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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusExpected but not Quantified
Creation Date2012-09-06 15:16:52 UTC
Update Date2022-03-07 02:52:03 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0015647
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB15647
Metabolite Identification
Common NameDexmethylphenidate
DescriptionDexmethylphenidate is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is the dextrorotary form of methylphenidate. It is used for treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Methylphenidate blocks dopamine uptake in central adrenergic neurons by blocking dopamine transport or carrier proteins. Methylphenidate acts at the brain stem arousal system and the cerebral cortex and causes increased sympathomimetic activity in the central nervous system.Methylphenidate is a catecholamine reuptake inhibitor that indirectly increases catecholaminergic neurotransmission by inhibiting the dopamine transporter (DAT) and norepinephrine transporter (NET), which are responsible for clearing catecholamines from the synapse, particularly in the striatum and meso-limbic system.
Structure
Data?1582753319
Synonyms
ValueSource
(+)-Threo-methylphenidateChEBI
D-Threo-methylphenidateChEBI
DexmethylphenidatumChEBI
DexmetilfenidatoChEBI
Methyl (R)-phenyl[(R)-piperidin-2-yl]acetateChEBI
(+)-Threo-methylphenidic acidGenerator
D-Threo-methylphenidic acidGenerator
Methyl (R)-phenyl[(R)-piperidin-2-yl]acetic acidGenerator
Dexmethylphenidic acidGenerator
Dexmethylphenidate hydrochlorideHMDB
Focalin XRHMDB
Hydrochloride, dexmethylphenidateHMDB
XR, FocalinHMDB
FocalinHMDB
Chemical FormulaC14H19NO2
Average Molecular Weight233.3062
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight233.141578857
IUPAC Namemethyl (2R)-2-phenyl-2-[(2R)-piperidin-2-yl]acetate
Traditional Namedexmethylphenidate
CAS Registry Number40431-64-9
SMILES
COC(=O)[C@@H]([C@H]1CCCCN1)C1=CC=CC=C1
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C14H19NO2/c1-17-14(16)13(11-7-3-2-4-8-11)12-9-5-6-10-15-12/h2-4,7-8,12-13,15H,5-6,9-10H2,1H3/t12-,13-/m1/s1
InChI KeyDUGOZIWVEXMGBE-CHWSQXEVSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aralkylamines. These are alkylamines in which the alkyl group is substituted at one carbon atom by an aromatic hydrocarbyl group.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic nitrogen compounds
ClassOrganonitrogen compounds
Sub ClassAmines
Direct ParentAralkylamines
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Aralkylamine
  • Monocyclic benzene moiety
  • Piperidine
  • Benzenoid
  • Methyl ester
  • Amino acid or derivatives
  • Carboxylic acid ester
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Secondary aliphatic amine
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Secondary amine
  • Azacycle
  • Organoheterocyclic compound
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Carbonyl group
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Not AvailableNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting PointNot AvailableNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water SolubilityNot AvailableNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.18 g/LALOGPS
logP1.47ALOGPS
logP2.25ChemAxon
logS-3.1ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Basic)9.09ChemAxon
Physiological Charge1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count2ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area38.33 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count4ChemAxon
Refractivity66.73 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability26.23 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings2ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DarkChem[M+H]+154.90531661259
DarkChem[M-H]-153.08331661259
DeepCCS[M+H]+156.9430932474
DeepCCS[M-H]-154.58230932474
DeepCCS[M-2H]-187.46830932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+163.03330932474
AllCCS[M+H]+154.732859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+150.632859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+158.532859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+159.632859911
AllCCS[M-H]-160.132859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-160.332859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-160.732859911

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
DexmethylphenidateCOC(=O)[C@@H]([C@H]1CCCCN1)C1=CC=CC=C12319.0Standard polar33892256
DexmethylphenidateCOC(=O)[C@@H]([C@H]1CCCCN1)C1=CC=CC=C11740.5Standard non polar33892256
DexmethylphenidateCOC(=O)[C@@H]([C@H]1CCCCN1)C1=CC=CC=C11768.3Semi standard non polar33892256

Derivatized

Derivative Name / StructureSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Dexmethylphenidate,1TMS,isomer #1COC(=O)[C@H](C1=CC=CC=C1)[C@H]1CCCCN1[Si](C)(C)C1815.0Semi standard non polar33892256
Dexmethylphenidate,1TMS,isomer #1COC(=O)[C@H](C1=CC=CC=C1)[C@H]1CCCCN1[Si](C)(C)C1858.8Standard non polar33892256
Dexmethylphenidate,1TMS,isomer #1COC(=O)[C@H](C1=CC=CC=C1)[C@H]1CCCCN1[Si](C)(C)C2559.4Standard polar33892256
Dexmethylphenidate,1TBDMS,isomer #1COC(=O)[C@H](C1=CC=CC=C1)[C@H]1CCCCN1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2016.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Dexmethylphenidate,1TBDMS,isomer #1COC(=O)[C@H](C1=CC=CC=C1)[C@H]1CCCCN1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2043.2Standard non polar33892256
Dexmethylphenidate,1TBDMS,isomer #1COC(=O)[C@H](C1=CC=CC=C1)[C@H]1CCCCN1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2685.6Standard polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Dexmethylphenidate GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0089-9610000000-8e4c1241e362743560322017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Dexmethylphenidate GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Dexmethylphenidate 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-001i-1190000000-8803b6fb1d54baf20a6f2016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Dexmethylphenidate 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-001i-6390000000-63f6ddbd32540d6c0e4e2016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Dexmethylphenidate 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-001i-9500000000-dab6b5667313005cbcd22016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Dexmethylphenidate 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-001i-0090000000-dbf1d73eb0c9410efbf62016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Dexmethylphenidate 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-001i-2290000000-4a7ee5089439605a97592016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Dexmethylphenidate 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-00w9-9520000000-aa484f1df63a11905d5a2016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Dexmethylphenidate 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-001i-2190000000-aa6695fd8b35db2e4b412021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Dexmethylphenidate 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-001i-9440000000-3e2430ca32eb71f561e42021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Dexmethylphenidate 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-001i-9300000000-2d49d7918e562aad81562021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Dexmethylphenidate 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-001i-0090000000-96a8c87419b47af6da2a2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Dexmethylphenidate 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-00lr-4790000000-8bbed2d476f383bd98132021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Dexmethylphenidate 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0006-9400000000-dabf09c5d3b6f3c788fe2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Membrane
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Urine
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot AvailableNot AvailableTaking drug identified by DrugBank entry DB06701 details
UrineExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot AvailableNot AvailableTaking drug identified by DrugBank entry DB06701 details
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Predicted Concentrations
BiospecimenValueOriginal ageOriginal sexOriginal conditionComments
Blood0.000 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormalPredicted based on drug qualities
Blood0.000 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothNormalPredicted based on drug qualities
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDDB06701
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider ID135807
KEGG Compound IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkDexmethylphenidate
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound154101
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID51860
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General ReferencesNot Available

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants.
Gene Name:
CYP2D6
Uniprot ID:
P10635
Molecular weight:
55768.94
References
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]
General function:
Involved in neurotransmitter:sodium symporter activity
Specific function:
Amine transporter. Terminates the action of dopamine by its high affinity sodium-dependent reuptake into presynaptic terminals.
Gene Name:
SLC6A3
Uniprot ID:
Q01959
Molecular weight:
68494.255
References
  1. Markowitz JS, Patrick KS: Differential pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of methylphenidate enantiomers: does chirality matter? J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008 Jun;28(3 Suppl 2):S54-61. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e3181733560. [PubMed:18480678 ]
  2. Ding YS, Fowler JS, Volkow ND, Dewey SL, Wang GJ, Logan J, Gatley SJ, Pappas N: Chiral drugs: comparison of the pharmacokinetics of [11C]d-threo and L-threo-methylphenidate in the human and baboon brain. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1997 May;131(1):71-8. [PubMed:9181638 ]
  3. Davids E, Zhang K, Tarazi FI, Baldessarini RJ: Stereoselective effects of methylphenidate on motor hyperactivity in juvenile rats induced by neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesioning. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2002 Feb;160(1):92-8. Epub 2001 Dec 18. [PubMed:11862378 ]
  4. Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Gatley SJ, Dewey SL, Wang GJ, Logan J, Ding YS, Franceschi D, Gifford A, Morgan A, Pappas N, King P: Comparable changes in synaptic dopamine induced by methylphenidate and by cocaine in the baboon brain. Synapse. 1999 Jan;31(1):59-66. [PubMed:10025684 ]
  5. Wayment HK, Deutsch H, Schweri MM, Schenk JO: Effects of methylphenidate analogues on phenethylamine substrates for the striatal dopamine transporter: potential as amphetamine antagonists? J Neurochem. 1999 Mar;72(3):1266-74. [PubMed:10037500 ]
  6. Dresel SH, Kung MP, Huang X, Plossl K, Hou C, Shiue CY, Karp J, Kung HF: In vivo imaging of serotonin transporters with [99mTc]TRODAT-1 in nonhuman primates. Eur J Nucl Med. 1999 Apr;26(4):342-7. [PubMed:10199939 ]
  7. Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Fischman M, Foltin R, Abumrad NN, Gatley SJ, Logan J, Wong C, Gifford A, Ding YS, Hitzemann R, Pappas N: Methylphenidate and cocaine have a similar in vivo potency to block dopamine transporters in the human brain. Life Sci. 1999;65(1):PL7-12. [PubMed:10403500 ]
  8. Izenwasser S, Coy AE, Ladenheim B, Loeloff RJ, Cadet JL, French D: Chronic methylphenidate alters locomotor activity and dopamine transporters differently from cocaine. Eur J Pharmacol. 1999 Jun 4;373(2-3):187-93. [PubMed:10414438 ]
  9. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed:11752352 ]
  10. Tatsumi M, Groshan K, Blakely RD, Richelson E: Pharmacological profile of antidepressants and related compounds at human monoamine transporters. Eur J Pharmacol. 1997 Dec 11;340(2-3):249-58. [PubMed:9537821 ]
  11. Viggiano D, Vallone D, Sadile A: Dysfunctions in dopamine systems and ADHD: evidence from animals and modeling. Neural Plast. 2004;11(1-2):97-114. [PubMed:15303308 ]
  12. Tilley MR, Gu HH: The effects of methylphenidate on knockin mice with a methylphenidate-resistant dopamine transporter. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008 Nov;327(2):554-60. doi: 10.1124/jpet.108.141713. Epub 2008 Aug 12. [PubMed:18698001 ]

Transporters

General function:
Involved in neurotransmitter:sodium symporter activity
Specific function:
Amine transporter. Terminates the action of noradrenaline by its high affinity sodium-dependent reuptake into presynaptic terminals.
Gene Name:
SLC6A2
Uniprot ID:
P23975
Molecular weight:
69331.42
References
  1. Markowitz JS, Patrick KS: Differential pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of methylphenidate enantiomers: does chirality matter? J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008 Jun;28(3 Suppl 2):S54-61. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e3181733560. [PubMed:18480678 ]
  2. Ding YS, Fowler JS, Volkow ND, Dewey SL, Wang GJ, Logan J, Gatley SJ, Pappas N: Chiral drugs: comparison of the pharmacokinetics of [11C]d-threo and L-threo-methylphenidate in the human and baboon brain. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1997 May;131(1):71-8. [PubMed:9181638 ]
  3. Davids E, Zhang K, Tarazi FI, Baldessarini RJ: Stereoselective effects of methylphenidate on motor hyperactivity in juvenile rats induced by neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesioning. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2002 Feb;160(1):92-8. Epub 2001 Dec 18. [PubMed:11862378 ]
  4. Yang L, Wang YF, Li J, Faraone SV: Association of norepinephrine transporter gene with methylphenidate response. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004 Sep;43(9):1154-8. [PubMed:15322419 ]
  5. Williard RL, Middaugh LD, Zhu HJ, Patrick KS: Methylphenidate and its ethanol transesterification metabolite ethylphenidate: brain disposition, monoamine transporters and motor activity. Behav Pharmacol. 2007 Feb;18(1):39-51. [PubMed:17218796 ]
  6. Chuhan YS, Taukulis HK: Impairment of single-trial memory formation by oral methylphenidate in the rat. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2006 Mar;85(2):125-31. Epub 2005 Oct 24. [PubMed:16246598 ]
  7. Gray JD, Punsoni M, Tabori NE, Melton JT, Fanslow V, Ward MJ, Zupan B, Menzer D, Rice J, Drake CT, Romeo RD, Brake WG, Torres-Reveron A, Milner TA: Methylphenidate administration to juvenile rats alters brain areas involved in cognition, motivated behaviors, appetite, and stress. J Neurosci. 2007 Jul 4;27(27):7196-207. [PubMed:17611273 ]
  8. Sandoval V, Riddle EL, Ugarte YV, Hanson GR, Fleckenstein AE: Methamphetamine-induced rapid and reversible changes in dopamine transporter function: an in vitro model. J Neurosci. 2001 Feb 15;21(4):1413-9. [PubMed:11160413 ]
  9. Tatsumi M, Groshan K, Blakely RD, Richelson E: Pharmacological profile of antidepressants and related compounds at human monoamine transporters. Eur J Pharmacol. 1997 Dec 11;340(2-3):249-58. [PubMed:9537821 ]
  10. Tilley MR, Gu HH: The effects of methylphenidate on knockin mice with a methylphenidate-resistant dopamine transporter. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008 Nov;327(2):554-60. doi: 10.1124/jpet.108.141713. Epub 2008 Aug 12. [PubMed:18698001 ]
General function:
Involved in neurotransmitter:sodium symporter activity
Specific function:
Serotonin transporter whose primary function in the central nervous system involves the regulation of serotonergic signaling via transport of serotonin molecules from the synaptic cleft back into the pre-synaptic terminal for re-utilization. Plays a key role in mediating regulation of the availability of serotonin to other receptors of serotonergic systems. Terminates the action of serotonin and recycles it in a sodium-dependent manner.
Gene Name:
SLC6A4
Uniprot ID:
P31645
Molecular weight:
70324.165
References
  1. Dresel SH, Kung MP, Huang X, Plossl K, Hou C, Shiue CY, Karp J, Kung HF: In vivo imaging of serotonin transporters with [99mTc]TRODAT-1 in nonhuman primates. Eur J Nucl Med. 1999 Apr;26(4):342-7. [PubMed:10199939 ]
  2. Izenwasser S, Coy AE, Ladenheim B, Loeloff RJ, Cadet JL, French D: Chronic methylphenidate alters locomotor activity and dopamine transporters differently from cocaine. Eur J Pharmacol. 1999 Jun 4;373(2-3):187-93. [PubMed:10414438 ]
  3. Stehouwer JS, Jarkas N, Zeng F, Voll RJ, Williams L, Owens MJ, Votaw JR, Goodman MM: Synthesis, radiosynthesis, and biological evaluation of carbon-11 labeled 2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(3'-((Z)-2-haloethenyl)phenyl)nortropanes: candidate radioligands for in vivo imaging of the serotonin transporter with positron emission tomography. J Med Chem. 2006 Nov 16;49(23):6760-7. [PubMed:17154506 ]