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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusExpected but not Quantified
Creation Date2012-09-06 15:16:49 UTC
Update Date2022-03-07 02:51:41 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0014627
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB14627
Metabolite Identification
Common NameBrimonidine
DescriptionBrimonidine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a drug used to treat glaucoma. It acts via decreasing aqueous humor synthesis. [Wikipedia ]Brimonidine is an alpha adrenergic receptor agonist (primarily alpha-2). It has a peak ocular hypotensive effect occurring at two hours post-dosing. Fluorophotometric studies in animals and humans suggest that Brimonidine has a dual mechanism of action by reducing aqueous humor production and increasing uveoscleral outflow.
Structure
Data?1582753200
Synonyms
ValueSource
5-Bromo-6-(2-imidazolin-2-ylamino)quinoxalineChEBI
BrimonidinaChEBI
BrimonidinumChEBI
BromoxidineChEBI
Brimonidine tartrateHMDB
AlphaganHMDB
Purite, brimonidineHMDB
RatioBrimonidineHMDB
SanrosaHMDB
Brimonidine tartrate (1:1)HMDB
Brimonidine tartrate (1:1), (S-(r*,r*))-isomerHMDB
5-Bromo-6-(2-imidazolin-2-ylamino)quinoxaline D-tartrateHMDB
Ratio brimonidineHMDB
Tartrate, brimonidineHMDB
MirvasoHMDB
5-Bromo-6-(imidazolidinylideneamino)quinoxalineHMDB
5-Bromo-6-(imidazolin-2-ylamino)quinoxalineHMDB
Alphagan pHMDB
Ratio-brimonidineHMDB
Brimonidine puriteHMDB
Brimonidine tartrate, (R-(r*,r*))-isomerHMDB
Chemical FormulaC11H10BrN5
Average Molecular Weight292.135
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight291.011957992
IUPAC Name5-bromo-N-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)quinoxalin-6-amine
Traditional Namebrimonidine
CAS Registry Number59803-98-4
SMILES
BrC1=C(NC2=NCCN2)C=CC2=NC=CN=C12
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C11H10BrN5/c12-9-7(17-11-15-5-6-16-11)1-2-8-10(9)14-4-3-13-8/h1-4H,5-6H2,(H2,15,16,17)
InChI KeyXYLJNLCSTIOKRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as quinoxalines. Quinoxalines are compounds containing a quinoxaline moiety, a bicyclic heterocycle made up of a benzene ring fused to a pyrazine ring.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganoheterocyclic compounds
ClassDiazanaphthalenes
Sub ClassBenzodiazines
Direct ParentQuinoxalines
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Quinoxaline
  • Aryl bromide
  • Aryl halide
  • Pyrazine
  • Benzenoid
  • 2-imidazoline
  • Heteroaromatic compound
  • Guanidine
  • Azacycle
  • Carboximidamide
  • Propargyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compound
  • Organic 1,3-dipolar compound
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Organobromide
  • Organohalogen compound
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Not AvailableNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point207.5 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water Solubility0.15 g/LNot Available
LogP1.7Not Available
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.15 g/LALOGPS
logP1.27ALOGPS
logP1.37ChemAxon
logS-3.3ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Basic)8.32ChemAxon
Physiological Charge1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count5ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area62.2 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count1ChemAxon
Refractivity68.49 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability25.74 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings3ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DeepCCS[M-2H]-180.81430932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+155.66430932474
AllCCS[M+H]+162.132859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+158.432859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+165.532859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+166.532859911
AllCCS[M-H]-156.832859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-156.732859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-156.832859911

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
BrimonidineBrC1=C(NC2=NCCN2)C=CC2=NC=CN=C123158.3Standard polar33892256
BrimonidineBrC1=C(NC2=NCCN2)C=CC2=NC=CN=C122551.9Standard non polar33892256
BrimonidineBrC1=C(NC2=NCCN2)C=CC2=NC=CN=C122714.5Semi standard non polar33892256

Derivatized

Derivative Name / StructureSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Brimonidine,1TMS,isomer #1C[Si](C)(C)N(C1=NCCN1)C1=CC=C2N=CC=NC2=C1Br2658.4Semi standard non polar33892256
Brimonidine,1TMS,isomer #1C[Si](C)(C)N(C1=NCCN1)C1=CC=C2N=CC=NC2=C1Br2384.4Standard non polar33892256
Brimonidine,1TMS,isomer #1C[Si](C)(C)N(C1=NCCN1)C1=CC=C2N=CC=NC2=C1Br4793.3Standard polar33892256
Brimonidine,1TMS,isomer #2C[Si](C)(C)N1CCN=C1NC1=CC=C2N=CC=NC2=C1Br2751.0Semi standard non polar33892256
Brimonidine,1TMS,isomer #2C[Si](C)(C)N1CCN=C1NC1=CC=C2N=CC=NC2=C1Br2460.6Standard non polar33892256
Brimonidine,1TMS,isomer #2C[Si](C)(C)N1CCN=C1NC1=CC=C2N=CC=NC2=C1Br4236.8Standard polar33892256
Brimonidine,2TMS,isomer #1C[Si](C)(C)N1CCN=C1N(C1=CC=C2N=CC=NC2=C1Br)[Si](C)(C)C2602.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Brimonidine,2TMS,isomer #1C[Si](C)(C)N1CCN=C1N(C1=CC=C2N=CC=NC2=C1Br)[Si](C)(C)C2508.0Standard non polar33892256
Brimonidine,2TMS,isomer #1C[Si](C)(C)N1CCN=C1N(C1=CC=C2N=CC=NC2=C1Br)[Si](C)(C)C3864.0Standard polar33892256
Brimonidine,1TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N(C1=NCCN1)C1=CC=C2N=CC=NC2=C1Br2893.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Brimonidine,1TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N(C1=NCCN1)C1=CC=C2N=CC=NC2=C1Br2595.1Standard non polar33892256
Brimonidine,1TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N(C1=NCCN1)C1=CC=C2N=CC=NC2=C1Br4802.0Standard polar33892256
Brimonidine,1TBDMS,isomer #2CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N1CCN=C1NC1=CC=C2N=CC=NC2=C1Br2993.6Semi standard non polar33892256
Brimonidine,1TBDMS,isomer #2CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N1CCN=C1NC1=CC=C2N=CC=NC2=C1Br2659.2Standard non polar33892256
Brimonidine,1TBDMS,isomer #2CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N1CCN=C1NC1=CC=C2N=CC=NC2=C1Br4369.9Standard polar33892256
Brimonidine,2TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N1CCN=C1N(C1=CC=C2N=CC=NC2=C1Br)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2974.3Semi standard non polar33892256
Brimonidine,2TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N1CCN=C1N(C1=CC=C2N=CC=NC2=C1Br)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2898.7Standard non polar33892256
Brimonidine,2TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N1CCN=C1N(C1=CC=C2N=CC=NC2=C1Br)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C3898.2Standard polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Brimonidine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-03xr-0190000000-cd1ec9d5bf9d24fab6072017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Brimonidine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Brimonidine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Brimonidine , positive-QTOFsplash10-0006-0190000000-49c10e93a1977cbe01da2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Brimonidine 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0006-0090000000-2f188927245c7fb3c6182016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Brimonidine 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0006-1090000000-fdfdc04ca6c5f2b62c3e2016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Brimonidine 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-014i-9030000000-2d727aeec5962a767e612016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Brimonidine 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0006-0090000000-91069ec802c3a06026d72016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Brimonidine 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0006-0090000000-7bd1085ed4367b683e292016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Brimonidine 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0002-2290000000-6351edb1d68a299dfd2d2016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Brimonidine 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0006-0090000000-5f6f82bdb9f8c51818c92021-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Brimonidine 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0006-0090000000-5f6f82bdb9f8c51818c92021-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Brimonidine 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-000f-0490000000-2720653740ec8305f05d2021-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Brimonidine 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0006-0090000000-ffef408a4fb5db76cb852021-09-23Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Brimonidine 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0006-1090000000-0b1325c866472eaa216a2021-09-23Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Brimonidine 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0f9j-3690000000-b5ba2dea82c37975ad752021-09-23Wishart LabView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Membrane
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Urine
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot AvailableNot AvailableTaking drug identified by DrugBank entry DB00484 details
UrineExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot AvailableNot AvailableTaking drug identified by DrugBank entry DB00484 details
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Predicted Concentrations
BiospecimenValueOriginal ageOriginal sexOriginal conditionComments
Blood0.000 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormalPredicted based on drug qualities
Blood0.000 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothNormalPredicted based on drug qualities
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDDB00484
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider ID2341
KEGG Compound IDC07886
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkBrimonidine
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound2435
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID3175
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References
  1. (). FDA label . .

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
AOX1
Uniprot ID:
Q06278
Molecular weight:
147916.735
References
  1. Acheampong AA, Chien DS, Lam S, Vekich S, Breau A, Usansky J, Harcourt D, Munk SA, Nguyen H, Garst M, Tang-Liu D: Characterization of brimonidine metabolism with rat, rabbit, dog, monkey and human liver fractions and rabbit liver aldehyde oxidase. Xenobiotica. 1996 Oct;26(10):1035-55. [PubMed:8905918 ]
General function:
Involved in G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
Specific function:
Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine- induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. The rank order of potency for agonists of this receptor is oxymetazoline > clonidine > epinephrine > norepinephrine > phenylephrine > dopamine > p-synephrine > p-tyramine > serotonin = p-octopamine. For antagonists, the rank order is yohimbine > phentolamine = mianserine > chlorpromazine = spiperone = prazosin > propanolol > alprenolol = pindolol
Gene Name:
ADRA2A
Uniprot ID:
P08913
Molecular weight:
48956.3
References
  1. Rauly I, Ailhaud M, Wurch T, Pauwels PJ: alpha(2A)-adrenoceptor: G(alphai1) protein-mediated pertussis toxin-resistant attenuation of G(s) coupling to the cyclic AMP pathway. Biochem Pharmacol. 2000 Jun 15;59(12):1531-8. [PubMed:10799649 ]
  2. Wikberg-Matsson A, Simonsen U: Potent alpha(2A)-adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstriction by brimonidine in porcine ciliary arteries. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001 Aug;42(9):2049-55. [PubMed:11481271 ]
  3. Meana JJ, Barturen F, Garro MA, Garcia-Sevilla JA, Fontan A, Zarranz JJ: Decreased density of presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptors in postmortem brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem. 1992 May;58(5):1896-904. [PubMed:1373179 ]
  4. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed:11752352 ]
General function:
Involved in G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
Specific function:
Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine- induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. The rank order of potency for agonists of this receptor is clonidine > norepinephrine > epinephrine = oxymetazoline > dopamine > p-tyramine = phenylephrine > serotonin > p-synephrine / p-octopamine. For antagonists, the rank order is yohimbine > chlorpromazine > phentolamine > mianserine > spiperone > prazosin > alprenolol > propanolol > pindolol
Gene Name:
ADRA2B
Uniprot ID:
P18089
Molecular weight:
49953.1
References
  1. Trendelenburg AU, Philipp M, Meyer A, Klebroff W, Hein L, Starke K: All three alpha2-adrenoceptor types serve as autoreceptors in postganglionic sympathetic neurons. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2003 Dec;368(6):504-12. Epub 2003 Nov 11. [PubMed:14610637 ]
  2. Bohmann C, Schollmeyer P, Rump LC: Methoxamine inhibits noradrenaline release through activation of alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors in rat isolated kidney: involvement of purines and prostaglandins. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1993 Mar;347(3):273-9. [PubMed:8097565 ]
General function:
Involved in G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
Specific function:
Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine- induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins
Gene Name:
ADRA2C
Uniprot ID:
P18825
Molecular weight:
49521.6
References
  1. Trendelenburg AU, Philipp M, Meyer A, Klebroff W, Hein L, Starke K: All three alpha2-adrenoceptor types serve as autoreceptors in postganglionic sympathetic neurons. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2003 Dec;368(6):504-12. Epub 2003 Nov 11. [PubMed:14610637 ]
  2. Orito K, Kishi M, Imaizumi T, Nakazawa T, Hashimoto A, Mori T, Kambe T: alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist properties of OPC-28326, a novel selective peripheral vasodilator. Br J Pharmacol. 2001 Oct;134(4):763-70. [PubMed:11606316 ]
  3. Zhang W, Ordway GA: The alpha2C-adrenoceptor modulates GABA release in mouse striatum. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2003 Apr 10;112(1-2):24-32. [PubMed:12670699 ]
  4. Prinster SC, Holmqvist TG, Hall RA: Alpha2C-adrenergic receptors exhibit enhanced surface expression and signaling upon association with beta2-adrenergic receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006 Sep;318(3):974-81. Epub 2006 Jun 6. [PubMed:16757535 ]