1. Palmitoyl d-carnitine
2. (3S)-3-hexadecanoyloxy-4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate
3. (3S)-3-hexadecanoyloxy-4-(trimethylammonio)butanoic acid
4. L-carnitine palmitoyl ester
5. (+)-palmitoylcarnitine
6. Hexadecanoyl-L-carnitine
7. (3S)-3-palmitoyloxy-4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate
8. (3S)-3-palmitoyloxy-4-(trimethylammonio)butanoic acid
9. Palmityl-L-carnitine
10. D-palmitylcarnitine
11. L-palmitoyl-L-carnitine
12. Hexadecenoyl carnitine
13. L(-)-Palmitylcarnitine
14. Palmitoyl-(-)-carnitine
15. Palmitoyl-L-carnitine
16. 3-carboxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-2-[(1-oxohexadecyl)oxy]-1-Propanaminium

• Cytoplasm
• mitochondria

• Blood
• Urine

• 212750 (Celiac disease)

1. Mueller P, Schulze A, Schindler I, Ethofer T, Buehrdel P, Ceglarek U: Validation of an ESI-MS/MS screening method for acylcarnitine profiling in urine specimens of neonates, children, adolescents and adults. Clin Chim Acta. 2003 Jan;327(1-2):47-57. [PubMed ]
2. Kamimori H, Hamashima Y, Konishi M: Determination of carnitine and saturated-acyl group carnitines in human urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Anal Biochem. 1994 May 1;218(2):417-24. [PubMed ]
3. Moder M, Kiessling A, Loster H, Bruggemann L: The pattern of urinary acylcarnitines determined by electrospray mass spectrometry: a new tool in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2003 Jan;375(2):200-10. Epub 2003 Jan 4. [PubMed ]
4. Wasant P, Matsumoto I, Naylor E, Liammongkolkul S: Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation disorders in Thai infants: a report of 3 cases. J Med Assoc Thai. 2002 Aug;85 Suppl 2:S710-9. [PubMed ]
5. Young SP, Matern D, Gregersen N, Stevens RD, Bali D, Liu HM, Koeberl DD, Millington DS: A comparison of in vitro acylcarnitine profiling methods for the diagnosis of classical and variant short chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Clin Chim Acta. 2003 Nov;337(1-2):103-13. [PubMed ]
6. Poorthuis BJ, Jille-Vlckova T, Onkenhout W: Determination of acylcarnitines in urine of patients with inborn errors of metabolism using high-performance liquid chromatography after derivatization with 4'-bromophenacylbromide. Clin Chim Acta. 1993 Jul 16;216(1-2):53-61. [PubMed ]
7. Bhuiyan AK, Jackson S, Turnbull DM, Aynsley-Green A, Leonard JV, Bartlett K: The measurement of carnitine and acyl-carnitines: application to the investigation of patients with suspected inherited disorders of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. Clin Chim Acta. 1992 May 15;207(3):185-204. [PubMed ]

1. Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, muscle isoform
2. Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform
3. Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2, mitochondrial
4. Long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase 1
5. Carnitine acyltransferase-like protein 1
6. cDNA, FLJ93082, Homo sapiens carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (CPT2), nuclear geneencoding mitochondrial protein, mRNA (Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II)

1. CPT1-M
2. Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase I, muscle isoform
3. CPT I
4. CPTI-M
5. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B
6. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I-like protein

MAEAHQAVAFQFTVTPDGVDFRLSREALKHVYLSGINSWKKRLIRIKNGILRGVYPGSPT
SWLVVIMATVGSSFCNVDISLGLVSCIQRCLPQGCGPYQTPQTRALLSMAIFSTGVWVTG
IFFFRQTLKLLLCYHGWMFEMHGKTSNLTRIWAMCIRLLSSRHPMLYSFQTSLPKLPVPR
VSATIQRYLESVRPLLDDEEYYRMELLAKEFQDKTAPRLQKYLVLKSWWASNYVSDWWEE
YIYLRGRSPLMVNSNYYVMDLVLIKNTDVQAARLGNIIHAMIMYRRKLDREEIKPVMALG
IVPMCSYQMERMFNTTRIPGKDTDVLQHLSDSRHVAVYHKGRFFKLWLYEGARLLKPQDL
EMQFQRILDDPSPPQPGEEKLAALTAGGRVEWAQARQAFFSSGKNKAALEAIERAAFFVA
LDEESYSYDPEDEASLSLYGKALLHGNCYNRWFDKSFTLISFKNGQLGLNAEHAWADAPI
IGHLWEFVLGTDSFHLGYTETGHCLGKPNPALAPPTRLQWDIPKQCQAVIESSYQVAKAL
ADDVELYCFQFLPFGKGLIKKCRTSPDAFVQIALQLAHFRDRGKFCLTYEASMTRMFREG
RTETVRSCTSESTAFVQAMMEGSHTKADLRDLFQKAAKKHQNMYRLAMTGAGIDRHLFCL
YLVSKYLGVSSPFLAEVLSEPWRLSTSQIPQSQIRMFDPEQHPNHLGAGGGFGPVADDGY
GVSYMIAGENTIFFHISSKFSSSETNAQRFGNHIRKALLDIADLFQVPKAYS

• Fatty Acid Metabolism (map00071 )

• palmitoyl-CoA + L-carnitine = CoA + L-palmitoylcarnitine [RN:R01923]

• Carn_acyltransf (PF00755 )

• None

• 48-73 103-122

ATGGCGGAAGCTCACCAGGCCGTGGCCTTCCAGTTCACGGTGACCCCAGACGGGGTCGAC
TTCCGGCTCAGTCGGGAGGCCCTGAAACACGTCTACCTGTCTGGGATCAACTCCTGGAAG
AAACGCCTGATCCGCATCAAGAATGGCATCCTCAGGGGCGTGTACCCTGGCAGCCCCACC
AGCTGGCTGGTCGTCATCATGGCAACAGTGGGTTCCTCCTTCTGCAACGTGGACATCTCC
TTGGGGCTGGTCAGTTGCATCCAGAGATGCCTCCCTCAGGGGTGTGGCCCCTACCAGACC
CCGCAGACCCGGGCACTTCTCAGCATGGCCATCTTCTCCACGGGCGTCTGGGTGACGGGC
ATCTTCTTCTTCCGCCAAACCCTGAAGCTGCTTCTCTGCTACCATGGGTGGATGTTTGAG
ATGCATGGCAAGACCAGCAACTTGACCAGGATCTGGGCTATGTGTATCCGCCTTCTATCC
AGCCGGCACCCTATGCTCTACAGCTTCCAGACATCTCTGCCCAAGCTTCCTGTGCCCAGG
GTGTCAGCCACAATTCAGCGGTACCTAGAGTCTGTGCGCCCCTTGTTGGATGATGAGGAA
TATTACCGCATGGAGTTGCTGGCCAAAGAATTCCAGGACAAGACTGCCCCCAGGCTGCAG
AAATACCTGGTGCTCAAGTCATGGTGGGCAAGTAACTATGTGAGTGACTGGTGGGAAGAG
TACATCTACCTTCGAGGCAGGAGCCCTCTCATGGTGAACAGCAACTATTATGTCATGGAC
CTTGTGCTCATCAAGAATACAGACGTGCAGGCAGCCCGCCTGGGAAACATCATCCACGCC
ATGATCATGTATCGCCGTAAACTGGACCGTGAAGAAATCAAGCCTGTGATGGCACTGGGC
ATAGTGCCTATGTGCTCCTACCAGATGGAGAGGATGTTCAACACCACTCGGATCCCGGGC
AAGGACACAGATGTGCTACAGCACCTCTCAGACAGCCGGCACGTGGCTGTCTACCACAAG
GGACGCTTCTTCAAGCTGTGGCTCTATGAGGGCGCCCGTCTGCTCAAGCCTCAGGATCTG
GAGATGCAGTTCCAGAGGATCCTGGACGACCCCTCCCCACCTCAGCCTGGGGAGGAGAAG
CTGGCAGCCCTCACTGCAGGAGGAAGGGTGGAGTGGGCGCAGGCACGCCAGGCCTTCTTT
AGCTCTGGAAAGAATAAGGCTGCCTTGGAGGCCATCGAGCGTGCCGCTTTCTTCGTGGCC
CTGGATGAGGAATCCTACTCCTATGACCCCGAAGATGAGGCCAGCCTCAGCCTCTATGGC
AAGGCCCTGCTACATGGCAACTGCTACAACAGGTGGTTTGACAAATCCTTCACTCTCATT
TCCTTCAAGAATGGCCAGTTGGGTCTCAATGCAGAGCATGCGTGGGCAGATGCTCCCATC
ATTGGGCACCTCTGGGAGTTTGTCCTGGGCACAGACAGCTTCCACCTGGGCTACACGGAG
ACCGGGCACTGCCTGGGCAAACCGAACCCTGCGCTCGCACCTCCTACACGGCTGCAGTGG
GACATTCCAAAACAGTGCCAGGCGGTCATCGAGAGTTCCTACCAGGTGGCCAAGGCGTTG
GCAGACGACGTGGAGTTGTACTGCTTCCAGTTCCTGCCCTTTGGCAAAGGCCTCATCAAG
AAGTGCCGGACCAGCCCTGATGCCTTTGTGCAGATCGCGCTGCAGCTGGCTCACTTCCGG
GACAGGGGTAAGTTCTGCCTGACCTATGAGGCCTCAATGACCAGAATGTTCCGGGAGGGA
CGGACTGAGACTGTGCGTTCCTGTACCAGCGAGTCCACAGCCTTTGTGCAGGCCATGATG
GAGGGGTCCCACACAAAAGCAGACCTGCGAGATCTCTTCCAGAAGGCTGCTAAGAAGCAC
CAGAATATGTACCGCCTGGCCATGACCGGGGCAGGGATCGACAGGCACCTCTTCTGCCTT
TACTTGGTCTCCAAGTACCTAGGAGTCAGCTCTCCTTTCCTTGCTGAGGTGCTCTCGGAA
CCCTGGCGTCTCTCCACCAGCCAGATCCCCCAATCCCAGATCCGCATGTTCGACCCAGAG
CAGCACCCCAATCACCTGGGCGCTGGAGGTGGCTTTGGCCCTGTAGCAGATGATGGCTAT
GGAGTTTCCTACATGATTGCAGGCGAGAACACGATCTTCTTCCACATCTCCAGCAAGTTC
TCAAGCTCAGAGACGAACGCCCAGCGCTTTGGAAACCACATCCGCAAAGCCCTGCTGGAC
ATTGCTGATCTTTTCCAAGTTCCCAAGGCCTACAGCTGA

1. Yamazaki N, Shinohara Y, Shima A, Yamanaka Y, Terada H: Isolation and characterization of cDNA and genomic clones encoding human muscle type carnitine palmitoyltransferase I. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1996 Jun 7;1307(2):157-61. [PubMed ]
2. Zhu H, Shi J, de Vries Y, Arvidson DN, Cregg JM, Woldegiorgis G: Functional studies of yeast-expressed human heart muscle carnitine palmitoyltransferase I. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1997 Nov 1;347(1):53-61. [PubMed ]
3. Britton CH, Mackey DW, Esser V, Foster DW, Burns DK, Yarnall DP, Froguel P, McGarry JD: Fine chromosome mapping of the genes for human liver and muscle carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1A and CPT1B). Genomics. 1997 Feb 15;40(1):209-11. [PubMed ]
4. van der Leij FR, Takens J, van der Veen AY, Terpstra P, Kuipers JR: Localization and intron usage analysis of the human CPT1B gene for muscle type carnitine palmitoyltransferase I. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1997 May 30;1352(2):123-8. [PubMed ]
5. Yamazaki N, Yamanaka Y, Hashimoto Y, Shinohara Y, Shima A, Terada H: Structural features of the gene encoding human muscle type carnitine palmitoyltransferase I. FEBS Lett. 1997 Jun 16;409(3):401-6. [PubMed ]
6. Hirosawa M, Nagase T, Murahashi Y, Kikuno R, Ohara O: Identification of novel transcribed sequences on human chromosome 22 by expressed sequence tag mapping. DNA Res. 2001 Feb 28;8(1):1-9. [PubMed ]
7. Dunham I, Shimizu N, Roe BA, Chissoe S, Hunt AR, Collins JE, Bruskiewich R, Beare DM, Clamp M, Smink LJ, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Babbage A, Bagguley C, Bailey J, Barlow K, Bates KN, Beasley O, Bird CP, Blakey S, Bridgeman AM, Buck D, Burgess J, Burrill WD, O'Brien KP, et al.: The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22. Nature. 1999 Dec 2;402(6761):489-95. [PubMed ]

1. CPT1-L
2. Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase I, liver isoform
3. CPT I
4. CPTI-L
5. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A

MAEAHQAVAFQFTVTPDGIDLRLSHEALRQIYLSGLHSWKKKFIRFKNGIITGVYPASPS
SWLIVVVGVMTTMYAKIDPSLGIIAKINRTLETANCMSSQTKNVVSGVLFGTGLWVALIV
TMRYSLKVLLSYHGWMFTEHGKMSRATKIWMGMVKIFSGRKPMLYSFQTSLPRLPVPAVK
DTVNRYLQSVRPLMKEEDFKRMTALAQDFAVGLGPRLQWYLKLKSWWATNYVSDWWEEYI
YLRGRGPLMVNSNYYAMDLLYILPTHIQAARAGNAIHAILLYRRKLDREEIKPIRLLGST
IPLCSAQWERMFNTSRIPGEETDTIQHMRDSKHIVVYHRGRYFKVWLYHDGRLLKPREME
QQMQRILDNTSEPQPGEARLAALTAGDRVPWARCRQAYFGRGKNKQSLDAVEKAAFFVTL
DETEEGYRSEDPDTSMDSYAKSLLHGRCYDRWFDKSFTFVVFKNGKMGLNAEHSWADAPI
VAHLWEYVMSIDSLQLGYAEDGHCKGDINPNIPYPTRLQWDIPGECQEVIETSLNTANLL
ANDVDFHSFPFVAFGKGIIKKCRTSPDAFVQLALQLAHYKDMGKFCLTYEASMTRLFREG
RTETVRSCTTESCDFVRAMVDPAQTVEQRLKLFKLASEKHQHMYRLAMTGSGIDRHLFCL
YVVSKYLAVESPFLKEVLSEPWRLSTSQTPQQQVELFDLENNPEYVSSGGGFGPVADDGY
GVSYILVGENLINFHISSKFSCPETDSHRFGRHLKEAMTDIITLFGLSSNSKK

• Fatty Acid Metabolism (map00071 )

• palmitoyl-CoA + L-carnitine = CoA + L-palmitoylcarnitine [RN:R01923]

• Carn_acyltransf (PF00755 )

• None

• 48-73 103-122

ATGGCAGAAGCTCACCAAGCTGTGGCCTTTCAGTTCACGGTCACTCCGGACGGGATTGAC
CTGCGGCTGAGCCATGAAGCTCTTAGACAAATCTATCTCTCTGGACTTCATTCCTGGAAA
AAGAAGTTCATCAGATTCAAGAACGGCATCATCACTGGCGTGTACCCGGCAAGCCCCTCC
AGTTGGCTTATCGTGGTGGTGGGCGTGATGACAACGATGTACGCCAAGATCGACCCCTCG
TTAGGAATAATTGCAAAAATCAATCGGACTCTGGAAACGGCCAACTGCATGTCCAGCCAG
ACGAAGAACGTGGTCAGCGGCGTGCTGTTTGGCACCGGCCTGTGGGTGGCCCTCATCGTC
ACCATGCGCTACTCCCTGAAAGTGCTGCTCTCCTACCACGGGTGGATGTTCACTGAGCAC
GGCAAGATGAGTCGTGCCACCAAGATCTGGATGGGTATGGTCAAGATCTTTTCAGGCCGA
AAACCCATGTTGTACAGCTTCCAGACATCGCTGCCTCGCCTGCCGGTCCCGGCTGTCAAA
GACACTGTGAACAGGTATCTACAGTCGGTGAGGCCTCTTATGAAGGAAGAAGACTTCAAA
CGGATGACAGCACTTGCTCAAGATTTTGCTGTCGGTCTTGGACCAAGATTACAGTGGTAT
TTGAAGTTAAAATCCTGGTGGGCTACAAATTACGTGAGCGACTGGTGGGAGGAGTACATC
TACCTCCGAGGACGAGGGCCGCTCATGGTGAACAGCAACTATTATGCCATGGATCTGCTG
TATATCCTTCCAACTCACATTCAGGCAGCAAGAGCCGGCAACGCCATCCATGCCATCCTG
CTTTACAGGCGCAAACTGGACCGGGAGGAAATCAAACCAATTCGTCTTTTGGGATCCACG
ATTCCACTCTGCTCCGCTCAGTGGGAGCGGATGTTTAATACTTCCCGGATCCCAGGAGAG
GAGACAGACACCATCCAGCACATGAGAGACAGCAAGCACATCGTCGTGTACCATCGAGGA
CGCTACTTCAAGGTCTGGCTCTACCATGATGGGCGGCTGCTGAAGCCCCGGGAGATGGAG
CAGCAGATGCAGAGGATCCTGGACAATACCTCGGAGCCTCAGCCCGGGGAGGCCAGGCTG
GCAGCCCTCACCGCAGGAGACAGAGTTCCCTGGGCCAGGTGTCGTCAGGCCTATTTTGGA
CGTGGGAAAAATAAGCAGTCTCTTGATGCTGTGGAGAAAGCAGCGTTCTTCGTGACGTTA
GATGAAACTGAAGAAGGATACAGAAGTGAAGACCCGGATACGTCAATGGACAGCTACGCC
AAATCTCTACTACACGGCCGATGTTACGACAGGTGGTTTGACAAGTCGTTCACGTTTGTT
GTCTTCAAAAACGGGAAGATGGGCCTCAACGCTGAACACTCCTGGGCAGATGCGCCGATC
GTGGCCCACCTTTGGGAGTACGTCATGTCCATTGACAGCCTCCAGCTGGGCTATGCGGAG
GATGGGCACTGCAAAGGCGACATCAATCCGAACATTCCGTACCCCACCAGGCTGCAGTGG
GACATCCCGGGGGAATGTCAAGAGGTTATAGAGACCTCCCTGAACACCGCAAATCTTCTG
GCAAACGACGTGGATTTCCATTCCTTCCCATTCGTAGCCTTTGGTAAAGGAATCATCAAG
AAATGTCGCACGAGCCCAGACGCCTTTGTGCAGCTGGCCCTCCAGCTGGCGCACTACAAG
GACATGGGCAAGTTTTGCCTCACATACGAGGCCTCCATGACCCGGCTCTTCCGAGAGGGG
AGGACGGAGACCGTGCGCTCCTGCACCACTGAGTCATGCGACTTCGTGCGGGCCATGGTG
GACCCGGCCCAGACGGTGGAACAGAGGCTGAAGTTGTTCAAGTTGGCGTCTGAGAAGCAT
CAGCATATGTATCGCCTCGCCATGACCGGCTCTGGGATCGATCGTCACCTCTTCTGCCTT
TACGTGGTGTCTAAATATCTCGCTGTGGAGTCCCCTTTCCTTAAGGAAGTTTTATCTGAG
CCTTGGAGATTATCAACAAGCCAGACCCCTCAGCAGCAAGTGGAGCTGTTTGACTTGGAG
AATAACCCAGAGTACGTGTCCAGCGGAGGGGGCTTTGGACCGGTTGCTGATGACGGCTAT
GGTGTGTCGTACATCCTTGTGGGAGAGAACCTCATCAATTTCCACATTTCTTCCAAGTTC
TCTTGCCCTGAGACGGATTCTCATCGCTTTGGAAGGCACCTGAAAGAAGCAATGACTGAC
ATCATCACTTTGTTTGGTCTCAGTTCTAATTCCAAAAAGTAA

1. Britton CH, Schultz RA, Zhang B, Esser V, Foster DW, McGarry JD: Human liver mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase I: characterization of its cDNA and chromosomal localization and partial analysis of the gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Mar 14;92(6):1984-8. [PubMed ]
2. Gobin S, Bonnefont JP, Prip-Buus C, Mugnier C, Ferrec M, Demaugre F, Saudubray JM, Rostane H, Djouadi F, Wilcox W, Cederbaum S, Haas R, Nyhan WL, Green A, Gray G, Girard J, Thuillier L: Organization of the human liver carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 gene ( CPT1A) and identification of novel mutations in hypoketotic hypoglycaemia. Hum Genet. 2002 Aug;111(2):179-89. Epub 2002 Jul 16. [PubMed ]
3. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
4. Morillas M, Lopez-VVinas E, Valencia A, Serra D, Gomez-Puertas P, Hegardt FG, Asins G: Structural model of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I based on the carnitine acetyltransferase crystal. Biochem J. 2004 May 1;379(Pt 3):777-84. [PubMed ]
5. IJlst L, Mandel H, Oostheim W, Ruiter JP, Gutman A, Wanders RJ: Molecular basis of hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase I deficiency. J Clin Invest. 1998 Aug 1;102(3):527-31. [PubMed ]
6. Brown NF, Mullur RS, Subramanian I, Esser V, Bennett MJ, Saudubray JM, Feigenbaum AS, Kobari JA, Macleod PM, McGarry JD, Cohen JC: Molecular characterization of L-CPT I deficiency in six patients: insights into function of the native enzyme. J Lipid Res. 2001 Jul;42(7):1134-42. [PubMed ]
7. Prip-Buus C, Thuillier L, Abadi N, Prasad C, Dilling L, Klasing J, Demaugre F, Greenberg CR, Haworth JC, Droin V, Kadhom N, Gobin S, Kamoun P, Girard J, Bonnefont JP: Molecular and enzymatic characterization of a unique carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A mutation in the Hutterite community. Mol Genet Metab. 2001 May;73(1):46-54. [PubMed ]
8. Ogawa E, Kanazawa M, Yamamoto S, Ohtsuka S, Ogawa A, Ohtake A, Takayanagi M, Kohno Y: Expression analysis of two mutations in carnitine palmitoyltransferase IA deficiency. J Hum Genet. 2002;47(7):342-7. [PubMed ]
9. Gobin S, Thuillier L, Jogl G, Faye A, Tong L, Chi M, Bonnefont JP, Girard J, Prip-Buus C: Functional and structural basis of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A deficiency. J Biol Chem. 2003 Dec 12;278(50):50428-34. Epub 2003 Sep 29. [PubMed ]
10. Stoler JM, Sabry MA, Hanley C, Hoppel CL, Shih VE: Successful long-term treatment of hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase I deficiency and a novel mutation. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2004;27(5):679-84. [PubMed ]
11. Bennett MJ, Boriack RL, Narayan S, Rutledge SL, Raff ML: Novel mutations in CPT 1A define molecular heterogeneity of hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase I deficiency. Mol Genet Metab. 2004 May;82(1):59-63. [PubMed ]

1. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II
2. CPT II

MVPRLLLRAWPRGPAVGPGAPSRPLSAGSGPGQYLQRSIVPTMHYQDSLPRLPIPKLEDT
IRRYLSAQKPLLNDGQFRKTEQFCKSFENGIGKELHEQLVALDKQNKHTSYISGPWFDMY
LSARDSVVLNFNPFMAFNPDPKSEYNDQLTRATNMTVSAIRFLKTLRAGLLEPEVFHLNP
AKSDTITFKRLIRFVPSSLSWYGAYLVNAYPLDMSQYFRLFNSTRLPKPSRDELFTDDKA
RHLLVLRKGNFYIFDVLDQDGNIVSPSEIQAHLKYILSDSSPAPEFPLAYLTSENRDIWA
ELRQKLMSSGNEESLRKVDSAVFCLCLDDFPIKDLVHLSHNMLHGDGTNRWFDKSFNLII
AKDGSTAVHFEHSWGDGVAVLRFFNEVFKDSTQTPAVTPQSQPATTDSTVTVQKLNFELT
DALKTGITAAKEKFDATMKTLTIDCVQFQRGGKEFLKKQKLSPDAVAQLAFQMAFLRQYG
QTVATYESCSTAAFKHGRTETIRPASVYTKRCSEAFVREPSRHSAGELQQMMVECSKYHG
QLTKEAAMGQGFDRHLFALRHLAAAKGIILPELYLDPAYGQINHNVLSTSTLSSPAVNLG
GFAPVVSDGFGVGYAVHDNWIGCNVSSYPGRNAREFLQCVEKALEDMFDALEGKSIKS

• Fatty Acid Metabolism (map00071 )

• palmitoyl-CoA + L-carnitine = CoA + L-palmitoylcarnitine [RN:R01923]

• Carn_acyltransf (PF00755 )

• None

• None

ATGGTGCCCCGCCTGCTGCTGCGCGCCTGGCCCCGGGGCCCCGCGGTTGGTCCGGGAGCC
CCCAGTCGGCCCCTCAGCGCCGGCTCCGGGCCCGGCCAGTACCTGCAGCGCAGCATCGTG
CCCACCATGCACTACCAGGACAGCCTGCCCAGGCTGCCTATTCCCAAACTTGAAGACACC
ATTAGGAGATACCTCAGTGCACAGAAGCCTCTCTTGAATGATGGCCAGTTCAGGAAAACA
GAACAATTTTGCAAGAGTTTTGAAAATGGGATTGGAAAAGAACTGCATGAGCAGCTGGTT
GCTCTGGACAAACAGAATAAACATACAAGCTACATTTCGGGACCCTGGTTTGATATGTAC
CTATCTGCTCGAGACTCCGTTGTTCTGAACTTTAATCCATTTATGGCTTTCAATCCTGAC
CCAAAATCTGAGTATAATGACCAGCTCACCCGGGCAACCAACATGACTGTTTCTGCCATC
CGGTTTCTGAAGACACTCCGGGCTGGCCTTCTGGAGCCAGAAGTGTTCCACTTGAACCCT
GCAAAAAGTGACACTATCACCTTCAAGAGACTCATACGCTTTGTGCCTTCCTCTCTGTCC
TGGTATGGGGCCTACCTGGTCAATGCGTATCCCCTGGATATGTCCCAGTATTTTCGGCTT
TTCAACTCAACTCGTTTACCCAAACCCAGTCGGGATGAACTCTTCACTGATGACAAGGCC
AGACACCTCCTGGTCCTAAGGAAAGGAAATTTTTATATCTTTGATGTCCTGGATCAAGAT
GGGAACATTGTGAGCCCCTCGGAAATCCAGGCACATCTGAAGTACATTCTCTCAGACAGC
AGCCCCGCCCCCGAGTTTCCCCTGGCATACCTGACCAGTGAGAACCGAGACATCTGGGCA
GAGCTCAGGCAGAAGCTGATGAGTAGTGGCAATGAGGAGAGCCTGAGGAAAGTGGACTCG
GCAGTGTTCTGTCTCTGCCTAGATGACTTCCCCATTAAGGACCTTGTCCACTTGTCCCAC
AATATGCTGCATGGGGATGGCACAAACCGCTGGTTTGATAAATCCTTTAACCTCATTATC
GCCAAGGATGGCTCTACTGCCGTCCACTTTGAGCACTCTTGGGGTGATGGTGTGGCAGTG
CTCAGATTTTTTAATGAAGTATTTAAAGACAGCACTCAGACCCCTGCCGTCACTCCACAG
AGCCAGCCAGCTACCACTGACTCTACTGTCACGGTGCAGAAACTCAACTTCGAGCTGACT
GATGCCTTAAAGACTGGCATCACAGCTGCTAAGGAAAAGTTTGATGCCACCATGAAAACC
CTCACTATTGACTGCGTCCAGTTTCAGAGAGGAGGCAAAGAATTCCTGAAGAAGCAAAAG
CTGAGCCCTGACGCAGTTGCCCAGCTGGCATTCCAGATGGCCTTCCTGCGGCAGTACGGG
CAGACAGTGGCCACCTACGAGTCCTGTAGCACTGCCGCATTCAAGCACGGCCGCACTGAG
ACCATCCGCCCGGCCTCCGTCTATACAAAGAGGTGCTCTGAGGCCTTTGTCAGGGAGCCC
TCCAGGCACAGTGCTGGTGAGCTTCAGCAGATGATGGTTGAGTGCTCCAAGTACCATGGC
CAGCTGACCAAAGAAGCAGCAATGGGCCAGGGCTTTGACCGACACTTGTTTGCTCTGCGG
CATCTGGCAGCAGCCAAAGGGATCATCTTGCCTGAGCTCTACCTGGACCCTGCATACGGG
CAGATAAACCACAATGTCCTGTCCACGAGCACACTGAGCAGCCCAGCAGTGAACCTTGGG
GGCTTTGCCCCTGTGGTCTCTGATGGCTTTGGTGTTGGGTATGCTGTTCATGACAACTGG
ATAGGCTGCAATGTCTCTTCCTACCCAGGCCGCAATGCCCGGGAGTTTCTCCAATGTGTG
GAGAAGGCCTTAGAAGACATGTTTGATGCCTTAGAAGGCAAATCCATCAAAAGTTAA

1. Finocchiaro G, Taroni F, Rocchi M, Martin AL, Colombo I, Tarelli GT, DiDonato S: cDNA cloning, sequence analysis, and chromosomal localization of the gene for human carnitine palmitoyltransferase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Jan 15;88(2):661-5. [PubMed ]
2. Finocchiaro G, Taroni F, Rocchi M, Liras Martin A, Colombo I, Tarelli GT, DiDonato S: cDNA cloning, sequence analysis, and chromosomal localization of human carnitine palmitoyltransferase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Dec 1;88(23):10981. [PubMed ]
3. Verderio E, Cavadini P, Montermini L, Wang H, Lamantea E, Finocchiaro G, DiDonato S, Gellera C, Taroni F: Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency: structure of the gene and characterization of two novel disease-causing mutations. Hum Mol Genet. 1995 Jan;4(1):19-29. [PubMed ]
4. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed ]
5. Gregory SG, Barlow KF, McLay KE, Kaul R, Swarbreck D, Dunham A, Scott CE, Howe KL, Woodfine K, Spencer CC, Jones MC, Gillson C, Searle S, Zhou Y, Kokocinski F, McDonald L, Evans R, Phillips K, Atkinson A, Cooper R, Jones C, Hall RE, Andrews TD, Lloyd C, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Ambrose KD, Anderson F, Andrew RW, Ashwell RI, Aubin K, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Beasley H, Bethel G, Bird CP, Bray-Allen S, Brown JY, Brown AJ, Buckley D, Burton J, Bye J, Carder C, Chapman JC, Clark SY, Clarke G, Clee C, Cobley V, Collier RE, Corby N, Coville GJ, Davies J, Deadman R, Dunn M, Earthrowl M, Ellington AG, Errington H, Frankish A, Frankland J, French L, Garner P, Garnett J, Gay L, Ghori MR, Gibson R, Gilby LM, Gillett W, Glithero RJ, Grafham DV, Griffiths C, Griffiths-Jones S, Grocock R, Hammond S, Harrison ES, Hart E, Haugen E, Heath PD, Holmes S, Holt K, Howden PJ, Hunt AR, Hunt SE, Hunter G, Isherwood J, James R, Johnson C, Johnson D, Joy A, Kay M, Kershaw JK, Kibukawa M, Kimberley AM, King A, Knights AJ, Lad H, Laird G, Lawlor S, Leongamornlert DA, Lloyd DM, Loveland J, Lovell J, Lush MJ, Lyne R, Martin S, Mashreghi-Mohammadi M, Matthews L, Matthews NS, McLaren S, Milne S, Mistry S, Moore MJ, Nickerson T, O'Dell CN, Oliver K, Palmeiri A, Palmer SA, Parker A, Patel D, Pearce AV, Peck AI, Pelan S, Phelps K, Phillimore BJ, Plumb R, Rajan J, Raymond C, Rouse G, Saenphimmachak C, Sehra HK, Sheridan E, Shownkeen R, Sims S, Skuce CD, Smith M, Steward C, Subramanian S, Sycamore N, Tracey A, Tromans A, Van Helmond Z, Wall M, Wallis JM, White S, Whitehead SL, Wilkinson JE, Willey DL, Williams H, Wilming L, Wray PW, Wu Z, Coulson A, Vaudin M, Sulston JE, Durbin R, Hubbard T, Wooster R, Dunham I, Carter NP, McVean G, Ross MT, Harrow J, Olson MV, Beck S, Rogers J, Bentley DR, Banerjee R, Bryant SP, Burford DC, Burrill WD, Clegg SM, Dhami P, Dovey O, Faulkner LM, Gribble SM, Langford CF, Pandian RD, Porter KM, Prigmore E: The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1. Nature. 2006 May 18;441(7091):315-21. [PubMed ]
6. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
7. Finocchiaro G, Colombo I, DiDonato S: Purification, characterization and partial amino acid sequences of carnitine palmitoyl-transferase from human liver. FEBS Lett. 1990 Nov 12;274(1-2):163-6. [PubMed ]
8. Choudhary C, Kumar C, Gnad F, Nielsen ML, Rehman M, Walther TC, Olsen JV, Mann M: Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions. Science. 2009 Aug 14;325(5942):834-40. Epub 2009 Jul 16. [PubMed ]
9. Taroni F, Verderio E, Fiorucci S, Cavadini P, Finocchiaro G, Uziel G, Lamantea E, Gellera C, DiDonato S: Molecular characterization of inherited carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Sep 15;89(18):8429-33. [PubMed ]
10. Taroni F, Verderio E, Dworzak F, Willems PJ, Cavadini P, DiDonato S: Identification of a common mutation in the carnitine palmitoyltransferase II gene in familial recurrent myoglobinuria patients. Nat Genet. 1993 Jul;4(3):314-20. [PubMed ]
11. Bonnefont JP, Taroni F, Cavadini P, Cepanec C, Brivet M, Saudubray JM, Leroux JP, Demaugre F: Molecular analysis of carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency with hepatocardiomuscular expression. Am J Hum Genet. 1996 May;58(5):971-8. [PubMed ]
12. Wataya K, Akanuma J, Cavadini P, Aoki Y, Kure S, Invernizzi F, Yoshida I, Kira J, Taroni F, Matsubara Y, Narisawa K: Two CPT2 mutations in three Japanese patients with carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency: functional analysis and association with polymorphic haplotypes and two clinical phenotypes. Hum Mutat. 1998;11(5):377-86. [PubMed ]
13. Yang BZ, Ding JH, Dewese T, Roe D, He G, Wilkinson J, Day DW, Demaugre F, Rabier D, Brivet M, Roe C: Identification of four novel mutations in patients with carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (CPT II) deficiency. Mol Genet Metab. 1998 Aug;64(4):229-36. [PubMed ]
14. Taggart RT, Smail D, Apolito C, Vladutiu GD: Novel mutations associated with carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency. Hum Mutat. 1999;13(3):210-20. [PubMed ]
15. Elpeleg ON, Hammerman C, Saada A, Shaag A, Golzand E, Hochner-Celnikier D, Berger I, Nadjari M: Antenatal presentation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency. Am J Med Genet. 2001 Aug 1;102(2):183-7. [PubMed ]
16. Olpin SE, Afifi A, Clark S, Manning NJ, Bonham JR, Dalton A, Leonard JV, Land JM, Andresen BS, Morris AA, Muntoni F, Turnbull D, Pourfarzam M, Rahman S, Pollitt RJ: Mutation and biochemical analysis in carnitine palmitoyltransferase type II (CPT II) deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2003;26(6):543-57. [PubMed ]
17. Sigauke E, Rakheja D, Kitson K, Bennett MJ: Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency: a clinical, biochemical, and molecular review. Lab Invest. 2003 Nov;83(11):1543-54. [PubMed ]
18. Orngreen MC, Duno M, Ejstrup R, Christensen E, Schwartz M, Sacchetti M, Vissing J: Fuel utilization in subjects with carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 gene mutations. Ann Neurol. 2005 Jan;57(1):60-6. [PubMed ]

1. Acyl-CoA synthetase 1
2. ACS1
3. Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 1
4. LACS 1
5. Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 2
6. LACS 2
7. Long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase 2
8. Palmitoyl-CoA ligase 1
9. Palmitoyl-CoA ligase 2

MQAHELFRYFRMPELVDFRQYVRTLPTNTLMGFGAFAALTTFWYATRPKPLKPPCDLSMQ
SVEVAGSGGARRSALLDSDEPLVYFYDDVTTLYEGFQRGIQVSNNGPCLGSRKPDQPYEW
LSYKQVAELSECIGSALIQKGFKTAPDQFIGIFAQNRPEWVIIEQGCFAYSMVIVPLYDT
LGNEAITYIVNKAELSLVFVDKPEKAKLLLEGVENKLIPGLKIIVVMDAYGSELVERGQR
CGVEVTSMKAMEDLGRANRRKPKPPAPEDLAVICFTSGTTGNPKGAMVTHRNIVSDCSAF
VKATENTVNPCPDDTLISFLPLAHMFERVVECVMLCHGAKIGFFQGDIRLLMDDLKVLQP
TVFPVVPRLLNRMFDRIFGQANTTLKRWLLDFASKRKEAELRSGIIRNNSLWDRLIFHKV
QSSLGGRVRLMVTGAAPVSATVLTFLRAALGCQFYEGYGQTECTAGCCLTMPGDWTAGHV
GAPMPCNLIKLVDVEEMNYMAAEGEGEVCVKGPNVFQGYLKDPAKTAEALDKDGWLHTGD
IGKWLPNGTLKIIDRKKHIFKLAQGEYIAPEKIENIYMRSEPVAQVFVHGESLQAFLIAI
VVPDVETLCSWAQKRGFEGSFEELCRNKDVKKAILEDMVRLGKDSGLKPFEQVKGITLHP
ELFSIDNGLLTPTMKAKRPELRNYFRSQIDDLYSTIKV

• Fatty Acid Metabolism (map00071 )

• ATP + a long-chain carboxylic acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + an acyl-CoA [RN:R00390]

• AMP-binding (PF00501 )

• None

• 25-45

ATGCAAGCCCATGAGCTGTTCCGGTATTTTCGAATGCCAGAGCTGGTTGACTTCCGACAG
TACGTGCGTACTCTTCCGACCAACACGCTTATGGGCTTCGGAGCTTTTGCAGCACTCACC
ACCTTCTGGTACGCCACGAGACCCAAACCCCTGAAGCCGCCATGCGACCTCTCCATGCAG
TCAGTGGAAGTGGCGGGTAGTGGTGGTGCACGAAGATCCGCACTACTTGACAGCGACGAG
CCCTTGGTGTATTTCTATGATGATGTCACAACATTATACGAAGGTTTCCAGAGGGGAATA
CAGGTGTCAAATAATGGCCCTTGTTTAGGCTCTCGGAAACCAGACCAACCCTATGAATGG
CTTTCATATAAACAGGTTGCAGAATTGTCGGAGTGCATAGGCTCAGCACTGATCCAGAAG
GGCTTCAAGACTGCCCCAGATCAGTTCATTGGCATCTTTGCTCAAAATAGACCTGAGTGG
GTGATTATTGAACAAGGATGCTTTGCTTATTCGATGGTGATCGTTCCACTTTATGATACC
CTTGGAAATGAAGCCATCACGTACATAGTCAACAAAGCTGAACTCTCTCTGGTTTTTGTT
GACAAGCCAGAGAAGGCCAAACTCTTATTAGAGGGTGTAGAAAATAAGTTAATACCAGGC
CTTAAAATCATAGTTGTCATGGATGCCTACGGCAGTGAACTGGTGGAACGAGGCCAGAGG
TGTGGGGTGGAAGTCACCAGCATGAAGGCGATGGAGGACCTGGGAAGAGCCAACAGACGG
AAGCCCAAGCCTCCAGCACCTGAAGATCTTGCAGTAATTTGTTTCACAAGTGGAACTACA
GGCAACCCCAAAGGAGCAATGGTCACTCACCGAAACATAGTGAGCGATTGTTCAGCTTTT
GTGAAAGCAACAGAGAATACAGTCAATCCTTGCCCAGATGATACTTTGATATCTTTCTTG
CCTCTCGCCCATATGTTTGAGAGAGTTGTAGAGTGTGTAATGCTGTGTCATGGAGCTAAA
ATCGGATTTTTCCAAGGAGATATCAGGCTGCTCATGGATGACCTCAAGGTGCTTCAACCC
ACTGTCTTCCCCGTGGTTCCAAGACTGCTGAACCGGATGTTTGACCGAATTTTCGGACAA
GCAAACACCACGCTGAAGCGATGGCTCTTGGACTTTGCCTCCAAGAGGAAAGAAGCAGAG
CTTCGCAGCGGCATCATCAGAAACAACAGCCTGTGGGACCGGCTGATCTTCCACAAAGTA
CAGTCGAGCCTGGGCGGAAGAGTCCGGCTGATGGTGACAGGAGCCGCCCCGGTGTCTGCC
ACTGTGCTGACGTTCCTCAGAGCAGCCCTGGGCTGTCAGTTTTATGAAGGATACGGACAG
ACAGAGTGCACTGCCGGGTGCTGCCTAACCATGCCTGGAGACTGGACCGCAGGCCATGTT
GGGGCCCCGATGCCGTGCAATTTGATAAAACTTGTTGATGTGGAAGAAATGAATTACATG
GCTGCCGAGGGCGAGGGCGAGGTGTGTGTGAAAGGGCCAAATGTATTTCAGGGCTACTTG
AAGGACCCAGCGAAAACAGCAGAAGCTTTGGACAAAGACGGCTGGTTACACACAGGGGAC
ATTGGAAAATGGTTACCAAATGGCACCTTGAAAATTATCGACCGGAAAAAGCACATATTT
AAGCTGGCACAAGGAGAATACATAGCCCCTGAAAAGATTGAAAATATCTACATGCGAAGT
GAGCCTGTTGCTCAGGTGTTTGTCCACGGAGAAAGCCTGCAGGCATTTCTCATTGCAATT
GTGGTACCAGATGTTGAGACATTATGTTCCTGGGCCCAAAAGAGAGGATTTGAAGGGTCG
TTTGAGGAACTGTGCAGAAATAAGGATGTCAAAAAAGCTATCCTCGAAGATATGGTGAGA
CTTGGGAAGGATTCTGGTCTGAAACCATTTGAACAGGTCAAAGGCATCACATTGCACCCT
GAATTATTTTCTATCGACAATGGCCTTCTGACTCCAACAATGAAGGCGAAAAGGCCAGAG
CTGCGGAACTATTTCAGGTCGCAGATAGATGACCTCTATTCCACTATCAAGGTTTAG

1. Abe T, Fujino T, Fukuyama R, Minoshima S, Shimizu N, Toh H, Suzuki H, Yamamoto T: Human long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase: structure and chromosomal location. J Biochem (Tokyo). 1992 Jan;111(1):123-8. [PubMed ]
2. Ghosh B, Barbosa E, Singh I: Molecular cloning and sequencing of human palmitoyl-CoA ligase and its tissue specific expression. Mol Cell Biochem. 1995 Oct 4;151(1):77-81. [PubMed ]
3. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed ]
4. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed ]
5. Malhotra KT, Malhotra K, Lubin BH, Kuypers FA: Identification and molecular characterization of acyl-CoA synthetase in human erythrocytes and erythroid precursors. Biochem J. 1999 Nov 15;344 Pt 1:135-43. [PubMed ]

MAEAHQAVGFRPSLTSDGAEVELSAPVLQEIYLSGLRSWKRHLSRFWNDFLTGVFPASPL
SWLFLFSAIQLAWFLQLDPSLGLMEKIKELLPDWGGQHHGLRGVLAAALFASCLWGALIF
TLHVALRLLLSYHGWLLEPHGAMSSPTKTWLALVRIFSGRHPMLFSYQRSLPRQPVPSVQ
DTVRKYLESVRPILSDEDFDWTAVLAQEFLRLQASLLQWYLRLKSWWASNYVSDWWEEFV
YLRSRNPLMVNSNYYMMDFLYVTPTPLQAARAGNAVHALLLYRHRLNRQEIPPTLLMGMR
PLCSAQYEKIFNTTRIPGVQKDYIRHLHDSQHVAVFHRGRFFRMGTHSRNSLLSPRALEQ
QFQRILDDPSPACPHEEHLAALTAAPRGTWAQVRTSLKTQAAEALEAVEGAAFFVSLDAE
PAGLTREDPAASLDAYAHALLAGRGHDRWFDKSFTLIVFSNGKLGLSVEHSWADCPISGH
MWEFTLATECFQLGYSTDGHCKGHPDPTLPQPQRLQWDLPDQIHSSISLALRGAKILSEN
VDCHVVPFSLFGKSFIRRCHLSSDSFIQIALQLAHFRDRGQFCLTYESAMTRLFLEGRTE
TVRSCTREACNFVRAMEDKEKTDPQCLALFRVAVDKHQALLKAAMSGQGVDRHLFALYIV
SRFLHLQSPFLTQVHSEQWQLSTSQIPVQQMHLFDVHNYPDYVSSGGGFGPADDHGYGVS
YIFMGDGMITFHISSKKSSTKTDSHRLGQHIEDALLDVASLFQAGQHFKRRFRGSGKENS
RHRCGFLSRQTGASKASMTSTDF

• Carn_acyltransf (PF00755 )

• 1-74

• 53-75
• 104-126

ATGGCTGAAGCGCACCAGGCCGTGGGCTTCCGACCCTCGCTGACCTCGGACGGGGCTGAA
GTGGAACTCAGTGCCCCTGTGCTGCAGGAGATCTACCTCTCTGGCCTGCGCTCCTGGAAA
AGGCATCTCTCACGTTTCTGGAATGACTTTCTCACCGGTGTGTTTCCTGCCAGCCCCCTC
AGTTGGCTTTTCCTCTTCAGTGCCATCCAGCTTGCCTGGTTCCTCCAGCTGGATCCTTCC
TTAGGACTGATGGAGAAGATCAAAGAGTTGCTGCCTGACTGGGGTGGACAACACCACGGG
CTCCGGGGGGTCCTGGCAGCCGCGCTGTTTGCCTCGTGTTTGTGGGGAGCCCTGATCTTC
ACACTGCACGTGGCCCTGAGGCTGCTTCTGTCCTACCACGGCTGGCTTCTTGAGCCCCAC
GGAGCCATGTCCTCCCCCACCAAGACCTGGCTGGCCCTGGTCCGCATCTTCTCTGGCCGC
CACCCGATGCTGTTCAGTTACCAGCGCTCCCTGCCACGCCAGCCCGTGCCCTCTGTGCAG
GACACCGTGCGCAAGTACCTGGAGTCGGTCCGGCCCATCCTCTCCGACGAGGACTTCGAC
TGGACCGCGGTCCTGGCGCAGGAATTCCTGAGGCTGCAGGCGTCGCTGCTGCAGTGGTAC
CTGCGGCTCAAGTCCTGGTGGGCGTCCAATTATGTCAGTGACTGGTGGGAGGAATTTGTG
TACCTGCGCTCCCGAAATCCGCTGATGGTGAACAGCAACTATTACATGATGGACTTCCTG
TATGTCACACCCACGCCTCTGCAGGCAGCTCGCGCTGGGAATGCCGTCCATGCCCTCCTC
CTGTACCGCCACCGCCTGAACCGCCAGGAGATACCCCCGACTTTGCTGATGGGAATGCGC
CCCTTATGCTCTGCCCAGTACGAGAAGATCTTCAACACCACGCGGATTCCAGGGGTCCAA
AAAGACTACATCCGCCACCTCCATGACAGCCAACACGTGGCTGTCTTCCACCGGGGCCGA
TTCTTCCGCATGGGGACCCACTCCCGAAACAGCCTGCTTTCCCCGAGAGCCCTGGAGCAG
CAGTTTCAGAGAATCCTGGATGATCCCTCACCGGCCTGCCCCCACGAGGAACATCTGGCA
GCTCTGACAGCTGCTCCCAGGGGCACGTGGGCCCAGGTGCGGACATCCCTGAAGACCCAG
GCAGCGGAGGCCCTGGAGGCGGTGGAAGGGGCCGCTTTCTTTGTGTCACTGGATGCTGAG
CCCGCGGGGCTCACCAGGGAGGACCCGGCAGCGTCGTTGGATGCCTACGCCCATGCTCTG
CTGGCCGGCCGGGGCCATGATCGCTGGTTTGACAAATCCTTCACCCTAATCGTCTTCTCT
AACGGGAAGCTGGGCCTCAGCGTGGAGCACTCCTGGGCCGACTGCCCCATCTCAGGACAC
ATGTGGGAGTTCACTCTGGCTACAGAATGCTTTCAGCTGGGCTACTCAACAGACGGCCAC
TGCAAGGGGCACCCGGACCCCACACTACCCCAGCCCCAGCGGCTGCAATGGGACCTTCCA
GACCAGATCCACTCCTCCATCTCTCTAGCCCTGAGGGGAGCCAAGATCTTGTCTGAAAAT
GTCGACTGCCATGTCGTTCCATTCTCCCTATTTGGCAAGAGCTTCATCCGACGCTGCCAC
CTCTCTTCAGACAGCTTCATCCAGATCGCCTTGCAACTGGCCCACTTCCGGGACAGGGGT
CAATTCTGCCTGACTTATGAGTCGGCCATGACTCGCTTATTCCTGGAAGGCCGGACGGAG
ACGGTGCGGTCTTGCACGAGGGAGGCCTGCAACTTTGTCAGGGCCATGGAGGACAAAGAG
AAGACGGACCCACAGTGCCTCGCCCTGTTCCGCGTGGCAGTGGACAAGCACCAGGCTCTG
CTGAAGGCAGCCATGAGCGGGCAGGGAGTTGACCGCCACCTGTTTGCGCTGTACATCGTG
TCCCGATTCCTCCACCTGCAGTCGCCCTTCCTGACCCAGGTCCATTCGGAGCAGTGGCAG
CTGTCCACCAGCCAGATCCCTGTTCAGCAAATGCATCTGTTTGACGTCCACAATTACCCG
GACTATGTTTCCTCAGGCGGTGGATTCGGGCCTGCTGATGACCATGGTTATGGTGTTTCT
TATATCTTCATGGGGGATGGCATGATCACCTTCCACATCTCCAGCAAAAAATCAAGCACA
AAAACGGATTCCCACAGGCTGGGGCAGCACATTGAGGACGCACTGCTGGATGTGGCCTCC
CTGTTCCAGGCGGGACAGCATTTTAAGCGCCGGTTCAGAGGGTCAGGGAAGGAGAACTCC
AGGCACAGGTGTGGATTTCTCTCCCGCCAGACTGGGGCCTCCAAGGCCTCAATGACATCC
ACCGACTTCTGA

MVPRLLLRAWPRGPAVGPGAPSRPLSAGSGPGQYLQRSIVPTMHYQDSLPRLPIPKLEDT
IRRYLSAQKPLLNDGQFRKTEQFCKSFENGIGKELHEQLVALDKQNKHTSYISGPWFDMY
LSARDSVVLNFNPFMAFNPDPKSEYNDQLTRATNMTVSAIRFLKTLRAGLLEPEVFHLNP
AKSDTITFKRLIRFVPSSLSWYGAYLVNAYPLDMSQYFRLFNSTRLPKPSRDELFTDDKA
RHLLVLRKGNFYIFDVLDQDGNIVSPSEIQAHLKYILSDSSPAPEFPLAYLTSENRDIWA
ELRQKLMSSGNEESLRKVDSAVFCLCLDDFPIKDLVHLSHNMLHGDGTNRWFDKSFNLII
AKDGSTAVHFEHSWGDGVAVLRFFNEVFKDSTQTPAVTPQSQPATTDSTVTVQKLNFELT
DALKTGITAAKEKFDATMKTLTIDCVQFQRGGKEFLKKQKLSPDAVAQLAFQMAFLRQYG
QTVATYESCSTAAFKHGRTETIRPASVYTKRCSEAFVREPSRHSAGELQQMMVECSKYHG
QLTKEAAMGQGFDRHLFALRHLAAAKGIILPELYLDPAYGQINHNVLSTSTLSSPAVNLG
GFAPVVSDGFGVGYAVHDNWIGCNVSSYPGRNAREFLQCVEKALEDMFDALEGKSIKS

• Carn_acyltransf (PF00755 )

• None

• None