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Identification
HMDB Protein ID HMDBP00975
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • 6263
  • HMDBP06114
Name Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2
Synonyms
  1. COX-2
  2. Cyclooxygenase-2
  3. PGH synthase 2
  4. PGHS-2
  5. PHS II
  6. Prostaglandin H2 synthase 2
  7. Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2
Gene Name PTGS2
Protein Type Unknown
Biological Properties
General Function Involved in peroxidase activity
Specific Function Mediates the formation of prostaglandins from arachidonate. May have a role as a major mediator of inflammation and/or a role for prostanoid signaling in activity-dependent plasticity.
Pathways
  • Acetaminophen Action Pathway
  • Acetylsalicylic Acid Action Pathway
  • Antipyrine Action Pathway
  • Antrafenine Action Pathway
  • Arachidonic acid metabolism
  • Arachidonic Acid Metabolism
  • Bromfenac Action Pathway
  • Carprofen Action Pathway
  • Celecoxib Action Pathway
  • Celecoxib Metabolism Pathway
  • Chemical carcinogenesis - DNA adducts
  • Diclofenac Action Pathway
  • Diflunisal Action Pathway
  • Etodolac Action Pathway
  • Etoposide Action Pathway
  • Etoposide Metabolism Pathway
  • Etoricoxib Action Pathway
  • Fenoprofen Action Pathway
  • Flurbiprofen Action Pathway
  • Ibuprofen Action Pathway
  • Ibuprofen Metabolism Pathway
  • Indomethacin Action Pathway
  • Ketoprofen Action Pathway
  • Ketorolac Action Pathway
  • Leishmaniasis
  • Leukotriene C4 Synthesis Deficiency
  • Lornoxicam Action Pathway
  • Lumiracoxib Action Pathway
  • Magnesium salicylate Action Pathway
  • Mefenamic Acid Action Pathway
  • Meloxicam Action Pathway
  • Nabumetone Action Pathway
  • Naproxen Action Pathway
  • Nepafenac Action Pathway
  • NF-kappa B signaling pathway
  • Oxaprozin Action Pathway
  • Phenylbutazone Action Pathway
  • Piroxicam Action Pathway
  • prostaglandin biosynthesis
  • Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling
  • Rofecoxib Action Pathway
  • Salicylate-sodium Action Pathway
  • Salicylic Acid Action Pathway
  • Salsalate Action Pathway
  • Serotonergic synapse
  • Small cell lung cancer
  • Sulindac Action Pathway
  • Suprofen Action Pathway
  • Tenoxicam Action Pathway
  • Tiaprofenic Acid Action Pathway
  • Tolmetin Action Pathway
  • Trisalicylate-choline Action Pathway
  • Valdecoxib Action Pathway
  • VEGF signaling pathway
Reactions
Arachidonic acid + AH(2) + Oxygen → prostaglandin H(2) + A + Water details
Prostaglandin H2 + Acceptor + Water → Prostaglandin G2 + Reduced acceptor details
Arachidonic acid + Oxygen → Prostaglandin G2 details
GO Classification
Biological Process
positive regulation vascular endothelial growth factor production
cyclooxygenase pathway
anagen
embryo implantation
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic
positive regulation of brown fat cell differentiation
positive regulation of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis
positive regulation of fibroblast growth factor production
positive regulation of platelet-derived growth factor production
positive regulation of synaptic plasticity
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic
positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta production
positive regulation of apoptotic process
positive regulation of vasoconstriction
response to fructose stimulus
response to organic nitrogen
response to lipopolysaccharide
cellular component movement
response to oxidative stress
ovulation
inflammatory response
response to drug
brown fat cell differentiation
positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process
positive regulation of fever generation
positive regulation of prostaglandin biosynthetic process
memory
response to glucocorticoid stimulus
bone mineralization
decidualization
xenobiotic metabolic process
response to vitamin D
negative regulation of calcium ion transport
regulation of blood pressure
negative regulation of cell proliferation
response to cytokine stimulus
response to estradiol stimulus
cellular response to hypoxia
positive regulation of smooth muscle contraction
positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation
response to manganese ion
regulation of cell cycle
Cellular Component
endoplasmic reticulum membrane
endoplasmic reticulum lumen
nucleus
caveola
neuron projection
protein complex
Function
peroxidase activity
ion binding
cation binding
metal ion binding
binding
transition metal ion binding
iron ion binding
antioxidant activity
heme binding
Molecular Function
prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity
metal ion binding
lipid binding
oxidoreductase activity, acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen, incorporation of two atoms of oxygen
heme binding
peroxidase activity
Process
response to stimulus
response to stress
response to oxidative stress
metabolic process
oxidation reduction
Cellular Location
  1. Peripheral membrane protein
  2. Peripheral membrane protein
  3. Endoplasmic reticulum membrane
  4. Microsome membrane
Gene Properties
Chromosome Location 1
Locus 1q25.2-q25.3
SNPs PTGS2
Gene Sequence
>1815 bp
ATGCTCGCCCGCGCCCTGCTGCTGTGCGCGGTCCTGGCGCTCAGCCATACAGCAAATCCT
TGCTGTTCCCACCCATGTCAAAACCGAGGTGTATGTATGAGTGTGGGATTTGACCAGTAT
AAGTGCGATTGTACCCGGACAGGATTCTATGGAGAAAACTGCTCAACACCGGAATTTTTG
ACAAGAATAAAATTATTTCTGAAACCCACTCCAAACACAGTGCACTACATACTTACCCAC
TTCAAGGGATTTTGGAACGTTGTGAATAACATTCCCTTCCTTCGAAATGCAATTATGAGT
TATGTGTTGACATCCAGATCACATTTGATTGACAGTCCACCAACTTACAATGCTGACTAT
GGCTACAAAAGCTGGGAAGCCTTCTCTAACCTCTCCTATTATACTAGAGCCCTTCCTCCT
GTGCCTGATGATTGCCCGACTCCCTTGGGTGTCAAAGGTAAAAAGCAGCTTCCTGATTCA
AATGAGATTGTGGAAAAATTGCTTCTAAGAAGAAAGTTCATCCCTGATCCCCAGGGCTCA
AACATGATGTTTGCATTCTTTGCCCAGCACTTCACGCATCAGTTTTTCAAGACAGATCAT
AAGCGAGGGCCAGCTTTCACCAACGGGCTGGGCCATGGGGTGGACTTAAATCATATTTAC
GGTGAAACTCTGGCTAGACAGCGTAAACTGCGCCTTTTCAAGGATGGAAAAATGAAATAT
CAGATAATTGATGGAGAGATGTATCCTCCCACAGTCAAAGATACTCAGGCAGAGATGATC
TACCCTCCTCAAGTCCCTGAGCATCTACGGTTTGCTGTGGGGCAGGAGGTCTTTGGTCTG
GTGCCTGGTCTGATGATGTATGCCACAATCTGGCTGCGGGAACACAACAGAGTATGCGAT
GTGCTTAAACAGGAGCATCCTGAATGGGGTGATGAGCAGTTGTTCCAGACAAGCAGGCTA
ATACTGATAGGAGAGACTATTAAGATTGTGATTGAAGATTATGTGCAACACTTGAGTGGC
TATCACTTCAAACTGAAATTTGACCCAGAACTACTTTTCAACAAACAATTCCAGTACCAA
AATCGTATTGCTGCTGAATTTAACACCCTCTATCACTGGCATCCCCTTCTGCCTGACACC
TTTCAAATTCATGACCAGAAATACAACTATCAACAGTTTATCTACAACAACTCTATATTG
CTGGAACATGGAATTACCCAGTTTGTTGAATCATTCACCAGGCAAATTGCTGGCAGGGTT
GCTGGTGGTAGGAATGTTCCACCCGCAGTACAGAAAGTATCACAGGCTTCCATTGACCAG
AGCAGGCAGATGAAATACCAGTCTTTTAATGAGTACCGCAAACGCTTTATGCTGAAGCCC
TATGAATCATTTGAAGAACTTACAGGAGAAAAGGAAATGTCTGCAGAGTTGGAAGCACTC
TATGGTGACATCGATGCTGTGGAGCTGTATCCTGCCCTTCTGGTAGAAAAGCCTCGGCCA
GATGCCATCTTTGGTGAAACCATGGTAGAAGTTGGAGCACCATTCTCCTTGAAAGGACTT
ATGGGTAATGTTATATGTTCTCCTGCCTACTGGAAGCCAAGCACTTTTGGTGGAGAAGTG
GGTTTTCAAATCATCAACACTGCCTCAATTCAGTCTCTCATCTGCAATAACGTGAAGGGC
TGTCCCTTTACTTCATTCAGTGTTCCAGATCCAGAGCTCATTAAAACAGTCACCATCAAT
GCAAGTTCTTCCCGCTCCGGACTAGATGATATCAATCCCACAGTACTACTAAAAGAACGT
TCGACTGAACTGTAG
Protein Properties
Number of Residues 604
Molecular Weight 68995.625
Theoretical pI 7.383
Pfam Domain Function
Signals Not Available
Transmembrane Regions Not Available
Protein Sequence
>Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2
MLARALLLCAVLALSHTANPCCSHPCQNRGVCMSVGFDQYKCDCTRTGFYGENCSTPEFL
TRIKLFLKPTPNTVHYILTHFKGFWNVVNNIPFLRNAIMSYVLTSRSHLIDSPPTYNADY
GYKSWEAFSNLSYYTRALPPVPDDCPTPLGVKGKKQLPDSNEIVEKLLLRRKFIPDPQGS
NMMFAFFAQHFTHQFFKTDHKRGPAFTNGLGHGVDLNHIYGETLARQRKLRLFKDGKMKY
QIIDGEMYPPTVKDTQAEMIYPPQVPEHLRFAVGQEVFGLVPGLMMYATIWLREHNRVCD
VLKQEHPEWGDEQLFQTSRLILIGETIKIVIEDYVQHLSGYHFKLKFDPELLFNKQFQYQ
NRIAAEFNTLYHWHPLLPDTFQIHDQKYNYQQFIYNNSILLEHGITQFVESFTRQIAGRV
AGGRNVPPAVQKVSQASIDQSRQMKYQSFNEYRKRFMLKPYESFEELTGEKEMSAELEAL
YGDIDAVELYPALLVEKPRPDAIFGETMVEVGAPFSLKGLMGNVICSPAYWKPSTFGGEV
GFQIINTASIQSLICNNVKGCPFTSFSVPDPELIKTVTINASSSRSGLDDINPTVLLKER
STEL
GenBank ID Protein 158257766
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P35354
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name PGH2_HUMAN
PDB IDs
GenBank Gene ID AK292167
GeneCard ID PTGS2
GenAtlas ID PTGS2
HGNC ID HGNC:9605
References
General References
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  3. Gregory SG, Barlow KF, McLay KE, Kaul R, Swarbreck D, Dunham A, Scott CE, Howe KL, Woodfine K, Spencer CC, Jones MC, Gillson C, Searle S, Zhou Y, Kokocinski F, McDonald L, Evans R, Phillips K, Atkinson A, Cooper R, Jones C, Hall RE, Andrews TD, Lloyd C, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Ambrose KD, Anderson F, Andrew RW, Ashwell RI, Aubin K, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Beasley H, Bethel G, Bird CP, Bray-Allen S, Brown JY, Brown AJ, Buckley D, Burton J, Bye J, Carder C, Chapman JC, Clark SY, Clarke G, Clee C, Cobley V, Collier RE, Corby N, Coville GJ, Davies J, Deadman R, Dunn M, Earthrowl M, Ellington AG, Errington H, Frankish A, Frankland J, French L, Garner P, Garnett J, Gay L, Ghori MR, Gibson R, Gilby LM, Gillett W, Glithero RJ, Grafham DV, Griffiths C, Griffiths-Jones S, Grocock R, Hammond S, Harrison ES, Hart E, Haugen E, Heath PD, Holmes S, Holt K, Howden PJ, Hunt AR, Hunt SE, Hunter G, Isherwood J, James R, Johnson C, Johnson D, Joy A, Kay M, Kershaw JK, Kibukawa M, Kimberley AM, King A, Knights AJ, Lad H, Laird G, Lawlor S, Leongamornlert DA, Lloyd DM, Loveland J, Lovell J, Lush MJ, Lyne R, Martin S, Mashreghi-Mohammadi M, Matthews L, Matthews NS, McLaren S, Milne S, Mistry S, Moore MJ, Nickerson T, O'Dell CN, Oliver K, Palmeiri A, Palmer SA, Parker A, Patel D, Pearce AV, Peck AI, Pelan S, Phelps K, Phillimore BJ, Plumb R, Rajan J, Raymond C, Rouse G, Saenphimmachak C, Sehra HK, Sheridan E, Shownkeen R, Sims S, Skuce CD, Smith M, Steward C, Subramanian S, Sycamore N, Tracey A, Tromans A, Van Helmond Z, Wall M, Wallis JM, White S, Whitehead SL, Wilkinson JE, Willey DL, Williams H, Wilming L, Wray PW, Wu Z, Coulson A, Vaudin M, Sulston JE, Durbin R, Hubbard T, Wooster R, Dunham I, Carter NP, McVean G, Ross MT, Harrow J, Olson MV, Beck S, Rogers J, Bentley DR, Banerjee R, Bryant SP, Burford DC, Burrill WD, Clegg SM, Dhami P, Dovey O, Faulkner LM, Gribble SM, Langford CF, Pandian RD, Porter KM, Prigmore E: The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1. Nature. 2006 May 18;441(7091):315-21. [PubMed:16710414 ]
  4. Goodman JE, Bowman ED, Chanock SJ, Alberg AJ, Harris CC: Arachidonate lipoxygenase (ALOX) and cyclooxygenase (COX) polymorphisms and colon cancer risk. Carcinogenesis. 2004 Dec;25(12):2467-72. Epub 2004 Aug 12. [PubMed:15308583 ]
  5. Jones DA, Carlton DP, McIntyre TM, Zimmerman GA, Prescott SM: Molecular cloning of human prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase type II and demonstration of expression in response to cytokines. J Biol Chem. 1993 Apr 25;268(12):9049-54. [PubMed:8473346 ]
  6. Hla T, Neilson K: Human cyclooxygenase-2 cDNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Aug 15;89(16):7384-8. [PubMed:1380156 ]
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  8. Appleby SB, Ristimaki A, Neilson K, Narko K, Hla T: Structure of the human cyclo-oxygenase-2 gene. Biochem J. 1994 Sep 15;302 ( Pt 3):723-7. [PubMed:7945196 ]
  9. Barnett J, Chow J, Ives D, Chiou M, Mackenzie R, Osen E, Nguyen B, Tsing S, Bach C, Freire J, et al.: Purification, characterization and selective inhibition of human prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 and 2 expressed in the baculovirus system. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1994 Nov 16;1209(1):130-9. [PubMed:7947975 ]