Hmdb loader
Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected and Quantified
Creation Date2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
Update Date2023-02-21 17:14:31 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0000118
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB0004285
  • HMDB00118
  • HMDB04285
Metabolite Identification
Common NameHomovanillic acid
DescriptionHomovanillic acid (HVA), also known as homovanillate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. HVA is also classified as a catechol. HVA is a major catecholamine metabolite that is produced by a consecutive action of monoamine oxidase and catechol-O-methyltransferase on dopamine. HVA is typically elevated in patients with catecholamine-secreting tumors (such as neuroblastoma, pheochromocytoma, and other neural crest tumors). HVA levels are also used in monitoring patients who have been treated for these kinds tumors. HVA levels may also be altered in disorders of catecholamine metabolism such as monoamine oxidase-A (MOA) deficiency. MOA deficiency can cause decreased urinary HVA values, while a deficiency of dopamine beta-hydrolase (the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine) can cause elevated urinary HVA values. Within humans, HVA participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, HVA and pyrocatechol can be biosynthesized from 3,4-dihydroxybenzeneacetic acid and guaiacol. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme known as catechol O-methyltransferase. In addition, HVA can be biosynthesized from homovanillin through the action of the enzyme known aldehyde dehydrogenase. HVA has recently been found in a number of beers and appears to arise from the fermentation process (https://doi.org/10.1006/fstl.1999.0593). HVA is also a metabolite of Bifidobacterium (PMID: 24958563 ) and the bacterial breakdown of dietary flavonoids. Dietary flavonols commonly found in tomatoes, onions, and tea, can lead to significantly elevated levels of urinary HVA (PMID: 20933512 ). Likewise, the microbial digestion of hydroxytyrosol (found in olive oil) can also lead to elevated levels of HVA in humans (PMID: 11929304 ).
Structure
Data?1676999671
Synonyms
ValueSource
(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)acetic acidChEBI
3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylacetateChEBI
3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acidChEBI
4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzeneacetic acidChEBI
HVAChEBI
Vanillacetic acidChEBI
(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)acetateGenerator
4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzeneacetateGenerator
VanillacetateGenerator
HomovanillateGenerator
3-Methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylacetic acidHMDB
4-Hydroxy 3-methoxyphenylacetic acidHMDB
4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylacetic acidHMDB
HomovanilateHMDB
Homovanilic acidHMDB
Homovanillinic acidHMDB
VanilacetateHMDB
Vanilacetic acidHMDB
3 Methoxy 4 hydroxyphenylacetic acidHMDB
Acid, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylaceticHMDB
Acid, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylaceticHMDB
4 Hydroxy 3 methoxyphenylacetic acidHMDB
Acid, homovanillicHMDB
3'-Methoxy-4'-hydroxyphenylacetic acidHMDB
3’-methoxy-4’-hydroxyphenylacetic acidHMDB
4'-Hydroxy-3'-methoxy-phenylacetic acidHMDB
2-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)acetic acidHMDB
4'-Hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenylacetic acidHMDB
Chemical FormulaC9H10O4
Average Molecular Weight182.1733
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight182.057908808
IUPAC Name2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)acetic acid
Traditional Namehomovanillic acid
CAS Registry Number306-08-1
SMILES
COC1=CC(CC(O)=O)=CC=C1O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C9H10O4/c1-13-8-4-6(5-9(11)12)2-3-7(8)10/h2-4,10H,5H2,1H3,(H,11,12)
InChI KeyQRMZSPFSDQBLIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassBenzenoids
ClassPhenols
Sub ClassMethoxyphenols
Direct ParentMethoxyphenols
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Methoxyphenol
  • Phenoxy compound
  • Anisole
  • Methoxybenzene
  • Phenol ether
  • 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid
  • Alkyl aryl ether
  • Monocyclic benzene moiety
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Ether
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic oxide
  • Aromatic homomonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic homomonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effect
Disposition
Biological locationRoute of exposureSource
Process
Role
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point138 - 140 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water Solubility17 mg/mLNot Available
LogP0.33LAHANN,TR ET AL. (1989)
Experimental Chromatographic Properties

Experimental Collision Cross Sections

Adduct TypeData SourceCCS Value (Å2)Reference
[M-H]-Baker140.75330932474
[M-H]-MetCCS_train_neg134.14630932474
[M-H]-Not Available137.0http://allccs.zhulab.cn/database/detail?ID=AllCCS00000285
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility2.72 g/LALOGPS
logP1.02ALOGPS
logP1.15ChemAxon
logS-1.8ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)3.74ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-4.9ChemAxon
Physiological Charge-1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count4ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area66.76 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count3ChemAxon
Refractivity45.81 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability17.74 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings1ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DarkChem[M+H]+142.43331661259
DarkChem[M-H]-141.33431661259
AllCCS[M+H]+139.24232859911
AllCCS[M-H]-137.0732859911
DeepCCS[M+H]+140.3430932474
DeepCCS[M-H]-136.51330932474
DeepCCS[M-2H]-174.17930932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+149.71830932474
AllCCS[M+H]+139.232859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+135.032859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+143.232859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+144.432859911
AllCCS[M-H]-137.132859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-137.932859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-138.932859911

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Homovanillic acidCOC1=C(O)C=CC(CC(O)=O)=C13082.7Standard polar33892256
Homovanillic acidCOC1=C(O)C=CC(CC(O)=O)=C11651.0Standard non polar33892256
Homovanillic acidCOC1=C(O)C=CC(CC(O)=O)=C11665.4Semi standard non polar33892256

Derivatized

Derivative Name / StructureSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Homovanillic acid,1TMS,isomer #1COC1=CC(CC(=O)O)=CC=C1O[Si](C)(C)C1792.6Semi standard non polar33892256
Homovanillic acid,1TMS,isomer #2COC1=CC(CC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)=CC=C1O1726.9Semi standard non polar33892256
Homovanillic acid,2TMS,isomer #1COC1=CC(CC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)=CC=C1O[Si](C)(C)C1790.0Semi standard non polar33892256
Homovanillic acid,1TBDMS,isomer #1COC1=CC(CC(=O)O)=CC=C1O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2037.9Semi standard non polar33892256
Homovanillic acid,1TBDMS,isomer #2COC1=CC(CC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=CC=C1O1969.5Semi standard non polar33892256
Homovanillic acid,2TBDMS,isomer #1COC1=CC(CC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=CC=C1O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2256.1Semi standard non polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Homovanillic acid GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (Non-derivatized)splash10-056r-1962000000-4f8e427392aa8e1360952014-06-16HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Homovanillic acid GC-MS (2 TMS)splash10-056r-2972000000-f53a7b3ac40c099e3c992014-06-16HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Homovanillic acid EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-0006-9800000000-def178a40b9d8cc167242017-09-12HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Homovanillic acid EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-06vi-0596000000-729a4b24107b98261cb22017-09-12HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Homovanillic acid GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-056r-1962000000-4f8e427392aa8e1360952017-09-12HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Homovanillic acid GC-MS (Non-derivatized)splash10-056r-2972000000-f53a7b3ac40c099e3c992017-09-12HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Homovanillic acid GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-056r-1962000000-24557ef3db49c59cd5dd2017-09-12HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Homovanillic acid GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-000i-1900000000-cb0e3eb7a6d9e785a2f82016-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Homovanillic acid GC-MS (2 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-01w0-9352000000-0e2f11bc503dd5ce63452017-10-06Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Homovanillic acid GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Homovanillic acid GC-MS (TMS_1_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Homovanillic acid GC-MS (TMS_1_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Homovanillic acid GC-MS (TBDMS_1_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Homovanillic acid GC-MS (TBDMS_1_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Homovanillic acid GC-MS (TBDMS_2_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
MSMass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)splash10-000i-3900000000-b8c848b70c066282b36f2014-09-20Not AvailableView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Homovanillic acid Quattro_QQQ 10V, Negative-QTOF (Annotated)splash10-000i-0900000000-994a78c607c1b6a724d22012-07-24HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Homovanillic acid Quattro_QQQ 25V, Negative-QTOF (Annotated)splash10-00fr-4900000000-ca5ef14a72dcdf3cf9fe2012-07-24HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Homovanillic acid Quattro_QQQ 40V, Negative-QTOF (Annotated)splash10-00dl-9700000000-44f2784ec5407e93ea572012-07-24HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Homovanillic acid LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0019-0900000000-aafe8aee1cf8c42b941a2012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Homovanillic acid LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-000i-1900000000-313fe6eb451badd5c0522012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Homovanillic acid LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0609-6900000000-11aa4fb169e782205ea32012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Homovanillic acid LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-014i-9200000000-637a59b417fe2b2e7f582012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Homovanillic acid LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-014i-9000000000-7b87b58730add4511c8a2012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Homovanillic acid LC-ESI-QQ , negative-QTOFsplash10-0019-0900000000-aafe8aee1cf8c42b941a2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Homovanillic acid LC-ESI-QQ , negative-QTOFsplash10-000i-1900000000-313fe6eb451badd5c0522017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Homovanillic acid LC-ESI-QQ , negative-QTOFsplash10-0609-6900000000-11aa4fb169e782205ea32017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Homovanillic acid LC-ESI-QQ , negative-QTOFsplash10-014i-9200000000-1bc951858c2e658a79af2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Homovanillic acid LC-ESI-QQ , negative-QTOFsplash10-014i-9000000000-7b87b58730add4511c8a2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Homovanillic acid Linear Ion Trap , negative-QTOFsplash10-000i-0900000000-0c3c4c703b4b9743a5212017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Homovanillic acid Linear Ion Trap , negative-QTOFsplash10-000i-0900000000-a5e048e5e58ed8e57ecd2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Homovanillic acid , negative-QTOFsplash10-0079-0900000000-35fbf40336719c96dd3d2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Homovanillic acid 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0006-9100000000-b408942abbf2cafac06e2021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Homovanillic acid 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-00di-4900000000-39dd2b8775ad5c5ec2f02021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Homovanillic acid 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-000i-4900000000-c9fd7643f48c0e43dc872021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Homovanillic acid 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-014i-0900000000-57e5685e37a2d70f9ab42015-04-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Homovanillic acid 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-00kr-0900000000-b8470b9851db4df96b612015-04-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Homovanillic acid 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-052r-3900000000-2690d7c586d4f7c3dccf2015-04-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Homovanillic acid 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-001r-0900000000-713f0600845faa67fec32015-04-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Homovanillic acid 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-01qi-0900000000-30a79a8a4d5cf0ffc8642015-04-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Homovanillic acid 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-05fr-2900000000-6f967f9e7f7117a9d1e42015-04-25Wishart LabView Spectrum

NMR Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental)2012-12-04Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Experimental 2D NMR[1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental)2012-12-04Wishart LabView Spectrum

IR Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted IR SpectrumIR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M-H]-)2023-02-03FELIX labView Spectrum
Predicted IR SpectrumIR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+H]+)2023-02-03FELIX labView Spectrum
Predicted IR SpectrumIR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+Na]+)2023-02-03FELIX labView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
  • Feces
  • Saliva
  • Urine
Tissue Locations
  • Brain
  • Fibroblasts
  • Kidney
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected and Quantified0.082 +/- 0.050 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.048 +/- 0.009 uMAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.03 +/- 0.006 uMAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.047 +/- 0.01 uMAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.078 +/- 0.029 uMAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.029 +/- 0.045 uMAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.027 +/- 0.004 uMAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.029 +/- 0.005 uMAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.166 +/- 0.147 uMAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.574 (0.302-0.845) uMInfant (0-1 year old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.1521 +/- 0.0177 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.324-1.0980 uMNewborn (0-30 days old)Not Specified
Normal
details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.124-0.362 uMAdolescent (13-18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.658-1.434 uMChildren (1-13 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.324-1.098 uMChildren (1-13 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.105-0.262 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.33-0.668 uMChildren (1-13 years old)MaleNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.346-0.716 uMChildren (1-13 years old)MaleNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified174 +/- 75.2 uMAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified202 +/- 94 uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.12 +/- 0.07 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.19+/- 0.093 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.28 (0.15-0.41) uMAdolescent (13-18 years old)BothNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.0004 +/- 0.00006 uMAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.89 +/- 0.47 uMInfant (0-1 year old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.78 +/- 0.42 uMChildren (1-13 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.76 +/- 0.38 uMChildren (1-13 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.71 +/- 0.34 uMChildren (1-13 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.66 +/- 0.33 uMInfant (0-1 year old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.66 +/- 0.48 uMChildren (1-13 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.54 +/- 0.211 uMAdolescent (13-18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.37 +/- 0.08 uMAdolescent (13-18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified1.14 +/- 0.54 uMNewborn (0-30 days old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.14 +/- 0.046 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.40 +/- 0.075 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.039 +/- 0.021 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.174 +/- 0.075 uMAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.202 +/- 0.094 uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.94 +/- 0.11 uMChildren (1-13 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.384-0.765 uMChildren (1-13 years old)Not Specifiednormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.401 +/- 0.188 uMNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.320-0.780 uMChildren (1-13 years old)Female
Normal
details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.20 (0.047-0.35) uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
FecesDetected and Quantified2.196 nmol/g wet fecesAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
FecesDetected and Quantified25.251 +/- 32.442 nmol/g wet fecesAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
FecesDetected and Quantified34.528 +/- 55.442 nmol/g wet fecesAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Normal
details
SalivaDetected and Quantified1.43 +/- 1.13 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not Specified
Normal
    • Sugimoto et al. (...
details
SalivaDetected and Quantified1.94 +/- 1.15 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not Specified
Normal
    • Sugimoto et al. (...
details
UrineDetected and Quantified7.92 +/- 5.082 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1 - 13 years old)Not Specified
Normal
    • Analysis of 30 no...
details
UrineDetected and Quantified0-8.316 umol/mmol creatinineAdolescent (13-18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified9.742 +/- 3.993 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1 - 13 years old)Not Specified
Normal
    • Analysis of 30 no...
details
UrineDetected and Quantified2.26 +/- 1.58 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothNot Available details
UrineDetected and Quantified10 umol/mmol creatinineInfant (0-1 year old)Both
Normal
details
UrineDetected and Quantified4.93 +/-3.37 umol/mmol creatinineNewborn (0-30 days old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified17.7 +/- 6.99 umol/mmol creatinineInfant (0-1 year old)Both
Normal
details
UrineDetected and Quantified6.1 +/- 2.69 umol/mmol creatinineInfant (0-1 year old)Both
Normal
details
UrineDetected and Quantified16.43 +/- 27.12 umol/mmol creatinineNewborn (0-30 days old)Both
Normal
details
UrineDetected and Quantified8.09-17.75 umol/mmol creatinineInfant (0-1 year old)Both
Normal
details
UrineDetected and Quantified9.56 +/- 2.99 umol/mmol creatinineInfant (6 months - <1 year old)Both
Normal
details
UrineDetected and Quantified12.16 +/- 3.78 umol/mmol creatinineInfant (0-1 year old)Both
Normal
details
UrineDetected and Quantified13.56 +/- 4.08 umol/mmol creatinineInfant (1 - 6 months old)Both
Normal
details
UrineDetected and Quantified10.5 (2.0-19.0) umol/mmol creatinineInfant (0-1 year old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified2.0-2.5 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified10.551 +/- 6.827 umol/mmol creatinineInfant (0-1 year old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified13.654 +/- 7.447 umol/mmol creatinineInfant (0-1 year old)Both
Normal
details
UrineDetected and Quantified9.930 +/- 3.351 umol/mmol creatinineInfant (0-1 year old)Both
Normal
details
UrineDetected and Quantified17.1 (7.1-28.6) umol/mmol creatinineNewborn (0-30 days old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified20.6 (15.6-31.0) umol/mmol creatinineInfant (0-1 year old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified7.5 (3.6-14.6) umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1-13 years old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified5.6 (2.1-47.3) umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified<=3.618 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified6.2 (1.8-12.7) umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
UrineDetected and Quantified2.3 (0.9-5.5) umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified2.2 (0.4-4.0) umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified10.9 umol/mmol creatinineInfant (0-1 year old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified1.605 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
UrineDetected and Quantified1.520 +/- 0.725 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
UrineDetected and Quantified<16.64 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1 - 18 years old)Both
Normal
    • BC Children's Hos...
details
UrineDetected and Quantified1.7-2.7 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified1.0-5.0 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified0.04-1.99 umol/mmol creatinineNewborn (0-30 days old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified0.133 +/- 0.015 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
UrineDetected and Quantified0.50(0.06-1.78) umol/mmol creatinineNewborn (0-30 days old)FemaleNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified0.43(0.04-2.00) umol/mmol creatinineNewborn (0-30 days old)MaleNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified1.900-19.300 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1-13 years old)Female
Normal
details
UrineDetected and Quantified4.3 (0.9-8.9) umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
Abnormal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected and Quantified0.062 +/- 0.022 uMAdult (>18 years old)MaleSchizophrenia details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.071 +/- 0.022 uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleSchizophrenia details
BloodDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Female
Breast cancer
details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified1.00 +/- 0.03 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedEpilepsy; Schizophrenia details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified1.38 +/- 0.02 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedEpilepsy details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.39773 (0.155-0.654) uMNewborn (0-30 days old)Not SpecifiedPNPO deficiency details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.083 +/- 0.000 uMInfant (0-1 year old)MaleAromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.09 uMAdolescent (13-18 years old)Not AvailableUrocanase deficiency details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.151-0.490 uMNewborn (0-30 days old)BothPyridoxamine 5-prime-phosphate oxidase deficiency details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.1347 +/- 0.0121 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedParkinson's syndrome details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.654 uMNewborn (0-30 days old)Not SpecifiedPNPO deficiency details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.155 uMNewborn (0-30 days old)Not SpecifiedPNPO deficiency details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.292 uMNewborn (0-30 days old)Not SpecifiedPNPO deficiency details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.49 uMNewborn (0-30 days old)Not SpecifiedPNPO deficiency details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified110 +/- 68.6 uMAdult (>18 years old)MaleSchizophrenia details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified167 +/- 74.5 uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleSchizophrenia details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.49 +/- 0.08 uMChildren (1-13 years old)BothEpilepsy details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.39 +/- 0.091 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedNarcolepsy details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.21 +/- 0.08 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedGrowth hormone deficiency details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.21 +/- 0.035 uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleSchizophrenia details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.19 +/- 0.030 uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleSchizophrenia details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.2572 +/- 0.1055 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedLeuprolide acetate-induced hypogonadism details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.229 +/- 0.0782 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedLeuprolide acetate-induced hypogonadism with testosterone replacment details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.21 +/- 0.12 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedEpilepsy details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.05 +/- 0.03 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedEpilepsy details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.05 +/- 0.04 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothEpilepsy details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.19 +/- 0.09 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedEpilepsy details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.20 +/- 0.09 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Major depression
details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.17 +/- 0.084 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedPanic Disorder details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.16 +/- 0.095 uMElderly (>65 years old)Not SpecifiedParkinson's disease details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.17 +/- 0.01 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedOlivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA) details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.17 +/- 0.01 uMNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedFriedreich's ataxia details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.15 +/- 0.03 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedAutosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguena details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.50 +/- 0.32 uMChildren (1-13 years old)Not SpecifiedAutism details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.0002 +/- 0.00005 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothHypothyroidism details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.00137 (0.000604-0.00225) uMAdult (>18 years old)BothSchizophrenia details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.038 +/- 0.016 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothSchizophrenia details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.00017 (0.00013-0.00022) uMAdult (>18 years old)BothHypothyroidism details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.128 uMInfant (0-1 year old)Female
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency
details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.0820-0.149 uMChildren (1-13 years old)Female
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency
details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Female
Breast cancer
details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.1282 +/- 0.0583 uMNot SpecifiedBothceliac disease details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.0585 (0.055-0.062) uMChildren (1-13 years old)Not Specifiedsepiapterin reductase deficiency details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.187 +/- 0.065 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedParkinson's Disease details
UrineDetected and Quantified8.751 umol/mmol creatinineAdolescent (13-18 years old)FemaleDopamine-serotonin Vesicular Transport Defect details
UrineDetected and Quantified7.838 +/- 4.994 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1 - 13 years old)Not Specified
Eosinophilic esophagitis
    • Analysis of 30 no...
details
UrineDetected and Quantified6.237 +/- 4.67 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1 - 13 years old)Not Specified
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
    • Analysis of 30 no...
details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothBladder cancer details
UrineDetected and Quantified2.9 +/- 0.0 umol/mmol creatinineInfant (0-1 year old)MaleAromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency details
UrineDetected and Quantified4.903 +/- 2.358 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1-13 years old)Both
Phenylketonuria
details
UrineDetected and Quantified5.0891 +/- 1.738 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1-13 years old)BothPhenylketonuria details
UrineDetected and Quantified7.447 +/- 3.848 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1-13 years old)Both
Phenylketonuria
details
UrineDetected and Quantified0.4-0.5 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)MaleBrunner Syndrome details
UrineDetected and Quantified15.5 umol/mmol creatinineInfant (0-1 year old)Female
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency
details
UrineDetected and Quantified34.1 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1-13 years old)Female
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency
details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Female
Breast cancer
details
UrineDetected and Quantified9.427 +/- 7.439 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1 - 13 years old)Not Specified
Eosinophilic esophagitis
    • Analysis of 30 no...
details
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease References
Hypothyroidism
  1. Sjoberg S, Eriksson M, Nordin C: L-thyroxine treatment and neurotransmitter levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of hypothyroid patients: a pilot study. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998 Nov;139(5):493-7. [PubMed:9849813 ]
Narcolepsy
  1. Strittmatter M, Isenberg E, Grauer MT, Hamann G, Schimrigk K: CSF substance P somatostatin and monoaminergic transmitter metabolites in patients with narcolepsy. Neurosci Lett. 1996 Nov 1;218(2):99-102. [PubMed:8945737 ]
Growth hormone deficiency
  1. Burman P, Hetta J, Wide L, Mansson JE, Ekman R, Karlsson FA: Growth hormone treatment affects brain neurotransmitters and thyroxine [see comment]. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1996 Mar;44(3):319-24. [PubMed:8729530 ]
Schizophrenia
  1. Harnryd C, Bjerkenstedt L, Grimm VE, Sedvall G: Reduction of MOPEG levels in cerebrospinal fluid of psychotic women after electroconvulsive treatment. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1979 Aug 8;64(2):131-4. [PubMed:115032 ]
  2. Alfredsson G, Wiesel FA: Monoamine metabolites and amino acids in serum from schizophrenic patients before and during sulpiride treatment. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1989;99(3):322-7. [PubMed:2480613 ]
  3. Do KQ, Lauer CJ, Schreiber W, Zollinger M, Gutteck-Amsler U, Cuenod M, Holsboer F: gamma-Glutamylglutamine and taurine concentrations are decreased in the cerebrospinal fluid of drug-naive patients with schizophrenic disorders. J Neurochem. 1995 Dec;65(6):2652-62. [PubMed:7595563 ]
  4. Nikisch G, Baumann P, Wiedemann G, Kiessling B, Weisser H, Hertel A, Yoshitake T, Kehr J, Mathe AA: Quetiapine and norquetiapine in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of schizophrenic patients treated with quetiapine: correlations to clinical outcome and HVA, 5-HIAA, and MHPG in CSF. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2010 Oct;30(5):496-503. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e3181f2288e. [PubMed:20814316 ]
  5. Bjerkenstedt L, Edman G, Hagenfeldt L, Sedvall G, Wiesel FA: Plasma amino acids in relation to cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites in schizophrenic patients and healthy controls. Br J Psychiatry. 1985 Sep;147:276-82. [PubMed:2415198 ]
  6. Peters JG: Dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin spinal fluid metabolites in temporal lobe epileptic patients with schizophrenic symptomatology. Eur Neurol. 1979;18(1):15-8. [PubMed:436860 ]
Epilepsy
  1. Botez MI, Young SN: Effects of anticonvulsant treatment and low levels of folate and thiamine on amine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid. Brain. 1991 Feb;114 ( Pt 1A):333-48. [PubMed:1705463 ]
  2. Shaywitz BA, Cohen DJ, Bowers MB: Reduced cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and homovanillic acid in children with epilepsy. Neurology. 1975 Jan;25(1):72-9. [PubMed:803305 ]
  3. Peters JG: Dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin spinal fluid metabolites in temporal lobe epileptic patients with schizophrenic symptomatology. Eur Neurol. 1979;18(1):15-8. [PubMed:436860 ]
Panic disorder
  1. Eriksson E, Westberg P, Alling C, Thuresson K, Modigh K: Cerebrospinal fluid levels of monoamine metabolites in panic disorder. Psychiatry Res. 1991 Mar;36(3):243-51. [PubMed:1712114 ]
Olivopontocerebral atrophy
  1. Botez MI, Young SN: Biogenic amine metabolites and thiamine in cerebrospinal fluid in heredo-degenerative ataxias. Can J Neurol Sci. 2001 May;28(2):134-40. [PubMed:11383938 ]
Hereditary spastic paraplegia
  1. Botez MI, Young SN: Biogenic amine metabolites and thiamine in cerebrospinal fluid in heredo-degenerative ataxias. Can J Neurol Sci. 2001 May;28(2):134-40. [PubMed:11383938 ]
Autism
  1. Narayan M, Srinath S, Anderson GM, Meundi DB: Cerebrospinal fluid levels of homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in autism. Biol Psychiatry. 1993 Apr 15-May 1;33(8-9):630-5. [PubMed:7687150 ]
Parkinson's disease
  1. LeWitt PA, Galloway MP, Matson W, Milbury P, McDermott M, Srivastava DK, Oakes D: Markers of dopamine metabolism in Parkinson's disease. The Parkinson Study Group. Neurology. 1992 Nov;42(11):2111-7. [PubMed:1436520 ]
  2. Dizdar N, Kagedal B, Lindvall B: Treatment of Parkinson's disease with NADH. Acta Neurol Scand. 1994 Nov;90(5):345-7. [PubMed:7887134 ]
Friedreich's ataxia
  1. Botez MI, Young SN: Biogenic amine metabolites and thiamine in cerebrospinal fluid in heredo-degenerative ataxias. Can J Neurol Sci. 2001 May;28(2):134-40. [PubMed:11383938 ]
Major depressive disorder
  1. Sheline Y, Bardgett ME, Csernansky JG: Correlated reductions in cerebrospinal fluid 5-HIAA and MHPG concentrations after treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1997 Feb;17(1):11-4. [PubMed:9004051 ]
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency
  1. Abdenur JE, Abeling N, Specola N, Jorge L, Schenone AB, van Cruchten AC, Chamoles NA: Aromatic l-aminoacid decarboxylase deficiency: unusual neonatal presentation and additional findings in organic acid analysis. Mol Genet Metab. 2006 Jan;87(1):48-53. Epub 2005 Nov 9. [PubMed:16288991 ]
  2. Abeling NG, van Gennip AH, Barth PG, van Cruchten A, Westra M, Wijburg FA: Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency: a new case with a mild clinical presentation and unexpected laboratory findings. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1998 Jun;21(3):240-2. [PubMed:9686366 ]
Celiac disease
  1. Hallert C, Astrom J, Sedvall G: Psychic disturbances in adult coeliac disease. III. Reduced central monoamine metabolism and signs of depression. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1982 Jan;17(1):25-8. [PubMed:6182605 ]
Sepiapterin reductase deficiency
  1. Verbeek MM, Willemsen MA, Wevers RA, Lagerwerf AJ, Abeling NG, Blau N, Thony B, Vargiami E, Zafeiriou DI: Two Greek siblings with sepiapterin reductase deficiency. Mol Genet Metab. 2008 Aug;94(4):403-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2008.04.003. Epub 2008 May 27. [PubMed:18502672 ]
Pyridoxamine 5-prime-phosphate oxidase deficiency
  1. Ormazabal A, Oppenheim M, Serrano M, Garcia-Cazorla A, Campistol J, Ribes A, Ruiz A, Moreno J, Hyland K, Clayton P, Heales S, Artuch R: Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate values in cerebrospinal fluid: reference values and diagnosis of PNPO deficiency in paediatric patients. Mol Genet Metab. 2008 Jun;94(2):173-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2008.01.004. Epub 2008 Feb 21. [PubMed:18294893 ]
  2. Plecko B, Paul K, Paschke E, Stoeckler-Ipsiroglu S, Struys E, Jakobs C, Hartmann H, Luecke T, di Capua M, Korenke C, Hikel C, Reutershahn E, Freilinger M, Baumeister F, Bosch F, Erwa W: Biochemical and molecular characterization of 18 patients with pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy and mutations of the antiquitin (ALDH7A1) gene. Hum Mutat. 2007 Jan;28(1):19-26. [PubMed:17068770 ]
Parkinsonian syndrome
  1. Espino A, Calopa M, Ambrosio S, Ortola J, Peres J, Navarro MA: CSF somatostatin increase in patients with early parkinsonian syndrome. J Neural Transm Park Dis Dement Sect. 1995;9(2-3):189-96. [PubMed:8527003 ]
Urocanase deficiency
  1. Espinos C, Pineda M, Martinez-Rubio D, Lupo V, Ormazabal A, Vilaseca MA, Spaapen LJ, Palau F, Artuch R: Mutations in the urocanase gene UROC1 are associated with urocanic aciduria. J Med Genet. 2009 Jun;46(6):407-11. doi: 10.1136/jmg.2008.060632. Epub 2009 Mar 19. [PubMed:19304569 ]
Eosinophilic esophagitis
  1. Slae, M., Huynh, H., Wishart, D.S. (2014). Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work). NA.
Perillyl alcohol administration for cancer treatment
  1. Nam H, Chung BC, Kim Y, Lee K, Lee D: Combining tissue transcriptomics and urine metabolomics for breast cancer biomarker identification. Bioinformatics. 2009 Dec 1;25(23):3151-7. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp558. Epub 2009 Sep 25. [PubMed:19783829 ]
Phenylketonuria
  1. Rampini S, Vollmin JA, Bosshard HR, Muller M, Curtius HC: Aromatic acids in urine of healthy infants, persistent hyperphenylalaninemia, and phenylketonuria, before and after phenylalanine load. Pediatr Res. 1974 Jul;8(7):704-9. [PubMed:4837567 ]
Dopamine-serotonin Vesicular Transport Defect
  1. Rilstone JJ, Alkhater RA, Minassian BA: Brain dopamine-serotonin vesicular transport disease and its treatment. N Engl J Med. 2013 Feb 7;368(6):543-50. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1207281. Epub 2013 Jan 30. [PubMed:23363473 ]
Brunner Syndrome
  1. Brunner HG, Nelen MR, van Zandvoort P, Abeling NG, van Gennip AH, Wolters EC, Kuiper MA, Ropers HH, van Oost BA: X-linked borderline mental retardation with prominent behavioral disturbance: phenotype, genetic localization, and evidence for disturbed monoamine metabolism. Am J Hum Genet. 1993 Jun;52(6):1032-9. [PubMed:8503438 ]
Associated OMIM IDs
DrugBank IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer Compound ID574
FooDB IDFDB001783
KNApSAcK IDC00029504
Chemspider ID1675
KEGG Compound IDC05582
BioCyc IDCPD-7651
BiGG ID46066
Wikipedia LinkHomovanillic_acid
METLIN ID971
PubChem Compound1738
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID545959
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDHOMOVAL
MarkerDB IDMDB00013418
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Download (PDF)
General References
  1. Shoemaker JD, Elliott WH: Automated screening of urine samples for carbohydrates, organic and amino acids after treatment with urease. J Chromatogr. 1991 Jan 2;562(1-2):125-38. [PubMed:2026685 ]
  2. Guneral F, Bachmann C: Age-related reference values for urinary organic acids in a healthy Turkish pediatric population. Clin Chem. 1994 Jun;40(6):862-6. [PubMed:8087979 ]
  3. Goldstein DS, Eisenhofer G, Kopin IJ: Sources and significance of plasma levels of catechols and their metabolites in humans. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003 Jun;305(3):800-11. Epub 2003 Mar 20. [PubMed:12649306 ]
  4. Hyland K, Gunasekara RS, Munk-Martin TL, Arnold LA, Engle T: The hph-1 mouse: a model for dominantly inherited GTP-cyclohydrolase deficiency. Ann Neurol. 2003;54 Suppl 6:S46-8. [PubMed:12891653 ]
  5. Sjoberg S, Eriksson M, Nordin C: L-thyroxine treatment and neurotransmitter levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of hypothyroid patients: a pilot study. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998 Nov;139(5):493-7. [PubMed:9849813 ]
  6. Eklundh T, Eriksson M, Sjoberg S, Nordin C: Monoamine precursors, transmitters and metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid: a prospective study in healthy male subjects. J Psychiatr Res. 1996 May-Jun;30(3):201-8. [PubMed:8884658 ]
  7. Needlman R, Zuckerman B, Anderson GM, Mirochnick M, Cohen DJ: Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine precursors and metabolites in human neonates following in utero cocaine exposure: a preliminary study. Pediatrics. 1993 Jul;92(1):55-60. [PubMed:8516085 ]
  8. Houston JP, Maas JW, Bowden CL, Contreras SA, McIntyre KL, Javors MA: Cerebrospinal fluid HVA, central brain atrophy, and clinical state in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 1986 Nov;19(3):207-14. [PubMed:3797547 ]
  9. Scatton B, Dennis T, L'Heureux R, Monfort JC, Duyckaerts C, Javoy-Agid F: Degeneration of noradrenergic and serotonergic but not dopaminergic neurones in the lumbar spinal cord of parkinsonian patients. Brain Res. 1986 Aug 13;380(1):181-5. [PubMed:2428421 ]
  10. Javors MA, Bowden CL, Maas JW: 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and homovanillic acid in human cerebrospinal fluid. Storage and measurement by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and coulometric detection using 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid as an internal standard. J Chromatogr. 1984 Dec 12;336(2):259-69. [PubMed:6085084 ]
  11. Court JA, Lloyd S, Thomas N, Piggott MA, Marshall EF, Morris CM, Lamb H, Perry RH, Johnson M, Perry EK: Dopamine and nicotinic receptor binding and the levels of dopamine and homovanillic acid in human brain related to tobacco use. Neuroscience. 1998 Nov;87(1):63-78. [PubMed:9722142 ]
  12. Reynolds GP, Garrett NJ: Striatal dopamine and homovanillic acid in Huntington's disease. J Neural Transm. 1986;65(2):151-5. [PubMed:2939198 ]
  13. Kay AD, Schapiro MB, Riker AK, Haxby JV, Rapoport SI, Cutler NR: Cerebrospinal fluid monoaminergic metabolites are elevated in adults with Down's syndrome. Ann Neurol. 1987 Apr;21(4):408-11. [PubMed:2437853 ]
  14. Lovenberg W, Levine RA, Robinson DS, Ebert M, Williams AC, Calne DB: Hydroxylase cofactor activity in cerebrospinal fluid of normal subjects and patients with Parkinson's disease. Science. 1979 May 11;204(4393):624-6. [PubMed:432666 ]
  15. Ruberg M, Javoy-Agid F, Hirsch E, Scatton B, LHeureux R, Hauw JJ, Duyckaerts C, Gray F, Morel-Maroger A, Rascol A, et al.: Dopaminergic and cholinergic lesions in progressive supranuclear palsy. Ann Neurol. 1985 Nov;18(5):523-9. [PubMed:3000280 ]
  16. Kaminski R, Powchick P, Warne PA, Goldstein M, McQueeney RT, Davidson M: Measurement of plasma homovanillic acid concentrations in schizophrenic patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1990;14(3):271-87. [PubMed:2193315 ]
  17. Birkmayer W, Birkmayer GJ: Nicotinamidadenindinucleotide (NADH): the new approach in the therapy of Parkinson's disease. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 1989 Jan-Feb;19(1):38-43. [PubMed:2644889 ]
  18. Lambert GW, Eisenhofer G, Jennings GL, Esler MD: Regional homovanillic acid production in humans. Life Sci. 1993;53(1):63-75. [PubMed:8515683 ]
  19. Pifl C, Schingnitz G, Hornykiewicz O: The neurotoxin MPTP does not reproduce in the rhesus monkey the interregional pattern of striatal dopamine loss typical of human idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett. 1988 Oct 5;92(2):228-33. [PubMed:3263594 ]
  20. Grant DB, Dunger DB, Smith I, Hyland K: Familial glucocorticoid deficiency with achalasia of the cardia associated with mixed neuropathy, long-tract degeneration and mild dementia. Eur J Pediatr. 1992 Feb;151(2):85-9. [PubMed:1537368 ]
  21. Eriksson E, Westberg P, Alling C, Thuresson K, Modigh K: Cerebrospinal fluid levels of monoamine metabolites in panic disorder. Psychiatry Res. 1991 Mar;36(3):243-51. [PubMed:1712114 ]
  22. Lepore V, Di Reda N, Defazio G, Pedone D, Giovine A, Lanzi C, Tartaglione B, Livrea P: Dopaminomimetic action of diphenylhydantoin in rat striatum: effect on homovanillic acid and cyclic AMP levels. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1985;86(1-2):27-30. [PubMed:2991966 ]
  23. Levreri I, Caruso U, Deiana F, Buoncompagni A, De Bernardi B, Marchese N, Melioli G: The secretion of ibuprofen metabolites interferes with the capillary chromatography of urinary homovanillic acid and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymandelic acid in neuroblastoma diagnosis. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2005;43(2):173-7. [PubMed:15843212 ]
  24. Broderick PA, Barr GA, Sharpless NS, Bridger WH: Biogenic amine alterations in limbic brain regions of muricidal rats. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1985 Apr;48(1):3-15. [PubMed:2581293 ]
  25. Sullivan GM, Oquendo MA, Huang YY, Mann JJ: Elevated cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels in women with comorbid depression and panic disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006 Oct;9(5):547-56. Epub 2005 Nov 1. [PubMed:16259647 ]
  26. Lekman A, Witt-Engerstrom I, Gottfries J, Hagberg BA, Percy AK, Svennerholm L: Rett syndrome: biogenic amines and metabolites in postmortem brain. Pediatr Neurol. 1989 Nov-Dec;5(6):357-62. [PubMed:2604799 ]
  27. Losonczy MF, Song IS, Mohs RC, Mathe AA, Davidson M, Davis BM, Davis KL: Correlates of lateral ventricular size in chronic schizophrenia, II: biological measures. Am J Psychiatry. 1986 Sep;143(9):1113-8. [PubMed:2428259 ]
  28. Seeldrayers P, Messina D, Desmedt D, Dalesio O, Hildebrand J: CSF levels of neurotransmitters in Alzheimer-type dementia. Effects of ergoloid mesylate. Acta Neurol Scand. 1985 May;71(5):411-4. [PubMed:2409733 ]
  29. Lembreghts M, Ansseau M: [Biological markers in schizophrenia]. Encephale. 1993 Sep-Oct;19(5):501-23. [PubMed:8306920 ]
  30. Dale G, McGill AC, Seviour JA, Craft AW: Urinary excretion of HMMA and HVA in infants. Ann Clin Biochem. 1988 May;25 ( Pt 3):233-6. [PubMed:3400977 ]
  31. Sardar AM, Czudek C, Reynolds GP: Dopamine deficits in the brain: the neurochemical basis of parkinsonian symptoms in AIDS. Neuroreport. 1996 Mar 22;7(4):910-2. [PubMed:8724671 ]
  32. Ormazabal A, Garcia-Cazorla A, Fernandez Y, Fernandez-Alvarez E, Campistol J, Artuch R: HPLC with electrochemical and fluorescence detection procedures for the diagnosis of inborn errors of biogenic amines and pterins. J Neurosci Methods. 2005 Mar 15;142(1):153-8. [PubMed:15652629 ]
  33. Ali SF, Kordsmeier KJ, Gough B: Drug-induced circling preference in rats. Correlation with monoamine levels. Mol Neurobiol. 1995 Aug-Dec;11(1-3):145-54. [PubMed:8561958 ]
  34. von Holst H, Lindquist C, Sedvall G: Increased concentrations of the monoamine metabolites homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in lumbar and central CSF and of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol in lumbar CSF after subarachnoid haemorrhage. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1985;77(3-4):146-51. [PubMed:2416192 ]
  35. Strittmatter M, Isenberg E, Grauer MT, Hamann G, Schimrigk K: CSF substance P somatostatin and monoaminergic transmitter metabolites in patients with narcolepsy. Neurosci Lett. 1996 Nov 1;218(2):99-102. [PubMed:8945737 ]
  36. Curtin F, Walker JP, Peyrin L, Soulier V, Badan M, Schulz P: Reward dependence is positively related to urinary monoamines in normal men. Biol Psychiatry. 1997 Aug 15;42(4):275-81. [PubMed:9270904 ]
  37. Abramowsky CR, Taylor SR, Anton AH, Berk AI, Roederer M, Murphy RF: Flow cytometry DNA ploidy analysis and catecholamine secretion profiles in neuroblastoma. Cancer. 1989 May 1;63(9):1752-6. [PubMed:2702581 ]
  38. Sumiyoshi T, Yotsutsuji T, Kurachi M, Itoh H, Kurokawa K, Saitoh O: Effect of mental stress on plasma homovanillic acid in healthy human subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1998 Jul;19(1):70-3. [PubMed:9608578 ]
  39. Jolicoeur FB, Rivest R, Drumheller A: Hypokinesia, rigidity, and tremor induced by hypothalamic 6-OHDA lesions in the rat. Brain Res Bull. 1991 Feb;26(2):317-20. [PubMed:1901508 ]
  40. Harnryd C, Bjerkenstedt L, Grimm VE, Sedvall G: Reduction of MOPEG levels in cerebrospinal fluid of psychotic women after electroconvulsive treatment. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1979 Aug 8;64(2):131-4. [PubMed:115032 ]
  41. di Rocco A, Bottiglieri T, Dorfman D, Werner P, Morrison C, Simpson D: Decreased homovanilic acid in cerebrospinal fluid correlates with impaired neuropsychologic function in HIV-1-infected patients. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2000 Jul-Aug;23(4):190-4. [PubMed:11020122 ]
  42. Van Der Heyden JC, Rotteveel JJ, Wevers RA: Decreased homovanillic acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid in children without a known defect in dopamine metabolism. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2003;7(1):31-7. [PubMed:12615172 ]
  43. Brautigam C, Wevers RA, Jansen RJ, Smeitink JA, de Rijk-van Andel JF, Gabreels FJ, Hoffmann GF: Biochemical hallmarks of tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency. Clin Chem. 1998 Sep;44(9):1897-904. [PubMed:9732974 ]
  44. Amin F, Stroe AE, Kahn T, Knott PJ, Kahn RS, Davidson M: Control of renal factors in plasma homovanillic acid measurements. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1998 Apr;18(4):317-20. [PubMed:9509499 ]
  45. Mashige F, Ohkubo A, Matsushima Y, Takano M, Tsuchiya E, Kanazawa H, Nagata Y, Takai N, Shinozuka N, Sakuma I: High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of catecholamine metabolites and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in human urine using a mixed-mode column and an eight-channel electrode electrochemical detector. J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl. 1994 Aug 5;658(1):63-8. [PubMed:7524950 ]
  46. Lambert GW, Eisenhofer G, Esler MD: The influence of aging on the plasma concentration and renal clearance of homovanillic acid. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1994;19(1):33-41. [PubMed:9210210 ]
  47. Konradi C, Kornhuber J, Sofic E, Heckers S, Riederer P, Beckmann H: Variations of monoamines and their metabolites in the human brain putamen. Brain Res. 1992 May 8;579(2):285-90. [PubMed:1628216 ]
  48. Riddle MA, Jatlow PI, Anderson GM, Cho SC, Hardin MT, Cohen DJ, Leckman JF: Plasma debrisoquin levels in the assessment of reduction of plasma homovanillic acid. The debrisoquin method. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1989 Jun;2(2):123-9. [PubMed:2742727 ]
  49. Honma T, Miyagawa M, Suda M, Wang RS, Kobayashi K, Sekiguchi S: Effects of perinatal exposure to bisphenol A on brain neurotransmitters in female rat offspring. Ind Health. 2006 Jul;44(3):510-24. [PubMed:16922197 ]
  50. Sambo P, Baroni SS, Luchetti M, Paroncini P, Dusi S, Orlandini G, Gabrielli A: Oxidative stress in scleroderma: maintenance of scleroderma fibroblast phenotype by the constitutive up-regulation of reactive oxygen species generation through the NADPH oxidase complex pathway. Arthritis Rheum. 2001 Nov;44(11):2653-64. [PubMed:11710721 ]
  51. Ferreira C, Paes M, Gouveia A, Ferreira E, Padua F, Fiuza T: Plasma homovanillic acid and prolactin in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 1998;7(6):392-7. [PubMed:9736322 ]
  52. Post RM, Goodwin FK: Time-dependent effects of phenothiazines on dopamine turnover in psychiatric patients. Science. 1975 Oct 31;190(4213):488-9. [PubMed:1166321 ]
  53. Azzaro AJ, King J, Kotzuk J, Schoepp DD, Frost J, Schochet S: Guinea pig striatum as a model of human dopamine deamination: the role of monoamine oxidase isozyme ratio, localization, and affinity for substrate in synaptic dopamine metabolism. J Neurochem. 1985 Sep;45(3):949-56. [PubMed:3928811 ]
  54. Silbergeld EK, Chisolm JJ Jr: Lead poisoning: altered urinary catecholamine metabolites as indicators of intoxication in mice and children. Science. 1976 Apr 9;192(4235):153-5. [PubMed:1257763 ]
  55. Kish SJ, Shannak K, Rajput A, Deck JH, Hornykiewicz O: Aging produces a specific pattern of striatal dopamine loss: implications for the etiology of idiopathic Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem. 1992 Feb;58(2):642-8. [PubMed:1729408 ]
  56. Kania BF: Presynaptic stimulation of dopaminergic CNS structures in sheep as a mechanism of immobilising action of Immobyl (fentanyl + azaperone). Res Vet Sci. 1985 Mar;38(2):179-83. [PubMed:4039834 ]
  57. Ebinger G, Michotte Y, Herregodts P: The significance of homovanillic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid concentrations in human lumbar cerebrospinal fluid. J Neurochem. 1987 Jun;48(6):1725-9. [PubMed:3572399 ]
  58. Burman P, Hetta J, Wide L, Mansson JE, Ekman R, Karlsson FA: Growth hormone treatment affects brain neurotransmitters and thyroxine [see comment]. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1996 Mar;44(3):319-24. [PubMed:8729530 ]
  59. Narayan M, Srinath S, Anderson GM, Meundi DB: Cerebrospinal fluid levels of homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in autism. Biol Psychiatry. 1993 Apr 15-May 1;33(8-9):630-5. [PubMed:7687150 ]
  60. Hagenfeldt L, Bjerkenstedt L, Edman G, Sedvall G, Wiesel FA: Amino acids in plasma and CSF and monoamine metabolites in CSF: interrelationship in healthy subjects. J Neurochem. 1984 Mar;42(3):833-7. [PubMed:6198473 ]
  61. Bowers MB Jr, Hoffman FJ Jr, Morton JB: Diazepam and haloperidol. Effect on regional brain homovanillic acid levels. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1991 Aug;5(1):65-9. [PubMed:1930613 ]
  62. Amin F, Silverman JM, Siever LJ, Smith CJ, Knott PJ, Davis KL: Genetic antecedents of dopamine dysfunction in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 1999 May 1;45(9):1143-50. [PubMed:10331106 ]
  63. Boto-Ordonez M, Urpi-Sarda M, Queipo-Ortuno MI, Tulipani S, Tinahones FJ, Andres-Lacueva C: High levels of Bifidobacteria are associated with increased levels of anthocyanin microbial metabolites: a randomized clinical trial. Food Funct. 2014 Aug;5(8):1932-8. doi: 10.1039/c4fo00029c. [PubMed:24958563 ]
  64. Combet E, Lean ME, Boyle JG, Crozier A, Davidson DF: Dietary flavonols contribute to false-positive elevation of homovanillic acid, a marker of catecholamine-secreting tumors. Clin Chim Acta. 2011 Jan 14;412(1-2):165-9. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.09.037. Epub 2010 Oct 8. [PubMed:20933512 ]
  65. Tuck KL, Hayball PJ, Stupans I: Structural characterization of the metabolites of hydroxytyrosol, the principal phenolic component in olive oil, in rats. J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Apr 10;50(8):2404-9. doi: 10.1021/jf011264n. [PubMed:11929304 ]
  66. Koistinen VM (2019). Effects of Food Processing and Gut Microbial Metabolism on Whole Grain Phytochemicals: A Metabolomics Approach. In Publications of the University of Eastern Finland. Dissertations in Health Sciences., no 510 (pp. 26-58). University of Eastern Finland. [ISBN:978-952-61-3088-0 ]

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in magnesium ion binding
Specific function:
Catalyzes the O-methylation, and thereby the inactivation, of catecholamine neurotransmitters and catechol hormones. Also shortens the biological half-lives of certain neuroactive drugs, like L-DOPA, alpha-methyl DOPA and isoproterenol.
Gene Name:
COMT
Uniprot ID:
P21964
Molecular weight:
30036.77
Reactions
S-Adenosylmethionine + 3,4-Dihydroxybenzeneacetic acid → S-Adenosylhomocysteine + Homovanillic aciddetails
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
ALDHs play a major role in the detoxification of alcohol-derived acetaldehyde. They are involved in the metabolism of corticosteroids, biogenic amines, neurotransmitters, and lipid peroxidation. This protein preferentially oxidizes aromatic aldehyde substrates. It may play a role in the oxidation of toxic aldehydes.
Gene Name:
ALDH3A1
Uniprot ID:
P30838
Molecular weight:
50394.57
Reactions
Homovanillin + NAD + Water → Homovanillic acid + NADH + Hydrogen Iondetails
Homovanillin + NADP + Water → Homovanillic acid + NADPH + Hydrogen Iondetails
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
Recognizes as substrates free retinal and cellular retinol-binding protein-bound retinal. Seems to be the key enzyme in the formation of an RA gradient along the dorso-ventral axis during the early eye development and also in the development of the olfactory system (By similarity).
Gene Name:
ALDH1A3
Uniprot ID:
P47895
Molecular weight:
56107.995
Reactions
Homovanillin + NAD + Water → Homovanillic acid + NADH + Hydrogen Iondetails
Homovanillin + NADP + Water → Homovanillic acid + NADPH + Hydrogen Iondetails
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
ALDH3B2
Uniprot ID:
P48448
Molecular weight:
42623.62
Reactions
Homovanillin + NAD + Water → Homovanillic acid + NADH + Hydrogen Iondetails
Homovanillin + NADP + Water → Homovanillic acid + NADPH + Hydrogen Iondetails
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
Oxidizes medium and long chain saturated and unsaturated aldehydes. Metabolizes also benzaldehyde. Low activity towards acetaldehyde and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde. May not metabolize short chain aldehydes. May use both NADP(+) and NAD(+) as cofactors. May have a protective role against the cytotoxicity induced by lipid peroxidation.
Gene Name:
ALDH3B1
Uniprot ID:
P43353
Molecular weight:
51839.245
Reactions
Homovanillin + NAD + Water → Homovanillic acid + NADH + Hydrogen Iondetails
Homovanillin + NADP + Water → Homovanillic acid + NADPH + Hydrogen Iondetails
General function:
sulfotransferase activity
Specific function:
Sulfotransferase that utilizes 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate (PAPS) as sulfonate donor to catalyze the sulfate conjugation of phenolic monoamines (neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin) and phenolic and catechol drugs.
Gene Name:
SULT1A3
Uniprot ID:
P0DMM9
Molecular weight:
34195.96
Reactions
Homovanillic acid → Homovanillic acid sulfatedetails