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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusExpected but not Quantified
Creation Date2012-09-06 15:16:50 UTC
Update Date2022-03-07 02:51:48 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0014954
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB14954
Metabolite Identification
Common NameOrciprenaline
DescriptionOrciprenaline is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and bronchospasms. [PubChem]Orciprenaline is a moderately selective beta(2)-adrenergic agonist that stimulates receptors of the smooth muscle in the lungs, uterus, and vasculature supplying skeletal muscle, with minimal or no effect on alpha-adrenergic receptors. Intracellularly, the actions of orciprenaline are mediated by cAMP, the production of which is augmented by beta stimulation. The drug is believed to work by activating adenylate cyclase, the enzyme responsible for producing the cellular mediator cAMP.
Structure
Data?1582753241
Synonyms
ValueSource
MetaproterenolKegg
Metaproterenol sulfateHMDB
Orciprenaline sulfateHMDB
AlupentHMDB
AstmopentHMDB
MetaprelHMDB
AlotecHMDB
Boehringer ingelheim brand OF metaproterenol sulfateHMDB
GSK Brand OF metaproterenol sulfateHMDB
Novartis brand OF metaproterenol sulfateHMDB
Metaproterenol polistirexHMDB
Polistirex, metaproterenolHMDB
OrciprenalineKEGG
Chemical FormulaC11H17NO3
Average Molecular Weight211.2576
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight211.120843415
IUPAC Name5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(propan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzene-1,3-diol
Traditional Nameorciprenaline
CAS Registry Number586-06-1
SMILES
CC(C)NCC(O)C1=CC(O)=CC(O)=C1
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C11H17NO3/c1-7(2)12-6-11(15)8-3-9(13)5-10(14)4-8/h3-5,7,11-15H,6H2,1-2H3
InChI KeyLMOINURANNBYCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as resorcinols. Resorcinols are compounds containing a resorcinol moiety, which is a benzene ring bearing two hydroxyl groups at positions 1 and 3.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassBenzenoids
ClassPhenols
Sub ClassBenzenediols
Direct ParentResorcinols
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Resorcinol
  • 1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoid
  • 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid
  • Aralkylamine
  • Monocyclic benzene moiety
  • 1,2-aminoalcohol
  • Secondary alcohol
  • Secondary amine
  • Secondary aliphatic amine
  • Aromatic alcohol
  • Alcohol
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Amine
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Aromatic homomonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic homomonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Not AvailableNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point100 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water Solubility6.92 g/LNot Available
LogP1Not Available
Experimental Chromatographic Properties

Experimental Collision Cross Sections

Adduct TypeData SourceCCS Value (Å2)Reference
[M+H]+Not Available149.923http://allccs.zhulab.cn/database/detail?ID=AllCCS00000725
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility6.92 g/LALOGPS
logP-0.32ALOGPS
logP0.21ChemAxon
logS-1.5ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)8.84ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)9.7ChemAxon
Physiological Charge1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count4ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count4ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area72.72 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count4ChemAxon
Refractivity58.4 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability23.12 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings1ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DarkChem[M+H]+148.66931661259
DarkChem[M-H]-146.7831661259
DeepCCS[M+H]+148.38830932474
DeepCCS[M-H]-146.0330932474
DeepCCS[M-2H]-180.46230932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+155.1230932474
AllCCS[M+H]+149.432859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+145.532859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+152.932859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+154.032859911
AllCCS[M-H]-149.532859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-150.332859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-151.232859911

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
OrciprenalineCC(C)NCC(O)C1=CC(O)=CC(O)=C13358.9Standard polar33892256
OrciprenalineCC(C)NCC(O)C1=CC(O)=CC(O)=C11892.2Standard non polar33892256
OrciprenalineCC(C)NCC(O)C1=CC(O)=CC(O)=C12095.7Semi standard non polar33892256

Derivatized

Derivative Name / StructureSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Orciprenaline,1TMS,isomer #1CC(C)NCC(O[Si](C)(C)C)C1=CC(O)=CC(O)=C12035.6Semi standard non polar33892256
Orciprenaline,1TMS,isomer #2CC(C)NCC(O)C1=CC(O)=CC(O[Si](C)(C)C)=C12038.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Orciprenaline,1TMS,isomer #3CC(C)N(CC(O)C1=CC(O)=CC(O)=C1)[Si](C)(C)C2179.2Semi standard non polar33892256
Orciprenaline,2TMS,isomer #1CC(C)NCC(O[Si](C)(C)C)C1=CC(O)=CC(O[Si](C)(C)C)=C11995.6Semi standard non polar33892256
Orciprenaline,2TMS,isomer #2CC(C)N(CC(O[Si](C)(C)C)C1=CC(O)=CC(O)=C1)[Si](C)(C)C2196.1Semi standard non polar33892256
Orciprenaline,2TMS,isomer #3CC(C)NCC(O)C1=CC(O[Si](C)(C)C)=CC(O[Si](C)(C)C)=C12008.3Semi standard non polar33892256
Orciprenaline,2TMS,isomer #4CC(C)N(CC(O)C1=CC(O)=CC(O[Si](C)(C)C)=C1)[Si](C)(C)C2115.1Semi standard non polar33892256
Orciprenaline,3TMS,isomer #1CC(C)NCC(O[Si](C)(C)C)C1=CC(O[Si](C)(C)C)=CC(O[Si](C)(C)C)=C11896.0Semi standard non polar33892256
Orciprenaline,3TMS,isomer #2CC(C)N(CC(O[Si](C)(C)C)C1=CC(O)=CC(O[Si](C)(C)C)=C1)[Si](C)(C)C2126.5Semi standard non polar33892256
Orciprenaline,3TMS,isomer #3CC(C)N(CC(O)C1=CC(O[Si](C)(C)C)=CC(O[Si](C)(C)C)=C1)[Si](C)(C)C2111.3Semi standard non polar33892256
Orciprenaline,4TMS,isomer #1CC(C)N(CC(O[Si](C)(C)C)C1=CC(O[Si](C)(C)C)=CC(O[Si](C)(C)C)=C1)[Si](C)(C)C2133.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Orciprenaline,4TMS,isomer #1CC(C)N(CC(O[Si](C)(C)C)C1=CC(O[Si](C)(C)C)=CC(O[Si](C)(C)C)=C1)[Si](C)(C)C2120.2Standard non polar33892256
Orciprenaline,4TMS,isomer #1CC(C)N(CC(O[Si](C)(C)C)C1=CC(O[Si](C)(C)C)=CC(O[Si](C)(C)C)=C1)[Si](C)(C)C2037.3Standard polar33892256
Orciprenaline,1TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)NCC(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C1=CC(O)=CC(O)=C12293.4Semi standard non polar33892256
Orciprenaline,1TBDMS,isomer #2CC(C)NCC(O)C1=CC(O)=CC(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=C12257.8Semi standard non polar33892256
Orciprenaline,1TBDMS,isomer #3CC(C)N(CC(O)C1=CC(O)=CC(O)=C1)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2423.4Semi standard non polar33892256
Orciprenaline,2TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)NCC(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C1=CC(O)=CC(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=C12441.4Semi standard non polar33892256
Orciprenaline,2TBDMS,isomer #2CC(C)N(CC(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C1=CC(O)=CC(O)=C1)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2666.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Orciprenaline,2TBDMS,isomer #3CC(C)NCC(O)C1=CC(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=CC(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=C12491.4Semi standard non polar33892256
Orciprenaline,2TBDMS,isomer #4CC(C)N(CC(O)C1=CC(O)=CC(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=C1)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2622.8Semi standard non polar33892256
Orciprenaline,3TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)NCC(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C1=CC(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=CC(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=C12618.6Semi standard non polar33892256
Orciprenaline,3TBDMS,isomer #2CC(C)N(CC(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C1=CC(O)=CC(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=C1)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2841.3Semi standard non polar33892256
Orciprenaline,3TBDMS,isomer #3CC(C)N(CC(O)C1=CC(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=CC(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=C1)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2843.3Semi standard non polar33892256
Orciprenaline,4TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)N(CC(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C1=CC(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=CC(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=C1)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C3028.6Semi standard non polar33892256
Orciprenaline,4TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)N(CC(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C1=CC(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=CC(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=C1)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2855.9Standard non polar33892256
Orciprenaline,4TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)N(CC(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C1=CC(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=CC(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=C1)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2489.6Standard polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Orciprenaline GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0079-9600000000-b4e8dd229c64b2af4dce2017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Orciprenaline GC-MS (3 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-001i-4193300000-81fc9fbadc8e2d709f502017-10-06Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Orciprenaline GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Orciprenaline GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Orciprenaline GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Orciprenaline GC-MS (TMS_1_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Orciprenaline GC-MS (TMS_1_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Orciprenaline GC-MS (TMS_1_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Orciprenaline GC-MS (TMS_2_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Orciprenaline GC-MS (TMS_2_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Orciprenaline GC-MS (TMS_2_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Orciprenaline GC-MS (TMS_2_4) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Orciprenaline GC-MS (TMS_3_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Orciprenaline GC-MS (TMS_3_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Orciprenaline GC-MS (TBDMS_1_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Orciprenaline GC-MS (TBDMS_1_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Orciprenaline GC-MS (TBDMS_1_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Orciprenaline GC-MS (TBDMS_2_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Orciprenaline GC-MS (TBDMS_2_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Orciprenaline GC-MS (TBDMS_2_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Orciprenaline GC-MS (TBDMS_2_4) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Orciprenaline GC-MS (TBDMS_3_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Orciprenaline GC-MS (TBDMS_3_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Orciprenaline GC-MS (TBDMS_3_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-03Wishart LabView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Orciprenaline 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-01ox-0940000000-a9047e3b526f865776932016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Orciprenaline 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0udu-0900000000-868a11c3d6d08ea321fd2016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Orciprenaline 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0gw3-6900000000-fe061d57e0d38c97c2252016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Orciprenaline 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-03di-1390000000-d403916a9143a32308a22016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Orciprenaline 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-08fu-4940000000-4293747dec818671ef7b2016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Orciprenaline 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-8900000000-0f1fab8743d30005de582016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Orciprenaline 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-01ox-0940000000-0b28b3e47c9b817ae2f42021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Orciprenaline 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0udi-0900000000-1ff110569bae583163792021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Orciprenaline 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0079-8900000000-595842adba022cbf689e2021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Orciprenaline 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-03di-0090000000-f0203d0d15365b0c06532021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Orciprenaline 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-03dr-1940000000-b0282c206ac87f3e521d2021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Orciprenaline 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0a4l-5900000000-75dbc2f3282518d479a42021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum

NMR Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Membrane
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Urine
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot AvailableNot AvailableTaking drug identified by DrugBank entry DB00816 details
UrineExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot AvailableNot AvailableTaking drug identified by DrugBank entry DB00816 details
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDDB00816
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider ID3944
KEGG Compound IDC07144
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkOrciprenaline
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound4086
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID83329
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General ReferencesNot Available

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
Specific function:
Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine- induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. The beta-2-adrenergic receptor binds epinephrine with an approximately 30-fold greater affinity than it does norepinephrine
Gene Name:
ADRB2
Uniprot ID:
P07550
Molecular weight:
46458.3
References
  1. Kimura M, Ogihara M: Stimulation by transforming growth factor-alpha of DNA synthesis and proliferation of adult rat hepatocytes in primary cultures: modulation by alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor agonists. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Oct;291(1):171-80. [PubMed:10490901 ]
  2. Gelmont DM, Balmes JR, Yee A: Hypokalemia induced by inhaled bronchodilators. Chest. 1988 Oct;94(4):763-6. [PubMed:3168573 ]
  3. Fitch KD: The use of anti-asthmatic drugs. Do they affect sports performance? Sports Med. 1986 Mar-Apr;3(2):136-50. [PubMed:2870555 ]
  4. Singh H, Linas S: Beta 2-adrenergic function in cultured rat proximal tubule epithelial cells. Am J Physiol. 1996 Jul;271(1 Pt 2):F71-7. [PubMed:8760245 ]
  5. Hu DN, Woodward DF, McCormick SA: Influence of autonomic neurotransmitters on human uveal melanocytes in vitro. Exp Eye Res. 2000 Sep;71(3):217-24. [PubMed:10973730 ]
  6. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed:11752352 ]