Hmdb loader
Record Information
Version5.0
StatusExpected but not Quantified
Creation Date2012-09-06 15:16:50 UTC
Update Date2022-03-07 02:51:45 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0014826
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB14826
Metabolite Identification
Common NameMycophenolate mofetil
DescriptionMycophenolate mofetil is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is the 2-morpholinoethyl ester of mycophenolic acid (MPA), an immunosuppressive agent, inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibitor.Mycophenolate mofetil is hydrolyzed to form mycophenolic acid (MPA), which is the active metabolite. MPA is a potent, selective, uncompetitive, and reversible inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), and therefore inhibits the de novo pathway of guanosine nucleotide synthesis without incorporation into DNA. Because T- and B-lymphocytes are critically dependent for their proliferation on de novo synthesis of purines, whereas other cell types can utilize salvage pathways, MPA has potent cytostatic effects on lymphocytes. MPA inhibits proliferative responses of T- and B-lymphocytes to both mitogenic and allospecific stimulation. Addition of guanosine or deoxyguanosine reverses the cytostatic effects of MPA on lymphocytes. MPA also suppresses antibody formation by B-lymphocytes. MPA prevents the glycosylation of lymphocyte and monocyte glycoproteins that are involved in intercellular adhesion to endothelial cells and may inhibit recruitment of leukocytes into sites of inflammation and graft rejection. Mycophenolate mofetil did not inhibit early events in the activation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, such as the production of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-2 (IL-2), but did block the coupling of these events to DNA synthesis and proliferation.
Structure
Data?1582753224
Synonyms
ValueSource
2-Morpholinoethyl (e)-6-(4-hydroxy-6-methoxy-7-methyl-3-oxo-5-phthalanyl)-4-methyl-4-hexenoateChEBI
CellceptChEBI
MMFChEBI
Mycophenolic acid morpholinoethyl esterChEBI
RS 61443ChEBI
2-Morpholinoethyl (e)-6-(4-hydroxy-6-methoxy-7-methyl-3-oxo-5-phthalanyl)-4-methyl-4-hexenoic acidGenerator
Mycophenolate morpholinoethyl esterGenerator
Mycophenolic acid mofetilGenerator
Mycophenylate mofetilHMDB
Mycophenolate sodiumHMDB
MyforticHMDB
Sodium mycophenolateHMDB
Mycophenolate mofetil hydrochlorideHMDB
Mofetil hydrochloride, mycophenolateHMDB
Mofetil, mycophenolateHMDB
Mycophenolate, sodiumHMDB
Mycophenolic acidHMDB
Chemical FormulaC23H31NO7
Average Molecular Weight433.4947
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight433.210052351
IUPAC Name2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl (4E)-6-(4-hydroxy-6-methoxy-7-methyl-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-yl)-4-methylhex-4-enoate
Traditional Namemycophenolate mofetil
CAS Registry Number128794-94-5
SMILES
COC1=C(C\C=C(/C)CCC(=O)OCCN2CCOCC2)C(O)=C2C(=O)OCC2=C1C
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C23H31NO7/c1-15(5-7-19(25)30-13-10-24-8-11-29-12-9-24)4-6-17-21(26)20-18(14-31-23(20)27)16(2)22(17)28-3/h4,26H,5-14H2,1-3H3/b15-4+
InChI KeyRTGDFNSFWBGLEC-SYZQJQIISA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phthalides. Phthalides are compounds containing a 3-hydrocarbylidene-2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one moiety,.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganoheterocyclic compounds
ClassIsocoumarans
Sub ClassIsobenzofuranones
Direct ParentPhthalides
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Phthalide
  • Anisole
  • Alkyl aryl ether
  • Fatty acid ester
  • Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Morpholine
  • Oxazinane
  • Fatty acyl
  • Benzenoid
  • Vinylogous acid
  • Amino acid or derivatives
  • Carboxylic acid ester
  • Lactone
  • Tertiary amine
  • Tertiary aliphatic amine
  • Ether
  • Dialkyl ether
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Oxacycle
  • Azacycle
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Amine
  • Carbonyl group
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
Process
RoleNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting PointNot AvailableNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water Solubility0.095 g/LNot Available
LogP2.5Not Available
Experimental Chromatographic Properties

Experimental Collision Cross Sections

Adduct TypeData SourceCCS Value (Å2)Reference
[M+H]+Not Available197.319http://allccs.zhulab.cn/database/detail?ID=AllCCS00000923
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.095 g/LALOGPS
logP2.17ALOGPS
logP3.47ChemAxon
logS-3.7ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)9.76ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)6.19ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count6ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area94.53 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count10ChemAxon
Refractivity117.1 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability45.55 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings3ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DarkChem[M+H]+203.34231661259
DarkChem[M-H]-197.42331661259
DeepCCS[M+H]+198.5730932474
DeepCCS[M-H]-196.03630932474
DeepCCS[M-2H]-230.9730932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+207.13530932474
AllCCS[M+H]+203.432859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+201.032859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+205.632859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+206.332859911
AllCCS[M-H]-205.432859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-206.532859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-208.032859911

Predicted Retention Times

Underivatized

Chromatographic MethodRetention TimeReference
Measured using a Waters Acquity ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) ethylene-bridged hybrid (BEH) C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm; 1.7 μmparticle diameter). Predicted by Afia on May 17, 2022. Predicted by Afia on May 17, 2022.5.53 minutes32390414
Predicted by Siyang on May 30, 202211.8385 minutes33406817
Predicted by Siyang using ReTip algorithm on June 8, 20222.16 minutes32390414
Fem_Long = Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C18 with Water:MeOH and 0.1% Formic Acid2171.5 seconds40023050
Fem_Lipids = Ascentis Express C18 with (60:40 water:ACN):(90:10 IPA:ACN) and 10mM NH4COOH + 0.1% Formic Acid160.8 seconds40023050
Life_Old = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:(20:80 acetone:ACN) and 0.1% Formic Acid184.0 seconds40023050
Life_New = RP Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C18 with Water:(30:70 MeOH:ACN) and 0.1% Formic Acid149.0 seconds40023050
RIKEN = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid83.5 seconds40023050
Eawag_XBridgeC18 = XBridge C18 3.5u 2.1x50 mm with Water:MeOH and 0.1% Formic Acid456.7 seconds40023050
BfG_NTS_RP1 =Agilent Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 (2.1 mm x 150 mm, 3.5 um) with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid576.1 seconds40023050
HILIC_BDD_2 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-HILIC with ACN(0.1% formic acid):water(16 mM ammonium formate)149.6 seconds40023050
UniToyama_Atlantis = RP Waters Atlantis T3 (2.1 x 150 mm, 5 um) with ACN:Water and 0.1% Formic Acid972.3 seconds40023050
BDD_C18 = Hypersil Gold 1.9µm C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid428.1 seconds40023050
UFZ_Phenomenex = Kinetex Core-Shell C18 2.6 um, 3.0 x 100 mm, Phenomenex with Water:MeOH and 0.1% Formic Acid1355.7 seconds40023050
SNU_RIKEN_POS = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid364.6 seconds40023050
RPMMFDA = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid348.9 seconds40023050
MTBLS87 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-pHILIC column with ACN:Water and :ammonium carbonate216.0 seconds40023050
KI_GIAR_zic_HILIC_pH2_7 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-HILIC with ACN:Water and 0.1% FA164.1 seconds40023050
Meister zic-pHILIC pH9.3 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-pHILIC column with ACN:Water 5mM NH4Ac pH9.3 and 5mM ammonium acetate in water15.5 seconds40023050

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Mycophenolate mofetilCOC1=C(C\C=C(/C)CCC(=O)OCCN2CCOCC2)C(O)=C2C(=O)OCC2=C1C3905.1Standard polar33892256
Mycophenolate mofetilCOC1=C(C\C=C(/C)CCC(=O)OCCN2CCOCC2)C(O)=C2C(=O)OCC2=C1C3180.0Standard non polar33892256
Mycophenolate mofetilCOC1=C(C\C=C(/C)CCC(=O)OCCN2CCOCC2)C(O)=C2C(=O)OCC2=C1C3452.8Semi standard non polar33892256

Derivatized

Derivative Name / StructureSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Mycophenolate mofetil,1TMS,isomer #1COC1=C(C)C2=C(C(=O)OC2)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)=C1C/C=C(\C)CCC(=O)OCCN1CCOCC13321.6Semi standard non polar33892256
Mycophenolate mofetil,1TBDMS,isomer #1COC1=C(C)C2=C(C(=O)OC2)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=C1C/C=C(\C)CCC(=O)OCCN1CCOCC13527.0Semi standard non polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Mycophenolate mofetil GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0w4i-2393200000-d549469b4d276b82f0a42017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Mycophenolate mofetil GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0itd-4629600000-670072fd9bb0a49d7de12017-10-06Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Mycophenolate mofetil GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Mycophenolate mofetil , positive-QTOFsplash10-0019-1741900000-022d7009668cda105e502017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Mycophenolate mofetil 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-01q9-0743900000-133a311844263f919bdd2016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Mycophenolate mofetil 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-03di-1961100000-5da439d2a9f8cae8f4452016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Mycophenolate mofetil 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-03xr-9740100000-6af6a8b42b2977762a4c2016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Mycophenolate mofetil 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0f89-0419700000-cbea334d70b0f1f93d902016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Mycophenolate mofetil 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0ue9-2859500000-742b323b12fbfbe7a5022016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Mycophenolate mofetil 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0fe3-9564000000-dd2d4e0510f30a121c4e2016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Mycophenolate mofetil 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-001i-0020900000-038b179f46cd4955dd102021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Mycophenolate mofetil 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-0291200000-8369d80f2ca22af88fba2021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Mycophenolate mofetil 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-03di-0960100000-828ad4ec3f07672468922021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Mycophenolate mofetil 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-001i-0501900000-6ec023ec52bc4a8e5ea12021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Mycophenolate mofetil 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-004l-2921100000-7173e63d30a5885f9a872021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Mycophenolate mofetil 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-00or-1590000000-77b54540de37ccf344ec2021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Membrane
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Urine
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot AvailableNot AvailableTaking drug identified by DrugBank entry DB00688 details
UrineExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot AvailableNot AvailableTaking drug identified by DrugBank entry DB00688 details
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDDB00688
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider ID4444535
KEGG Compound IDC07908
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkMycophenolate_mofetil
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound5281078
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID8764
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References
  1. Picard N, Cresteil T, Premaud A, Marquet P: Characterization of a phase 1 metabolite of mycophenolic acid produced by CYP3A4/5. Ther Drug Monit. 2004 Dec;26(6):600-8. [PubMed:15570183 ]
  2. Woodroffe R, Yao GL, Meads C, Bayliss S, Ready A, Raftery J, Taylor RS: Clinical and cost-effectiveness of newer immunosuppressive regimens in renal transplantation: a systematic review and modelling study. Health Technol Assess. 2005 May;9(21):1-179, iii-iv. [PubMed:15899149 ]
  3. (). FDA label . .

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in transferase activity, transferring hexosyl groups
Specific function:
UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. Its unique specificity for 3,4-catechol estrogens and estriol suggests it may play an important role in regulating the level and activity of these potent and active estrogen metabolites. Is also active with androsterone, hyodeoxycholic acid and tetrachlorocatechol (in vitro).
Gene Name:
UGT2B7
Uniprot ID:
P16662
Molecular weight:
60720.15
References
  1. Picard N, Ratanasavanh D, Premaud A, Le Meur Y, Marquet P: Identification of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoforms involved in mycophenolic acid phase II metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos. 2005 Jan;33(1):139-46. Epub 2004 Oct 6. [PubMed:15470161 ]
General function:
Involved in transferase activity, transferring hexosyl groups
Specific function:
UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This isoform glucuronidates bilirubin IX-alpha to form both the IX-alpha-C8 and IX-alpha-C12 monoconjugates and diconjugate. Is also able to catalyze the glucuronidation of 17beta-estradiol, 17alpha-ethinylestradiol, 1-hydroxypyrene, 4-methylumbelliferone, 1-naphthol, paranitrophenol, scopoletin, and umbelliferone.
Gene Name:
UGT1A1
Uniprot ID:
P22309
Molecular weight:
59590.91
References
  1. Miles KK, Kessler FK, Smith PC, Ritter JK: Characterization of rat intestinal microsomal UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity toward mycophenolic acid. Drug Metab Dispos. 2006 Sep;34(9):1632-9. Epub 2006 Jun 21. [PubMed:16790558 ]
General function:
Involved in transferase activity, transferring hexosyl groups
Specific function:
UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This isoform has specificity for phenols.
Gene Name:
UGT1A9
Uniprot ID:
O60656
Molecular weight:
59940.495
References
  1. Picard N, Ratanasavanh D, Premaud A, Le Meur Y, Marquet P: Identification of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoforms involved in mycophenolic acid phase II metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos. 2005 Jan;33(1):139-46. Epub 2004 Oct 6. [PubMed:15470161 ]
General function:
Involved in transferase activity, transferring hexosyl groups
Specific function:
UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds.
Gene Name:
UGT1A8
Uniprot ID:
Q9HAW9
Molecular weight:
59741.035
References
  1. Thervet E, Anglicheau D, Legendre C: [Pharmacology of mycophenolate mofetil: recent data and clinical consequences]. Nephrologie. 2001;22(7):331-7. [PubMed:11817210 ]
General function:
Involved in transferase activity, transferring hexosyl groups
Specific function:
UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds.
Gene Name:
UGT1A10
Uniprot ID:
Q9HAW8
Molecular weight:
59809.075
References
  1. Thervet E, Anglicheau D, Legendre C: [Pharmacology of mycophenolate mofetil: recent data and clinical consequences]. Nephrologie. 2001;22(7):331-7. [PubMed:11817210 ]
General function:
Involved in transferase activity, transferring hexosyl groups
Specific function:
UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This isoform has specificity for phenols.
Gene Name:
UGT1A6
Uniprot ID:
P19224
Molecular weight:
60750.215
References
  1. Miles KK, Kessler FK, Smith PC, Ritter JK: Characterization of rat intestinal microsomal UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity toward mycophenolic acid. Drug Metab Dispos. 2006 Sep;34(9):1632-9. Epub 2006 Jun 21. [PubMed:16790558 ]
General function:
Involved in transferase activity, transferring hexosyl groups
Specific function:
UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds.
Gene Name:
UGT1A7
Uniprot ID:
Q9HAW7
Molecular weight:
59818.315
References
  1. Miles KK, Kessler FK, Smith PC, Ritter JK: Characterization of rat intestinal microsomal UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity toward mycophenolic acid. Drug Metab Dispos. 2006 Sep;34(9):1632-9. Epub 2006 Jun 21. [PubMed:16790558 ]
General function:
Involved in catalytic activity
Specific function:
Catalyzes the conversion of inosine 5'-phosphate (IMP) to xanthosine 5'-phosphate (XMP), the first committed and rate-limiting step in the de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides, and therefore plays an important role in the regulation of cell growth. Could also have a single-stranded nucleic acid-binding activity and could play a role in RNA and/or DNA metabolism. It may also have a role in the development of malignancy and the growth progression of some tumors.
Gene Name:
IMPDH2
Uniprot ID:
P12268
Molecular weight:
55804.495
References
  1. Vannozzi F, Filipponi F, Di Paolo A, Danesi R, Urbani L, Bocci G, Catalano G, De Simone P, Mosca F, Del Tacca M: An exploratory study on pharmacogenetics of inosine-monophosphate dehydrogenase II in peripheral mononuclear cells from liver-transplant recipients. Transplant Proc. 2004 Nov;36(9):2787-90. [PubMed:15621150 ]
  2. Bremer S, Rootwelt H, Bergan S: Real-time PCR determination of IMPDH1 and IMPDH2 expression in blood cells. Clin Chem. 2007 Jun;53(6):1023-9. Epub 2007 Apr 26. [PubMed:17463174 ]
  3. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed:11752352 ]
General function:
Involved in catalytic activity
Specific function:
Catalyzes the conversion of inosine 5'-phosphate (IMP) to xanthosine 5'-phosphate (XMP), the first committed and rate-limiting step in the de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides, and therefore plays an important role in the regulation of cell growth. Could also have a single-stranded nucleic acid-binding activity and could play a role in RNA and/or DNA metabolism. It may also have a role in the development of malignancy and the growth progression of some tumors.
Gene Name:
IMPDH1
Uniprot ID:
P20839
Molecular weight:
63252.24
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284 ]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423 ]
  3. Bremer S, Rootwelt H, Bergan S: Real-time PCR determination of IMPDH1 and IMPDH2 expression in blood cells. Clin Chem. 2007 Jun;53(6):1023-9. Epub 2007 Apr 26. [PubMed:17463174 ]
  4. Wang J, Yang JW, Zeevi A, Webber SA, Girnita DM, Selby R, Fu J, Shah T, Pravica V, Hutchinson IV, Burckart GJ: IMPDH1 gene polymorphisms and association with acute rejection in renal transplant patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008 May;83(5):711-7. Epub 2007 Sep 12. [PubMed:17851563 ]
  5. Sanquer S, Maison P, Tomkiewicz C, Macquin-Mavier I, Legendre C, Barouki R, Lang P: Expression of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase type I and type II after mycophenolate mofetil treatment: a 2-year follow-up in kidney transplantation. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Feb;83(2):328-35. Epub 2007 Aug 22. [PubMed:17713475 ]
  6. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed:11752352 ]