Hmdb loader
Survey
You are using an unsupported browser. Please upgrade your browser to a newer version to get the best experience on Human Metabolome Database.
Identification
HMDB Protein ID HMDBP02078
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • 7559
Name Estrogen receptor
Synonyms
  1. ER
  2. ER-alpha
  3. Estradiol receptor
  4. Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group A member 1
Gene Name ESR1
Protein Type Enzyme
Biological Properties
General Function Involved in sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity
Specific Function Nuclear hormone receptor. The steroid hormones and their receptors are involved in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues. Can activate the transcriptional activity of TFF1
Pathways
  • Tamoxifen Action Pathway
  • Tamoxifen Metabolism Pathway
Reactions Not Available
GO Classification
Component
organelle
membrane-bounded organelle
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle
nucleus
Function
ion binding
cation binding
metal ion binding
binding
transition metal ion binding
zinc ion binding
receptor activity
molecular transducer activity
signal transducer activity
nucleic acid binding
dna binding
steroid binding
sequence-specific dna binding
ligand-dependent nuclear receptor activity
steroid hormone receptor activity
sequence-specific dna binding transcription factor activity
lipid binding
Process
biological regulation
regulation of biological process
regulation of metabolic process
regulation of macromolecule metabolic process
regulation of gene expression
regulation of transcription
regulation of transcription, dna-dependent
Cellular Location
  1. Nucleus
Gene Properties
Chromosome Location Chromosome:6
Locus 6q25.1
SNPs ESR1
Gene Sequence
>1788 bp
ATGACCATGACCCTCCACACCAAAGCATCTGGGATGGCCCTACTGCATCAGATCCAAGGG
AACGAGCTGGAGCCCCTGAACCGTCCGCAGCTCAAGATCCCCCTGGAGCGGCCCCTGGGC
GAGGTGTACCTGGACAGCAGCAAGCCCGCCGTGTACAACTACCCCGAGGGCGCCGCCTAC
GAGTTCAACGCCGCGGCCGCCGCCAACGCGCAGGTCTACGGTCAGACCGGCCTCCCCTAC
GGCCCCGGGTCTGAGGCTGCGGCGTTCGGCTCCAACGGCCTGGGGGGTTTCCCCCCACTC
AACAGCGTGTCTCCGAGCCCGCTGATGCTACTGCACCCGCCGCCGCAGCTGTCGCCTTTC
CTGCAGCCCCACGGCCAGCAGGTGCCCTACTACCTGGAGAACGAGCCCAGCGGCTACACG
GTGCGCGAGGCCGGCCCGCCGGCATTCTACAGGCCAAATTCAGATAATCGACGCCAGGGT
GGCAGAGAAAGATTGGCCAGTACCAATGACAAGGGAAGTATGGCTATGGAATCTGCCAAG
GAGACTCGCTACTGTGCAGTGTGCAATGACTATGCTTCAGGCTACCATTATGGAGTCTGG
TCCTGTGAGGGCTGCAAGGCCTTCTTCAAGAGAAGTATTCAAGGACATAACGACTATATG
TGTCCAGCCACCAACCAGTGCACCATTGATAAAAACAGGAGGAAGAGCTGCCAGGCCTGC
CGGCTCCGCAAATGCTACGAAGTGGGAATGATGAAAGGTGGGATACGAAAAGACCGAAGA
GGAGGGAGAATGTTGAAACACAAGCGCCAGAGAGATGATGGGGAGGGCAGGGGTGAAGTG
GGGTCTGCTGGAGACATGAGAGCTGCCAACCTTTGGCCAAGCCCGCTCATGATCAAACGC
TCTAAGAAGAACAGCCTGGCCTTGTCCCTGACGGCCGACCAGATGGTCAGTGCCTTGTTG
GATGCTGAGCCCCCCATACTCTATTCCGAGTATGATCCTACCAGACCCTTCAGTGAAGCT
TCGATGATGGGCTTACTGACCAACCTGGCAGACAGGGAGCTGGTTCACATGATCAACTGG
GCGAAGAGGGTGCCAGGCTTTGTGGATTTGACCCTCCATGATCAGGTCCACCTTCTAGAA
TGTGCCTGGCTAGAGATCCTGATGATTGGTCTCGTCTGGCGCTCCATGGAGCACCCAGTG
AAGCTACTGTTTGCTCCTAACTTGCTCTTGGACAGGAACCAGGGAAAATGTGTAGAGGGC
ATGGTGGAGATCTTCGACATGCTGCTGGCTACATCATCTCGGTTCCGCATGATGAATCTG
CAGGGAGAGGAGTTTGTGTGCCTCAAATCTATTATTTTGCTTAATTCTGGAGTGTACACA
TTTCTGTCCAGCACCCTGAAGTCTCTGGAAGAGAAGGACCATATCCACCGAGTCCTGGAC
AAGATCACAGACACTTTGATCCACCTGATGGCCAAGGCAGGCCTGACCCTGCAGCAGCAG
CACCAGCGGCTGGCCCAGCTCCTCCTCATCCTCTCCCACATCAGGCACATGAGTAACAAA
GGCATGGAGCATCTGTACAGCATGAAGTGCAAGAACGTGGTGCCCCTCTATGACCTGCTG
CTGGAGATGCTGGACGCCCACCGCCTACATGCGCCCACTAGCCGTGGAGGGGCATCCGTG
GAGGAGACGGACCAAAGCCACTTGGCCACTGCGGGCTCTACTTCATCGCATTCCTTGCAA
AAGTATTACATCACGGGGGAGGCAGAGGGTTTCCCTGCCACAGTCTGA
Protein Properties
Number of Residues 595
Molecular Weight 66215.4
Theoretical pI 8.14
Pfam Domain Function
Signals
  • None
Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Protein Sequence
>Estrogen receptor
MTMTLHTKASGMALLHQIQGNELEPLNRPQLKIPLERPLGEVYLDSSKPAVYNYPEGAAY
EFNAAAAANAQVYGQTGLPYGPGSEAAAFGSNGLGGFPPLNSVSPSPLMLLHPPPQLSPF
LQPHGQQVPYYLENEPSGYTVREAGPPAFYRPNSDNRRQGGRERLASTNDKGSMAMESAK
ETRYCAVCNDYASGYHYGVWSCEGCKAFFKRSIQGHNDYMCPATNQCTIDKNRRKSCQAC
RLRKCYEVGMMKGGIRKDRRGGRMLKHKRQRDDGEGRGEVGSAGDMRAANLWPSPLMIKR
SKKNSLALSLTADQMVSALLDAEPPILYSEYDPTRPFSEASMMGLLTNLADRELVHMINW
AKRVPGFVDLTLHDQVHLLECAWLEILMIGLVWRSMEHPGKLLFAPNLLLDRNQGKCVEG
MVEIFDMLLATSSRFRMMNLQGEEFVCLKSIILLNSGVYTFLSSTLKSLEEKDHIHRVLD
KITDTLIHLMAKAGLTLQQQHQRLAQLLLILSHIRHMSNKGMEHLYSMKCKNVVPLYDLL
LEMLDAHRLHAPTSRGGASVEETDQSHLATAGSTSSHSLQKYYITGEAEGFPATV
GenBank ID Protein 31234
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P03372
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name ESR1_HUMAN
PDB IDs
GenBank Gene ID X03635
GeneCard ID ESR1
GenAtlas ID ESR1
HGNC ID HGNC:3467
References
General References
  1. Mungall AJ, Palmer SA, Sims SK, Edwards CA, Ashurst JL, Wilming L, Jones MC, Horton R, Hunt SE, Scott CE, Gilbert JG, Clamp ME, Bethel G, Milne S, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Ambrose KD, Andrews TD, Ashwell RI, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Banerjee R, Barker DJ, Barlow KF, Bates K, Beare DM, Beasley H, Beasley O, Bird CP, Blakey S, Bray-Allen S, Brook J, Brown AJ, Brown JY, Burford DC, Burrill W, Burton J, Carder C, Carter NP, Chapman JC, Clark SY, Clark G, Clee CM, Clegg S, Cobley V, Collier RE, Collins JE, Colman LK, Corby NR, Coville GJ, Culley KM, Dhami P, Davies J, Dunn M, Earthrowl ME, Ellington AE, Evans KA, Faulkner L, Francis MD, Frankish A, Frankland J, French L, Garner P, Garnett J, Ghori MJ, Gilby LM, Gillson CJ, Glithero RJ, Grafham DV, Grant M, Gribble S, Griffiths C, Griffiths M, Hall R, Halls KS, Hammond S, Harley JL, Hart EA, Heath PD, Heathcott R, Holmes SJ, Howden PJ, Howe KL, Howell GR, Huckle E, Humphray SJ, Humphries MD, Hunt AR, Johnson CM, Joy AA, Kay M, Keenan SJ, Kimberley AM, King A, Laird GK, Langford C, Lawlor S, Leongamornlert DA, Leversha M, Lloyd CR, Lloyd DM, Loveland JE, Lovell J, Martin S, Mashreghi-Mohammadi M, Maslen GL, Matthews L, McCann OT, McLaren SJ, McLay K, McMurray A, Moore MJ, Mullikin JC, Niblett D, Nickerson T, Novik KL, Oliver K, Overton-Larty EK, Parker A, Patel R, Pearce AV, Peck AI, Phillimore B, Phillips S, Plumb RW, Porter KM, Ramsey Y, Ranby SA, Rice CM, Ross MT, Searle SM, Sehra HK, Sheridan E, Skuce CD, Smith S, Smith M, Spraggon L, Squares SL, Steward CA, Sycamore N, Tamlyn-Hall G, Tester J, Theaker AJ, Thomas DW, Thorpe A, Tracey A, Tromans A, Tubby B, Wall M, Wallis JM, West AP, White SS, Whitehead SL, Whittaker H, Wild A, Willey DJ, Wilmer TE, Wood JM, Wray PW, Wyatt JC, Young L, Younger RM, Bentley DR, Coulson A, Durbin R, Hubbard T, Sulston JE, Dunham I, Rogers J, Beck S: The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6. Nature. 2003 Oct 23;425(6960):805-11. [PubMed:14574404 ]
  2. Imami K, Sugiyama N, Kyono Y, Tomita M, Ishihama Y: Automated phosphoproteome analysis for cultured cancer cells by two-dimensional nanoLC-MS using a calcined titania/C18 biphasic column. Anal Sci. 2008 Jan;24(1):161-6. [PubMed:18187866 ]
  3. Hsiao PW, Fryer CJ, Trotter KW, Wang W, Archer TK: BAF60a mediates critical interactions between nuclear receptors and the BRG1 chromatin-remodeling complex for transactivation. Mol Cell Biol. 2003 Sep;23(17):6210-20. [PubMed:12917342 ]
  4. Zou JX, Revenko AS, Li LB, Gemo AT, Chen HW: ANCCA, an estrogen-regulated AAA+ ATPase coactivator for ERalpha, is required for coregulator occupancy and chromatin modification. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Nov 13;104(46):18067-72. Epub 2007 Nov 12. [PubMed:17998543 ]
  5. Lee SK, Anzick SL, Choi JE, Bubendorf L, Guan XY, Jung YK, Kallioniemi OP, Kononen J, Trent JM, Azorsa D, Jhun BH, Cheong JH, Lee YC, Meltzer PS, Lee JW: A nuclear factor, ASC-2, as a cancer-amplified transcriptional coactivator essential for ligand-dependent transactivation by nuclear receptors in vivo. J Biol Chem. 1999 Nov 26;274(48):34283-93. [PubMed:10567404 ]
  6. Damdimopoulos AE, Miranda-Vizuete A, Treuter E, Gustafsson JA, Spyrou G: An alternative splicing variant of the selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase is a modulator of estrogen signaling. J Biol Chem. 2004 Sep 10;279(37):38721-9. Epub 2004 Jun 14. [PubMed:15199063 ]
  7. Sauve F, McBroom LD, Gallant J, Moraitis AN, Labrie F, Giguere V: CIA, a novel estrogen receptor coactivator with a bifunctional nuclear receptor interacting determinant. Mol Cell Biol. 2001 Jan;21(1):343-53. [PubMed:11113208 ]
  8. Wong CW, McNally C, Nickbarg E, Komm BS, Cheskis BJ: Estrogen receptor-interacting protein that modulates its nongenomic activity-crosstalk with Src/Erk phosphorylation cascade. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Nov 12;99(23):14783-8. Epub 2002 Nov 1. [PubMed:12415108 ]
  9. Bu H, Kashireddy P, Chang J, Zhu YT, Zhang Z, Zheng W, Rao SM, Zhu YJ: ERBP, a novel estrogen receptor binding protein enhancing the activity of estrogen receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 Apr 23;317(1):54-9. [PubMed:15047147 ]
  10. Zhang PJ, Zhao J, Li HY, Man JH, He K, Zhou T, Pan X, Li AL, Gong WL, Jin BF, Xia Q, Yu M, Shen BF, Zhang XM: CUE domain containing 2 regulates degradation of progesterone receptor by ubiquitin-proteasome. EMBO J. 2007 Apr 4;26(7):1831-42. Epub 2007 Mar 8. [PubMed:17347654 ]
  11. Shao W, Halachmi S, Brown M: ERAP140, a conserved tissue-specific nuclear receptor coactivator. Mol Cell Biol. 2002 May;22(10):3358-72. [PubMed:11971969 ]
  12. Wei X, Xu H, Kufe D: MUC1 oncoprotein stabilizes and activates estrogen receptor alpha. Mol Cell. 2006 Jan 20;21(2):295-305. [PubMed:16427018 ]
  13. Green S, Walter P, Kumar V, Krust A, Bornert JM, Argos P, Chambon P: Human oestrogen receptor cDNA: sequence, expression and homology to v-erb-A. Nature. 1986 Mar 13-19;320(6058):134-9. [PubMed:3754034 ]
  14. Greene GL, Gilna P, Waterfield M, Baker A, Hort Y, Shine J: Sequence and expression of human estrogen receptor complementary DNA. Science. 1986 Mar 7;231(4742):1150-4. [PubMed:3753802 ]
  15. Pink JJ, Wu SQ, Wolf DM, Bilimoria MM, Jordan VC: A novel 80 kDa human estrogen receptor containing a duplication of exons 6 and 7. Nucleic Acids Res. 1996 Mar 1;24(5):962-9. [PubMed:8600466 ]
  16. Joel PB, Traish AM, Lannigan DA: Estradiol and phorbol ester cause phosphorylation of serine 118 in the human estrogen receptor. Mol Endocrinol. 1995 Aug;9(8):1041-52. [PubMed:7476978 ]
  17. Schubert EL, Lee MK, Newman B, King MC: Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the estrogen receptor gene and breast cancer susceptibility. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1999 Nov;71(1-2):21-7. [PubMed:10619354 ]
  18. Pfeffer U, Fecarotta E, Castagnetta L, Vidali G: Estrogen receptor variant messenger RNA lacking exon 4 in estrogen-responsive human breast cancer cell lines. Cancer Res. 1993 Feb 15;53(4):741-3. [PubMed:7916651 ]
  19. Arnold SF, Obourn JD, Jaffe H, Notides AC: Phosphorylation of the human estrogen receptor on tyrosine 537 in vivo and by src family tyrosine kinases in vitro. Mol Endocrinol. 1995 Jan;9(1):24-33. [PubMed:7539106 ]
  20. Reese JC, Katzenellenbogen BS: Characterization of a temperature-sensitive mutation in the hormone binding domain of the human estrogen receptor. Studies in cell extracts and intact cells and their implications for hormone-dependent transcriptional activation. J Biol Chem. 1992 May 15;267(14):9868-73. [PubMed:1577818 ]
  21. Arnold SF, Obourn JD, Jaffe H, Notides AC: Serine 167 is the major estradiol-induced phosphorylation site on the human estrogen receptor. Mol Endocrinol. 1994 Sep;8(9):1208-14. [PubMed:7838153 ]
  22. Jiang MS, Hart GW: A subpopulation of estrogen receptors are modified by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine. J Biol Chem. 1997 Jan 24;272(4):2421-8. [PubMed:8999954 ]
  23. Rubino D, Driggers P, Arbit D, Kemp L, Miller B, Coso O, Pagliai K, Gray K, Gutkind S, Segars J: Characterization of Brx, a novel Dbl family member that modulates estrogen receptor action. Oncogene. 1998 May 14;16(19):2513-26. [PubMed:9627117 ]
  24. Rogatsky I, Trowbridge JM, Garabedian MJ: Potentiation of human estrogen receptor alpha transcriptional activation through phosphorylation of serines 104 and 106 by the cyclin A-CDK2 complex. J Biol Chem. 1999 Aug 6;274(32):22296-302. [PubMed:10428798 ]
  25. Montano MM, Ekena K, Delage-Mourroux R, Chang W, Martini P, Katzenellenbogen BS: An estrogen receptor-selective coregulator that potentiates the effectiveness of antiestrogens and represses the activity of estrogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Jun 8;96(12):6947-52. [PubMed:10359819 ]
  26. Abramovich C, Shen WF, Pineault N, Imren S, Montpetit B, Largman C, Humphries RK: Functional cloning and characterization of a novel nonhomeodomain protein that inhibits the binding of PBX1-HOX complexes to DNA. J Biol Chem. 2000 Aug 25;275(34):26172-7. [PubMed:10825160 ]
  27. Chan SW, Hong W: Retinoblastoma-binding protein 2 (Rbp2) potentiates nuclear hormone receptor-mediated transcription. J Biol Chem. 2001 Jul 27;276(30):28402-12. Epub 2001 May 17. [PubMed:11358960 ]
  28. Rayala SK, den Hollander P, Balasenthil S, Yang Z, Broaddus RR, Kumar R: Functional regulation of oestrogen receptor pathway by the dynein light chain 1. EMBO Rep. 2005 Jun;6(6):538-44. [PubMed:15891768 ]
  29. Wittmann BM, Fujinaga K, Deng H, Ogba N, Montano MM: The breast cell growth inhibitor, estrogen down regulated gene 1, modulates a novel functional interaction between estrogen receptor alpha and transcriptional elongation factor cyclin T1. Oncogene. 2005 Aug 25;24(36):5576-88. [PubMed:15940264 ]
  30. Mo R, Rao SM, Zhu YJ: Identification of the MLL2 complex as a coactivator for estrogen receptor alpha. J Biol Chem. 2006 Jun 9;281(23):15714-20. Epub 2006 Apr 7. [PubMed:16603732 ]
  31. Rayala SK, den Hollander P, Manavathi B, Talukder AH, Song C, Peng S, Barnekow A, Kremerskothen J, Kumar R: Essential role of KIBRA in co-activator function of dynein light chain 1 in mammalian cells. J Biol Chem. 2006 Jul 14;281(28):19092-9. Epub 2006 May 9. [PubMed:16684779 ]
  32. Eriksson M, Samuelsson H, Samuelsson EB, Liu L, McKeehan WL, Benedikz E, Sundstrom E: The NMDAR subunit NR3A interacts with microtubule-associated protein 1S in the brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007 Sep 14;361(1):127-32. Epub 2007 Jul 16. [PubMed:17658481 ]
  33. Han WD, Zhao YL, Meng YG, Zang L, Wu ZQ, Li Q, Si YL, Huang K, Ba JM, Morinaga H, Nomura M, Mu YM: Estrogenically regulated LRP16 interacts with estrogen receptor alpha and enhances the receptor's transcriptional activity. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2007 Sep;14(3):741-53. [PubMed:17914104 ]
  34. Luboshits G, Benayahu D: MS-KIF18A, a kinesin, is associated with estrogen receptor. J Cell Biochem. 2007 Feb 15;100(3):693-702. [PubMed:17006958 ]
  35. Yan J, Kim YS, Yang XP, Albers M, Koegl M, Jetten AM: Ubiquitin-interaction motifs of RAP80 are critical in its regulation of estrogen receptor alpha. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007;35(5):1673-86. Epub 2007 Feb 20. [PubMed:17311814 ]
  36. Li T, Li W, Lu J, Liu H, Li Y, Zhao Y: SH2D4A regulates cell proliferation via the ERalpha/PLC-gamma/PKC pathway. BMB Rep. 2009 Aug 31;42(8):516-22. [PubMed:19712589 ]
  37. Johnsen SA, Gungor C, Prenzel T, Riethdorf S, Riethdorf L, Taniguchi-Ishigaki N, Rau T, Tursun B, Furlow JD, Sauter G, Scheffner M, Pantel K, Gannon F, Bach I: Regulation of estrogen-dependent transcription by the LIM cofactors CLIM and RLIM in breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2009 Jan 1;69(1):128-36. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-1630. [PubMed:19117995 ]
  38. Stanisic V, Malovannaya A, Qin J, Lonard DM, O'Malley BW: OTU Domain-containing ubiquitin aldehyde-binding protein 1 (OTUB1) deubiquitinates estrogen receptor (ER) alpha and affects ERalpha transcriptional activity. J Biol Chem. 2009 Jun 12;284(24):16135-45. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109.007484. Epub 2009 Apr 21. [PubMed:19383985 ]
  39. Zusev M, Benayahu D: The regulation of MS-KIF18A expression and cross talk with estrogen receptor. PLoS One. 2009 Jul 28;4(7):e6407. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006407. [PubMed:19636373 ]
  40. Schwabe JW, Neuhaus D, Rhodes D: Solution structure of the DNA-binding domain of the oestrogen receptor. Nature. 1990 Nov 29;348(6300):458-61. [PubMed:2247153 ]
  41. Schwabe JW, Chapman L, Finch JT, Rhodes D: The crystal structure of the estrogen receptor DNA-binding domain bound to DNA: how receptors discriminate between their response elements. Cell. 1993 Nov 5;75(3):567-78. [PubMed:8221895 ]
  42. Brzozowski AM, Pike AC, Dauter Z, Hubbard RE, Bonn T, Engstrom O, Ohman L, Greene GL, Gustafsson JA, Carlquist M: Molecular basis of agonism and antagonism in the oestrogen receptor. Nature. 1997 Oct 16;389(6652):753-8. [PubMed:9338790 ]
  43. Tanenbaum DM, Wang Y, Williams SP, Sigler PB: Crystallographic comparison of the estrogen and progesterone receptor's ligand binding domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 May 26;95(11):5998-6003. [PubMed:9600906 ]
  44. Shiau AK, Barstad D, Loria PM, Cheng L, Kushner PJ, Agard DA, Greene GL: The structural basis of estrogen receptor/coactivator recognition and the antagonism of this interaction by tamoxifen. Cell. 1998 Dec 23;95(7):927-37. [PubMed:9875847 ]
  45. Maalouf GJ, Xu W, Smith TF, Mohr SC: Homology model for the ligand-binding domain of the human estrogen receptor. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 1998 Apr;15(5):841-51. [PubMed:9619507 ]
  46. Tora L, Mullick A, Metzger D, Ponglikitmongkol M, Park I, Chambon P: The cloned human oestrogen receptor contains a mutation which alters its hormone binding properties. EMBO J. 1989 Jul;8(7):1981-6. [PubMed:2792078 ]
  47. McInerney EM, Ince BA, Shapiro DJ, Katzenellenbogen BS: A transcriptionally active estrogen receptor mutant is a novel type of dominant negative inhibitor of estrogen action. Mol Endocrinol. 1996 Dec;10(12):1519-26. [PubMed:8961262 ]
  48. Anderson TI, Wooster R, Laake K, Collins N, Warren W, Skrede M, Elles R, Tveit KM, Johnston SR, Dowsett M, Olsen AO, Moller P, Stratton MR, Borresen-Dale AL: Screening for ESR mutations in breast and ovarian cancer patients. Hum Mutat. 1997;9(6):531-6. [PubMed:9195227 ]
  49. Becherini L, Gennari L, Masi L, Mansani R, Massart F, Morelli A, Falchetti A, Gonnelli S, Fiorelli G, Tanini A, Brandi ML: Evidence of a linkage disequilibrium between polymorphisms in the human estrogen receptor alpha gene and their relationship to bone mass variation in postmenopausal Italian women. Hum Mol Genet. 2000 Aug 12;9(13):2043-50. [PubMed:10942433 ]
  50. Chanock SJ, Burdett L, Yeager M, Llaca V, Langerod A, Presswalla S, Kaaresen R, Strausberg RL, Gerhard DS, Kristensen V, Perou CM, Borresen-Dale AL: Somatic sequence alterations in twenty-one genes selected by expression profile analysis of breast carcinomas. Breast Cancer Res. 2007;9(1):R5. [PubMed:17224074 ]