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Identification
HMDB Protein ID HMDBP01778
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • 7131
Name Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1
Synonyms
  1. Cell migration-inducing gene 5 protein
  2. Ras-like protein TC25
  3. p21-Rac1
Gene Name RAC1
Protein Type Unknown
Biological Properties
General Function Involved in GTP binding
Specific Function Isoform B has an accelerated GEF-independent GDP/GTP exchange and an impaired GTP hydrolysis, which is restored partially by GTPase-activating proteins. It is able to bind to the GTPase-binding domain of PAK but not full-length PAK in a GTP- dependent manner, suggesting that the insertion does not completely abolish effector interaction
Pathways
  • Azathioprine Action Pathway
  • Fc Epsilon Receptor I Signaling in Mast Cells
  • Mercaptopurine Action Pathway
  • Mercaptopurine Metabolism Pathway
  • Thioguanine Action Pathway
Reactions Not Available
GO Classification
Component
cell part
intracellular
Function
purine nucleotide binding
binding
nucleotide binding
guanyl nucleotide binding
guanyl ribonucleotide binding
gtp binding
Process
biological regulation
regulation of biological process
regulation of cellular process
signal transduction
intracellular signal transduction
small gtpase mediated signal transduction
Cellular Location
  1. Cell membrane
  2. Lipid-anchor
  3. Melanosome
  4. Cytoplasmic side
Gene Properties
Chromosome Location Chromosome:7
Locus 7p22
SNPs RAC1
Gene Sequence
>579 bp
ATGCAGGCCATCAAGTGTGTGGTGGTGGGAGACGGAGCTGTAGGTAAAACTTGCCTACTG
ATCAGTTACACAACCAATGCATTTCCTGGAGAATATATCCCTACTGTCTTTGACAATTAT
TCTGCCAATGTTATGGTAGATGGAAAACCGGTGAATCTGGGCTTATGGGATACAGCTGGA
CAAGAAGATTATGACAGATTACGCCCCCTATCCTATCCGCAAACAGATGTGTTCTTAATT
TGCTTTTCCCTTGTGAGTCCTGCATCATTTGAAAATGTCCGTGCAAAGTGGTATCCTGAG
GTGCGGCACCACTGTCCCAACACTCCCATCATCCTAGTGGGAACTAAACTTGATCTTAGG
GATGATAAAGACACGATCGAGAAACTGAAGGAGAAGAAGCTGACTCCCATCACCTATCCG
CAGGGTCTAGCCATGGCTAAGGAGATTGGTGCTGTAAAATACCTGGAGTGCTCGGCGCTC
ACACAGCGAGGCCTCAAGACAGTGTTTGACGAAGCGATCCGAGCAGTCCTCTGCCCGCCT
CCCGTGAAGAAGAGGAAGAGAAAATGCCTGCTGTTGTAA
Protein Properties
Number of Residues 192
Molecular Weight 21449.9
Theoretical pI 8.65
Pfam Domain Function
Signals
  • None
Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Protein Sequence
>Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1
MQAIKCVVVGDGAVGKTCLLISYTTNAFPGEYIPTVFDNYSANVMVDGKPVNLGLWDTAG
QEDYDRLRPLSYPQTDVFLICFSLVSPASFENVRAKWYPEVRHHCPNTPIILVGTKLDLR
DDKDTIEKLKEKKLTPITYPQGLAMAKEIGAVKYLECSALTQRGLKTVFDEAIRAVLCPP
PVKKRKRKCLLL
GenBank ID Protein Not Available
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P63000
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name RAC1_HUMAN
PDB IDs
GenBank Gene ID M29870
GeneCard ID RAC1
GenAtlas ID RAC1
HGNC ID HGNC:9801
References
General References
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  6. Noda Y, Takeya R, Ohno S, Naito S, Ito T, Sumimoto H: Human homologues of the Caenorhabditis elegans cell polarity protein PAR6 as an adaptor that links the small GTPases Rac and Cdc42 to atypical protein kinase C. Genes Cells. 2001 Feb;6(2):107-19. [PubMed:11260256 ]
  7. Takeya R, Ueno N, Kami K, Taura M, Kohjima M, Izaki T, Nunoi H, Sumimoto H: Novel human homologues of p47phox and p67phox participate in activation of superoxide-producing NADPH oxidases. J Biol Chem. 2003 Jul 4;278(27):25234-46. Epub 2003 Apr 25. [PubMed:12716910 ]
  8. Lapouge K, Smith SJ, Walker PA, Gamblin SJ, Smerdon SJ, Rittinger K: Structure of the TPR domain of p67phox in complex with Rac.GTP. Mol Cell. 2000 Oct;6(4):899-907. [PubMed:11090627 ]
  9. Drivas GT, Shih A, Coutavas E, Rush MG, D'Eustachio P: Characterization of four novel ras-like genes expressed in a human teratocarcinoma cell line. Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Apr;10(4):1793-8. [PubMed:2108320 ]
  10. Didsbury J, Weber RF, Bokoch GM, Evans T, Snyderman R: rac, a novel ras-related family of proteins that are botulinum toxin substrates. J Biol Chem. 1989 Oct 5;264(28):16378-82. [PubMed:2674130 ]
  11. Matos P, Skaug J, Marques B, Beck S, Verissimo F, Gespach C, Boavida MG, Scherer SW, Jordan P: Small GTPase Rac1: structure, localization, and expression of the human gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000 Nov 2;277(3):741-51. [PubMed:11062023 ]
  12. Jordan P, Brazao R, Boavida MG, Gespach C, Chastre E: Cloning of a novel human Rac1b splice variant with increased expression in colorectal tumors. Oncogene. 1999 Nov 18;18(48):6835-9. [PubMed:10597294 ]
  13. Kinsella BT, Erdman RA, Maltese WA: Carboxyl-terminal isoprenylation of ras-related GTP-binding proteins encoded by rac1, rac2, and ralA. J Biol Chem. 1991 May 25;266(15):9786-94. [PubMed:1903399 ]
  14. Ridley AJ, Paterson HF, Johnston CL, Diekmann D, Hall A: The small GTP-binding protein rac regulates growth factor-induced membrane ruffling. Cell. 1992 Aug 7;70(3):401-10. [PubMed:1643658 ]
  15. Jullien-Flores V, Dorseuil O, Romero F, Letourneur F, Saragosti S, Berger R, Tavitian A, Gacon G, Camonis JH: Bridging Ral GTPase to Rho pathways. RLIP76, a Ral effector with CDC42/Rac GTPase-activating protein activity. J Biol Chem. 1995 Sep 22;270(38):22473-7. [PubMed:7673236 ]
  16. Ren Y, Li R, Zheng Y, Busch H: Cloning and characterization of GEF-H1, a microtubule-associated guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rac and Rho GTPases. J Biol Chem. 1998 Dec 25;273(52):34954-60. [PubMed:9857026 ]
  17. Nishihara H, Kobayashi S, Hashimoto Y, Ohba F, Mochizuki N, Kurata T, Nagashima K, Matsuda M: Non-adherent cell-specific expression of DOCK2, a member of the human CDM-family proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1999 Nov 11;1452(2):179-87. [PubMed:10559471 ]
  18. Johansson A, Driessens M, Aspenstrom P: The mammalian homologue of the Caenorhabditis elegans polarity protein PAR-6 is a binding partner for the Rho GTPases Cdc42 and Rac1. J Cell Sci. 2000 Sep;113 ( Pt 18):3267-75. [PubMed:10954424 ]
  19. Miki H, Yamaguchi H, Suetsugu S, Takenawa T: IRSp53 is an essential intermediate between Rac and WAVE in the regulation of membrane ruffling. Nature. 2000 Dec 7;408(6813):732-5. [PubMed:11130076 ]
  20. Vikis HG, Li W, He Z, Guan KL: The semaphorin receptor plexin-B1 specifically interacts with active Rac in a ligand-dependent manner. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Nov 7;97(23):12457-62. [PubMed:11035813 ]
  21. Welch HC, Coadwell WJ, Ellson CD, Ferguson GJ, Andrews SR, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Hawkins PT, Stephens LR: P-Rex1, a PtdIns(3,4,5)P3- and Gbetagamma-regulated guanine-nucleotide exchange factor for Rac. Cell. 2002 Mar 22;108(6):809-21. [PubMed:11955434 ]
  22. Brugnera E, Haney L, Grimsley C, Lu M, Walk SF, Tosello-Trampont AC, Macara IG, Madhani H, Fink GR, Ravichandran KS: Unconventional Rac-GEF activity is mediated through the Dock180-ELMO complex. Nat Cell Biol. 2002 Aug;4(8):574-82. [PubMed:12134158 ]
  23. Masuda-Robens JM, Kutney SN, Qi H, Chou MM: The TRE17 oncogene encodes a component of a novel effector pathway for Rho GTPases Cdc42 and Rac1 and stimulates actin remodeling. Mol Cell Biol. 2003 Mar;23(6):2151-61. [PubMed:12612085 ]
  24. Li W, Guan KL: The Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (DSCAM) interacts with and activates Pak. J Biol Chem. 2004 Jul 30;279(31):32824-31. Epub 2004 May 28. [PubMed:15169762 ]
  25. Watabe-Uchida M, John KA, Janas JA, Newey SE, Van Aelst L: The Rac activator DOCK7 regulates neuronal polarity through local phosphorylation of stathmin/Op18. Neuron. 2006 Sep 21;51(6):727-39. [PubMed:16982419 ]
  26. Oka T, Ihara S, Fukui Y: Cooperation of DEF6 with activated Rac in regulating cell morphology. J Biol Chem. 2007 Jan 19;282(3):2011-8. Epub 2006 Nov 22. [PubMed:17121847 ]
  27. Millard TH, Dawson J, Machesky LM: Characterisation of IRTKS, a novel IRSp53/MIM family actin regulator with distinct filament bundling properties. J Cell Sci. 2007 May 1;120(Pt 9):1663-72. Epub 2007 Apr 12. [PubMed:17430976 ]
  28. Lores P, Visvikis O, Luna R, Lemichez E, Gacon G: The SWI/SNF protein BAF60b is ubiquitinated through a signalling process involving Rac GTPase and the RING finger protein Unkempt. FEBS J. 2010 Mar;277(6):1453-64. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07575.x. Epub 2010 Feb 8. [PubMed:20148946 ]
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  31. Frasa MA, Maximiano FC, Smolarczyk K, Francis RE, Betson ME, Lozano E, Goldenring J, Seabra MC, Rak A, Ahmadian MR, Braga VM: Armus is a Rac1 effector that inactivates Rab7 and regulates E-cadherin degradation. Curr Biol. 2010 Feb 9;20(3):198-208. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.12.053. Epub 2010 Jan 28. [PubMed:20116244 ]
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  33. Worthylake DK, Rossman KL, Sondek J: Crystal structure of Rac1 in complex with the guanine nucleotide exchange region of Tiam1. Nature. 2000 Dec 7;408(6813):682-8. [PubMed:11130063 ]
  34. Stebbins CE, Galan JE: Modulation of host signaling by a bacterial mimic: structure of the Salmonella effector SptP bound to Rac1. Mol Cell. 2000 Dec;6(6):1449-60. [PubMed:11163217 ]
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  36. Grizot S, Faure J, Fieschi F, Vignais PV, Dagher MC, Pebay-Peyroula E: Crystal structure of the Rac1-RhoGDI complex involved in nadph oxidase activation. Biochemistry. 2001 Aug 28;40(34):10007-13. [PubMed:11513578 ]
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  38. Fiegen D, Haeusler LC, Blumenstein L, Herbrand U, Dvorsky R, Vetter IR, Ahmadian MR: Alternative splicing of Rac1 generates Rac1b, a self-activating GTPase. J Biol Chem. 2004 Feb 6;279(6):4743-9. Epub 2003 Nov 18. [PubMed:14625275 ]
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