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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected but not Quantified
Creation Date2012-09-06 15:16:51 UTC
Update Date2022-03-07 02:51:55 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0015264
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB15264
Metabolite Identification
Common NamePioglitazone
DescriptionPioglitazone, also known as actos, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenol ethers. These are aromatic compounds containing an ether group substituted with a benzene ring. Pioglitazone is a very strong basic compound (based on its pKa). Pioglitazone is formally rated as a probable carcinogen (by IARC 2A) and is also a potentially toxic compound.
Structure
Data?1582753277
Synonyms
ValueSource
(+-)-5-((4-(2-(5-Ethyl-2-pyridinyl)ethoxy)phenyl)methyl)-2,4-thiazolidinedioneChEBI
PioglitazonaChEBI
PioglitazonumChEBI
ActosKegg
Pioglitazone HCLHMDB
Pioglitazone hydrochlorideHMDB
5-(4-(2-(5-Ethyl-2-pyridyl)ethoxy)benzyl)-2,4-thiazolidinedioneHMDB
Poglitazone hydrochlorideHMDB
Chemical FormulaC19H20N2O3S
Average Molecular Weight356.439
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight356.119463206
IUPAC Name5-({4-[2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy]phenyl}methyl)-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione
Traditional Namepioglitazone
CAS Registry Number111025-46-8
SMILES
CCC1=CN=C(CCOC2=CC=C(CC3SC(=O)NC3=O)C=C2)C=C1
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C19H20N2O3S/c1-2-13-3-6-15(20-12-13)9-10-24-16-7-4-14(5-8-16)11-17-18(22)21-19(23)25-17/h3-8,12,17H,2,9-11H2,1H3,(H,21,22,23)
InChI KeyHYAFETHFCAUJAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenol ethers. These are aromatic compounds containing an ether group substituted with a benzene ring.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassBenzenoids
ClassPhenol ethers
Sub ClassNot Available
Direct ParentPhenol ethers
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Phenoxy compound
  • Phenol ether
  • Alkyl aryl ether
  • Thiazolidinedione
  • Monocyclic benzene moiety
  • Pyridine
  • Dicarboximide
  • Heteroaromatic compound
  • Thiazolidine
  • Carbonic acid derivative
  • Thiocarbamic acid derivative
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Ether
  • Azacycle
  • Organoheterocyclic compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
ProcessNot Available
RoleNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point183 - 184 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water Solubility0.0044 g/LNot Available
LogP2.3Not Available
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.0044 g/LALOGPS
logP3.17ALOGPS
logP3.33ChemAxon
logS-4.9ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)6.66ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)5.6ChemAxon
Physiological Charge-1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count4ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area68.29 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count7ChemAxon
Refractivity97.39 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability37.91 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings3ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DarkChem[M+H]+184.85431661259
DarkChem[M-H]-185.64531661259
DeepCCS[M+H]+183.77430932474
DeepCCS[M-H]-181.28430932474
DeepCCS[M-2H]-215.69330932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+191.98230932474
AllCCS[M+H]+186.432859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+183.532859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+189.032859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+189.832859911
AllCCS[M-H]-185.332859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-185.232859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-185.332859911

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
PioglitazoneCCC1=CN=C(CCOC2=CC=C(CC3SC(=O)NC3=O)C=C2)C=C14423.4Standard polar33892256
PioglitazoneCCC1=CN=C(CCOC2=CC=C(CC3SC(=O)NC3=O)C=C2)C=C13285.6Standard non polar33892256
PioglitazoneCCC1=CN=C(CCOC2=CC=C(CC3SC(=O)NC3=O)C=C2)C=C13244.0Semi standard non polar33892256

Derivatized

Derivative Name / StructureSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Pioglitazone,1TMS,isomer #1CCC1=CC=C(CCOC2=CC=C(CC3SC(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C)C3=O)C=C2)N=C13354.6Semi standard non polar33892256
Pioglitazone,1TMS,isomer #1CCC1=CC=C(CCOC2=CC=C(CC3SC(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C)C3=O)C=C2)N=C13126.0Standard non polar33892256
Pioglitazone,1TMS,isomer #1CCC1=CC=C(CCOC2=CC=C(CC3SC(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C)C3=O)C=C2)N=C14110.4Standard polar33892256
Pioglitazone,1TBDMS,isomer #1CCC1=CC=C(CCOC2=CC=C(CC3SC(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C3=O)C=C2)N=C13580.3Semi standard non polar33892256
Pioglitazone,1TBDMS,isomer #1CCC1=CC=C(CCOC2=CC=C(CC3SC(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C3=O)C=C2)N=C13333.4Standard non polar33892256
Pioglitazone,1TBDMS,isomer #1CCC1=CC=C(CCOC2=CC=C(CC3SC(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C3=O)C=C2)N=C14107.3Standard polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Pioglitazone GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-05fr-0982000000-bc531fd621e0907120332017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Pioglitazone GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pioglitazone LC-ESI-QFT , negative-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-0009000000-070cf69939743719671d2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pioglitazone LC-ESI-QFT , negative-QTOFsplash10-0bt9-0209000000-d9d34be41f49a9ffbdef2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pioglitazone LC-ESI-QFT , negative-QTOFsplash10-0udi-0900000000-ef25b6f93ae4fcee23c32017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pioglitazone LC-ESI-QFT , negative-QTOFsplash10-0udi-0900000000-3011f00e839bfc06d89d2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pioglitazone LC-ESI-QFT , negative-QTOFsplash10-0gba-0900000000-b0488e0d155d1587bbb52017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pioglitazone LC-ESI-QFT , negative-QTOFsplash10-014j-0900000000-b32570ad6af58a4a6c722017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pioglitazone LC-ESI-QFT , negative-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-0009000000-c67370f6cb2ad36cab3e2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pioglitazone LC-ESI-QTOF , positive-QTOFsplash10-0a59-0908000000-aab2ee9addb1334a70642017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pioglitazone LC-ESI-QFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-0009000000-fd4bc4d9d4bb45e912952017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pioglitazone LC-ESI-QFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-0409000000-115c6889c4e9205b30282017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pioglitazone LC-ESI-QFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-001i-0900000000-a2e878da4d2f6a4bb7172017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pioglitazone LC-ESI-QFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-001i-0900000000-031fa259cd3b26217dad2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pioglitazone LC-ESI-QFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-00lr-0900000000-e2cd3c294a2e53e1a17e2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pioglitazone LC-ESI-QFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-0159-1900000000-aacbd8dce006b5ef59382017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pioglitazone , positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-1619000000-4b248e31af7f50e871082017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pioglitazone LC-ESI-QFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-053r-0906000000-a73152b364036b45dfeb2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pioglitazone 45V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0udi-0900000000-4cbb6d60c5b330f46e832021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pioglitazone 30V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0bt9-0009000000-e15320a688303951fc882021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pioglitazone 60V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0udi-0900000000-83eb5dacf9c310e76b612021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pioglitazone 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-0219000000-989038e0dc6e9a9ecf802016-08-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pioglitazone 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0540-0984000000-b1e6f3241976f69367602016-08-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pioglitazone 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0kai-1900000000-8b2d810f6330f368aa472016-08-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pioglitazone 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-0159000000-0b74a48747ffb1b4f2d22016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pioglitazone 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0uec-3692000000-141c6eb446379ead16bb2016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Pioglitazone 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0f6x-9700000000-a10d6ccf2ad58937dfa52016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Membrane
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Urine
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot AvailableNot AvailableTaking drug identified by DrugBank entry DB01132 details
UrineExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot AvailableNot AvailableTaking drug identified by DrugBank entry DB01132 details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDDB01132
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider ID4663
KEGG Compound IDC07675
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkPioglitazone
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound4829
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID8228
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References
  1. Paddock ML, Wiley SE, Axelrod HL, Cohen AE, Roy M, Abresch EC, Capraro D, Murphy AN, Nechushtai R, Dixon JE, Jennings PA: MitoNEET is a uniquely folded 2Fe 2S outer mitochondrial membrane protein stabilized by pioglitazone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Sep 4;104(36):14342-7. Epub 2007 Aug 31. [PubMed:17766440 ]
  2. Colca JR, McDonald WG, Waldon DJ, Leone JW, Lull JM, Bannow CA, Lund ET, Mathews WR: Identification of a novel mitochondrial protein ("mitoNEET") cross-linked specifically by a thiazolidinedione photoprobe. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Feb;286(2):E252-60. Epub 2003 Oct 21. [PubMed:14570702 ]
  3. Lincoff AM, Wolski K, Nicholls SJ, Nissen SE: Pioglitazone and risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA. 2007 Sep 12;298(10):1180-8. [PubMed:17848652 ]

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in peroxidase activity
Specific function:
May play an important role in regulating or promoting cell proliferation in some normal and neoplastically transformed cells.
Gene Name:
PTGS1
Uniprot ID:
P23219
Molecular weight:
68685.82
References
  1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [PubMed:19515014 ]
General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and midazolam 4-hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Acts as a 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide.
Gene Name:
CYP3A4
Uniprot ID:
P08684
Molecular weight:
57255.585
References
  1. Jaakkola T, Laitila J, Neuvonen PJ, Backman JT: Pioglitazone is metabolised by CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 in vitro: potential for interactions with CYP2C8 inhibitors. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2006 Jul;99(1):44-51. [PubMed:16867170 ]
  2. Sahi J, Black CB, Hamilton GA, Zheng X, Jolley S, Rose KA, Gilbert D, LeCluyse EL, Sinz MW: Comparative effects of thiazolidinediones on in vitro P450 enzyme induction and inhibition. Drug Metab Dispos. 2003 Apr;31(4):439-46. [PubMed:12642470 ]
  3. Nowak SN, Edwards DJ, Clarke A, Anderson GD, Jaber LA: Pioglitazone: effect on CYP3A4 activity. J Clin Pharmacol. 2002 Dec;42(12):1299-302. [PubMed:12463723 ]
  4. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [PubMed:19515014 ]
  5. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]
General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. This enzyme contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S-warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan.
Gene Name:
CYP2C9
Uniprot ID:
P11712
Molecular weight:
55627.365
References
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]
General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and imipramine.
Gene Name:
CYP2C19
Uniprot ID:
P33261
Molecular weight:
55944.565
References
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]
General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants.
Gene Name:
CYP2D6
Uniprot ID:
P10635
Molecular weight:
55768.94
References
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]
General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. In the epoxidation of arachidonic acid it generates only 14,15- and 11,12-cis-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. It is the principal enzyme responsible for the metabolism the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel (taxol).
Gene Name:
CYP2C8
Uniprot ID:
P10632
Molecular weight:
55824.275
References
  1. Muschler E, Lal J, Jetter A, Rattay A, Zanger U, Zadoyan G, Fuhr U, Kirchheiner J: The role of human CYP2C8 and CYP2C9 variants in pioglitazone metabolism in vitro. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2009 Dec;105(6):374-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00457.x. Epub 2009 Jul 15. [PubMed:19614891 ]
  2. Jaakkola T, Laitila J, Neuvonen PJ, Backman JT: Pioglitazone is metabolised by CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 in vitro: potential for interactions with CYP2C8 inhibitors. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2006 Jul;99(1):44-51. [PubMed:16867170 ]
  3. Sahi J, Black CB, Hamilton GA, Zheng X, Jolley S, Rose KA, Gilbert D, LeCluyse EL, Sinz MW: Comparative effects of thiazolidinediones on in vitro P450 enzyme induction and inhibition. Drug Metab Dispos. 2003 Apr;31(4):439-46. [PubMed:12642470 ]
  4. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [PubMed:19515014 ]
  5. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]
General function:
Involved in DNA binding
Specific function:
Receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Once activated by a ligand, the receptor binds to a promoter element in the gene for acyl-CoA oxidase and activates its transcription. It therefore controls the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Key regulator of adipocyte differentiation and glucose homeostasis
Gene Name:
PPARG
Uniprot ID:
P37231
Molecular weight:
57619.6
References
  1. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed:11752352 ]
  2. Sugii S, Olson P, Sears DD, Saberi M, Atkins AR, Barish GD, Hong SH, Castro GL, Yin YQ, Nelson MC, Hsiao G, Greaves DR, Downes M, Yu RT, Olefsky JM, Evans RM: PPARgamma activation in adipocytes is sufficient for systemic insulin sensitization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Dec 29;106(52):22504-9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0912487106. Epub 2009 Dec 16. [PubMed:20018750 ]
  3. Miyazaki Y, Mahankali A, Wajcberg E, Bajaj M, Mandarino LJ, DeFronzo RA: Effect of pioglitazone on circulating adipocytokine levels and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Sep;89(9):4312-9. [PubMed:15356026 ]
  4. Lehmann JM, Moore LB, Smith-Oliver TA, Wilkison WO, Willson TM, Kliewer SA: An antidiabetic thiazolidinedione is a high affinity ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma). J Biol Chem. 1995 Jun 2;270(22):12953-6. [PubMed:7768881 ]
  5. Spiegelman BM: PPAR-gamma: adipogenic regulator and thiazolidinedione receptor. Diabetes. 1998 Apr;47(4):507-14. [PubMed:9568680 ]
  6. Willson TM, Cobb JE, Cowan DJ, Wiethe RW, Correa ID, Prakash SR, Beck KD, Moore LB, Kliewer SA, Lehmann JM: The structure-activity relationship between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonism and the antihyperglycemic activity of thiazolidinediones. J Med Chem. 1996 Feb 2;39(3):665-8. [PubMed:8576907 ]

Transporters

General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as 17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, taurocholate, triiodothyronine (T3), leukotriene C4, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), methotrexate and sulfobromophthalein (BSP)
Gene Name:
SLCO1B3
Uniprot ID:
Q9NPD5
Molecular weight:
77402.2
References
  1. Nozawa T, Sugiura S, Nakajima M, Goto A, Yokoi T, Nezu J, Tsuji A, Tamai I: Involvement of organic anion transporting polypeptides in the transport of troglitazone sulfate: implications for understanding troglitazone hepatotoxicity. Drug Metab Dispos. 2004 Mar;32(3):291-4. [PubMed:14977862 ]
General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as pravastatin, taurocholate, methotrexate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, 17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, estrone sulfate, prostaglandin E2, thromboxane B2, leukotriene C3, leukotriene E4, thyroxine and triiodothyronine. May play an important role in the clearance of bile acids and organic anions from the liver
Gene Name:
SLCO1B1
Uniprot ID:
Q9Y6L6
Molecular weight:
76448.0
References
  1. Nozawa T, Sugiura S, Nakajima M, Goto A, Yokoi T, Nezu J, Tsuji A, Tamai I: Involvement of organic anion transporting polypeptides in the transport of troglitazone sulfate: implications for understanding troglitazone hepatotoxicity. Drug Metab Dispos. 2004 Mar;32(3):291-4. [PubMed:14977862 ]