycin GC-MS (TMS_1_6) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-18Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Erythromycin GC-MS (TMS_1_7) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-18Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Erythromycin GC-MS (TMS_2_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-18Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Erythromycin GC-MS (TMS_2_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-18Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Erythromycin GC-MS (TMS_2_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-18Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Erythromycin GC-MS (TMS_2_4) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-18Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Erythromycin GC-MS (TMS_2_5) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-18Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Erythromycin GC-MS (TMS_2_6) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-18Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Erythromycin GC-MS (TMS_2_7) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-18Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Erythromycin GC-MS (TMS_2_8) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-18Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Erythromycin GC-MS (TMS_2_9) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-18Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Erythromycin GC-MS (TMS_2_10) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-18Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Erythromycin GC-MS (TMS_2_11) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-18Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Erythromycin GC-MS (TMS_2_12) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-18Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Erythromycin GC-MS (TMS_2_13) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-18Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Erythromycin GC-MS (TMS_2_14) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-18Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Erythromycin GC-MS (TMS_2_15) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-18Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Erythromycin GC-MS (TMS_2_16) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-18Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Erythromycin GC-MS (TMS_2_17) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-18Wishart LabView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Erythromycin DI-ESI-Ion Trap , Positive-QTOFsplash10-00di-2901000023-e1b4c2a4d54a44d851b12017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Erythromycin DI-ESI-Hybrid FT , Positive-QTOFsplash10-00di-2901000023-e1b4c2a4d54a44d851b12017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Erythromycin LC-ESI-QTOF , positive-QTOFsplash10-0a7i-0900070700-45f1a3bf3aac260695072017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Erythromycin LC-ESI-QTOF , positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-0900020000-c282d6a703a3a812c91a2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Erythromycin LC-ESI-QTOF , positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-0900000000-b11e26802dca28ea88f02017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Erythromycin LC-ESI-QTOF , positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-0900000000-5ea1e94063a49c0d6ddb2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Erythromycin LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-004i-0000090000-f0fcdc5ed4d00170f2a32017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Erythromycin LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-001i-0200000900-439b7d31b57ea93dff402017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Erythromycin LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-0a59-4900000000-1cb488a53f50cba638cf2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Erythromycin LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-001i-9700000000-239fd7095409362c75bc2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Erythromycin LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-001i-9000000000-37757a9a6c61ec2bac1b2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Erythromycin LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-001i-9000000000-2d04ae69b21d82ee07632017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Erythromycin LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-001i-9000000000-2d04ae69b21d82ee07632017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Erythromycin LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-053r-0500000900-20a1c46dfdef404c9d3e2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Erythromycin LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-0a59-5900000000-c7e9166d7e79e23023a52017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Erythromycin LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-053r-9800000000-07e4c66bcd0be93f7c092017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Erythromycin LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-001i-9200000000-553fb27002eceacb92702017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Erythromycin LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-001i-9000000000-9725c29b26f7cbbef5762017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Erythromycin LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-001i-9000000000-2d04ae69b21d82ee07632017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Erythromycin 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0a6r-0100190400-bba224728cad417eed352016-08-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Erythromycin 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0aor-2300890000-9f5f37c2d871150986c82016-08-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Erythromycin 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0006-9202310000-eded1d6e9587fe9797c52016-08-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Erythromycin 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-05cr-0700162900-29e82d5292241ea5e1e22016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Erythromycin 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0l90-1302393200-c98df51d2d2c1a4477022016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Erythromycin 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0006-4500981000-7a2274e0e23ee0c26b222016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Membrane
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Urine
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot AvailableNot AvailableTaking drug identified by DrugBank entry DB00199 details
UrineExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot AvailableNot AvailableTaking drug identified by DrugBank entry DB00199 details
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Predicted Concentrations
BiospecimenValueOriginal ageOriginal sexOriginal conditionComments
Blood0.000 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormalPredicted based on drug qualities
Blood0.000 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothNormalPredicted based on drug qualities
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDDB00199
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB015812
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider ID12041
KEGG Compound IDC01912
BioCyc IDCPD-13804
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkErythromycin
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound12560
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID42355
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Download (PDF)
General References
  1. Kanazawa S, Ohkubo T, Sugawara K: The effects of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of erythromycin. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2001 Jan-Feb;56(11):799-803. [PubMed:11294369 ]
  2. Ogwal S, Xide TU: Bioavailability and stability of erythromycin delayed release tablets. Afr Health Sci. 2001 Dec;1(2):90-6. [PubMed:12789122 ]
  3. Okudaira T, Kotegawa T, Imai H, Tsutsumi K, Nakano S, Ohashi K: Effect of the treatment period with erythromycin on cytochrome P450 3A activity in humans. J Clin Pharmacol. 2007 Jul;47(7):871-6. [PubMed:17585116 ]

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and midazolam 4-hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Acts as a 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide.
Gene Name:
CYP3A4
Uniprot ID:
P08684
Molecular weight:
57255.585
References
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]
  2. Ekins S, Bravi G, Wikel JH, Wrighton SA: Three-dimensional-quantitative structure activity relationship analysis of cytochrome P-450 3A4 substrates. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Oct;291(1):424-33. [PubMed:10490933 ]
General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics.
Gene Name:
CYP3A5
Uniprot ID:
P20815
Molecular weight:
57108.065
General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics.
Gene Name:
CYP3A7
Uniprot ID:
P24462
Molecular weight:
57525.03
General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Most active in catalyzing 2-hydroxylation. Caffeine is metabolized primarily by cytochrome CYP1A2 in the liver through an initial N3-demethylation. Also acts in the metabolism of aflatoxin B1 and acetaminophen. Participates in the bioactivation of carcinogenic aromatic and heterocyclic amines. Catalizes the N-hydroxylation of heterocyclic amines and the O-deethylation of phenacetin.
Gene Name:
CYP1A2
Uniprot ID:
P05177
Molecular weight:
58406.915
References
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]

Transporters

General function:
Involved in ATP binding
Specific function:
Mediates export of organic anions and drugs from the cytoplasm. Mediates ATP-dependent transport of glutathione and glutathione conjugates, leukotriene C4, estradiol-17-beta-o- glucuronide, methotrexate, antiviral drugs and other xenobiotics. Confers resistance to anticancer drugs. Hydrolyzes ATP with low efficiency
Gene Name:
ABCC1
Uniprot ID:
P33527
Molecular weight:
171589.5
References
  1. Terashi K, Oka M, Soda H, Fukuda M, Kawabata S, Nakatomi K, Shiozawa K, Nakamura T, Tsukamoto K, Noguchi Y, Suenaga M, Tei C, Kohno S: Interactions of ofloxacin and erythromycin with the multidrug resistance protein (MRP) in MRP-overexpressing human leukemia cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000 Jun;44(6):1697-700. [PubMed:10817732 ]
General function:
Involved in ATP binding
Specific function:
Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells
Gene Name:
ABCB1
Uniprot ID:
P08183
Molecular weight:
141477.3
References
  1. Schuetz EG, Beck WT, Schuetz JD: Modulators and substrates of P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P4503A coordinately up-regulate these proteins in human colon carcinoma cells. Mol Pharmacol. 1996 Feb;49(2):311-8. [PubMed:8632764 ]
  2. Polli JW, Wring SA, Humphreys JE, Huang L, Morgan JB, Webster LO, Serabjit-Singh CS: Rational use of in vitro P-glycoprotein assays in drug discovery. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001 Nov;299(2):620-8. [PubMed:11602674 ]
  3. Ekins S, Kim RB, Leake BF, Dantzig AH, Schuetz EG, Lan LB, Yasuda K, Shepard RL, Winter MA, Schuetz JD, Wikel JH, Wrighton SA: Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships of inhibitors of P-glycoprotein. Mol Pharmacol. 2002 May;61(5):964-73. [PubMed:11961113 ]
  4. Schwab D, Fischer H, Tabatabaei A, Poli S, Huwyler J: Comparison of in vitro P-glycoprotein screening assays: recommendations for their use in drug discovery. J Med Chem. 2003 Apr 24;46(9):1716-25. [PubMed:12699389 ]
  5. Takano M, Hasegawa R, Fukuda T, Yumoto R, Nagai J, Murakami T: Interaction with P-glycoprotein and transport of erythromycin, midazolam and ketoconazole in Caco-2 cells. Eur J Pharmacol. 1998 Oct 9;358(3):289-94. [PubMed:9822896 ]
  6. Kim RB, Wandel C, Leake B, Cvetkovic M, Fromm MF, Dempsey PJ, Roden MM, Belas F, Chaudhary AK, Roden DM, Wood AJ, Wilkinson GR: Interrelationship between substrates and inhibitors of human CYP3A and P-glycoprotein. Pharm Res. 1999 Mar;16(3):408-14. [PubMed:10213372 ]
  7. Asakura E, Nakayama H, Sugie M, Zhao YL, Nadai M, Kitaichi K, Shimizu A, Miyoshi M, Takagi K, Takagi K, Hasegawa T: Azithromycin reverses anticancer drug resistance and modifies hepatobiliary excretion of doxorubicin in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2004 Jan 26;484(2-3):333-9. [PubMed:14744620 ]
  8. Yasuda K, Lan LB, Sanglard D, Furuya K, Schuetz JD, Schuetz EG: Interaction of cytochrome P450 3A inhibitors with P-glycoprotein. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Oct;303(1):323-32. [PubMed:12235267 ]
  9. Dahan A, Sabit H, Amidon GL: The H2 receptor antagonist nizatidine is a P-glycoprotein substrate: characterization of its intestinal epithelial cell efflux transport. AAPS J. 2009 Jun;11(2):205-13. doi: 10.1208/s12248-009-9092-5. Epub 2009 Mar 25. [PubMed:19319690 ]
  10. Sun H, Huang Y, Frassetto L, Benet LZ: Effects of uremic toxins on hepatic uptake and metabolism of erythromycin. Drug Metab Dispos. 2004 Nov;32(11):1239-46. Epub 2004 Jul 30. [PubMed:15286055 ]
General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as sulfobromophthalein (BSP) and conjugated (taurocholate) and unconjugated (cholate) bile acids
Gene Name:
SLCO1A2
Uniprot ID:
P46721
Molecular weight:
74144.1
References
  1. Cvetkovic M, Leake B, Fromm MF, Wilkinson GR, Kim RB: OATP and P-glycoprotein transporters mediate the cellular uptake and excretion of fexofenadine. Drug Metab Dispos. 1999 Aug;27(8):866-71. [PubMed:10421612 ]
General function:
Involved in transmembrane transport
Specific function:
Mediates sodium-independent multispecific organic anion transport. Transport of prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin F2, tetracycline, bumetanide, estrone sulfate, glutarate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, allopurinol, 5-fluorouracil, paclitaxel, L-ascorbic acid, salicylate, ethotrexate, and alpha- ketoglutarate
Gene Name:
SLC22A7
Uniprot ID:
Q9Y694
Molecular weight:
60025.0
References
  1. Kobayashi Y, Sakai R, Ohshiro N, Ohbayashi M, Kohyama N, Yamamoto T: Possible involvement of organic anion transporter 2 on the interaction of theophylline with erythromycin in the human liver. Drug Metab Dispos. 2005 May;33(5):619-22. Epub 2005 Feb 11. [PubMed:15708966 ]
  2. Kobayashi Y, Ohshiro N, Shibusawa A, Sasaki T, Tokuyama S, Sekine T, Endou H, Yamamoto T: Isolation, characterization and differential gene expression of multispecific organic anion transporter 2 in mice. Mol Pharmacol. 2002 Jul;62(1):7-14. [PubMed:12065749 ]