Hmdb loader
Survey
You are using an unsupported browser. Please upgrade your browser to a newer version to get the best experience on Human Metabolome Database.
Identification
HMDB Protein ID HMDBP02169
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • 7653
Name Catenin beta-1
Synonyms
  1. Beta-catenin
Gene Name CTNNB1
Protein Type Enzyme
Biological Properties
General Function Involved in binding
Specific Function Involved in signal transduction through the Wnt pathway. Nuclear beta-catenin it involved in transcriptional regulation by association with transcription factors of the TCF/LEF family
Pathways Not Available
Reactions Not Available
GO Classification
Function
binding
Cellular Location
  1. Nucleus
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Cytoplasm
  4. cytoskeleton
  5. Cell junction
  6. adherens junction
Gene Properties
Chromosome Location Chromosome:3
Locus 3p21
SNPs CTNNB1
Gene Sequence
>2346 bp
ATGGCTACTCAAGCTGATTTGATGGAGTTGGACATGGCCATGGAACCAGACAGAAAAGCG
GCTGTTAGTCACTGGCAGCAACAGTCTTACCTGGACTCTGGAATCCATTCTGGTGCCACT
ACCACAGCTCCTTCTCTGAGTGGTAAAGGCAATCCTGAGGAAGAGGATGTGGATACCTCC
CAAGTCCTGTATGAGTGGGAACAGGGATTTTCTCAGTCCTTCACTCAAGAACAAGTAGCT
GATATTGATGGACAGTATGCAATGACTCGAGCTCAGAGGGTACGAGCTGCTATGTTCCCT
GAGACATTAGATGAGGGCATGCAGATCCCATCTACACAGTTTGATGCTGCTCATCCCACT
AATGTCCAGCGTTTGGCTGAACCATCACAGATGCTGAAACATGCAGTTGTAAACTTGATT
AACTATCAAGATGATGCAGAACTTGCCACACGTGCAATCCCTGAACTGACAAAACTGCTA
AATGACGAGGACCAGGTGGTGGTTAATAAGGCTGCAGTTATGGTCCATCAGCTTTCTAAA
AAGGAAGCTTCCAGACACGCTATCATGCGTTCTCCTCAGATGGTGTCTGCTATTGTACGT
ACCATGCAGAATACAAATGATGTAGAAACAGCTCGTTGTACCGCTGGGACCTTGCATAAC
CTTTCCCATCATCGTGAGGGCTTACTGGCCATCTTTAAGTCTGGAGGCATTCCTGCCCTG
GTGAAAATGCTTGGTTCACCAGTGGATTCTGTGTTGTTTTATGCCATTACAACTCTCCAC
AACCTTTTATTACATCAAGAAGGAGCTAAAATGGCAGTGCGTTTAGCTGGTGGGCTGCAG
AAAATGGTTGCCTTGCTCAACAAAACAAATGTTAAATTCTTGGCTATTACGACAGACTGC
CTTCAAATTTTAGCTTATGGCAACCAAGAAAGCAAGCTCATCATACTGGCTAGTGGTGGA
CCCCAAGCTTTAGTAAATATAATGAGGACCTATACTTACGAAAAACTACTGTGGACCACA
AGCAGAGTGCTGAAGGTGCTATCTGTCTGCTCTAGTAATAAGCCGGCTATTGTAGAAGCT
GGTGGAATGCAAGCTTTAGGACTTCACCTGACAGATCCAAGTCAACGTCTTGTTCAGAAC
TGTCTTTGGACTCTCAGGAATCTTTCAGATGCTGCAACTAAACAGGAAGGGATGGAAGGT
CTCCTTGGGACTCTTGTTCAGCTTCTGGGTTCAGATGATATAAATGTGGTCACCTGTGCA
GCTGGAATTCTTTCTAACCTCACTTGCAATAATTATAAGAACAAGATGATGGTCTGCCAA
GTGGGTGGTATAGAGGCTCTTGTGCGTACTGTCCTTCGGGCTGGTGACAGGGAAGACATC
ACTGAGCCTGCCATCTGTGCTCTTCGTCATCTGACCAGCCGACACCAAGAAGCAGAGATG
GCCCAGAATGCAGTTCGCCTTCACTATGGACTACCAGTTGTGGTTAAGCTCTTACACCCA
CCATCCCACTGGCCTCTGATAAAGGCTACTGTTGGATTGATTCGAAATCTTGCCCTTTGT
CCCGCAAATCATGCACCTTTGCGTGAGCAGGGTGCCATTCCACGACTAGTTCAGTTGCTT
GTTCGTGCACATCAGGATACCCAGCGCCGTACGTCCATGGGTGGGACACAGCAGCAATTT
GTGGAGGGGGTCCGCATGGAAGAAATAGTTGAAGGTTGTACCGGAGCCCTTCACATCCTA
GCTCGGGATGTTCACAACCGAATTGTTATCAGAGGACTAAATACCATTCCATTGTTTGTG
CAGCTGCTTTATTCTCCCATTGAAAACATCCAAAGAGTAGCTGCAGGGGTCCTCTGTGAA
CTTGCTCAGGACAAGGAAGCTGCAGAAGCTATTGAAGCTGAGGGAGCCACAGCTCCTCTG
ACAGAGTTACTTCACTCTAGGAATGAAGGTGTGGCGACATATGCAGCTGCTGTTTTGTTC
CGAATGTCTGAGGACAAGCCACAAGATTACAAGAAACGGCTTTCAGTTGAGCTGACCAGC
TCTCTCTTCAGAACAGAGCCAATGGCTTGGAATGAGACTGCTGATCTTGGACTTGATATT
GGTGCCCAGGGAGAACCCCTTGGATATCGCCAGGATGATCCTAGCTATCGTTCTTTTCAC
TCTGGTGGATATGGCCAGGATGCCTTGGGTATGGACCCCATGATGGAACATGAGATGGGT
GGCCACCACCCTGGTGCTGACTATCCAGTTGATGGGCTGCCAGATCTGGGGCATGCCCAG
GACCTCATGGATGGGCTGCCTCCAGGTGACAGCAATCAGCTGGCCTGGTTTGATACTGAC
CTGTAA
Protein Properties
Number of Residues 781
Molecular Weight 85495.9
Theoretical pI 5.71
Pfam Domain Function
Signals
  • None
Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Protein Sequence
>Catenin beta-1
MATQADLMELDMAMEPDRKAAVSHWQQQSYLDSGIHSGATTTAPSLSGKGNPEEEDVDTS
QVLYEWEQGFSQSFTQEQVADIDGQYAMTRAQRVRAAMFPETLDEGMQIPSTQFDAAHPT
NVQRLAEPSQMLKHAVVNLINYQDDAELATRAIPELTKLLNDEDQVVVNKAAVMVHQLSK
KEASRHAIMRSPQMVSAIVRTMQNTNDVETARCTAGTLHNLSHHREGLLAIFKSGGIPAL
VKMLGSPVDSVLFYAITTLHNLLLHQEGAKMAVRLAGGLQKMVALLNKTNVKFLAITTDC
LQILAYGNQESKLIILASGGPQALVNIMRTYTYEKLLWTTSRVLKVLSVCSSNKPAIVEA
GGMQALGLHLTDPSQRLVQNCLWTLRNLSDAATKQEGMEGLLGTLVQLLGSDDINVVTCA
AGILSNLTCNNYKNKMMVCQVGGIEALVRTVLRAGDREDITEPAICALRHLTSRHQEAEM
AQNAVRLHYGLPVVVKLLHPPSHWPLIKATVGLIRNLALCPANHAPLREQGAIPRLVQLL
VRAHQDTQRRTSMGGTQQQFVEGVRMEEIVEGCTGALHILARDVHNRIVIRGLNTIPLFV
QLLYSPIENIQRVAAGVLCELAQDKEAAEAIEAEGATAPLTELLHSRNEGVATYAAAVLF
RMSEDKPQDYKKRLSVELTSSLFRTEPMAWNETADLGLDIGAQGEPLGYRQDDPSYRSFH
SGGYGQDALGMDPMMEHEMGGHHPGADYPVDGLPDLGHAQDLMDGLPPGDSNQLAWFDTD
L
GenBank ID Protein 860988
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P35222
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name CTNB1_HUMAN
PDB IDs
GenBank Gene ID X87838
GeneCard ID CTNNB1
GenAtlas ID CTNNB1
HGNC ID HGNC:2514
References
General References
  1. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed:14702039 ]
  2. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed:15489334 ]
  3. Olsen JV, Blagoev B, Gnad F, Macek B, Kumar C, Mortensen P, Mann M: Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks. Cell. 2006 Nov 3;127(3):635-48. [PubMed:17081983 ]
  4. Gauci S, Helbig AO, Slijper M, Krijgsveld J, Heck AJ, Mohammed S: Lys-N and trypsin cover complementary parts of the phosphoproteome in a refined SCX-based approach. Anal Chem. 2009 Jun 1;81(11):4493-501. doi: 10.1021/ac9004309. [PubMed:19413330 ]
  5. Giorgianni F, Zhao Y, Desiderio DM, Beranova-Giorgianni S: Toward a global characterization of the phosphoproteome in prostate cancer cells: identification of phosphoproteins in the LNCaP cell line. Electrophoresis. 2007 Jun;28(12):2027-34. [PubMed:17487921 ]
  6. Cantin GT, Yi W, Lu B, Park SK, Xu T, Lee JD, Yates JR 3rd: Combining protein-based IMAC, peptide-based IMAC, and MudPIT for efficient phosphoproteomic analysis. J Proteome Res. 2008 Mar;7(3):1346-51. doi: 10.1021/pr0705441. Epub 2008 Jan 26. [PubMed:18220336 ]
  7. Matsuzawa SI, Reed JC: Siah-1, SIP, and Ebi collaborate in a novel pathway for beta-catenin degradation linked to p53 responses. Mol Cell. 2001 May;7(5):915-26. [PubMed:11389839 ]
  8. Mahmoudi T, Li VS, Ng SS, Taouatas N, Vries RG, Mohammed S, Heck AJ, Clevers H: The kinase TNIK is an essential activator of Wnt target genes. EMBO J. 2009 Nov 4;28(21):3329-40. doi: 10.1038/emboj.2009.285. Epub 2009 Oct 8. [PubMed:19816403 ]
  9. Shibata T, Chuma M, Kokubu A, Sakamoto M, Hirohashi S: EBP50, a beta-catenin-associating protein, enhances Wnt signaling and is over-expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2003 Jul;38(1):178-86. [PubMed:12830000 ]
  10. Lillehoj EP, Lu W, Kiser T, Goldblum SE, Kim KC: MUC1 inhibits cell proliferation by a beta-catenin-dependent mechanism. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2007 Jul;1773(7):1028-38. Epub 2007 Apr 22. [PubMed:17524503 ]
  11. Hulsken J, Birchmeier W, Behrens J: E-cadherin and APC compete for the interaction with beta-catenin and the cytoskeleton. J Cell Biol. 1994 Dec;127(6 Pt 2):2061-9. [PubMed:7806582 ]
  12. Kim JS, Crooks H, Dracheva T, Nishanian TG, Singh B, Jen J, Waldman T: Oncogenic beta-catenin is required for bone morphogenetic protein 4 expression in human cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2002 May 15;62(10):2744-8. [PubMed:12019147 ]
  13. Butz S, Kemler R: Distinct cadherin-catenin complexes in Ca(2+)-dependent cell-cell adhesion. FEBS Lett. 1994 Nov 28;355(2):195-200. [PubMed:7982500 ]
  14. Kas K, Voz ML, Roijer E, Astrom AK, Meyen E, Stenman G, Van de Ven WJ: Promoter swapping between the genes for a novel zinc finger protein and beta-catenin in pleiomorphic adenomas with t(3;8)(p21;q12) translocations. Nat Genet. 1997 Feb;15(2):170-4. [PubMed:9020842 ]
  15. Astrom AK, Voz ML, Kas K, Roijer E, Wedell B, Mandahl N, Van de Ven W, Mark J, Stenman G: Conserved mechanism of PLAG1 activation in salivary gland tumors with and without chromosome 8q12 abnormalities: identification of SII as a new fusion partner gene. Cancer Res. 1999 Feb 15;59(4):918-23. [PubMed:10029085 ]
  16. Muller T, Choidas A, Reichmann E, Ullrich A: Phosphorylation and free pool of beta-catenin are regulated by tyrosine kinases and tyrosine phosphatases during epithelial cell migration. J Biol Chem. 1999 Apr 9;274(15):10173-83. [PubMed:10187801 ]
  17. von Kries JP, Winbeck G, Asbrand C, Schwarz-Romond T, Sochnikova N, Dell'Oro A, Behrens J, Birchmeier W: Hot spots in beta-catenin for interactions with LEF-1, conductin and APC. Nat Struct Biol. 2000 Sep;7(9):800-7. [PubMed:10966653 ]
  18. Moreno-Bueno G, Gamallo C, Perez-Gallego L, Contreras F, Palacios J: beta-catenin expression in pilomatrixomas. Relationship with beta-catenin gene mutations and comparison with beta-catenin expression in normal hair follicles. Br J Dermatol. 2001 Oct;145(4):576-81. [PubMed:11703283 ]
  19. Tutter AV, Fryer CJ, Jones KA: Chromatin-specific regulation of LEF-1-beta-catenin transcription activation and inhibition in vitro. Genes Dev. 2001 Dec 15;15(24):3342-54. [PubMed:11751639 ]
  20. Piedra J, Martinez D, Castano J, Miravet S, Dunach M, de Herreros AG: Regulation of beta-catenin structure and activity by tyrosine phosphorylation. J Biol Chem. 2001 Jun 8;276(23):20436-43. Epub 2001 Mar 13. [PubMed:11279024 ]
  21. Janssens B, Goossens S, Staes K, Gilbert B, van Hengel J, Colpaert C, Bruyneel E, Mareel M, van Roy F: alphaT-catenin: a novel tissue-specific beta-catenin-binding protein mediating strong cell-cell adhesion. J Cell Sci. 2001 Sep;114(Pt 17):3177-88. [PubMed:11590244 ]
  22. Liu J, Stevens J, Rote CA, Yost HJ, Hu Y, Neufeld KL, White RL, Matsunami N: Siah-1 mediates a novel beta-catenin degradation pathway linking p53 to the adenomatous polyposis coli protein. Mol Cell. 2001 May;7(5):927-36. [PubMed:11389840 ]
  23. Yan HX, He YQ, Dong H, Zhang P, Zeng JZ, Cao HF, Wu MC, Wang HY: Physical and functional interaction between receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase PCP-2 and beta-catenin. Biochemistry. 2002 Dec 31;41(52):15854-60. [PubMed:12501215 ]
  24. Hagen T, Vidal-Puig A: Characterisation of the phosphorylation of beta-catenin at the GSK-3 priming site Ser45. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002 Jun 7;294(2):324-8. [PubMed:12051714 ]
  25. Walters RW, Freimuth P, Moninger TO, Ganske I, Zabner J, Welsh MJ: Adenovirus fiber disrupts CAR-mediated intercellular adhesion allowing virus escape. Cell. 2002 Sep 20;110(6):789-99. [PubMed:12297051 ]
  26. van Noort M, van de Wetering M, Clevers H: Identification of two novel regulated serines in the N terminus of beta-catenin. Exp Cell Res. 2002 Jun 10;276(2):264-72. [PubMed:12027456 ]
  27. van Noort M, Meeldijk J, van der Zee R, Destree O, Clevers H: Wnt signaling controls the phosphorylation status of beta-catenin. J Biol Chem. 2002 May 17;277(20):17901-5. Epub 2002 Feb 7. [PubMed:11834740 ]
  28. Sadot E, Conacci-Sorrell M, Zhurinsky J, Shnizer D, Lando Z, Zharhary D, Kam Z, Ben-Ze'ev A, Geiger B: Regulation of S33/S37 phosphorylated beta-catenin in normal and transformed cells. J Cell Sci. 2002 Jul 1;115(Pt 13):2771-80. [PubMed:12077367 ]
  29. Chen MW, Vacherot F, De La Taille A, Gil-Diez-De-Medina S, Shen R, Friedman RA, Burchardt M, Chopin DK, Buttyan R: The emergence of protocadherin-PC expression during the acquisition of apoptosis-resistance by prostate cancer cells. Oncogene. 2002 Nov 7;21(51):7861-71. [PubMed:12420223 ]
  30. Kikuchi A: Regulation of beta-catenin signaling in the Wnt pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000 Feb 16;268(2):243-8. [PubMed:10679188 ]
  31. Bharti S, Handrow-Metzmacher H, Zickenheiner S, Zeitvogel A, Baumann R, Starzinski-Powitz A: Novel membrane protein shrew-1 targets to cadherin-mediated junctions in polarized epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell. 2004 Jan;15(1):397-406. Epub 2003 Oct 31. [PubMed:14595118 ]
  32. Markiewicz E, Tilgner K, Barker N, van de Wetering M, Clevers H, Dorobek M, Hausmanowa-Petrusewicz I, Ramaekers FC, Broers JL, Blankesteijn WM, Salpingidou G, Wilson RG, Ellis JA, Hutchison CJ: The inner nuclear membrane protein emerin regulates beta-catenin activity by restricting its accumulation in the nucleus. EMBO J. 2006 Jul 26;25(14):3275-85. Epub 2006 Jul 20. [PubMed:16858403 ]
  33. Kim YS, Kang HS, Jetten AM: The Kruppel-like zinc finger protein Glis2 functions as a negative modulator of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. FEBS Lett. 2007 Mar 6;581(5):858-64. Epub 2007 Feb 2. [PubMed:17289029 ]
  34. Thompson BA, Tremblay V, Lin G, Bochar DA: CHD8 is an ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling factor that regulates beta-catenin target genes. Mol Cell Biol. 2008 Jun;28(12):3894-904. doi: 10.1128/MCB.00322-08. Epub 2008 Mar 31. [PubMed:18378692 ]
  35. Miehe S, Bieberstein A, Arnould I, Ihdene O, Rutten H, Strubing C: The phospholipid-binding protein SESTD1 is a novel regulator of the transient receptor potential channels TRPC4 and TRPC5. J Biol Chem. 2010 Apr 16;285(16):12426-34. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109.068304. Epub 2010 Feb 17. [PubMed:20164195 ]
  36. Graziani A, Poteser M, Heupel WM, Schleifer H, Krenn M, Drenckhahn D, Romanin C, Baumgartner W, Groschner K: Cell-cell contact formation governs Ca2+ signaling by TRPC4 in the vascular endothelium: evidence for a regulatory TRPC4-beta-catenin interaction. J Biol Chem. 2010 Feb 5;285(6):4213-23. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109.060301. Epub 2009 Dec 8. [PubMed:19996314 ]
  37. Graham TA, Weaver C, Mao F, Kimelman D, Xu W: Crystal structure of a beta-catenin/Tcf complex. Cell. 2000 Dec 8;103(6):885-96. [PubMed:11136974 ]
  38. Graham TA, Ferkey DM, Mao F, Kimelman D, Xu W: Tcf4 can specifically recognize beta-catenin using alternative conformations. Nat Struct Biol. 2001 Dec;8(12):1048-52. [PubMed:11713475 ]
  39. Poy F, Lepourcelet M, Shivdasani RA, Eck MJ: Structure of a human Tcf4-beta-catenin complex. Nat Struct Biol. 2001 Dec;8(12):1053-7. [PubMed:11713476 ]
  40. Graham TA, Clements WK, Kimelman D, Xu W: The crystal structure of the beta-catenin/ICAT complex reveals the inhibitory mechanism of ICAT. Mol Cell. 2002 Sep;10(3):563-71. [PubMed:12408824 ]
  41. Morin PJ, Sparks AB, Korinek V, Barker N, Clevers H, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW: Activation of beta-catenin-Tcf signaling in colon cancer by mutations in beta-catenin or APC. Science. 1997 Mar 21;275(5307):1787-90. [PubMed:9065402 ]
  42. Koch A, Denkhaus D, Albrecht S, Leuschner I, von Schweinitz D, Pietsch T: Childhood hepatoblastomas frequently carry a mutated degradation targeting box of the beta-catenin gene. Cancer Res. 1999 Jan 15;59(2):269-73. [PubMed:9927029 ]
  43. Blaker H, Hofmann WJ, Rieker RJ, Penzel R, Graf M, Otto HF: Beta-catenin accumulation and mutation of the CTNNB1 gene in hepatoblastoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 1999 Aug;25(4):399-402. [PubMed:10398436 ]
  44. Sagae S, Kobayashi K, Nishioka Y, Sugimura M, Ishioka S, Nagata M, Terasawa K, Tokino T, Kudo R: Mutational analysis of beta-catenin gene in Japanese ovarian carcinomas: frequent mutations in endometrioid carcinomas. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1999 May;90(5):510-5. [PubMed:10391090 ]
  45. Shitoh K, Konishi F, Iijima T, Ohdaira T, Sakai K, Kanazawa K, Miyaki M: A novel case of a sporadic desmoid tumour with mutation of the beta catenin gene. J Clin Pathol. 1999 Sep;52(9):695-6. [PubMed:10655994 ]
  46. Chan EF, Gat U, McNiff JM, Fuchs E: A common human skin tumour is caused by activating mutations in beta-catenin. Nat Genet. 1999 Apr;21(4):410-3. [PubMed:10192393 ]
  47. Legoix P, Bluteau O, Bayer J, Perret C, Balabaud C, Belghiti J, Franco D, Thomas G, Laurent-Puig P, Zucman-Rossi J: Beta-catenin mutations in hepatocellular carcinoma correlate with a low rate of loss of heterozygosity. Oncogene. 1999 Jul 8;18(27):4044-6. [PubMed:10435629 ]
  48. Huang H, Mahler-Araujo BM, Sankila A, Chimelli L, Yonekawa Y, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H: APC mutations in sporadic medulloblastomas. Am J Pathol. 2000 Feb;156(2):433-7. [PubMed:10666372 ]