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Human Metabolome Database Version 2.5

 

Showing metabocard for Saccharopine (HMDB00279)

Legend: metabolite field enzyme field

Version 2.5
Creation Date 2005-11-16 15:48:42
Update Date 2010-01-25 12:16:42
Accession Number HMDB00279
Secondary Accession Numbers Not Available
Common Name Saccharopine
Description Saccharopine is an intermediate in the degradation of lysine, formed by condensation of lysine and alpha-ketoglutarate. The saccharopine pathway is the main route for lysine degradation in mammal and its first two reactions are catalyzed by enzymatic activities known as lysine-oxoglutarate reductase (LOR) and saccharopine dehydrogenase (SDH), which reside on a single bifunctional polypeptide (EC EC 1.5.1.8, LOR/SDH). The reactions involved by saccharopine dehydrogenases have a very strict substrate specificity for L-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate and NADPH. LOR/SDH has been detected in a number of mammalian tissues, mainly in the liver and kidney, contributing not only to the general nitrogen balance in the organism but also to the controlled conversion of lysine into ketone bodies. A tetrameric form has also been observed in human liver and placenta. LOR activity has also been detected in brain mitochondria during embryonic development, and this opens the question of whether the degradation of lysine has any functional significance during brain development and puts a new focus on the nutritional requirements for lysine in gestation and infancy. Finally, LOR and/or SDH deficiencies seem to be involved in a human autosomic genetic disorder known as familial hyperlysinemia, which is characterized by serious defects in the functioning of the nervous system, and characterized by deficiency in lysine-ketoglutarate reductase, saccharopine dehydrogenase, and saccharopine oxidoreductase activities. Saccharopinuria (high amounts of saccharopine in the urine) and saccharopinemia (an excess of saccharopine in the blood) are conditions present in some inherited disorders of lysine degradation. (PMID: 463877, 10567240, 10772957, 4809305)
Synonyms
  1. (S)-N-(5-amino-5-carboxypentyl)-L-Glutamic acid
  2. Epsilon-N-(L-Glutar-2-yl)-L-lysine
  3. L-N-(5-amino-5-carboxypentyl)-Glutamic acid
  4. L-Saccharopin
  5. L-Saccharopine
  6. N(6)-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine
  7. N-(5-amino-5-carboxypentyl)-glutamic acid
  8. N-(5-amino-5-carboxypentyl)-L-glutamic acid
  9. N-[(5S)-5-amino-5-carboxypentyl]-L-Glutamic acid
  10. N6-(L-1,3-Dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine
  11. Saccharopin
Chemical IUPAC Name (2S)-2-[[(5S)-5-amino-6-hydroxy-6-oxohexyl]amino]pentanedioic acid
Chemical Formula C11H20N2O6
Chemical Structure Structure
Chemical Taxonomy
Kingdom
  • Organic
Super Class
  • Amino acids and Amino Acid conjugates
Class
  • Amino Acids
Sub Class
  • NA
Family
  • Mammalian Metabolite
Species
  • primary amine
  • primary aliphatic amine (alkylamine)
  • secondary amine
  • secondary aliphatic amine (dialkylamine)
  • carboxylic acid
  • alpha-aminoacid
Biofunction
  • Protein synthesis, amino acid biosynthesis
Application
Source
  • Endogenous
Average Molecular Weight 276.286
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 276.132141
Isomeric SMILES N[C@@H](CCCCN[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(O)=O)C(O)=O
Canonical SMILES NC(CCCCNC(CCC(O)=O)C(O)=O)C(O)=O
KEGG Compound ID C00449 Link Image
BioCyc ID SACCHAROPINE Link Image
BiGG ID 1484994 Link Image
Wikipedia Link Saccharopine Link Image
NuGOwiki Link HMDB00279 Link Image
Metagene Link HMDB00279 Link Image
METLIN ID 383 Link Image
PubChem Compound 160556 Link Image
PubChem Substance 3737 Link Image
ChEBI ID 16927 Link Image
CAS Registry Number 997-68-2
InChI Identifier InChI=1/C11H20N2O6/c12-7(10(16)17)3-1-2-6-13-8(11(18)19)4-5-9(14)15/h7-8,13H,1-6,12H2,(H,14,15)(H,16,17)(H,18,19)/t7-,8-/m0/s1
Synthesis Reference Burkard, Ulrike; Walther, Ingrid; Effenberger, Franz. Amino acids. 6. Investigations on the synthesis of L-saccharopin. Liebigs Annalen der Chemie (1986), (6), 1030-43.
Melting Point (Experimental) 247-250 oC
Experimental Water Solubility Not Available Source: PhysProp
Predicted Water Solubility 5.25 mg/mL [Predicted by ALOGPS] Calculated using ALOGPS
Physiological Charge -1
State Solid
Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity Not Available Source: PhysProp
Predicted LogP/Hydrophobicity -2.77 [Predicted by ALOGPS]; -5.3 [Predicted by PubChem via XLOGP] Calculated using ALOGPS
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
MOL File Show Link Image
SDF File Show Link Image
PDB File Show Link Image
2D Structure
3D Structure
Experimental PDB ID Not Available
Experimental 1H NMR Spectrum Download Spectrum
Download FID (Varian)
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Experimental 13C NMR Spectrum Not Available
Experimental 13C HSQC Spectrum Download Spectrum
Download FID (Bruker)
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Mass Spectrum Not Available
Simplified TOCSY Spectrum Not Available
BMRB Spectrum Not Available
Cellular Location
  • Cytoplasm (Predicted from LogP)
  • mitochondria
Biofluid Location Not Available
Tissue Location Not Available
Concentrations (Normal) Not Available
Concentrations (Abnormal) Not Available
Associated Disorders Not Available
OMIM ID Not Available
Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Lysine Degradation SMP00037 Link Image map00310 Link Image
General References
  1. Krieger I, Bachmann C, Gronemeyer WH, Cejka J: Propionic acidemia and hyperlysinemia in a case with ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1976 Oct;43(4):796-802. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Cederbaum SD, Shaw KN, Dancis J, Hutzler J, Blaskovics JC: Hyperlysinemia with saccharopinuria due to combined lysine-ketoglutarate reductase and saccharopine dehydrogenase deficiencies presenting as cystinuria. J Pediatr. 1979 Aug;95(2):234-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Casey RE, Zaleski WA, Philp M, Mendelson IS, MacKenzie SL: Biochemical and clinical studies of a new case of alpha-aminoadipic aciduria. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1978;1(4):129-35. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Wikipedia Link Image
Metabolic Enzymes
  1. Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase, mitochondrial
  2. Probable saccharopine dehydrogenase
  3. Aminoadipate-semialdehyde synthase
Enzyme 1 [top]
Enzyme 1 ID 6133
Enzyme 1 Name Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase, mitochondrial
Enzyme 1 Synonyms
  1. LKR/SDH
  2. Lysine ketoglutarate reductase
  3. LKR
  4. LOR
  5. Saccharopine dehydrogenase
  6. SDH
Enzyme 1 Gene Name AASS
Enzyme 1 Protein Sequence >Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase, mitochondrial
MLQVHRTGLGRLGVSLSKGLHHKAVLAVRREDVNAWERRAPLAPKHIKGITNLGYKVLIQ
PSNRRAIHDKDYVKAGGILQEDISEACLILGVKRPPEEKLMSRKTYAFFSHTIKAQEANM
GLLDEILKQEIRLIDYEKMVDHRGVRVVAFGQWAGVAGMINILHGMGLRLLALGHHTPFM
HIGMAHNYRNSSQAVQAVRDAGYEISLGLMPKSIGPLTFVFTGTGNVSKGAQAIFNELPC
EYVEPHELKEVSQTGDLRKVYGTVLSRHHHLVRKTDAVYDPAEYDKHPERYISRFNTDIA
PYTTCLINGIYWEQNTPRLLTRQDAQSLLAPGKFSPAGVEGCPALPHKLVAICDISADTG
GSIEFMTECTTIEHPFCMYDADQHIIHDSVEGSGILMCSIDNLPAQLPIEATECFGDMLY
PYVEEMILSDATQPLESQNFSPVVRDAVITSNGTLPDKYKYIQTLRESRERAQSLSMGTR
RKVLVLGSGYISEPVLEYLSRDGNIEITVGSDMKNQIEQLGKKYNINPVSMDICKQEEKL
GFLVAKQDLVISLLPYVLHPLVAKACITNKVNMVTASYITPALKELEKSVEDAGITIIGE
LGLDPGLDHMLAMETIDKAKEVGATIESYISYCGGLPAPEHSNNPLRYKFSWSPVGVLMN
VMQSATYLLDGKVVNVAGGISFLDAVTSMDFFPGLNLEGYPNRDSTKYAEIYGISSAHTL
LRGTLRYKGYMKALNGFVKLGLINREALPAFRPEANPLTWKQLLCDLVGISPSSEHDVLK
EAVLKKLGGDNTQLEAAEWLGLLGDEQVPQAESILDALSKHLVMKLSYGPEEKDMIVMRD
SFGIRHPSGHLEHKTIDLVAYGDINGFSAMAKTVGLPTAMAAKMLLDGEIGAKGLMGPFS
KEIYGPILERIKAEGIIYTTQSTIKP
Enzyme 1 Number of Residues 926
Enzyme 1 Molecular Weight 102130.9
Enzyme 1 Theoretical pI 6.62
Enzyme 1 GO Classification
Function
  • catalytic activity
  • oxidoreductase activity
Process
  • metabolic process
  • oxidation reduction
Component
Enzyme 1 General Function Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Enzyme 1 Specific Function Bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the first two steps in lysine degradation. The N-terminal and the C-terminal contain lysine-ketoglutarate reductase and saccharopine dehydrogenase activity, respectively
Enzyme 1 Pathways
Enzyme 1 Reactions
  • N6-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine + NAD+ + H2O = L-glutamate + 2-aminoadipate 6-semialdehyde + NADH + H+ [RN:R02313]
Enzyme 1 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 1 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 1 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 1 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 1 GenBank ID Protein Not Available
Enzyme 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q9UDR5 Link Image
Enzyme 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name AASS_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 1 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 1 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 1 Gene Sequence >2781 bp
ATGCTGCAAGTACATAGGACTGGACTGGGCAGGCTGGGGGTCAGCCTCTCCAAGGGTCTT
CACCACAAAGCTGTGTTGGCCGTCCGGAGGGAGGATGTGAACGCCTGGGAGAGAAGGGCC
CCGCTAGCTCCCAAGCACATCAAAGGCATCACCAATCTGGGATACAAGGTCTTGATACAG
CCTTCGAATCGGCGGGCCATTCATGATAAGGACTATGTCAAAGCTGGTGGCATTCTTCAG
GAGGATATTTCTGAAGCTTGTCTAATTTTAGGAGTTAAAAGACCTCCAGAGGAAAAATTA
ATGTCCAGGAAGACTTATGCATTTTTCTCCCACACAATAAAAGCTCAGGAGGCCAATATG
GGCTTGTTGGATGAGATTCTAAAACAGGAAATTCGCCTTATTGATTATGAGAAAATGGTG
GATCATAGAGGAGTACGGGTAGTGGCATTTGGACAGTGGGCTGGTGTGGCAGGAATGATC
AACATTTTACATGGAATGGGTTTAAGGCTCCTTGCTTTGGGACATCACACACCTTTTATG
CACATTGGCATGGCTCATAACTACAGGAATAGCAGTCAGGCTGTGCAAGCTGTCCGTGAT
GCTGGCTATGAAATATCTTTGGGTTTGATGCCTAAGTCAATAGGACCCTTAACATTTGTG
TTCACAGGAACTGGTAATGTTTCTAAGGGAGCCCAAGCAATCTTTAATGAGCTACCTTGT
GAATATGTGGAGCCCCATGAATTAAAAGAAGTTTCCCAAACTGGAGACCTCAGAAAAGTG
TATGGGACGGTGTTAAGTCGTCATCATCATCTTGTCAGGAAAACAGATGCTGTGTATGAT
CCTGCAGAGTATGACAAACATCCGGAGCGCTACATAAGTCGTTTTAATACTGATATTGCA
CCCTATACAACTTGCTTAATTAATGGAATCTACTGGGAACAAAACACTCCTCGCCTCCTA
ACCCGCCAAGATGCTCAGAGTCTCCTGGCTCCGGGCAAGTTCTCACCTGCTGGTGTGGAA
GGCTGCCCTGCATTACCACACAAACTCGTGGCAATATGTGACATTTCAGCTGACACAGGA
GGGTCTATAGAGTTTATGACTGAGTGTACAACAATAGAGCATCCCTTTTGCATGTATGAT
GCAGACCAGCATATTATTCATGACAGTGTTGAAGGCTCGGGGATCCTGATGTGTTCCATT
GACAATTTGCCGGCACAGCTCCCAATTGAAGCTACAGAATGCTTTGGAGACATGCTTTAC
CCTTATGTTGAAGAAATGATATTATCAGACGCGACACAGCCTCTTGAAAGTCAGAATTTT
TCTCCTGTGGTGAGAGATGCAGTGATTACATCCAACGGTACATTACCTGATAAATATAAA
TATATCCAGACACTCCGGGAGAGCAGGGAACGTGCTCAGTCACTTTCAATGGGCACCAGG
AGAAAGGTTTTGGTTCTTGGATCTGGCTACATATCTGAGCCTGTATTAGAATATTTATCA
AGAGATGGCAATATAGAAATAACAGTAGGATCTGACATGAAGAATCAAATTGAACAGTTA
GGCAAGAAATATAATATTAATCCTGTTAGCATGGACATTTGTAAACAAGAAGAGAAGCTG
GGCTTCTTGGTGGCAAAACAGGATCTTGTCATCAGCTTGTTGCCTTATGTATTGCACCCT
CTTGTGGCCAAGGCCTGCATCACAAACAAAGTTAACATGGTCACTGCAAGCTACATCACA
CCAGCACTAAAAGAATTGGAAAAGAGTGTGGAAGATGCTGGCATCACAATCATTGGTGAA
TTGGGATTGGACCCTGGTCTGGATCACATGTTAGCAATGGAAACAATAGATAAAGCCAAG
GAAGTGGGAGCCACGATTGAATCATATATTTCCTACTGTGGTGGGCTTCCAGCCCCTGAA
CATTCAAACAATCCATTGAGATATAAATTTAGCTGGAGTCCAGTGGGAGTTTTGATGAAT
GTAATGCAGTCTGCCACCTATCTGCTCGATGGAAAGGTTGTGAATGTTGCAGGAGGCATC
TCCTTTCTTGATGCCGTTACGTCCATGGATTTTTTTCCAGGATTAAATTTGGAAGGCTAT
CCTAACAGAGACAGTACGAAATATGCTGAGATTTATGGCATTTCTTCTGCTCACACTTTG
TTGCGGGGGACACTGAGATATAAGGGATATATGAAAGCTTTGAATGGATTTGTAAAATTA
GGTCTTATAAACAGAGAAGCGCTTCCTGCCTTTAGACCTGAGGCCAACCCTCTCACCTGG
AAACAACTCCTCTGTGACCTAGTTGGGATTTCACCCTCCTCTGAGCATGATGTGTTGAAG
GAAGCTGTTCTTAAGAAACTAGGAGGAGACAATACCCAGTTGGAGGCTGCTGAATGGTTG
GGCTTACTTGGGGATGAACAAGTTCCTCAGGCAGAGTCCATTCTGGATGCCCTCTCCAAG
CATTTGGTCATGAAGCTTTCCTATGGTCCTGAAGAAAAAGATATGATTGTGATGAGAGAC
AGCTTTGGAATCAGACATCCTTCTGGACATTTAGAACATAAAACGATTGATCTTGTGGCT
TATGGGGACATCAATGGCTTTTCAGCCATGGCTAAAACCGTGGGGTTACCCACCGCCATG
GCAGCCAAAATGTTGCTTGATGGTGAAATTGGAGCCAAAGGCCTAATGGGGCCCTTTTCA
AAGGAGATCTATGGACCAATATTGGAGCGAATTAAAGCAGAAGGCATTATATATACTACA
CAGAGTACAATTAAACCATAA
Enzyme 1 GenBank Gene ID AF229180 Link Image
Enzyme 1 GeneCard ID AASS Link Image
Enzyme 1 GenAtlas ID AASS Link Image
Enzyme 1 HGNC ID HGNC:17366 Link Image
Enzyme 1 Chromosome Location 7
Enzyme 1 Locus 7q31.3
Enzyme 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 1 General References
  1. Sacksteder KA, Biery BJ, Morrell JC, Goodman BK, Geisbrecht BV, Cox RP, Gould SJ, Geraghty MT: Identification of the alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase gene, which is defective in familial hyperlysinemia. Am J Hum Genet. 2000 Jun;66(6):1736-43. Epub 2000 Apr 20. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Hillier LW, Fulton RS, Fulton LA, Graves TA, Pepin KH, Wagner-McPherson C, Layman D, Maas J, Jaeger S, Walker R, Wylie K, Sekhon M, Becker MC, O'Laughlin MD, Schaller ME, Fewell GA, Delehaunty KD, Miner TL, Nash WE, Cordes M, Du H, Sun H, Edwards J, Bradshaw-Cordum H, Ali J, Andrews S, Isak A, Vanbrunt A, Nguyen C, Du F, Lamar B, Courtney L, Kalicki J, Ozersky P, Bielicki L, Scott K, Holmes A, Harkins R, Harris A, Strong CM, Hou S, Tomlinson C, Dauphin-Kohlberg S, Kozlowicz-Reilly A, Leonard S, Rohlfing T, Rock SM, Tin-Wollam AM, Abbott A, Minx P, Maupin R, Strowmatt C, Latreille P, Miller N, Johnson D, Murray J, Woessner JP, Wendl MC, Yang SP, Schultz BR, Wallis JW, Spieth J, Bieri TA, Nelson JO, Berkowicz N, Wohldmann PE, Cook LL, Hickenbotham MT, Eldred J, Williams D, Bedell JA, Mardis ER, Clifton SW, Chissoe SL, Marra MA, Raymond C, Haugen E, Gillett W, Zhou Y, James R, Phelps K, Iadanoto S, Bubb K, Simms E, Levy R, Clendenning J, Kaul R, Kent WJ, Furey TS, Baertsch RA, Brent MR, Keibler E, Flicek P, Bork P, Suyama M, Bailey JA, Portnoy ME, Torrents D, Chinwalla AT, Gish WR, Eddy SR, McPherson JD, Olson MV, Eichler EE, Green ED, Waterston RH, Wilson RK: The DNA sequence of human chromosome 7. Nature. 2003 Jul 10;424(6945):157-64. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Choudhary C, Kumar C, Gnad F, Nielsen ML, Rehman M, Walther TC, Olsen JV, Mann M: Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions. Science. 2009 Aug 14;325(5942):834-40. Epub 2009 Jul 16. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 1 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 2 [top]
Enzyme 2 ID 12886
Enzyme 2 Name Probable saccharopine dehydrogenase
Enzyme 2 Synonyms Not Available
Enzyme 2 Gene Name SCCPDH
Enzyme 2 Protein Sequence >Probable saccharopine dehydrogenase
MATEQRPFHLVVFGASGFTGQFVTEEVAREQVDPERSSRLPWAVAGRSREKLQRVLEKAA
LKLGRPTLSSEVGIIICDIANPASLDEMAKQATVVLNCVGPYRFYGEPVIKACIENGASC
IDISGEPQFLELMQLKYHEKAADKGVYIIGSSGFDSIPADLGVIYTRNKMNGTLTAVESF
LTIHSGPEGLSIHDGTWKSAIYGFGDQSNLRKLRNVSNLKPVPLIGPKLKRRWPISYCRE
LKGYSIPFMGSDVSVVRRTQRYLYENLEESPVQYAAYVTVGGITSVIKLMFAGLFFLFFV
RFGIGRQLLIKFPWFFSFGYFSKQGPTQKQIDAASFTLTFFGQGYSQGTGTDKNKPNIKI
CTQVKGPEAGYVATPIAMVQAAMTLLSDASHLPKAGGVFTPGAAFSKTKLIDRLNKHGIE
FSVISSSEV
Enzyme 2 Number of Residues 429
Enzyme 2 Molecular Weight 47151.0
Enzyme 2 Theoretical pI 9.53
Enzyme 2 GO Classification
Function
  • binding
  • catalytic activity
Process
  • metabolic process
Component
Enzyme 2 General Function Involved in catalytic activity
Enzyme 2 Specific Function N(6)-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine + NAD(+) + H(2)O = L-glutamate + 2-aminoadipate 6-semialdehyde + NADH
Enzyme 2 Pathways
Enzyme 2 Reactions
  • N6-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine + NAD+ + H2O = L-glutamate + 2-aminoadipate 6-semialdehyde + NADH + H+ [RN:R02313]
Enzyme 2 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 2 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 2 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 2 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 2 GenBank ID Protein 55770836 Link Image
Enzyme 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q8NBX0 Link Image
Enzyme 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name SCPDH_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 2 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 2 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 2 Gene Sequence >1290 bp
ATGGCGACCGAGCAGAGGCCTTTCCACCTGGTGGTGTTCGGCGCGTCTGGCTTCACCGGC
CAGTTCGTGACCGAGGAGGTGGCCCGGGAGCAGGTGGACCCGGAGCGGAGCTCCCGCCTG
CCCTGGGCCGTGGCGGGCCGCTCCCGGGAGAAGCTGCAGCGGGTGCTGGAGAAGGCGGCC
CTGAAGCTGGGAAGACCAACACTGTCATCTGAAGTTGGAATCATCATCTGTGATATTGCT
AATCCAGCCTCGCTTGATGAAATGGCTAAACAGGCAACAGTTGTCCTCAATTGCGTAGGA
CCATATCGGTTTTATGGAGAACCTGTAATAAAAGCATGTATTGAAAATGGAGCCAGTTGT
ATCGACATCAGTGGAGAACCTCAGTTTCTGGAACTAATGCAACTGAAGTATCATGAGAAA
GCTGCAGACAAAGGGGTTTATATCATTGGAAGCAGCGGCTTTGACTCCATTCCAGCAGAT
CTGGGAGTAATATATACCAGAAATAAAATGAATGGTACTTTGACTGCTGTGGAAAGTTTC
CTGACTATACATTCAGGACCTGAGGGGTTGAGCATTCATGATGGTACCTGGAAGTCAGCA
ATTTATGGTTTTGGAGATCAGAGTAATTTGAGAAAACTAAGAAATGTATCAAATCTGAAA
CCTGTCCCGCTCATTGGTCCAAAATTGAAGAGAAGGTGGCCAATTTCTTATTGTCGGGAA
CTCAAAGGTTATTCCATTCCTTTTATGGGATCTGATGTGTCTGTTGTAAGGAGGACTCAA
CGTTACTTGTATGAAAATTTAGAGGAATCACCAGTTCAGTATGCTGCGTATGTAACTGTG
GGAGGCATCACCTCTGTTATTAAGCTGATGTTTGCAGGACTTTTCTTTTTGTTCTTTGTG
AGGTTTGGAATTGGAAGGCAACTTCTCATAAAATTCCCATGGTTCTTCTCCTTTGGCTAT
TTTTCAAAACAAGGCCCAACACAAAAACAGATTGATGCTGCCTCATTCACGCTGACATTC
TTTGGTCAAGGATACAGCCAAGGCACTGGTACAGATAAGAACAAACCAAATATCAAAATT
TGTACTCAGGTGAAAGGACCAGAGGCTGGCTATGTGGCTACCCCCATAGCTATGGTTCAG
GCAGCCATGACTCTTCTAAGTGATGCTTCTCATCTGCCTAAGGCGGGCGGGGTCTTCACA
CCTGGAGCAGCTTTTTCCAAAACAAAGTTGATTGACAGACTCAACAAACACGGTATTGAG
TTTAGTGTTATTAGCAGCTCTGAAGTCTAA
Enzyme 2 GenBank Gene ID NM_016002.2 Link Image
Enzyme 2 GeneCard ID SCCPDH Link Image
Enzyme 2 GenAtlas ID SCCPDH Link Image
Enzyme 2 HGNC ID HGNC:24275 Link Image
Enzyme 2 Chromosome Location 1
Enzyme 2 Locus 1q44
Enzyme 2 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 2 General References
  1. Lai CH, Chou CY, Ch'ang LY, Liu CS, Lin W: Identification of novel human genes evolutionarily conserved in Caenorhabditis elegans by comparative proteomics. Genome Res. 2000 May;10(5):703-13. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Gregory SG, Barlow KF, McLay KE, Kaul R, Swarbreck D, Dunham A, Scott CE, Howe KL, Woodfine K, Spencer CC, Jones MC, Gillson C, Searle S, Zhou Y, Kokocinski F, McDonald L, Evans R, Phillips K, Atkinson A, Cooper R, Jones C, Hall RE, Andrews TD, Lloyd C, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Ambrose KD, Anderson F, Andrew RW, Ashwell RI, Aubin K, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Beasley H, Bethel G, Bird CP, Bray-Allen S, Brown JY, Brown AJ, Buckley D, Burton J, Bye J, Carder C, Chapman JC, Clark SY, Clarke G, Clee C, Cobley V, Collier RE, Corby N, Coville GJ, Davies J, Deadman R, Dunn M, Earthrowl M, Ellington AG, Errington H, Frankish A, Frankland J, French L, Garner P, Garnett J, Gay L, Ghori MR, Gibson R, Gilby LM, Gillett W, Glithero RJ, Grafham DV, Griffiths C, Griffiths-Jones S, Grocock R, Hammond S, Harrison ES, Hart E, Haugen E, Heath PD, Holmes S, Holt K, Howden PJ, Hunt AR, Hunt SE, Hunter G, Isherwood J, James R, Johnson C, Johnson D, Joy A, Kay M, Kershaw JK, Kibukawa M, Kimberley AM, King A, Knights AJ, Lad H, Laird G, Lawlor S, Leongamornlert DA, Lloyd DM, Loveland J, Lovell J, Lush MJ, Lyne R, Martin S, Mashreghi-Mohammadi M, Matthews L, Matthews NS, McLaren S, Milne S, Mistry S, Moore MJ, Nickerson T, O'Dell CN, Oliver K, Palmeiri A, Palmer SA, Parker A, Patel D, Pearce AV, Peck AI, Pelan S, Phelps K, Phillimore BJ, Plumb R, Rajan J, Raymond C, Rouse G, Saenphimmachak C, Sehra HK, Sheridan E, Shownkeen R, Sims S, Skuce CD, Smith M, Steward C, Subramanian S, Sycamore N, Tracey A, Tromans A, Van Helmond Z, Wall M, Wallis JM, White S, Whitehead SL, Wilkinson JE, Willey DL, Williams H, Wilming L, Wray PW, Wu Z, Coulson A, Vaudin M, Sulston JE, Durbin R, Hubbard T, Wooster R, Dunham I, Carter NP, McVean G, Ross MT, Harrow J, Olson MV, Beck S, Rogers J, Bentley DR, Banerjee R, Bryant SP, Burford DC, Burrill WD, Clegg SM, Dhami P, Dovey O, Faulkner LM, Gribble SM, Langford CF, Pandian RD, Porter KM, Prigmore E: The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1. Nature. 2006 May 18;441(7091):315-21. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 2 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 3 [top]
Enzyme 3 ID 13067
Enzyme 3 Name Aminoadipate-semialdehyde synthase
Enzyme 3 Synonyms
  1. SubName: Aminoadipate-semialdehyde synthase, isoform CRA_a
Enzyme 3 Gene Name AASS
Enzyme 3 Protein Sequence >Aminoadipate-semialdehyde synthase
MLQVHRTGLGRLGVSLSKGLHHKAVLAVRREDVNAWERRAPLAPKHIKGITNLGYKVLIQ
PSNRRAIHDKDYVKAGGILQEDISEACLILGVKRPPEEKLMSRKTYAFFSHTIKAQEANM
GLLDEILKQEIRLIDYEKMVDHRGVRVVAFGQWAGVAGMINILHGMGLRLLALGHHTPFM
HIGMAHNYRNSSQAVQAVRDAGYEISLGLMPKSIGPLTFVFTGTGNVSKGAQAIFNELPC
EYVEPHELKEVSQTGDLRKVYGTVLSRHHHLVRKTDAVYDPAEYDKHPERYISRFNTDIA
PYTTCLINGIYWEQNTPRLLTRQDAQSLLAPGKFSPAGVEGCPALPHKLVAICDISADTG
GSIEFMTECTTIEHPFCMYDADQHIIHDSVEGSGILMCSIDNLPAQLPIEATECFGDMLY
PYVEEMILSDATQPLESQNFSPVVRDAVITSNGTLPDKYKYIQTLRESRERAQSLSMGTR
RKVLVLGSGYISEPVLEYLSRDGNIEITVGSDMKNQIEQLGKKYNINPVSMDICKQEEKL
GFLVAKQDLVISLLPYVLHPLVAKACITNKVNMVTASYITPALKELEKSVEDAGITIIGE
LGLDPGLDHMLAMETIDKAKEVGATIESYISYCGGLPAPEHSNNPLRYKFSWSPVGVLMN
VMQSATYLLDGKVVNVAGGISFLDAVTSMDFFPGLNLEGYPNRDSTKYAEIYGISSAHTL
LRGTLRYKGYMKALNGFVKLGLINREALPAFRPEANPLTWKQLLCDLVGISPSSEHDVLK
EAVLKKLGGDNTQLEAAEWLGLLGDEQVPQAESILDALSKHLVMKLSYGPEEKDMIVMRD
SFGIRHPSGHLEHKTIDLVAYGDINGFSAMAKTVGLPTAMAAKMLLDGEIGAKGLMGPFS
KEIYGPILERIKAEGIIYTTQSTIKP
Enzyme 3 Number of Residues 926
Enzyme 3 Molecular Weight 102130.9
Enzyme 3 Theoretical pI 6.62
Enzyme 3 GO Classification
Function
  • catalytic activity
  • oxidoreductase activity
Process
  • metabolic process
  • oxidation reduction
Component
Enzyme 3 General Function Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Enzyme 3 Specific Function Not Available
Enzyme 3 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 3 Reactions Not Available
Enzyme 3 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 3 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 3 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 3 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 3 GenBank ID Protein 13027640 Link Image
Enzyme 3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID A4D0W4 Link Image
Enzyme 3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name A4D0W4_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 3 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 3 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 3 Gene Sequence >2781 bp
ATGCTGCAAGTACATAGGACTGGACTGGGCAGGCTGGGGGTCAGCCTCTCCAAGGGTCTT
CACCACAAAGCTGTGTTGGCCGTCCGGAGGGAGGATGTGAACGCCTGGGAGAGAAGGGCC
CCGCTAGCTCCCAAGCACATCAAAGGCATCACCAATCTGGGATACAAGGTCTTGATACAG
CCTTCGAATCGGCGGGCCATTCATGATAAGGACTATGTCAAAGCTGGTGGCATTCTTCAG
GAGGATATTTCTGAAGCTTGTCTAATTTTAGGAGTTAAAAGACCTCCAGAGGAAAAATTA
ATGTCCAGGAAGACTTATGCATTTTTCTCCCACACAATAAAAGCTCAGGAGGCCAATATG
GGCTTGTTGGATGAGATTCTAAAACAGGAAATTCGCCTTATTGATTATGAGAAAATGGTG
GATCATAGAGGAGTACGGGTAGTGGCATTTGGACAGTGGGCTGGTGTGGCAGGAATGATC
AACATTTTACATGGAATGGGTTTAAGGCTCCTTGCTTTGGGACATCACACACCTTTTATG
CACATTGGCATGGCTCATAACTACAGGAATAGCAGTCAGGCTGTGCAAGCTGTCCGTGAT
GCTGGCTATGAAATATCTTTGGGTTTGATGCCTAAGTCAATAGGACCCTTAACATTTGTG
TTCACAGGAACTGGTAATGTTTCTAAGGGAGCCCAAGCAATCTTTAATGAGCTACCTTGT
GAATATGTGGAGCCCCATGAATTAAAAGAAGTTTCCCAAACTGGAGACCTCAGAAAAGTG
TATGGGACGGTGTTAAGTCGTCATCATCATCTTGTCAGGAAAACAGATGCTGTGTATGAT
CCTGCAGAGTATGACAAACATCCGGAGCGCTACATAAGTCGTTTTAATACTGATATTGCA
CCCTATACAACTTGCTTAATTAATGGAATCTACTGGGAACAAAACACTCCTCGCCTCCTA
ACCCGCCAAGATGCTCAGAGTCTCCTGGCTCCGGGCAAGTTCTCACCTGCTGGTGTGGAA
GGCTGCCCTGCATTACCACACAAACTCGTGGCAATATGTGACATTTCAGCTGACACAGGA
GGGTCTATAGAGTTTATGACTGAGTGTACAACAATAGAGCATCCCTTTTGCATGTATGAT
GCAGACCAGCATATTATTCATGACAGTGTTGAAGGCTCGGGGATCCTGATGTGTTCCATT
GACAATTTGCCGGCACAGCTCCCAATTGAAGCTACAGAATGCTTTGGAGACATGCTTTAC
CCTTATGTTGAAGAAATGATATTATCAGACGCGACACAGCCTCTTGAAAGTCAGAATTTT
TCTCCTGTGGTGAGAGATGCAGTGATTACATCCAACGGTACATTACCTGATAAATATAAA
TATATCCAGACACTCCGGGAGAGCAGGGAACGTGCTCAGTCACTTTCAATGGGCACCAGG
AGAAAGGTTTTGGTTCTTGGATCTGGCTACATATCTGAGCCTGTATTAGAATATTTATCA
AGAGATGGCAATATAGAAATAACAGTAGGATCTGACATGAAGAATCAAATTGAACAGTTA
GGCAAGAAATATAATATTAATCCTGTTAGCATGGACATTTGTAAACAAGAAGAGAAGCTG
GGCTTCTTGGTGGCAAAACAGGATCTTGTCATCAGCTTGTTGCCTTATGTATTGCACCCT
CTTGTGGCCAAGGCCTGCATCACAAACAAAGTTAACATGGTCACTGCAAGCTACATCACA
CCAGCACTAAAAGAATTGGAAAAGAGTGTGGAAGATGCTGGCATCACAATCATTGGTGAA
TTGGGATTGGACCCTGGTCTGGATCACATGTTAGCAATGGAAACAATAGATAAAGCCAAG
GAAGTGGGAGCCACGATTGAATCATATATTTCCTACTGTGGTGGGCTTCCAGCCCCTGAA
CATTCAAACAATCCATTGAGATATAAATTTAGCTGGAGTCCAGTGGGAGTTTTGATGAAT
GTAATGCAGTCTGCCACCTATCTGCTCGATGGAAAGGTTGTGAATGTTGCAGGAGGCATC
TCCTTTCTTGATGCCGTTACGTCCATGGATTTTTTTCCAGGATTAAATTTGGAAGGCTAT
CCTAACAGAGACAGTACGAAATATGCTGAGATTTATGGCATTTCTTCTGCTCACACTTTG
TTGCGGGGGACACTGAGATATAAGGGATATATGAAAGCTTTGAATGGATTTGTAAAATTA
GGTCTTATAAACAGAGAAGCGCTTCCTGCCTTTAGACCTGAGGCCAACCCTCTCACCTGG
AAACAACTCCTCTGTGACCTAGTTGGGATTTCACCCTCCTCTGAGCATGATGTGTTGAAG
GAAGCTGTTCTTAAGAAACTAGGAGGAGACAATACCCAGTTGGAGGCTGCTGAATGGTTG
GGCTTACTTGGGGATGAACAAGTTCCTCAGGCAGAGTCCATTCTGGATGCCCTCTCCAAG
CATTTGGTCATGAAGCTTTCCTATGGTCCTGAAGAAAAAGATATGATTGTGATGAGAGAC
AGCTTTGGAATCAGACATCCTTCTGGACATTTAGAACATAAAACGATTGATCTTGTGGCT
TATGGGGACATCAATGGCTTTTCAGCCATGGCTAAAACCGTGGGGTTACCCACCGCCATG
GCAGCCAAAATGTTGCTTGATGGTGAAATTGGAGCCAAAGGCCTAATGGGGCCCTTTTCA
AAGGAGATCTATGGACCAATATTGGAGCGAATTAAAGCAGAAGGCATTATATATACTACA
CAGAGTACAATTAAACCATAA
Enzyme 3 GenBank Gene ID NM_005763.3 Link Image
Enzyme 3 GeneCard ID AASS Link Image
Enzyme 3 GenAtlas ID AASS Link Image
Enzyme 3 HGNC ID HGNC:17366 Link Image
Enzyme 3 Chromosome Location 7
Enzyme 3 Locus 7q31.3
Enzyme 3 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 3 General References
  1. Scherer SW, Cheung J, MacDonald JR, Osborne LR, Nakabayashi K, Herbrick JA, Carson AR, Parker-Katiraee L, Skaug J, Khaja R, Zhang J, Hudek AK, Li M, Haddad M, Duggan GE, Fernandez BA, Kanematsu E, Gentles S, Christopoulos CC, Choufani S, Kwasnicka D, Zheng XH, Lai Z, Nusskern D, Zhang Q, Gu Z, Lu F, Zeesman S, Nowaczyk MJ, Teshima I, Chitayat D, Shuman C, Weksberg R, Zackai EH, Grebe TA, Cox SR, Kirkpatrick SJ, Rahman N, Friedman JM, Heng HH, Pelicci PG, Lo-Coco F, Belloni E, Shaffer LG, Pober B, Morton CC, Gusella JF, Bruns GA, Korf BR, Quade BJ, Ligon AH, Ferguson H, Higgins AW, Leach NT, Herrick SR, Lemyre E, Farra CG, Kim HG, Summers AM, Gripp KW, Roberts W, Szatmari P, Winsor EJ, Grzeschik KH, Teebi A, Minassian BA, Kere J, Armengol L, Pujana MA, Estivill X, Wilson MD, Koop BF, Tosi S, Moore GE, Boright AP, Zlotorynski E, Kerem B, Kroisel PM, Petek E, Oscier DG, Mould SJ, Dohner H, Dohner K, Rommens JM, Vincent JB, Venter JC, Li PW, Mural RJ, Adams MD, Tsui LC: Human chromosome 7: DNA sequence and biology. Science. 2003 May 2;300(5620):767-72. Epub 2003 Apr 10. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Venter JC, Adams MD, Myers EW, Li PW, Mural RJ, Sutton GG, Smith HO, Yandell M, Evans CA, Holt RA, Gocayne JD, Amanatides P, Ballew RM, Huson DH, Wortman JR, Zhang Q, Kodira CD, Zheng XH, Chen L, Skupski M, Subramanian G, Thomas PD, Zhang J, Gabor Miklos GL, Nelson C, Broder S, Clark AG, Nadeau J, McKusick VA, Zinder N, Levine AJ, Roberts RJ, Simon M, Slayman C, Hunkapiller M, Bolanos R, Delcher A, Dew I, Fasulo D, Flanigan M, Florea L, Halpern A, Hannenhalli S, Kravitz S, Levy S, Mobarry C, Reinert K, Remington K, Abu-Threideh J, Beasley E, Biddick K, Bonazzi V, Brandon R, Cargill M, Chandramouliswaran I, Charlab R, Chaturvedi K, Deng Z, Di Francesco V, Dunn P, Eilbeck K, Evangelista C, Gabrielian AE, Gan W, Ge W, Gong F, Gu Z, Guan P, Heiman TJ, Higgins ME, Ji RR, Ke Z, Ketchum KA, Lai Z, Lei Y, Li Z, Li J, Liang Y, Lin X, Lu F, Merkulov GV, Milshina N, Moore HM, Naik AK, Narayan VA, Neelam B, Nusskern D, Rusch DB, Salzberg S, Shao W, Shue B, Sun J, Wang Z, Wang A, Wang X, Wang J, Wei M, Wides R, Xiao C, Yan C, Yao A, Ye J, Zhan M, Zhang W, Zhang H, Zhao Q, Zheng L, Zhong F, Zhong W, Zhu S, Zhao S, Gilbert D, Baumhueter S, Spier G, Carter C, Cravchik A, Woodage T, Ali F, An H, Awe A, Baldwin D, Baden H, Barnstead M, Barrow I, Beeson K, Busam D, Carver A, Center A, Cheng ML, Curry L, Danaher S, Davenport L, Desilets R, Dietz S, Dodson K, Doup L, Ferriera S, Garg N, Gluecksmann A, Hart B, Haynes J, Haynes C, Heiner C, Hladun S, Hostin D, Houck J, Howland T, Ibegwam C, Johnson J, Kalush F, Kline L, Koduru S, Love A, Mann F, May D, McCawley S, McIntosh T, McMullen I, Moy M, Moy L, Murphy B, Nelson K, Pfannkoch C, Pratts E, Puri V, Qureshi H, Reardon M, Rodriguez R, Rogers YH, Romblad D, Ruhfel B, Scott R, Sitter C, Smallwood M, Stewart E, Strong R, Suh E, Thomas R, Tint NN, Tse S, Vech C, Wang G, Wetter J, Williams S, Williams M, Windsor S, Winn-Deen E, Wolfe K, Zaveri J, Zaveri K, Abril JF, Guigo R, Campbell MJ, Sjolander KV, Karlak B, Kejariwal A, Mi H, Lazareva B, Hatton T, Narechania A, Diemer K, Muruganujan A, Guo N, Sato S, Bafna V, Istrail S, Lippert R, Schwartz R, Walenz B, Yooseph S, Allen D, Basu A, Baxendale J, Blick L, Caminha M, Carnes-Stine J, Caulk P, Chiang YH, Coyne M, Dahlke C, Mays A, Dombroski M, Donnelly M, Ely D, Esparham S, Fosler C, Gire H, Glanowski S, Glasser K, Glodek A, Gorokhov M, Graham K, Gropman B, Harris M, Heil J, Henderson S, Hoover J, Jennings D, Jordan C, Jordan J, Kasha J, Kagan L, Kraft C, Levitsky A, Lewis M, Liu X, Lopez J, Ma D, Majoros W, McDaniel J, Murphy S, Newman M, Nguyen T, Nguyen N, Nodell M, Pan S, Peck J, Peterson M, Rowe W, Sanders R, Scott J, Simpson M, Smith T, Sprague A, Stockwell T, Turner R, Venter E, Wang M, Wen M, Wu D, Wu M, Xia A, Zandieh A, Zhu X: The sequence of the human genome. Science. 2001 Feb 16;291(5507):1304-51. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 3 Metabolite References Not Available