| Version |
2.5 |
| Creation Date |
2005-11-16 15:48:42 |
| Update Date |
2009-05-05 20:57:46 |
| Accession Number |
HMDB00232 |
| Secondary Accession Numbers |
Not Available |
| Common Name |
Quinolinic acid |
| Description |
A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS. Quinolinic acid (QUIN) is a product of tryptophan metabolism that can act as an endogenous brain excitotoxin when released by activated macrophages. (Valle et. al, Brain 127:1047 (2004)) |
| Synonyms |
- pyridine-2,3-carboxylate
- 3,4-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid
- Pyridine-3,4-dicarboxylic acid
- 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid
- 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylate
- Pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylate
- Pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid
- Quinolinate
- Pyridin-2,3-dicarbonsaeure
- Quinolinic acid
|
| Chemical IUPAC Name |
2,3-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid |
| Chemical Formula |
C7H5NO4 |
| Chemical Structure |
 |
| Chemical Taxonomy |
| Kingdom |
|
| Super Class |
|
| Class |
|
| Sub Class |
- Aromatic dicarboxylic acids
|
| Family |
|
| Species |
- carboxylic acid
- aromatic compound
- heterocyclic compound
|
| Biofunction |
- Component of Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism
|
| Application |
| — |
| Source |
|
|
| Average Molecular Weight |
167.119 |
| Monoisotopic Molecular Weight |
167.021851 |
| Isomeric SMILES |
OC(=O)C1=CC=CN=C1C(O)=O |
| Canonical SMILES |
OC(=O)C1=CC=CN=C1C(O)=O |
| KEGG Compound ID |
C03722  |
| BioCyc ID |
QUINOLINATE  |
| BiGG ID |
42393  |
| Wikipedia Link |
Not Available |
| NuGOwiki Link |
HMDB00232  |
| Metagene Link |
HMDB00232  |
| METLIN ID |
330  |
| PubChem Compound |
1066  |
| PubChem Substance |
11372742  |
| ChEBI ID |
16675  |
| CAS Registry Number |
89-00-9 |
| InChI Identifier |
InChI=1/C7H5NO4/c9-6(10)4-2-1-3-8-5(4)7(11)12/h1-3H,(H,9,10)(H,11,12) |
| Synthesis Reference |
Akhmerova, S. G.; Islamgulova, V. R.; Koksharov, V. G.; Sapozhnikov, Yu. E.; Manaeva, R. M. Methods of preparation of quinolinic acid. Bashkirskii Khimicheskii Zhurnal (2001), 8(2), 9-14. |
| Melting Point (Experimental) |
190 |
| Experimental Water Solubility |
11.0 mg/mL [YALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992)]
Source: PhysProp
|
| Predicted Water Solubility |
4.07 mg/mL [Predicted by ALOGPS]
Calculated using ALOGPS
|
| Physiological Charge |
-2 |
| State |
Solid |
| Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity |
Not Available
Source: PhysProp
|
| Predicted LogP/Hydrophobicity |
0.15 [Predicted by ALOGPS]; -2.1 [Predicted by PubChem via XLOGP]; -0.12 [MEYLAN,WM & HOWARD,PH (1995)]
Calculated using ALOGPS
|
| Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) |
|
| MOL File |
Show  |
| SDF File |
Show  |
| PDB File |
Show  |
| 2D Structure |
|
| 3D Structure |
|
| Experimental PDB ID |
1QAP  |
| Experimental PDB File |
Show |
| Experimental PDB Structure |
|
| Experimental 1H NMR Spectrum |
Download Spectrum Download FID (Varian) Show Experimental Conditions  |
| Experimental 13C NMR Spectrum |
Not Available |
| Experimental 13C HSQC Spectrum |
Download Spectrum Download FID (Bruker) Show Experimental Conditions  |
| Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum |
Show Image Show Peaklist
|
| Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum |
Show Image Show Peaklist
|
| Mass Spectrum |
|
| Simplified TOCSY Spectrum |
Show Image Show Peaklist |
| BMRB Spectrum |
Show Image Show Peaklist |
| Cellular Location |
- Cytoplasm (Predicted from LogP)
|
| Biofluid Location |
- Blood
- Cerebrospinal Fluid
- Urine
|
| Tissue Location |
| Tissue |
References |
| Brain |
— |
| Central Nervous System |
— |
| Neuron |
— |
| Spleen |
— |
|
| Concentrations (Normal) |
| Biofluid |
Blood |
| Value |
0.47 +/- 0.047 uM |
| Age |
Adult:>18 yrs old |
| Sex |
Both |
| Patient information |
Normal |
| Comments |
Not Available |
| References |
- Smythe GA, Poljak A, Bustamante S, Braga O, Maxwell A, Grant R, Sachdev P: ECNI GC-MS analysis of picolinic and quinolinic acids and their amides in human plasma, CSF, and brain tissue. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2003;527:705-12. [PubMed
]
|
| Biofluid |
CSF |
| Value |
0.018 (0.012-0.024) uM |
| Age |
Adult:>18 yrs old |
| Sex |
Both |
| Patient information |
Normal |
| Comments |
Not Available |
| References |
- Smythe GA, Poljak A, Bustamante S, Braga O, Maxwell A, Grant R, Sachdev P: ECNI GC-MS analysis of picolinic and quinolinic acids and their amides in human plasma, CSF, and brain tissue. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2003;527:705-12. [PubMed
]
|
| Biofluid |
CSF |
| Value |
0.023 +/- 0.002 uM |
| Age |
Adult:>18 yrs old |
| Sex |
N/A |
| Patient information |
Normal |
| Comments |
Not Available |
| References |
- Heyes MP, Saito K, Crowley JS, Davis LE, Demitrack MA, Der M, Dilling LA, Elia J, Kruesi MJ, Lackner A, et al.: Quinolinic acid and kynurenine pathway metabolism in inflammatory and non-inflammatory neurological disease. Brain. 1992 Oct;115 ( Pt 5):1249-73. [PubMed
]
|
| Biofluid |
CSF |
| Value |
0.02 +/- 0.002 uM |
| Age |
Adult:>18 yrs old |
| Sex |
N/A |
| Patient information |
Normal |
| Comments |
Not Available |
| References |
- Heyes MP, Saito K, Milstien S, Schiff SJ: Quinolinic acid in tumors, hemorrhage and bacterial infections of the central nervous system in children. J Neurol Sci. 1995 Nov;133(1-2):112-8. [PubMed
]
|
| Biofluid |
CSF |
| Value |
0.022 +/- 0.0021 uM |
| Age |
Adult:>18 yrs old |
| Sex |
N/A |
| Patient information |
Normal |
| Comments |
Not Available |
| References |
- Heyes MP, Saito K, Lackner A, Wiley CA, Achim CL, Markey SP: Sources of the neurotoxin quinolinic acid in the brain of HIV-1-infected patients and retrovirus-infected macaques. FASEB J. 1998 Jul;12(10):881-96. [PubMed
]
|
| Biofluid |
CSF |
| Value |
0.07 (0.05-0.10) uM |
| Age |
Adult:>18 yrs old |
| Sex |
N/A |
| Patient information |
Normal |
| Comments |
Not Available |
| References |
- Medana IM, Hien TT, Day NP, Phu NH, Mai NT, Chu'ong LV, Chau TT, Taylor A, Salahifar H, Stocker R, Smythe G, Turner GD, Farrar J, White NJ, Hunt NH: The clinical significance of cerebrospinal fluid levels of kynurenine pathway metabolites and lactate in severe malaria. J Infect Dis. 2002 Mar 1;185(5):650-6. Epub 2002 Feb 14. [PubMed
]
|
| Biofluid |
CSF |
| Value |
0.018 +/- 0.006 uM |
| Age |
Adult:>18 yrs old |
| Sex |
N/A |
| Patient information |
Normal |
| Comments |
Not Available |
| References |
- Smythe GA, Poljak A, Bustamante S, Braga O, Maxwell A, Grant R, Sachdev P: ECNI GC-MS analysis of picolinic and quinolinic acids and their amides in human plasma, CSF, and brain tissue. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2003;527:705-12. [PubMed
]
|
| Biofluid |
CSF |
| Value |
0.07 (0.05-0.10) uM |
| Age |
Adult:>18 yrs old |
| Sex |
Both |
| Patient information |
Normal |
| Comments |
Not Available |
| References |
- Medana IM, Hien TT, Day NP, Phu NH, Mai NT, Chu'ong LV, Chau TT, Taylor A, Salahifar H, Stocker R, Smythe G, Turner GD, Farrar J, White NJ, Hunt NH: The clinical significance of cerebrospinal fluid levels of kynurenine pathway metabolites and lactate in severe malaria. J Infect Dis. 2002 Mar 1;185(5):650-6. Epub 2002 Feb 14. [PubMed
]
|
| Biofluid |
Urine |
| Value |
0.67 +/- 1.34 umol/mmol creatinine |
| Age |
Infant:0-1 yr old |
| Sex |
Both |
| Patient information |
Normal |
| Comments |
Not Available |
| References |
- Shoemaker JD, Elliott WH: Automated screening of urine samples for carbohydrates, organic and amino acids after treatment with urease. J Chromatogr. 1991 Jan 2;562(1-2):125-38. [PubMed
]
|
| Biofluid |
Urine |
| Value |
44.8 umol/mmol creatinine |
| Age |
Newborn:0-30 days old |
| Sex |
Both |
| Patient information |
Normal |
| Comments |
Not Available |
| References |
- Heyes MP, Saito K, Lackner A, Wiley CA, Achim CL, Markey SP: Sources of the neurotoxin quinolinic acid in the brain of HIV-1-infected patients and retrovirus-infected macaques. FASEB J. 1998 Jul;12(10):881-96. [PubMed
]
|
| Biofluid |
Urine |
| Value |
44.8 (10.4-115.3) umol/mmol creatinine |
| Age |
Newborn:0-30 days old |
| Sex |
Both |
| Patient information |
Normal |
| Comments |
Not Available |
| References |
- Guneral F, Bachmann C: Age-related reference values for urinary organic acids in a healthy Turkish pediatric population. Clin Chem. 1994 Jun;40(6):862-6. [PubMed
]
|
| Biofluid |
Urine |
| Value |
13.2 (0.1-54.5) umol/mmol creatinine |
| Age |
Infant:0-1 yr old |
| Sex |
Both |
| Patient information |
Normal |
| Comments |
Not Available |
| References |
- Guneral F, Bachmann C: Age-related reference values for urinary organic acids in a healthy Turkish pediatric population. Clin Chem. 1994 Jun;40(6):862-6. [PubMed
]
|
| Biofluid |
Urine |
| Value |
10.5 (4.8-26.2) umol/mmol creatinine |
| Age |
Children:1-13 yrs old |
| Sex |
Both |
| Patient information |
Normal |
| Comments |
Children aged 2-6 years |
| References |
- Guneral F, Bachmann C: Age-related reference values for urinary organic acids in a healthy Turkish pediatric population. Clin Chem. 1994 Jun;40(6):862-6. [PubMed
]
|
| Biofluid |
Urine |
| Value |
7.7 (4.3-13.7) umol/mmol creatinine |
| Age |
Children:1-13 yrs old |
| Sex |
Both |
| Patient information |
Normal |
| Comments |
Children aged 6-10 years |
| References |
- Guneral F, Bachmann C: Age-related reference values for urinary organic acids in a healthy Turkish pediatric population. Clin Chem. 1994 Jun;40(6):862-6. [PubMed
]
|
| Biofluid |
Urine |
| Value |
7.3 (2.4-13.2) umol/mmol creatinine |
| Age |
Adult:>18 yrs old |
| Sex |
Both |
| Patient information |
Normal |
| Comments |
Children >10 years old |
| References |
- Guneral F, Bachmann C: Age-related reference values for urinary organic acids in a healthy Turkish pediatric population. Clin Chem. 1994 Jun;40(6):862-6. [PubMed
]
|
| Biofluid |
Urine |
| Value |
2.5 +/- 1.1 umol/mmol creatinine |
| Age |
Adult:>18 yrs old |
| Sex |
Both |
| Patient information |
Normal |
| Comments |
Not Available |
| References |
- Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 165-177. Edited by Cornelius Lentner.
- West Cadwell, N.J. : Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp.
- Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
|
|
| Concentrations (Abnormal) |
| Biofluid |
CSF |
| Value |
0.00015 (0.00011-0.00019) uM |
| Age |
Adult:>18 yrs old |
| Sex |
Both |
| Condition |
Hepatic coma |
| Comments |
Not Available |
| References |
- Moroni F, Lombardi G, Carla V, Lal S, Etienne P, Nair NP: Increase in the content of quinolinic acid in cerebrospinal fluid and frontal cortex of patients with hepatic failure. J Neurochem. 1986 Dec;47(6):1667-71. [PubMed
]
|
| Biofluid |
CSF |
| Value |
0.29 (0.17-0.41) uM |
| Age |
Adult:>18 yrs old |
| Sex |
Both |
| Condition |
Traumatic brain injury |
| Comments |
Brain oedema or injury |
| References |
- Smythe GA, Poljak A, Bustamante S, Braga O, Maxwell A, Grant R, Sachdev P: ECNI GC-MS analysis of picolinic and quinolinic acids and their amides in human plasma, CSF, and brain tissue. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2003;527:705-12. [PubMed
]
|
| Biofluid |
CSF |
| Value |
0.031 +/- 0.005 uM |
| Age |
Adult:>18 yrs old |
| Sex |
N/A |
| Condition |
Hydrocephalus |
| Comments |
Not Available |
| References |
- Heyes MP, Saito K, Milstien S, Schiff SJ: Quinolinic acid in tumors, hemorrhage and bacterial infections of the central nervous system in children. J Neurol Sci. 1995 Nov;133(1-2):112-8. [PubMed
]
|
| Biofluid |
CSF |
| Value |
0.20 (0.12 - 0.75) uM |
| Age |
Adult:>18 yrs old |
| Sex |
N/A |
| Condition |
Intraventricular hemorrhage |
| Comments |
Not Available |
| References |
- Heyes MP, Saito K, Milstien S, Schiff SJ: Quinolinic acid in tumors, hemorrhage and bacterial infections of the central nervous system in children. J Neurol Sci. 1995 Nov;133(1-2):112-8. [PubMed
]
|
| Biofluid |
CSF |
| Value |
0.28 +/- 0.082 uM |
| Age |
Adult:>18 yrs old |
| Sex |
N/A |
| Condition |
CNS tumors |
| Comments |
Not Available |
| References |
- Heyes MP, Saito K, Milstien S, Schiff SJ: Quinolinic acid in tumors, hemorrhage and bacterial infections of the central nervous system in children. J Neurol Sci. 1995 Nov;133(1-2):112-8. [PubMed
]
|
| Biofluid |
CSF |
| Value |
1.08 +/- 0.54 uM |
| Age |
Adult:>18 yrs old |
| Sex |
N/A |
| Condition |
CNS infections |
| Comments |
Not Available |
| References |
- Heyes MP, Saito K, Milstien S, Schiff SJ: Quinolinic acid in tumors, hemorrhage and bacterial infections of the central nervous system in children. J Neurol Sci. 1995 Nov;133(1-2):112-8. [PubMed
]
|
| Biofluid |
CSF |
| Value |
3.78 +/- 0.88 uM |
| Age |
Adult:>18 yrs old |
| Sex |
N/A |
| Condition |
AIDS |
| Comments |
Not Available |
| References |
- Heyes MP, Saito K, Lackner A, Wiley CA, Achim CL, Markey SP: Sources of the neurotoxin quinolinic acid in the brain of HIV-1-infected patients and retrovirus-infected macaques. FASEB J. 1998 Jul;12(10):881-96. [PubMed
]
|
| Biofluid |
CSF |
| Value |
0.8 (0.7-1.0) uM |
| Age |
Adult:>18 yrs old |
| Sex |
N/A |
| Condition |
Malaria |
| Comments |
Severe malaria |
| References |
- Medana IM, Hien TT, Day NP, Phu NH, Mai NT, Chu'ong LV, Chau TT, Taylor A, Salahifar H, Stocker R, Smythe G, Turner GD, Farrar J, White NJ, Hunt NH: The clinical significance of cerebrospinal fluid levels of kynurenine pathway metabolites and lactate in severe malaria. J Infect Dis. 2002 Mar 1;185(5):650-6. Epub 2002 Feb 14. [PubMed
]
|
| Biofluid |
CSF |
| Value |
6.10 (0.37-100.9) uM |
| Age |
N/A |
| Sex |
N/A |
| Condition |
Tuberculous meningitis |
| Comments |
In children |
| References |
- Medana IM, Day NP, Salahifar-Sabet H, Stocker R, Smythe G, Bwanaisa L, Njobvu A, Kayira K, Turner GD, Taylor TE, Hunt NH: Metabolites of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in the cerebrospinal fluid of Malawian children with malaria. J Infect Dis. 2003 Sep 15;188(6):844-9. Epub 2003 Sep 9. [PubMed
]
|
| Biofluid |
CSF |
| Value |
0.10 (0-2.37) uM |
| Age |
N/A |
| Sex |
N/A |
| Condition |
Anemia |
| Comments |
Not Available |
| References |
- Medana IM, Day NP, Salahifar-Sabet H, Stocker R, Smythe G, Bwanaisa L, Njobvu A, Kayira K, Turner GD, Taylor TE, Hunt NH: Metabolites of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in the cerebrospinal fluid of Malawian children with malaria. J Infect Dis. 2003 Sep 15;188(6):844-9. Epub 2003 Sep 9. [PubMed
]
|
| Biofluid |
CSF |
| Value |
0.09 (0.07-0.11) uM |
| Age |
N/A |
| Sex |
N/A |
| Condition |
Malaria |
| Comments |
Cerebral malaria in children |
| References |
- Medana IM, Day NP, Salahifar-Sabet H, Stocker R, Smythe G, Bwanaisa L, Njobvu A, Kayira K, Turner GD, Taylor TE, Hunt NH: Metabolites of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in the cerebrospinal fluid of Malawian children with malaria. J Infect Dis. 2003 Sep 15;188(6):844-9. Epub 2003 Sep 9. [PubMed
]
|
| Biofluid |
CSF |
| Value |
0.08 (0.04-0.16) uM |
| Age |
N/A |
| Sex |
N/A |
| Condition |
Malaria |
| Comments |
Uncomplicated malaria in children |
| References |
- Medana IM, Day NP, Salahifar-Sabet H, Stocker R, Smythe G, Bwanaisa L, Njobvu A, Kayira K, Turner GD, Taylor TE, Hunt NH: Metabolites of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in the cerebrospinal fluid of Malawian children with malaria. J Infect Dis. 2003 Sep 15;188(6):844-9. Epub 2003 Sep 9. [PubMed
]
|
| Biofluid |
CSF |
| Value |
0.03 (0.01-0.13) uM |
| Age |
N/A |
| Sex |
N/A |
| Condition |
Convulsion |
| Comments |
In children |
| References |
- Medana IM, Day NP, Salahifar-Sabet H, Stocker R, Smythe G, Bwanaisa L, Njobvu A, Kayira K, Turner GD, Taylor TE, Hunt NH: Metabolites of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in the cerebrospinal fluid of Malawian children with malaria. J Infect Dis. 2003 Sep 15;188(6):844-9. Epub 2003 Sep 9. [PubMed
]
|
| Biofluid |
CSF |
| Value |
0.04 +/- 0.00 uM |
| Age |
Adult:>18 yrs old |
| Sex |
N/A |
| Comments |
Not Available |
| References |
- Chen Y, Stankovic R, Cullen KM, Meininger V, Garner B, Coggan S, Grant R, Brew BJ, Guillemin GJ: The kynurenine pathway and inflammation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurotox Res. 2010 Aug;18(2):132-42. Epub 2009 Nov 18. [PubMed
]
|
| Biofluid |
CSF |
| Value |
0.06 +/- 0.01 uM |
| Age |
Adult:>18 yrs old |
| Sex |
Female |
| Comments |
Not Available |
| References |
- Chen Y, Stankovic R, Cullen KM, Meininger V, Garner B, Coggan S, Grant R, Brew BJ, Guillemin GJ: The kynurenine pathway and inflammation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurotox Res. 2010 Aug;18(2):132-42. Epub 2009 Nov 18. [PubMed
]
|
| Biofluid |
CSF |
| Value |
0.05 +/- 0.01 uM |
| Age |
Adult:>18 yrs old |
| Sex |
N/A |
| Comments |
Not Available |
| References |
- Chen Y, Stankovic R, Cullen KM, Meininger V, Garner B, Coggan S, Grant R, Brew BJ, Guillemin GJ: The kynurenine pathway and inflammation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurotox Res. 2010 Aug;18(2):132-42. Epub 2009 Nov 18. [PubMed
]
|
| Biofluid |
CSF |
| Value |
0.04 +/- 0.01 uM |
| Age |
Adult:>18 yrs old |
| Sex |
N/A |
| Comments |
Not Available |
| References |
- Chen Y, Stankovic R, Cullen KM, Meininger V, Garner B, Coggan S, Grant R, Brew BJ, Guillemin GJ: The kynurenine pathway and inflammation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurotox Res. 2010 Aug;18(2):132-42. Epub 2009 Nov 18. [PubMed
]
|
|
| Associated Disorders |
| Condition |
References |
| AIDS |
- Heyes MP, Saito K, Lackner A, Wiley CA, Achim CL, Markey SP: Sources of the neurotoxin quinolinic acid in the brain of HIV-1-infected patients and retrovirus-infected macaques. FASEB J. 1998 Jul;12(10):881-96. [PubMed
]
|
| Anemia |
- Medana IM, Day NP, Salahifar-Sabet H, Stocker R, Smythe G, Bwanaisa L, Njobvu A, Kayira K, Turner GD, Taylor TE, Hunt NH: Metabolites of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in the cerebrospinal fluid of Malawian children with malaria. J Infect Dis. 2003 Sep 15;188(6):844-9. Epub 2003 Sep 9. [PubMed
]
|
| CNS infections |
- Heyes MP, Saito K, Milstien S, Schiff SJ: Quinolinic acid in tumors, hemorrhage and bacterial infections of the central nervous system in children. J Neurol Sci. 1995 Nov;133(1-2):112-8. [PubMed
]
|
| CNS tumors |
- Heyes MP, Saito K, Milstien S, Schiff SJ: Quinolinic acid in tumors, hemorrhage and bacterial infections of the central nervous system in children. J Neurol Sci. 1995 Nov;133(1-2):112-8. [PubMed
]
|
| Convulsion |
- Medana IM, Day NP, Salahifar-Sabet H, Stocker R, Smythe G, Bwanaisa L, Njobvu A, Kayira K, Turner GD, Taylor TE, Hunt NH: Metabolites of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in the cerebrospinal fluid of Malawian children with malaria. J Infect Dis. 2003 Sep 15;188(6):844-9. Epub 2003 Sep 9. [PubMed
]
|
| Hepatic coma |
- Moroni F, Lombardi G, Carla V, Lal S, Etienne P, Nair NP: Increase in the content of quinolinic acid in cerebrospinal fluid and frontal cortex of patients with hepatic failure. J Neurochem. 1986 Dec;47(6):1667-71. [PubMed
]
|
| Hydrocephalus |
- Heyes MP, Saito K, Milstien S, Schiff SJ: Quinolinic acid in tumors, hemorrhage and bacterial infections of the central nervous system in children. J Neurol Sci. 1995 Nov;133(1-2):112-8. [PubMed
]
|
| Intraventricular hemorrhage |
- Heyes MP, Saito K, Milstien S, Schiff SJ: Quinolinic acid in tumors, hemorrhage and bacterial infections of the central nervous system in children. J Neurol Sci. 1995 Nov;133(1-2):112-8. [PubMed
]
|
| Malaria |
|
| Traumatic brain injury |
- Smythe GA, Poljak A, Bustamante S, Braga O, Maxwell A, Grant R, Sachdev P: ECNI GC-MS analysis of picolinic and quinolinic acids and their amides in human plasma, CSF, and brain tissue. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2003;527:705-12. [PubMed
]
|
| Tuberculous meningitis |
- Medana IM, Day NP, Salahifar-Sabet H, Stocker R, Smythe G, Bwanaisa L, Njobvu A, Kayira K, Turner GD, Taylor TE, Hunt NH: Metabolites of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in the cerebrospinal fluid of Malawian children with malaria. J Infect Dis. 2003 Sep 15;188(6):844-9. Epub 2003 Sep 9. [PubMed
]
|
|
| OMIM ID |
|
| Pathways |
|
| General References |
- Wolfensberger M, Amsler U, Cuenod M, Foster AC, Whetsell WO Jr, Schwarcz R: Identification of quinolinic acid in rat and human brain tissue. Neurosci Lett. 1983 Nov 11;41(3):247-52. [PubMed
]
- Heyes MP, Achim CL, Wiley CA, Major EO, Saito K, Markey SP: Human microglia convert l-tryptophan into the neurotoxin quinolinic acid. Biochem J. 1996 Dec 1;320 ( Pt 2):595-7. [PubMed
]
- Kurup RK, Kurup PA: Hypothalamic digoxin, hemispheric chemical dominance, and Alzheimer's disease. Int J Neurosci. 2003 Mar;113(3):361-81. [PubMed
]
- Guneral F, Bachmann C: Age-related reference values for urinary organic acids in a healthy Turkish pediatric population. Clin Chem. 1994 Jun;40(6):862-6. [PubMed
]
- Heyes MP, Wyler AR, Devinsky O, Yergey JA, Markey SP, Nadi NS: Quinolinic acid concentrations in brain and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with intractable complex partial seizures. Epilepsia. 1990 Mar-Apr;31(2):172-7. [PubMed
]
- Kurup RK, Kurup PA: Central role of hypothalamic digoxin in conscious perception, neuroimmunoendocrine integration, and coordination of cellular function: relation to hemispheric dominance. Int J Neurosci. 2002 Jun;112(6):705-39. [PubMed
]
- Moroni F, Lombardi G, Carla V, Lal S, Etienne P, Nair NP: Increase in the content of quinolinic acid in cerebrospinal fluid and frontal cortex of patients with hepatic failure. J Neurochem. 1986 Dec;47(6):1667-71. [PubMed
]
- Heyes MP, Saito K, Lackner A, Wiley CA, Achim CL, Markey SP: Sources of the neurotoxin quinolinic acid in the brain of HIV-1-infected patients and retrovirus-infected macaques. FASEB J. 1998 Jul;12(10):881-96. [PubMed
]
- Basile AS, Saito K, al-Mardini H, Record CO, Hughes RD, Harrison P, Williams R, Li Y, Heyes MP: The relationship between plasma and brain quinolinic acid levels and the severity of hepatic encephalopathy. Gastroenterology. 1995 Mar;108(3):818-23. [PubMed
]
- Power C, Johnson RT: HIV-1 associated dementia: clinical features and pathogenesis. Can J Neurol Sci. 1995 May;22(2):92-100. [PubMed
]
- Shoemaker JD, Elliott WH: Automated screening of urine samples for carbohydrates, organic and amino acids after treatment with urease. J Chromatogr. 1991 Jan 2;562(1-2):125-38. [PubMed
]
- Medana IM, Hien TT, Day NP, Phu NH, Mai NT, Chu'ong LV, Chau TT, Taylor A, Salahifar H, Stocker R, Smythe G, Turner GD, Farrar J, White NJ, Hunt NH: The clinical significance of cerebrospinal fluid levels of kynurenine pathway metabolites and lactate in severe malaria. J Infect Dis. 2002 Mar 1;185(5):650-6. Epub 2002 Feb 14. [PubMed
]
- Smythe GA, Poljak A, Bustamante S, Braga O, Maxwell A, Grant R, Sachdev P: ECNI GC-MS analysis of picolinic and quinolinic acids and their amides in human plasma, CSF, and brain tissue. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2003;527:705-12. [PubMed
]
- Ellison DW, Beal MF, Mazurek MF, Malloy JR, Bird ED, Martin JB: Amino acid neurotransmitter abnormalities in Huntington's disease and the quinolinic acid animal model of Huntington's disease. Brain. 1987 Dec;110 ( Pt 6):1657-73. [PubMed
]
- Saito K, Markey SP, Heyes MP: Effects of immune activation on quinolinic acid and neuroactive kynurenines in the mouse. Neuroscience. 1992 Nov;51(1):25-39. [PubMed
]
- Heyes MP, Rubinow D, Lane C, Markey SP: Cerebrospinal fluid quinolinic acid concentrations are increased in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Ann Neurol. 1989 Aug;26(2):275-7. [PubMed
]
- Heyes MP, Ellis RJ, Ryan L, Childers ME, Grant I, Wolfson T, Archibald S, Jernigan TL: Elevated cerebrospinal fluid quinolinic acid levels are associated with region-specific cerebral volume loss in HIV infection. Brain. 2001 May;124(Pt 5):1033-42. [PubMed
]
- Medana IM, Day NP, Salahifar-Sabet H, Stocker R, Smythe G, Bwanaisa L, Njobvu A, Kayira K, Turner GD, Taylor TE, Hunt NH: Metabolites of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in the cerebrospinal fluid of Malawian children with malaria. J Infect Dis. 2003 Sep 15;188(6):844-9. Epub 2003 Sep 9. [PubMed
]
- Heyes MP, Saito K, Milstien S, Schiff SJ: Quinolinic acid in tumors, hemorrhage and bacterial infections of the central nervous system in children. J Neurol Sci. 1995 Nov;133(1-2):112-8. [PubMed
]
- Heyes MP, Saito K, Crowley JS, Davis LE, Demitrack MA, Der M, Dilling LA, Elia J, Kruesi MJ, Lackner A, et al.: Quinolinic acid and kynurenine pathway metabolism in inflammatory and non-inflammatory neurological disease. Brain. 1992 Oct;115 ( Pt 5):1249-73. [PubMed
]
|
| Metabolic Enzymes |
- Nicotinate-nucleotide pyrophosphorylase [carboxylating]
- Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase
|
|
Enzyme 1
[top]
|
| Enzyme 1 ID |
5573 |
| Enzyme 1 Name |
Nicotinate-nucleotide pyrophosphorylase [carboxylating] |
| Enzyme 1 Synonyms |
- Quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase [decarboxylating]
- QAPRTase
- QPRTase
|
| Enzyme 1 Gene Name |
QPRT |
| Enzyme 1 Protein Sequence |
>Nicotinate-nucleotide pyrophosphorylase [carboxylating]
MDAEGLALLLPPVTLAALVDSWLREDCPGLNYAALVSGAGPSQAALWAKSPGVLAGQPFF
DAIFTQLNCQVSWFLPEGSKLVPVARVAEVRGPAHCLLLGERVALNTLARCSGIASAAAA
AVEAARGAGWTGHVAGTRKTTPGFRLVEKYGLLVGGAASHRYDLGGLVMVKDNHVVAAGG
VEKAVRAARQAADFTLKVEVECSSLQEAVQAAEAGADLVLLDNFKPEELHPTATVLKAQF
PSVAVEASGGITLDNLPQFCGPHIDVISMGMLTQAAPALDFSLKLFAKEVAPVPKIH
|
| Enzyme 1 Number of Residues |
297 |
| Enzyme 1 Molecular Weight |
30845.3 |
| Enzyme 1 Theoretical pI |
6.15 |
| Enzyme 1 GO Classification |
| Function |
- catalytic activity
- nicotinate-nucleotide diphosphorylase (carboxylating) activity
- nicotinate-nucleotide diphosphorylase (carboxylating) activity
- transferase activity
- transferase activity, transferring glycosyl groups
- transferase activity, transferring pentosyl groups
|
| Process |
- NAD biosynthetic process
- cellular metabolic process
- coenzyme biosynthetic process
- coenzyme metabolic process
- cofactor metabolic process
- metabolic process
- nicotinamide nucleotide biosynthetic process
- pyridine nucleotide biosynthetic process
|
| Component |
| — |
|
| Enzyme 1 General Function |
Involved in catalytic activity |
| Enzyme 1 Specific Function |
Involved in the catabolism of quinolinic acid (QA) |
| Enzyme 1 Pathways |
- Nicotinate and Nicotinamide Metabolism (map00760
)
|
| Enzyme 1 Reactions |
- nicotinate D-ribonucleotide + diphosphate + CO2 = pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylate + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate [RN:R03348]
|
| Enzyme 1 Pfam Domain Function |
|
| Enzyme 1 Signals |
|
| Enzyme 1 Transmembrane Regions |
|
| Enzyme 1 Essentiality |
Not Available |
| Enzyme 1 GenBank ID Protein |
13477197  |
| Enzyme 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID |
Q15274  |
| Enzyme 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name |
NADC_HUMAN  |
| Enzyme 1 PDB ID |
Not Available |
| Enzyme 1 Cellular Location |
Not Available |
| Enzyme 1 Gene Sequence |
>894 bp
ATGGACGCTGAAGGCCTGGCGCTGCTGCTGCCGCCCGTCACCCTGGCAGCCCTGGTGGAC
AGCTGGCTCCGAGAGGACTGCCCAGGGCTCAACTACGCAGCCTTGGTCAGCGGGGCAGGC
CCCTCGCAGGCGGCGCTGTGGGCCAAATCCCCTGGGATACTGGCAGGGCAGCCTTTCTTC
GATGCCATATTTACCCAACTCAACTGCCAAGTCTCCTGGTTCCTCCCCGAGGGATCGAAG
CTGGTGCCGGTGGCCAGAGTGGCCGAGGTCCGGGGCCCTGCCCACTGCCTGCTGCTGGGG
GAACGGGTGGCCCTCAACACGCTGGCCCGCTGCAGTGGCATTGCCAGTGCTGCCGCCGCT
GCAGTGGAGGCCGCCAGGGGGGCCGGCTGGACTGGGCACGTGGCAGGCACGAGGAAGACC
ACGCCAGGCTTCCGGCTGGTGGAGAAGTATGGGCTCCTGGTGGGCGGGGCCGCCTCGCAC
CGCTACGACCTGGGAGGGCTGGTGATGGTGAAGGATAACCATGTGGTGGCCGCCGGTGGC
GTGGAGAAGGCGGTGCGGGCGGCCAGACAGGCGGCTGACTTCGCTCTGAAGGTGGAAGTG
GAATGCAGCAGCCTGCAGGAGGCCGTGCAGGCAGCTGAGGCTGGTGCCGACCTTGTCCTG
CTGGACAACTTCAAGCCAGAGGAGCTGCACCCCACGGCCACCGTGCTGAAGGCCCAGTTC
CCGAGTGTGGCTGTGGAAGCCAGTGGGGGCATCACCCTGGACAACCTCCCCCAGTTCTGC
GGGCCGCACATAGACGTCATCTCCATGGGGATGCTGACCCAGGCGGCCCCAGCCCTTGAT
TTCTCCCTCAAGCTGTTTGCCAAAGAGGTGGCTCCAGTGCCCAAAATCCACTAG
|
| Enzyme 1 GenBank Gene ID |
BC005060  |
| Enzyme 1 GeneCard ID |
QPRT  |
| Enzyme 1 GenAtlas ID |
QPRT  |
| Enzyme 1 HGNC ID |
HGNC:9755  |
| Enzyme 1 Chromosome Location |
1 |
| Enzyme 1 Locus |
16p11.2 |
| Enzyme 1 SNPs |
SNPJam Report  |
| Enzyme 1 General References |
- Fukuoka SI, Nyaruhucha CM, Shibata K: Characterization and functional expression of the cDNA encoding human brain quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1998 Jan 21;1395(2):192-201. [PubMed
]
- Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed
]
- Liu H, Woznica K, Catton G, Crawford A, Botting N, Naismith JH: Structural and kinetic characterization of quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase (hQPRTase) from homo sapiens. J Mol Biol. 2007 Oct 26;373(3):755-63. Epub 2007 Aug 24. [PubMed
]
|
| Enzyme 1 Metabolite References |
Not Available |
|
Enzyme 2
[top]
|
| Enzyme 2 ID |
8105 |
| Enzyme 2 Name |
Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase |
| Enzyme 2 Synonyms |
- Kynurenine 3-hydroxylase
|
| Enzyme 2 Gene Name |
KMO |
| Enzyme 2 Protein Sequence |
>Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase
MDSSVIQRKKVAVIGGGLVGSLQACFLAKRNFQIDVYEAREDTRVATFTRGRSINLALSH
RGRQALKAVGLEDQIVSQGIPMRARMIHSLSGKKSAIPYGTKSQYILSVSRENLNKDLLT
AAEKYPNVKMHFNHRLLKCNPEEGMITVLGSDKVPKDVTCDLIVGCDGAYSTVRSHLMKK
PRFDYSQQYIPHGYMELTIPPKNGDYAMEPNYLHIWPRNTFMMIALPNMNKSFTCTLFMP
FEEFEKLLTSNDVVDFFQKYFPDAIPLIGEKLLVQDFFLLPAQPMISVKCSSFHFKSHCV
LLGDAAHAIVPFFGQGMNAGFEDCLVFDELMDKFSNDLSLCLPVFSRLRIPDDHAISDLS
MYNYIEMRAHVNSSWFIFQKNMERFLHAIMPSTFIPLYTMVTFSRIRYHEAVQRWHWQKK
VINKGLFFLGSLIAISSTYLLIHYMSPRSFLRLRRPWNWIAHFRNTTCFPAKAVDSLEQI
SNLISR
|
| Enzyme 2 Number of Residues |
486 |
| Enzyme 2 Molecular Weight |
55809.4 |
| Enzyme 2 Theoretical pI |
9.34 |
| Enzyme 2 GO Classification |
| Function |
- catalytic activity
- monooxygenase activity
- oxidoreductase activity
|
| Process |
- metabolic process
- oxidation reduction
|
| Component |
| — |
|
| Enzyme 2 General Function |
Involved in monooxygenase activity |
| Enzyme 2 Specific Function |
Catalyzes the hydroxylation of L-kynurenine (L-Kyn) to form 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine (L-3OHKyn). Required for synthesis of quinolinic acid, a neurotoxic NMDA receptor antagonist and potential endogenous inhibitor of NMDA receptor signaling in axonal targeting, synaptogenesis and apoptosis during brain development. Quinolinic acid may also affect NMDA receptor signaling in pancreatic beta cells, osteoblasts, myocardial cells, and the gastrointestinal tract |
| Enzyme 2 Pathways |
|
| Enzyme 2 Reactions |
- L-kynurenine + NADPH + H+ + O2 = 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + NADP+ + H2O [RN:R01960]
|
| Enzyme 2 Pfam Domain Function |
|
| Enzyme 2 Signals |
|
| Enzyme 2 Transmembrane Regions |
|
| Enzyme 2 Essentiality |
Not Available |
| Enzyme 2 GenBank ID Protein |
2239124  |
| Enzyme 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID |
O15229  |
| Enzyme 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name |
KMO_HUMAN  |
| Enzyme 2 PDB ID |
Not Available |
| Enzyme 2 Cellular Location |
Not Available |
| Enzyme 2 Gene Sequence |
>1461 bp
ATGGACTCATCTGTCATTCAAAGGAAAAAAGTAGCTGTCATTGGTGGTGGCTTGGTTGGC
TCATTACAAGCATGCTTTCTTGCAAAGAGGAATTTCCAGATTGATGTATATGAAGCTAGG
GAAGATACTCGAGTGGCTACCTTCACACGTGGAAGAAGCATTAACTTAGCCCTTTCTCAT
AGAGGACGACAAGCCTTGAAAGCTGTTGGCCTGGAAGATCAGATTGTATCCCAAGGTATT
CCCATGAGAGCAAGAATGATCCACTCTCTTTCAGGAAAAAAGTCTGCAATTCCCTATGGG
ACAAAGTCTCAGTATATTCTTTCTGTAAGCAGAGAAAATCTAAACAAGGATCTATTGACT
GCTGCTGAGAAATACCCCAATGTGAAAATGCACTTTAACCACAGGCTGTTGAAATGTAAT
CCAGAGGAAGGAATGATCACAGTGCTTGGATCTGACAAAGTTCCCAAAGATGTCACTTGT
GACCTCATTGTAGGATGTGATGGAGCCTATTCAACTGTCAGATCTCACCTGATGAAGAAA
CCTCGCTTTGATTACAGTCAGCAGTACATTCCTCATGGGTACATGGAGTTGACTATTCCA
CCTAAGAACGGAGATTATGCCATGGAACCTAATTATCTGCATATTTGGCCTAGAAATACC
TTTATGATGATTGCACTTCCTAACATGAACAAATCATTCACATGTACTTTGTTCATGCCC
TTTGAAGAGTTTGAAAAACTTCTAACCAGTAATGATGTGGTAGATTTCTTCCAGAAATAC
TTTCCGGATGCCATCCCTCTAATTGGAGAGAAACTCCTAGTGCAAGATTTCTTCCTGTTG
CCTGCCCAGCCCATGATATCTGTAAAGTGCTCTTCATTTCACTTTAAATCTCACTGTGTA
CTGCTGGGAGATGCAGCTCATGCTATAGTGCCGTTTTTTGGGCAAGGAATGAATGCGGGC
TTTGAAGACTGCTTGGTATTTGATGAGTTAATGGATAAATTCAGTAACGACCTTAGTTTG
TGTCTTCCTGTGTTCTCAAGATTGAGAATCCCAGATGATCACGCGATTTCAGACCTATCC
ATGTACAATTACATAGAGATGCGAGCACATGTCAACTCAAGCTGGTTCATTTTTCAGAAG
AACATGGAGAGATTTCTTCATGCGATTATGCCATCGACCTTTATCCCTCTCTATACAATG
GTCACTTTTTCCAGAATAAGATACCATGAGGCTGTGCAGCGTTGGCATTGGCAAAAAAAG
GTGATAAACAAAGGACTCTTTTTCTTGGGATCACTGATAGCCATCAGCAGTACCTACCTA
CTTATACACTACATGTCACCACGATCTTTCCTCTGCTTGAGAAGACCATGGAACTGGATA
GCTCACTTCCGGAATACAACATGTTTCCCCGCAAAGGCCGTGGACTCCCTAGAACAAATT
TCCAATCTCATTAGCAGGTGA
|
| Enzyme 2 GenBank Gene ID |
Y13153  |
| Enzyme 2 GeneCard ID |
KMO  |
| Enzyme 2 GenAtlas ID |
KMO  |
| Enzyme 2 HGNC ID |
HGNC:6381  |
| Enzyme 2 Chromosome Location |
1 |
| Enzyme 2 Locus |
1q42-q44 |
| Enzyme 2 SNPs |
SNPJam Report  |
| Enzyme 2 General References |
- Alberati-Giani D, Cesura AM, Broger C, Warren WD, Rover S, Malherbe P: Cloning and functional expression of human kynurenine 3-monooxygenase. FEBS Lett. 1997 Jun 30;410(2-3):407-12. [PubMed
]
- Breton J, Avanzi N, Magagnin S, Covini N, Magistrelli G, Cozzi L, Isacchi A: Functional characterization and mechanism of action of recombinant human kynurenine 3-hydroxylase. Eur J Biochem. 2000 Feb;267(4):1092-9. [PubMed
]
- Gregory SG, Barlow KF, McLay KE, Kaul R, Swarbreck D, Dunham A, Scott CE, Howe KL, Woodfine K, Spencer CC, Jones MC, Gillson C, Searle S, Zhou Y, Kokocinski F, McDonald L, Evans R, Phillips K, Atkinson A, Cooper R, Jones C, Hall RE, Andrews TD, Lloyd C, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Ambrose KD, Anderson F, Andrew RW, Ashwell RI, Aubin K, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Beasley H, Bethel G, Bird CP, Bray-Allen S, Brown JY, Brown AJ, Buckley D, Burton J, Bye J, Carder C, Chapman JC, Clark SY, Clarke G, Clee C, Cobley V, Collier RE, Corby N, Coville GJ, Davies J, Deadman R, Dunn M, Earthrowl M, Ellington AG, Errington H, Frankish A, Frankland J, French L, Garner P, Garnett J, Gay L, Ghori MR, Gibson R, Gilby LM, Gillett W, Glithero RJ, Grafham DV, Griffiths C, Griffiths-Jones S, Grocock R, Hammond S, Harrison ES, Hart E, Haugen E, Heath PD, Holmes S, Holt K, Howden PJ, Hunt AR, Hunt SE, Hunter G, Isherwood J, James R, Johnson C, Johnson D, Joy A, Kay M, Kershaw JK, Kibukawa M, Kimberley AM, King A, Knights AJ, Lad H, Laird G, Lawlor S, Leongamornlert DA, Lloyd DM, Loveland J, Lovell J, Lush MJ, Lyne R, Martin S, Mashreghi-Mohammadi M, Matthews L, Matthews NS, McLaren S, Milne S, Mistry S, Moore MJ, Nickerson T, O'Dell CN, Oliver K, Palmeiri A, Palmer SA, Parker A, Patel D, Pearce AV, Peck AI, Pelan S, Phelps K, Phillimore BJ, Plumb R, Rajan J, Raymond C, Rouse G, Saenphimmachak C, Sehra HK, Sheridan E, Shownkeen R, Sims S, Skuce CD, Smith M, Steward C, Subramanian S, Sycamore N, Tracey A, Tromans A, Van Helmond Z, Wall M, Wallis JM, White S, Whitehead SL, Wilkinson JE, Willey DL, Williams H, Wilming L, Wray PW, Wu Z, Coulson A, Vaudin M, Sulston JE, Durbin R, Hubbard T, Wooster R, Dunham I, Carter NP, McVean G, Ross MT, Harrow J, Olson MV, Beck S, Rogers J, Bentley DR, Banerjee R, Bryant SP, Burford DC, Burrill WD, Clegg SM, Dhami P, Dovey O, Faulkner LM, Gribble SM, Langford CF, Pandian RD, Porter KM, Prigmore E: The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1. Nature. 2006 May 18;441(7091):315-21. [PubMed
]
- Stone TW, Darlington LG: Endogenous kynurenines as targets for drug discovery and development. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2002 Aug;1(8):609-20. [PubMed
]
|
| Enzyme 2 Metabolite References |
Not Available |