Hmdb loader
Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected and Quantified
Creation Date2006-08-24 13:49:09 UTC
Update Date2022-03-07 02:49:21 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0004821
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB04821
Metabolite Identification
Common NameBisnorbiotin
DescriptionBisnorbiotin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as delta amino acids and derivatives. Delta amino acids and derivatives are compounds containing a carboxylic acid group and an amino group at the C5 carbon atom. Bisnorbiotin has been detected, but not quantified in, a few different foods, such as anatidaes (Anatidae), chickens (Gallus gallus), and domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domestica). This could make bisnorbiotin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Bisnorbiotin is a primary metabolite. Primary metabolites are metabolically or physiologically essential metabolites. They are directly involved in an organism’s growth, development or reproduction. Based on a literature review very few articles have been published on Bisnorbiotin.
Structure
Data?1582752314
Synonyms
ValueSource
hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno[3,4-D]Imidazole-4-propionic acidHMDB
[3AS-(3aa,4b,6aa)]-hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno[3,4-D]imidazole-4-propanoateHMDB
[3AS-(3aa,4b,6aa)]-hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno[3,4-D]imidazole-4-propanoic acidHMDB
D-AllobisnorbiotinMeSH, HMDB
Chemical FormulaC8H12N2O3S
Average Molecular Weight216.257
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight216.05686295
IUPAC Name3-[(3aS,4S,6aR)-2-oxo-hexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazolidin-4-yl]propanoic acid
Traditional Name3-[(3aS,4S,6aR)-2-oxo-hexahydrothieno[3,4-d]imidazolidin-4-yl]propanoic acid
CAS Registry Number16968-98-2
SMILES
[H][C@]12CS[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)[C@@]1([H])NC(=O)N2
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C8H12N2O3S/c11-6(12)2-1-5-7-4(3-14-5)9-8(13)10-7/h4-5,7H,1-3H2,(H,11,12)(H2,9,10,13)/t4-,5-,7-/m0/s1
InChI KeyQDFGCLSCEPNVQP-VPLCAKHXSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as delta amino acids and derivatives. Delta amino acids and derivatives are compounds containing a carboxylic acid group and an amino group at the C5 carbon atom.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic acids and derivatives
ClassCarboxylic acids and derivatives
Sub ClassAmino acids, peptides, and analogues
Direct ParentDelta amino acids and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Delta amino acid or derivatives
  • Imidazolyl carboxylic acid derivative
  • Thia fatty acid
  • Fatty acyl
  • 2-imidazoline
  • Thiolane
  • Isourea
  • Azacycle
  • Organoheterocyclic compound
  • Dialkylthioether
  • Organic 1,3-dipolar compound
  • Propargyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compound
  • Carboximidamide
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Thioether
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Organic oxide
  • Aliphatic heteropolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External DescriptorsNot Available
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
Process
Role
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting PointNot AvailableNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water SolubilityNot AvailableNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility3.19 g/LALOGPS
logP-0.76ALOGPS
logP-0.57ChemAxon
logS-1.8ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)4.24ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-1.9ChemAxon
Physiological Charge-1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count3ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count3ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area78.43 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count3ChemAxon
Refractivity50.85 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability20.68 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings2ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DarkChem[M+H]+147.12331661259
DarkChem[M-H]-144.24531661259
DeepCCS[M-2H]-179.51530932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+154.17530932474
AllCCS[M+H]+146.932859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+143.132859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+150.532859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+151.632859911
AllCCS[M-H]-148.132859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-148.532859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-149.032859911

Predicted Retention Times

Underivatized

Chromatographic MethodRetention TimeReference
Measured using a Waters Acquity ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) ethylene-bridged hybrid (BEH) C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm; 1.7 μmparticle diameter). Predicted by Afia on May 17, 2022. Predicted by Afia on May 17, 2022.2.75 minutes32390414
Predicted by Siyang on May 30, 20229.5372 minutes33406817
Predicted by Siyang using ReTip algorithm on June 8, 20224.45 minutes32390414
AjsUoB = Accucore 150 Amide HILIC with 10mM Ammonium Formate, 0.1% Formic Acid198.3 seconds40023050
Fem_Long = Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C18 with Water:MeOH and 0.1% Formic Acid741.8 seconds40023050
Fem_Lipids = Ascentis Express C18 with (60:40 water:ACN):(90:10 IPA:ACN) and 10mM NH4COOH + 0.1% Formic Acid263.9 seconds40023050
Life_Old = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:(20:80 acetone:ACN) and 0.1% Formic Acid58.5 seconds40023050
Life_New = RP Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C18 with Water:(30:70 MeOH:ACN) and 0.1% Formic Acid168.1 seconds40023050
RIKEN = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid56.6 seconds40023050
Eawag_XBridgeC18 = XBridge C18 3.5u 2.1x50 mm with Water:MeOH and 0.1% Formic Acid261.0 seconds40023050
BfG_NTS_RP1 =Agilent Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 (2.1 mm x 150 mm, 3.5 um) with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid276.0 seconds40023050
HILIC_BDD_2 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-HILIC with ACN(0.1% formic acid):water(16 mM ammonium formate)755.2 seconds40023050
UniToyama_Atlantis = RP Waters Atlantis T3 (2.1 x 150 mm, 5 um) with ACN:Water and 0.1% Formic Acid592.0 seconds40023050
BDD_C18 = Hypersil Gold 1.9µm C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid128.8 seconds40023050
UFZ_Phenomenex = Kinetex Core-Shell C18 2.6 um, 3.0 x 100 mm, Phenomenex with Water:MeOH and 0.1% Formic Acid902.1 seconds40023050
SNU_RIKEN_POS = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid176.8 seconds40023050
RPMMFDA = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid199.4 seconds40023050
MTBLS87 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-pHILIC column with ACN:Water and :ammonium carbonate566.2 seconds40023050
KI_GIAR_zic_HILIC_pH2_7 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-HILIC with ACN:Water and 0.1% FA227.5 seconds40023050
Meister zic-pHILIC pH9.3 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-pHILIC column with ACN:Water 5mM NH4Ac pH9.3 and 5mM ammonium acetate in water356.4 seconds40023050

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Bisnorbiotin[H][C@]12CS[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)[C@@]1([H])NC(=O)N23660.4Standard polar33892256
Bisnorbiotin[H][C@]12CS[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)[C@@]1([H])NC(=O)N21997.4Standard non polar33892256
Bisnorbiotin[H][C@]12CS[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)[C@@]1([H])NC(=O)N22396.8Semi standard non polar33892256

Derivatized

Derivative Name / StructureSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Bisnorbiotin,1TMS,isomer #1C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CC[C@@H]1SC[C@@H]2NC(=O)N[C@H]122309.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Bisnorbiotin,1TMS,isomer #2C[Si](C)(C)N1C(=O)N[C@H]2CS[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)[C@H]212322.3Semi standard non polar33892256
Bisnorbiotin,1TMS,isomer #3C[Si](C)(C)N1C(=O)N[C@@H]2[C@H](CCC(=O)O)SC[C@@H]212312.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Bisnorbiotin,2TMS,isomer #1C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CC[C@@H]1SC[C@H]2[C@@H]1NC(=O)N2[Si](C)(C)C2358.1Semi standard non polar33892256
Bisnorbiotin,2TMS,isomer #1C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CC[C@@H]1SC[C@H]2[C@@H]1NC(=O)N2[Si](C)(C)C2104.9Standard non polar33892256
Bisnorbiotin,2TMS,isomer #1C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CC[C@@H]1SC[C@H]2[C@@H]1NC(=O)N2[Si](C)(C)C3962.3Standard polar33892256
Bisnorbiotin,2TMS,isomer #2C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CC[C@@H]1SC[C@@H]2NC(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C)[C@H]122353.9Semi standard non polar33892256
Bisnorbiotin,2TMS,isomer #2C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CC[C@@H]1SC[C@@H]2NC(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C)[C@H]122098.1Standard non polar33892256
Bisnorbiotin,2TMS,isomer #2C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CC[C@@H]1SC[C@@H]2NC(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C)[C@H]124018.7Standard polar33892256
Bisnorbiotin,2TMS,isomer #3C[Si](C)(C)N1C(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C)[C@H]2CS[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)[C@H]212258.0Semi standard non polar33892256
Bisnorbiotin,2TMS,isomer #3C[Si](C)(C)N1C(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C)[C@H]2CS[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)[C@H]212125.1Standard non polar33892256
Bisnorbiotin,2TMS,isomer #3C[Si](C)(C)N1C(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C)[C@H]2CS[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)[C@H]213135.9Standard polar33892256
Bisnorbiotin,3TMS,isomer #1C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CC[C@@H]1SC[C@H]2[C@@H]1N([Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)N2[Si](C)(C)C2242.3Semi standard non polar33892256
Bisnorbiotin,3TMS,isomer #1C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CC[C@@H]1SC[C@H]2[C@@H]1N([Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)N2[Si](C)(C)C2191.9Standard non polar33892256
Bisnorbiotin,3TMS,isomer #1C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CC[C@@H]1SC[C@H]2[C@@H]1N([Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)N2[Si](C)(C)C2809.6Standard polar33892256
Bisnorbiotin,1TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CC[C@@H]1SC[C@@H]2NC(=O)N[C@H]122539.1Semi standard non polar33892256
Bisnorbiotin,1TBDMS,isomer #2CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N1C(=O)N[C@H]2CS[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)[C@H]212548.4Semi standard non polar33892256
Bisnorbiotin,1TBDMS,isomer #3CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N1C(=O)N[C@@H]2[C@H](CCC(=O)O)SC[C@@H]212537.9Semi standard non polar33892256
Bisnorbiotin,2TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CC[C@@H]1SC[C@H]2[C@@H]1NC(=O)N2[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2830.9Semi standard non polar33892256
Bisnorbiotin,2TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CC[C@@H]1SC[C@H]2[C@@H]1NC(=O)N2[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2590.1Standard non polar33892256
Bisnorbiotin,2TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CC[C@@H]1SC[C@H]2[C@@H]1NC(=O)N2[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C3791.4Standard polar33892256
Bisnorbiotin,2TBDMS,isomer #2CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CC[C@@H]1SC[C@@H]2NC(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@H]122836.2Semi standard non polar33892256
Bisnorbiotin,2TBDMS,isomer #2CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CC[C@@H]1SC[C@@H]2NC(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@H]122584.4Standard non polar33892256
Bisnorbiotin,2TBDMS,isomer #2CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CC[C@@H]1SC[C@@H]2NC(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@H]123811.8Standard polar33892256
Bisnorbiotin,2TBDMS,isomer #3CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N1C(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@H]2CS[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)[C@H]212691.1Semi standard non polar33892256
Bisnorbiotin,2TBDMS,isomer #3CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N1C(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@H]2CS[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)[C@H]212635.9Standard non polar33892256
Bisnorbiotin,2TBDMS,isomer #3CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N1C(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@H]2CS[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)[C@H]213038.1Standard polar33892256
Bisnorbiotin,3TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CC[C@@H]1SC[C@H]2[C@@H]1N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)N2[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2884.0Semi standard non polar33892256
Bisnorbiotin,3TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CC[C@@H]1SC[C@H]2[C@@H]1N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)N2[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2887.2Standard non polar33892256
Bisnorbiotin,3TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CC[C@@H]1SC[C@H]2[C@@H]1N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)N2[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2928.7Standard polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Bisnorbiotin GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-007t-9700000000-2bd417112d9ba4d19b9b2017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Bisnorbiotin GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-00dj-9450000000-114ee328e6abf6e012f12017-10-06Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Bisnorbiotin GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Bisnorbiotin 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-014j-0960000000-66d62b7766d3fab9f9962016-06-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Bisnorbiotin 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-05fs-0910000000-b72e45c69b1cb4c51abd2016-06-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Bisnorbiotin 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-056u-5900000000-30adaeec05ed79809ea62016-06-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Bisnorbiotin 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-014i-1690000000-2d36ccdf145fa91a20c32016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Bisnorbiotin 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-00xr-5920000000-ba1907a7ca63c233b4dd2016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Bisnorbiotin 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0006-9200000000-a4048ab776be4355c0552016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Bisnorbiotin 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-014j-0590000000-0e907f5fdae522022b1a2021-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Bisnorbiotin 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-014i-2950000000-634041f9273a212af7c72021-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Bisnorbiotin 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0006-9500000000-93c1247405af3a3caefa2021-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Bisnorbiotin 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-014i-0090000000-61427edb75536863523e2021-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Bisnorbiotin 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-014i-0590000000-98906be815c33aa34c432021-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Bisnorbiotin 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0002-9700000000-f002a8b7a6c0a5838f532021-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum

NMR Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Extracellular
  • Membrane
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Urine
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected and Quantified0.00018 (0.00002-0.00059) uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.003 (0.0003-0.0057) uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.0063 (0.0004-0.017) uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
UrineDetected and Quantified0.0044 (0.0013-0.0076) umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB023429
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider ID78006
KEGG Compound IDC20384
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkNot Available
METLIN ID7083
PubChem Compound86492
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID89481
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References
  1. Zempleni J, McCormick DB, Mock DM: Identification of biotin sulfone, bisnorbiotin methyl ketone, and tetranorbiotin-l-sulfoxide in human urine. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997 Feb;65(2):508-11. [PubMed:9022537 ]
  2. Mock DM, Wang KS, Kearns GL: The pig is an appropriate model for human biotin catabolism as judged by the urinary metabolite profile of radioisotope-labeled biotin. J Nutr. 1997 Feb;127(2):365-9. [PubMed:9039841 ]