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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected and Quantified
Creation Date2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
Update Date2022-03-07 02:49:09 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0001358
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB01358
Metabolite Identification
Common NameRetinal
DescriptionRetinal is a carotenoid constituent of visual pigments. It is the oxidized form of retinol which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is bound to the protein opsin forming the complex rhodopsin. When stimulated by visible light, the retinal component of the rhodopsin complex undergoes isomerization at the 11-position of the double bond to the cis-form; this is reversed in "dark" reactions to return to the native trans-configuration.
Structure
Data?1582752195
Synonyms
ValueSource
all-trans-RetinaldehydeChEBI
all-trans-RetineneChEBI
all-trans-Vitamin a aldehydeChEBI
RetinaldehydeChEBI
RetineneChEBI
Vitamin a aldehydeChEBI
all-trans-RetinalKegg
Aldehyde, vitamin aHMDB
AxerophthalHMDB
11 cis RetinalHMDB
11-cis-RetinalHMDB
3,7-Dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2,4,6,8-nonatetraenalHMDB
all-e-RetinalHMDB
all-epsilon-RetinalHMDB
alpha-RetineneHMDB
e-RetinalHMDB
epsilon-RetinalHMDB
Retinene 1HMDB
trans-RetinalHMDB
trans-Vitamin a aldehydeHMDB
Vitamin a1 aldehydeHMDB
Chemical FormulaC20H28O
Average Molecular Weight284.4357
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight284.214015518
IUPAC Name(2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenal
Traditional Nameretinaldehyde
CAS Registry Number116-31-4
SMILES
C\C(\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C)=C/C=O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C20H28O/c1-16(8-6-9-17(2)13-15-21)11-12-19-18(3)10-7-14-20(19,4)5/h6,8-9,11-13,15H,7,10,14H2,1-5H3/b9-6+,12-11+,16-8+,17-13+
InChI KeyNCYCYZXNIZJOKI-OVSJKPMPSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as retinoids. These are oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassLipids and lipid-like molecules
ClassPrenol lipids
Sub ClassRetinoids
Direct ParentRetinoids
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Retinoid skeleton
  • Diterpenoid
  • Enal
  • Alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Aldehyde
  • Aliphatic homomonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic homomonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
Biological locationRoute of exposureSource
Process
Role
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point63 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water SolubilityNot AvailableNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Experimental Chromatographic Properties

Experimental Collision Cross Sections

Adduct TypeData SourceCCS Value (Å2)Reference
[M+H]+Not Available170.463http://allccs.zhulab.cn/database/detail?ID=AllCCS00000451
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.0042 g/LALOGPS
logP6.62ALOGPS
logP4.86ChemAxon
logS-4.8ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Basic)-4.1ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count0ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area17.07 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count5ChemAxon
Refractivity96.87 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability35.69 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings1ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DarkChem[M+H]+175.05931661259
DarkChem[M-H]-174.93131661259
AllCCS[M+H]+174.53732859911
AllCCS[M-H]-178.29532859911
DeepCCS[M+H]+189.91830932474
DeepCCS[M-H]-187.5630932474
DeepCCS[M-2H]-221.47730932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+196.70330932474
AllCCS[M+H]+174.532859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+171.332859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+177.532859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+178.432859911
AllCCS[M-H]-178.332859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-178.932859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-179.732859911

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
RetinalC\C(\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C)=C/C=O3063.2Standard polar33892256
RetinalC\C(\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C)=C/C=O2469.4Standard non polar33892256
RetinalC\C(\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C)=C/C=O2398.5Semi standard non polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Retinal GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-014i-2290000000-df9d2aa7545cc60a54f92017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Retinal GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Retinal 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-014i-9700000000-c2e22000dfae0765c3672021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Retinal 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-03g0-0950000000-bccf87de037f98873f412021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Retinal 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-01t9-1910000000-5fe7643c395769c682862021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Retinal 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-014i-9700000000-fca532f917595376d6532021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Retinal 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-000i-0490000000-f543f08fbaf94a2e3f8e2015-09-14Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Retinal 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-000i-3940000000-74f087cc812b3715e7ac2015-09-14Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Retinal 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0fri-9830000000-72a5d01c6181340ad9862015-09-14Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Retinal 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-001i-0090000000-bad35938b77f181c29b92015-09-15Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Retinal 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-001i-0090000000-1aadad0770df07f984362015-09-15Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Retinal 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-00ko-4690000000-f624d342f88456375b9c2015-09-15Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Retinal 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-00n3-1960000000-43f8c66f164764c373612021-09-23Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Retinal 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0609-3920000000-dbeab0a82b306761cf6a2021-09-23Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Retinal 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-052f-7900000000-d2bb7c1aeeb87d8833d22021-09-23Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Retinal 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0a59-0090000000-2ec2f8f314943441fa152021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Retinal 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0pb9-0190000000-312cebb17ccd0189ab4d2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Retinal 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-000i-1590000000-b2551eac481c0c930a4d2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum

NMR Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, CDCl3, experimental)2012-12-04Wishart LabView Spectrum
Experimental 2D NMR[1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, CDCl3, experimental)2012-12-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
  • Membrane (predicted from logP)
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Urine
Tissue Locations
  • Adrenal Cortex
  • Epidermis
  • Fibroblasts
  • Intestine
  • Kidney
  • Lung
  • Neuron
  • Pancreas
  • Placenta
  • Platelet
  • Skeletal Muscle
  • Spleen
  • Testis
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected and Quantified0.155 +/- 0.232 uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
details
BloodDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB022576
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider IDNot Available
KEGG Compound IDC00376
BioCyc IDRETINAL
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkRetinal
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound638015
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID17898
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDRETINAL
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceDuhamel, Lucette; Duhamel, Pierre; Lecouve, Jean Pierre. A new synthesis of retinals. Journal of Chemical Research, Synopses (1986), (1), 34-5.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Download (PDF)
General References
  1. Chang M, Herbert WN: Retinal arteriolar occlusions following amniotic fluid embolism. Ophthalmology. 1984 Dec;91(12):1634-7. [PubMed:6521996 ]
  2. Nguyen QD, Van Do D, Feke GT, Demirjian ZN, Lashkari K: Heparin-induced antiheparin-platelet antibody associated with retinal venous thrombosis. Ophthalmology. 2003 Mar;110(3):600-3. [PubMed:12623829 ]
  3. Aarli JA, Mork SJ, Myrseth E, Larsen JL: Glioblastoma associated with multiple sclerosis: coincidence or induction? Eur Neurol. 1989;29(6):312-6. [PubMed:2691257 ]
  4. Wu WC, Lai CC, Liu JH, Singh T, Li LM, Peumans WJ, Van Damme EJ, Wu AM: Differential Binding to Glycotopes Among the Layers of Three Mammalian Retinal Neurons by Man-Containing N-linked Glycan, T(alpha) (Galbeta1-3GalNAcalpha1-), Tn (GalNAcalpha1-Ser/Thr) and I (beta)/II (beta) (Galbeta1-3/4GlcNAcbeta-) Reactive Lectins. Neurochem Res. 2006 May 23;. [PubMed:16718528 ]
  5. Jankowska R, Witkowska D, Porebska I, Kuropatwa M, Kurowska E, Gorczyca WA: Serum antibodies to retinal antigens in lung cancer and sarcoidosis. Pathobiology. 2004;71(6):323-8. [PubMed:15627843 ]
  6. Weiland JD, Liu W, Humayun MS: Retinal prosthesis. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2005;7:361-401. [PubMed:16004575 ]
  7. Fukushima A, Ueno H, Fujimoto S: Antigenic cross-reactivity between human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) and retinal antigens recognized by T cells. Clin Exp Immunol. 1994 Mar;95(3):459-64. [PubMed:8137541 ]
  8. Bradbury MW, Lightman SL: The blood-brain interface. Eye (Lond). 1990;4 ( Pt 2):249-54. [PubMed:2199234 ]
  9. Bringmann A, Reichenbach A, Wiedemann P: Pathomechanisms of cystoid macular edema. Ophthalmic Res. 2004 Sep-Oct;36(5):241-9. [PubMed:15583429 ]
  10. Wu WC, Lai CC, Liu JH, Singh T, Li LM, Peumans WJ, Van Damme EJ, Wu AM: Differential binding to glycotopes among the layers of three mammalian retinal neurons by man-containing N-linked glycan, T(alpha) (Galbeta1-3GalNAcalpha1-), Tn (GalNAcalpha1-Ser/Thr) and I (beta)/II (beta) (Galbeta1-3/4GlcNAcbeta-) reactive lectins. Neurochem Res. 2006 May;31(5):619-28. Epub 2006 May 23. [PubMed:16770733 ]
  11. Yamashiro K, Tsujikawa A, Ishida S, Usui T, Kaji Y, Honda Y, Ogura Y, Adamis AP: Platelets accumulate in the diabetic retinal vasculature following endothelial death and suppress blood-retinal barrier breakdown. Am J Pathol. 2003 Jul;163(1):253-9. [PubMed:12819029 ]
  12. Ramirez JM, Ramirez AI, Salazar JJ, de Hoz R, Trivino A: Changes of astrocytes in retinal ageing and age-related macular degeneration. Exp Eye Res. 2001 Nov;73(5):601-15. [PubMed:11747361 ]

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 18 proteins in total.

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
Binds free retinal and cellular retinol-binding protein-bound retinal. Can convert/oxidize retinaldehyde to retinoic acid (By similarity).
Gene Name:
ALDH1A1
Uniprot ID:
P00352
Molecular weight:
54861.44
Reactions
Retinal + NAD + Water → 13-cis-Retinoic acid + NADHdetails
Retinal + NAD + Water → all-trans-Retinoic acid + NADH + Hydrogen Iondetails
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
Recognizes as substrates free retinal and cellular retinol-binding protein-bound retinal. Does metabolize octanal and decanal but does not metabolize citral, benzaldehyde, acetaldehyde and propanal efficiently (By similarity).
Gene Name:
ALDH1A2
Uniprot ID:
O94788
Molecular weight:
54672.24
Reactions
Retinal + NAD + Water → 13-cis-Retinoic acid + NADHdetails
Retinal + NAD + Water → all-trans-Retinoic acid + NADH + Hydrogen Iondetails
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
Stereospecific 11-cis retinol dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the final step in the biosynthesis of 11-cis retinaldehyde, the universal chromophore of visual pigments. Also able to oxidize 9-cis-retinol and 13-cis-retinol, but not all-trans-retinol. Active in the presence of NAD as cofactor but not in the presence of NADP.
Gene Name:
RDH5
Uniprot ID:
Q92781
Molecular weight:
34978.425
General function:
Involved in zinc ion binding
Specific function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
ADH4
Uniprot ID:
P08319
Molecular weight:
40221.335
Reactions
Vitamin A + NAD → Retinal + NADH + Hydrogen Iondetails
General function:
Involved in zinc ion binding
Specific function:
Class-III ADH is remarkably ineffective in oxidizing ethanol, but it readily catalyzes the oxidation of long-chain primary alcohols and the oxidation of S-(hydroxymethyl) glutathione.
Gene Name:
ADH5
Uniprot ID:
P11766
Molecular weight:
39723.945
Reactions
Vitamin A + NAD → Retinal + NADH + Hydrogen Iondetails
General function:
Involved in zinc ion binding
Specific function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
ADH1B
Uniprot ID:
P00325
Molecular weight:
39835.17
Reactions
Vitamin A + NAD → Retinal + NADH + Hydrogen Iondetails
General function:
Involved in zinc ion binding
Specific function:
Could function in retinol oxidation for the synthesis of retinoic acid, a hormone important for cellular differentiation. Medium-chain (octanol) and aromatic (m-nitrobenzaldehyde) compounds are the best substrates. Ethanol is not a good substrate but at the high ethanol concentrations reached in the digestive tract, it plays a role in the ethanol oxidation and contributes to the first pass ethanol metabolism.
Gene Name:
ADH7
Uniprot ID:
P40394
Molecular weight:
41480.985
Reactions
Vitamin A + NAD → Retinal + NADH + Hydrogen Iondetails
General function:
Involved in zinc ion binding
Specific function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
ADH1A
Uniprot ID:
P07327
Molecular weight:
39858.37
Reactions
Vitamin A + NAD → Retinal + NADH + Hydrogen Iondetails
General function:
Involved in zinc ion binding
Specific function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
ADH6
Uniprot ID:
P28332
Molecular weight:
39072.275
Reactions
Vitamin A + NAD → Retinal + NADH + Hydrogen Iondetails
General function:
Involved in zinc ion binding
Specific function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
ADH1C
Uniprot ID:
P00326
Molecular weight:
39867.27
Reactions
Vitamin A + NAD → Retinal + NADH + Hydrogen Iondetails

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 18 proteins in total.