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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusExpected but not Quantified
Creation Date2012-09-06 15:16:50 UTC
Update Date2023-02-21 17:18:17 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0014771
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB14771
Metabolite Identification
Common NameDexmedetomidine
DescriptionDexmedetomidine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an agonist of receptors, adrenergic alpha-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of dexmedetomidine. [PubChem]Dexmedetomidine is a specific and selective alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist. By binding to the presynaptic alpha-2 adrenoceptors, it inhibits the release if norepinephrine, therefore, terminate the propagation of pain signals. Activation of the postsynaptic alpha-2 adrenoceptors inhibits the sympathetic activity decreases blood pressure and heart rate.
Structure
Data?1676999897
Synonyms
ValueSource
(+)-4-((S)-alpha,2,3-Trimethylbenzyl)imidazoleChEBI
DexmedetomidinaChEBI
DexmedetomidinumChEBI
MPV 1440ChEBI
DexdorKegg
PrecedexKegg
(+)-4-((S)-a,2,3-Trimethylbenzyl)imidazoleGenerator
(+)-4-((S)-Α,2,3-trimethylbenzyl)imidazoleGenerator
MedetomidineHMDB
Hospira brand OF dexmedetomidine hydrochlorideHMDB
Hydrochloride, dexmedetomidineHMDB
Dexmedetomidine hydrochlorideHMDB
Chemical FormulaC13H16N2
Average Molecular Weight200.2795
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight200.131348522
IUPAC Name4-[(1S)-1-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)ethyl]-1H-imidazole
Traditional Namedexmedetomidine hcl
CAS Registry Number113775-47-6
SMILES
C[C@H](C1=CNC=N1)C1=C(C)C(C)=CC=C1
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C13H16N2/c1-9-5-4-6-12(10(9)2)11(3)13-7-14-8-15-13/h4-8,11H,1-3H3,(H,14,15)/t11-/m0/s1
InChI KeyCUHVIMMYOGQXCV-NSHDSACASA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as o-xylenes. These are aromatic compounds that contain a o-xylene moiety, which is a monocyclic benzene carrying exactly two methyl groups at the 1- and 2-positions.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassBenzenoids
ClassBenzene and substituted derivatives
Sub ClassXylenes
Direct Parento-Xylenes
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • O-xylene
  • Heteroaromatic compound
  • Imidazole
  • Azole
  • Azacycle
  • Organoheterocyclic compound
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
ProcessNot Available
RoleNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting PointNot AvailableNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water Solubility0.17 g/LNot Available
LogP2.8Not Available
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.17 g/LALOGPS
logP3.28ALOGPS
logP3.39ChemAxon
logS-3.1ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)14.09ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)6.54ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area28.68 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count2ChemAxon
Refractivity62.98 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability23.32 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings2ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DarkChem[M+H]+147.07931661259
DarkChem[M-H]-148.97631661259
DeepCCS[M+H]+152.21230932474
DeepCCS[M-H]-149.81630932474
DeepCCS[M-2H]-182.85230932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+158.20330932474
AllCCS[M+H]+142.832859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+138.432859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+146.932859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+148.132859911
AllCCS[M-H]-150.232859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-150.432859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-150.832859911

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
DexmedetomidineC[C@H](C1=CNC=N1)C1=C(C)C(C)=CC=C12548.1Standard polar33892256
DexmedetomidineC[C@H](C1=CNC=N1)C1=C(C)C(C)=CC=C11822.6Standard non polar33892256
DexmedetomidineC[C@H](C1=CNC=N1)C1=C(C)C(C)=CC=C11934.8Semi standard non polar33892256

Derivatized

Derivative Name / StructureSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Dexmedetomidine,1TMS,isomer #1CC1=CC=CC([C@H](C)C2=CN([Si](C)(C)C)C=N2)=C1C1942.2Semi standard non polar33892256
Dexmedetomidine,1TMS,isomer #1CC1=CC=CC([C@H](C)C2=CN([Si](C)(C)C)C=N2)=C1C1931.0Standard non polar33892256
Dexmedetomidine,1TMS,isomer #1CC1=CC=CC([C@H](C)C2=CN([Si](C)(C)C)C=N2)=C1C2221.1Standard polar33892256
Dexmedetomidine,1TBDMS,isomer #1CC1=CC=CC([C@H](C)C2=CN([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C=N2)=C1C2175.4Semi standard non polar33892256
Dexmedetomidine,1TBDMS,isomer #1CC1=CC=CC([C@H](C)C2=CN([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C=N2)=C1C2091.2Standard non polar33892256
Dexmedetomidine,1TBDMS,isomer #1CC1=CC=CC([C@H](C)C2=CN([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C=N2)=C1C2339.7Standard polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Dexmedetomidine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-001r-3900000000-1af3ca78fb22ea06ac9d2017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Dexmedetomidine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Dexmedetomidine 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0udi-0290000000-a37775586d59da8a5c1d2016-08-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Dexmedetomidine 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0uk9-1950000000-1f473c29f9a4392cf0692016-08-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Dexmedetomidine 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-1900000000-05caba97ecbe584d9c192016-08-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Dexmedetomidine 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0002-0900000000-b4978ed90cadc637e3fb2016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Dexmedetomidine 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0002-1900000000-b7da7a8cb234743e8c212016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Dexmedetomidine 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0awc-4900000000-2ac7ce450e11fc5753d72016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Dexmedetomidine 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0udi-1290000000-7ce023520ec9d746eea72021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Dexmedetomidine 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0002-7910000000-4ae55943a38333ee52872021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Dexmedetomidine 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0gdl-9800000000-cd3153463e2e91d489be2021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Dexmedetomidine 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0002-1900000000-03c59d592e0c63c3b1292021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Dexmedetomidine 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-05r0-4900000000-63211e5f1011b3b9b21b2021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Dexmedetomidine 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0690-4900000000-aa17f9adf1fe8fc096d32021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum

IR Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted IR SpectrumIR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M-H]-)2023-02-03FELIX labView Spectrum
Predicted IR SpectrumIR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+H]+)2023-02-03FELIX labView Spectrum
Predicted IR SpectrumIR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+Na]+)2023-02-03FELIX labView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Membrane
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Urine
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot AvailableNot AvailableTaking drug identified by DrugBank entry DB00633 details
UrineExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot AvailableNot AvailableTaking drug identified by DrugBank entry DB00633 details
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDDB00633
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider ID4470605
KEGG Compound IDC07450
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkDexmedetomidine
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound5311068
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID4466
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General ReferencesNot Available

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Metabolizes several precarcinogens, drugs, and solvents to reactive metabolites. Inactivates a number of drugs and xenobiotics and also bioactivates many xenobiotic substrates to their hepatotoxic or carcinogenic forms.
Gene Name:
CYP2E1
Uniprot ID:
P05181
Molecular weight:
56848.42
References
  1. Avsaroglu H, Bull S, Maas-Bakker RF, Scherpenisse P, Van Lith HA, Bergwerff AA, Hellebrekers LJ, Van Zutphen LF, Fink-Gremmels J: Differences in hepatic cytochrome P450 activity correlate with the strain-specific biotransformation of medetomidine in AX/JU and IIIVO/JU inbred rabbits. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Aug;31(4):368-77. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.00969.x. [PubMed:18638298 ]
  2. Duhamel MC, Troncy E, Beaudry F: Metabolic stability and determination of cytochrome P450 isoenzymes' contribution to the metabolism of medetomidine in dog liver microsomes. Biomed Chromatogr. 2010 Aug;24(8):868-77. doi: 10.1002/bmc.1379. [PubMed:20020418 ]
General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants.
Gene Name:
CYP2D6
Uniprot ID:
P10635
Molecular weight:
55768.94
References
  1. Rodrigues AD, Roberts EM: The in vitro interaction of dexmedetomidine with human liver microsomal cytochrome P4502D6 (CYP2D6). Drug Metab Dispos. 1997 May;25(5):651-5. [PubMed:9152607 ]
General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics.
Gene Name:
CYP1A1
Uniprot ID:
P04798
Molecular weight:
58164.815
References
  1. Konstandi M, Kostakis D, Harkitis P, Marselos M, Johnson EO, Adamidis K, Lang MA: Role of adrenoceptor-linked signaling pathways in the regulation of CYP1A1 gene expression. Biochem Pharmacol. 2005 Jan 15;69(2):277-87. [PubMed:15627480 ]
General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Most active in catalyzing 2-hydroxylation. Caffeine is metabolized primarily by cytochrome CYP1A2 in the liver through an initial N3-demethylation. Also acts in the metabolism of aflatoxin B1 and acetaminophen. Participates in the bioactivation of carcinogenic aromatic and heterocyclic amines. Catalizes the N-hydroxylation of heterocyclic amines and the O-deethylation of phenacetin.
Gene Name:
CYP1A2
Uniprot ID:
P05177
Molecular weight:
58406.915
References
  1. Konstandi M, Lang MA, Kostakis D, Johnson EO, Marselos M: Predominant role of peripheral catecholamines in the stress-induced modulation of CYP1A2 inducibility by benzo(alpha)pyrene. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2008 Jan;102(1):35-44. Epub 2007 Oct 31. [PubMed:17973897 ]
  2. Konstandi M, Kostakis D, Harkitis P, Johnson EO, Marselos M, Adamidis K, Lang MA: Benzo(alpha)pyrene-induced up-regulation of CYP1A2 gene expression: role of adrenoceptor-linked signaling pathways. Life Sci. 2006 Jun 20;79(4):331-41. Epub 2006 Feb 28. [PubMed:16510159 ]
General function:
Involved in G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
Specific function:
Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine- induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. The rank order of potency for agonists of this receptor is oxymetazoline > clonidine > epinephrine > norepinephrine > phenylephrine > dopamine > p-synephrine > p-tyramine > serotonin = p-octopamine. For antagonists, the rank order is yohimbine > phentolamine = mianserine > chlorpromazine = spiperone = prazosin > propanolol > alprenolol = pindolol
Gene Name:
ADRA2A
Uniprot ID:
P08913
Molecular weight:
48956.3
References
  1. Fairbanks CA, Stone LS, Kitto KF, Nguyen HO, Posthumus IJ, Wilcox GL: alpha(2C)-Adrenergic receptors mediate spinal analgesia and adrenergic-opioid synergy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Jan;300(1):282-90. [PubMed:11752127 ]
  2. Scheibner J, Trendelenburg AU, Hein L, Starke K, Blandizzi C: Alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the enteric nervous system: a study in alpha 2A-adrenoceptor-deficient mice. Br J Pharmacol. 2002 Feb;135(3):697-704. [PubMed:11834617 ]
  3. Davies MF, Tsui J, Flannery JA, Li X, DeLorey TM, Hoffman BB: Activation of alpha2 adrenergic receptors suppresses fear conditioning: expression of c-Fos and phosphorylated CREB in mouse amygdala. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004 Feb;29(2):229-39. [PubMed:14583739 ]
  4. Dawson C, Ma D, Chow A, Maze M: Dexmedetomidine enhances analgesic action of nitrous oxide: mechanisms of action. Anesthesiology. 2004 Apr;100(4):894-904. [PubMed:15087625 ]
  5. Ozdogan UK, Lahdesmaki J, Hakala K, Scheinin M: The involvement of alpha 2A-adrenoceptors in morphine analgesia, tolerance and withdrawal in mice. Eur J Pharmacol. 2004 Aug 23;497(2):161-71. [PubMed:15306201 ]
  6. Menon DV, Wang Z, Fadel PJ, Arbique D, Leonard D, Li JL, Victor RG, Vongpatanasin W: Central sympatholysis as a novel countermeasure for cocaine-induced sympathetic activation and vasoconstriction in humans. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007 Aug 14;50(7):626-33. Epub 2007 Jul 30. [PubMed:17692748 ]