| Record Information |
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| Version | 5.0 |
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| Status | Detected but not Quantified |
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| Creation Date | 2012-09-11 17:41:49 UTC |
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| Update Date | 2023-02-21 17:20:10 UTC |
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| HMDB ID | HMDB0031243 |
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| Secondary Accession Numbers | |
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| Metabolite Identification |
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| Common Name | 2-Methylpropanal |
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| Description | 2-Methylpropanal, also known as isobutylaldehyde or isobutyral, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as short-chain aldehydes. These are aldehydes with a chain length between 2 and 5 carbon atoms. 2-Methylpropanal exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. 2-Methylpropanal is an aldehydic, floral, and fresh tasting compound. 2-Methylpropanal is found, on average, in the highest concentration within milk (cow). 2-Methylpropanal has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as greenthread tea, wheats, common grapes, other cereal products, and oxheart cabbages. |
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| Structure | InChI=1S/C4H8O/c1-4(2)3-5/h3-4H,1-2H3 |
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| Synonyms | | Value | Source |
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| 2-Methylpropionaldehyde | ChEBI | | alpha-Methylpropionaldehyde | ChEBI | | Isobutanal | ChEBI | | Isobutylaldehyde | ChEBI | | Isobutyric aldehyde | ChEBI | | a-Methylpropionaldehyde | Generator | | Α-methylpropionaldehyde | Generator | | 2-Methyl-1-propanal | HMDB | | 2-METHYL-propanal | HMDB | | 2-Methyl-propionaldehyde | HMDB | | alpha -Methylpropionaldehyde | HMDB | | Butyric iso aldehyde | HMDB | | FEMA 2220 | HMDB | | iso-Butyraldehyde | HMDB | | iso-C3H7CHO | HMDB | | Isobutaldehyde | HMDB | | Isobutyl aldehy de | HMDB | | Isobutyl aldehyde | HMDB | | Isobutyral | HMDB | | Isobutyraldehyd | HMDB | | Isobutyraldehyde | HMDB | | Isobutyryl aldehyde | HMDB | | Isopropyl aldehyde | HMDB | | Isopropyl formaldehyde | HMDB | | Isopropylaldehyde | HMDB | | Isopropylformaldehyde | HMDB | | Methyl propanal | HMDB | | Methylpropanal | HMDB | | so-Butyl aldehyde | HMDB | | Valine aldehyde | HMDB | | 2-Methylpropanal | ChEBI |
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| Chemical Formula | C4H8O |
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| Average Molecular Weight | 72.1057 |
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| Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 72.057514878 |
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| IUPAC Name | 2-methylpropanal |
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| Traditional Name | isobutyraldehyde |
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| CAS Registry Number | 78-84-2 |
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| SMILES | CC(C)C=O |
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| InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C4H8O/c1-4(2)3-5/h3-4H,1-2H3 |
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| InChI Key | AMIMRNSIRUDHCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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| Chemical Taxonomy |
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| Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as short-chain aldehydes. These are an aldehyde with a chain length containing between 2 and 5 carbon atoms. |
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| Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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| Super Class | Organic oxygen compounds |
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| Class | Organooxygen compounds |
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| Sub Class | Carbonyl compounds |
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| Direct Parent | Short-chain aldehydes |
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| Alternative Parents | |
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| Substituents | - Organic oxide
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Short-chain aldehyde
- Aliphatic acyclic compound
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| Molecular Framework | Aliphatic acyclic compounds |
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| External Descriptors | |
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| Ontology |
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| Physiological effect | |
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| Disposition | |
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| Process | |
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| Role | |
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| Physical Properties |
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| State | Liquid |
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| Experimental Molecular Properties | |
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| Experimental Chromatographic Properties | Not Available |
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| Predicted Molecular Properties | |
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| Predicted Chromatographic Properties | Predicted Collision Cross SectionsPredicted Retention Times Underivatized| Chromatographic Method | Retention Time | Reference |
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| Measured using a Waters Acquity ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) ethylene-bridged hybrid (BEH) C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm; 1.7 μmparticle diameter). Predicted by Afia on May 17, 2022. Predicted by Afia on May 17, 2022. | 1.92 minutes | 32390414 | | Predicted by Siyang on May 30, 2022 | 13.005 minutes | 33406817 | | Predicted by Siyang using ReTip algorithm on June 8, 2022 | 3.33 minutes | 32390414 | | AjsUoB = Accucore 150 Amide HILIC with 10mM Ammonium Formate, 0.1% Formic Acid | 82.3 seconds | 40023050 | | Fem_Long = Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C18 with Water:MeOH and 0.1% Formic Acid | 1434.2 seconds | 40023050 | | Fem_Lipids = Ascentis Express C18 with (60:40 water:ACN):(90:10 IPA:ACN) and 10mM NH4COOH + 0.1% Formic Acid | 516.8 seconds | 40023050 | | Life_Old = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:(20:80 acetone:ACN) and 0.1% Formic Acid | 197.1 seconds | 40023050 | | Life_New = RP Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C18 with Water:(30:70 MeOH:ACN) and 0.1% Formic Acid | 353.7 seconds | 40023050 | | RIKEN = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid | 150.2 seconds | 40023050 | | Eawag_XBridgeC18 = XBridge C18 3.5u 2.1x50 mm with Water:MeOH and 0.1% Formic Acid | 478.5 seconds | 40023050 | | BfG_NTS_RP1 =Agilent Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 (2.1 mm x 150 mm, 3.5 um) with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid | 569.3 seconds | 40023050 | | HILIC_BDD_2 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-HILIC with ACN(0.1% formic acid):water(16 mM ammonium formate) | 324.4 seconds | 40023050 | | UniToyama_Atlantis = RP Waters Atlantis T3 (2.1 x 150 mm, 5 um) with ACN:Water and 0.1% Formic Acid | 905.2 seconds | 40023050 | | BDD_C18 = Hypersil Gold 1.9µm C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid | 368.9 seconds | 40023050 | | UFZ_Phenomenex = Kinetex Core-Shell C18 2.6 um, 3.0 x 100 mm, Phenomenex with Water:MeOH and 0.1% Formic Acid | 1144.9 seconds | 40023050 | | SNU_RIKEN_POS = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid | 344.2 seconds | 40023050 | | RPMMFDA = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid | 308.3 seconds | 40023050 | | MTBLS87 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-pHILIC column with ACN:Water and :ammonium carbonate | 553.8 seconds | 40023050 | | KI_GIAR_zic_HILIC_pH2_7 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-HILIC with ACN:Water and 0.1% FA | 480.6 seconds | 40023050 | | Meister zic-pHILIC pH9.3 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-pHILIC column with ACN:Water 5mM NH4Ac pH9.3 and 5mM ammonium acetate in water | 95.3 seconds | 40023050 |
Predicted Kovats Retention IndicesUnderivatizedDerivatized |
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| Spectra |
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| GC-MS Spectra| Spectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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| Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - 2-Methylpropanal EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-002f-9000000000-987cd15323d99af9f551 | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - 2-Methylpropanal EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0006-9000000000-1fed4d315b146112b21e | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - 2-Methylpropanal EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-002f-9000000000-987cd15323d99af9f551 | 2018-05-18 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - 2-Methylpropanal EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0006-9000000000-1fed4d315b146112b21e | 2018-05-18 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 2-Methylpropanal GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-0006-9000000000-dc3ff3769744ad1ee9d0 | 2016-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 2-Methylpropanal GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-12 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 2-Methylpropanal GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-12 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | MS | Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization) | splash10-0006-9000000000-cb6baf74480a5a4ab1ed | 2015-03-01 | Not Available | View Spectrum |
MS/MS Spectra| Spectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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| Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 2-Methylpropanal 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-00di-9000000000-58d96802e35b00bb3438 | 2015-05-26 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 2-Methylpropanal 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-00di-9000000000-935757dca5822bf99c59 | 2015-05-26 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 2-Methylpropanal 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-052f-9000000000-70f55b8222bfdf58adb0 | 2015-05-26 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 2-Methylpropanal 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-00di-9000000000-def551c4e49daf8d790b | 2015-05-27 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 2-Methylpropanal 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-00di-9000000000-db936d35c1e102f7ca97 | 2015-05-27 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 2-Methylpropanal 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0ab9-9000000000-342576c8a51a5b054f42 | 2015-05-27 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 2-Methylpropanal 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0a4i-9000000000-63d5fc7a9f901fbe55c2 | 2021-09-23 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 2-Methylpropanal 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0a4i-9000000000-a74f47a36c87271fae62 | 2021-09-23 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 2-Methylpropanal 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0006-9000000000-1473b269db466f1a2bf2 | 2021-09-23 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 2-Methylpropanal 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-00di-9000000000-77e5dcf17bd83eca2c67 | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 2-Methylpropanal 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-00di-9000000000-53cc0c445db79b43e5ff | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 2-Methylpropanal 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0a4i-9000000000-e6db48dafcc5dffdf942 | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
NMR Spectra| Spectrum Type | Description | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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| Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
IR Spectra| Spectrum Type | Description | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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| Predicted IR Spectrum | IR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+H]+) | 2023-02-03 | FELIX lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted IR Spectrum | IR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+Na]+) | 2023-02-03 | FELIX lab | View Spectrum |
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| Biological Properties |
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| Cellular Locations | |
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| Biospecimen Locations | |
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| Tissue Locations | Not Available |
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| Pathways | |
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| Normal Concentrations |
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| Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details |
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| Abnormal Concentrations |
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| Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Campylobacter jejuni infection | | details | | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Clostridium difficile infection | | details | | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Ulcerative Colitis | | details | | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) | | details | | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Crohn's disease | | details | | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Ulcerative colitis | | details |
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| Associated Disorders and Diseases |
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| Disease References | | Ulcerative colitis |
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- Garner CE, Smith S, de Lacy Costello B, White P, Spencer R, Probert CS, Ratcliffe NM: Volatile organic compounds from feces and their potential for diagnosis of gastrointestinal disease. FASEB J. 2007 Jun;21(8):1675-88. Epub 2007 Feb 21. [PubMed:17314143 ]
- De Preter V, Machiels K, Joossens M, Arijs I, Matthys C, Vermeire S, Rutgeerts P, Verbeke K: Faecal metabolite profiling identifies medium-chain fatty acids as discriminating compounds in IBD. Gut. 2015 Mar;64(3):447-58. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-306423. Epub 2014 May 8. [PubMed:24811995 ]
| | Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease |
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- Raman M, Ahmed I, Gillevet PM, Probert CS, Ratcliffe NM, Smith S, Greenwood R, Sikaroodi M, Lam V, Crotty P, Bailey J, Myers RP, Rioux KP: Fecal microbiome and volatile organic compound metabolome in obese humans with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013 Jul;11(7):868-75.e1-3. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.02.015. Epub 2013 Feb 27. [PubMed:23454028 ]
| | Crohn's disease |
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- De Preter V, Machiels K, Joossens M, Arijs I, Matthys C, Vermeire S, Rutgeerts P, Verbeke K: Faecal metabolite profiling identifies medium-chain fatty acids as discriminating compounds in IBD. Gut. 2015 Mar;64(3):447-58. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-306423. Epub 2014 May 8. [PubMed:24811995 ]
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| Associated OMIM IDs | |
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| External Links |
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| DrugBank ID | Not Available |
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| Phenol Explorer Compound ID | Not Available |
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| FooDB ID | FDB003271 |
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| KNApSAcK ID | C00050473 |
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| Chemspider ID | 6313 |
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| KEGG Compound ID | C03219 |
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| BioCyc ID | CPD-7000 |
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| BiGG ID | Not Available |
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| Wikipedia Link | Isobutyraldehyde |
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| METLIN ID | Not Available |
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| PubChem Compound | 6561 |
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| PDB ID | Not Available |
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| ChEBI ID | 48943 |
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| Food Biomarker Ontology | Not Available |
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| VMH ID | Not Available |
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| MarkerDB ID | Not Available |
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| Good Scents ID | Not Available |
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| References |
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| Synthesis Reference | Not Available |
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| Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) | Not Available |
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| General References | - Li J, Fu N, Li X, Luo S, Cheng JP: Chiral primary-tertiary diamine-Bronsted acid salt catalyzed syn-selective cross-aldol reaction of aldehydes. J Org Chem. 2010 Jul 2;75(13):4501-7. doi: 10.1021/jo100976e. [PubMed:20521772 ]
- Nugent TC, Bibi A, Sadiq A, Shoaib M, Umar MN, Tehrani FN: Chiral picolylamines for Michael and aldol reactions: probing substrate boundaries. Org Biomol Chem. 2012 Dec 14;10(46):9287-94. doi: 10.1039/c2ob26382c. Epub 2012 Oct 29. [PubMed:23104278 ]
- Liu LL, Li HX, Wan LM, Ren ZG, Wang HF, Lang JP: A Mn(III)-superoxo complex of a zwitterionic calix[4]arene with an unprecedented linear end-on Mn(III)-O2 arrangement and good catalytic performance for alkene epoxidation. Chem Commun (Camb). 2011 Oct 21;47(39):11146-8. doi: 10.1039/c1cc14262c. Epub 2011 Sep 2. [PubMed:21892451 ]
- Fowler P, Smith K, Young J, Jeffrey L, Kirkland D, Pfuhler S, Carmichael P: Reduction of misleading ("false") positive results in mammalian cell genotoxicity assays. I. Choice of cell type. Mutat Res. 2012 Feb 18;742(1-2):11-25. doi: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.10.014. Epub 2011 Nov 26. [PubMed:22138618 ]
- Choi JH, Park DR, Park S, Song IK: Nanostructured H(3+x)PW(12-x)NbxO40 (x = 0-3) Keggin heteropolyacid catalysts. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2011 Sep;11(9):7870-5. [PubMed:22097499 ]
- Rodriguez GM, Atsumi S: Isobutyraldehyde production from Escherichia coli by removing aldehyde reductase activity. Microb Cell Fact. 2012 Jun 25;11:90. doi: 10.1186/1475-2859-11-90. [PubMed:22731523 ]
- de Azevedo LC, Reis MM, Pereira GE, da Rocha GO, Silva LA, de Andrade JB: A liquid chromatographic method optimization for the assessment of low and high molar mass carbonyl compounds in wines. J Sep Sci. 2009 Oct;32(20):3432-40. doi: 10.1002/jssc.200900281. [PubMed:19777456 ]
- Tada M, Muratsugu S, Kinoshita M, Sasaki T, Iwasawa Y: Alternative selective oxidation pathways for aldehyde oxidation and alkene epoxidation on a SiO2-supported Ru-monomer complex catalyst. J Am Chem Soc. 2010 Jan 20;132(2):713-24. doi: 10.1021/ja9079513. [PubMed:20000837 ]
- Choi JH, Park DR, Park S, Song IK: Scanning tunneling microscopy study of nano-structured polyatom-substituted H4PW11M1O40 Keggin and H7P2W17M1O62 (M = Nb, Ta) Wells-Dawson heteropolyacid catalysts. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2012 Jul;12(7):5864-9. [PubMed:22966671 ]
- Atsumi S, Higashide W, Liao JC: Direct photosynthetic recycling of carbon dioxide to isobutyraldehyde. Nat Biotechnol. 2009 Dec;27(12):1177-80. doi: 10.1038/nbt.1586. [PubMed:19915552 ]
- Carere J, Baker P, Seah SY: Investigating the molecular determinants for substrate channeling in BphI-BphJ, an aldolase-dehydrogenase complex from the polychlorinated biphenyls degradation pathway. Biochemistry. 2011 Oct 4;50(39):8407-16. doi: 10.1021/bi200960j. Epub 2011 Sep 8. [PubMed:21838275 ]
- Jarboe LR: YqhD: a broad-substrate range aldehyde reductase with various applications in production of biorenewable fuels and chemicals. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2011 Jan;89(2):249-57. doi: 10.1007/s00253-010-2912-9. Epub 2010 Oct 6. [PubMed:20924577 ]
- Liu X, Bastian S, Snow CD, Brustad EM, Saleski TE, Xu JH, Meinhold P, Arnold FH: Structure-guided engineering of Lactococcus lactis alcohol dehydrogenase LlAdhA for improved conversion of isobutyraldehyde to isobutanol. J Biotechnol. 2012 Dec 15;164(2):188-95. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.08.008. Epub 2012 Sep 3. [PubMed:22974724 ]
- Lu J, Brigham CJ, Gai CS, Sinskey AJ: Studies on the production of branched-chain alcohols in engineered Ralstonia eutropha. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2012 Oct;96(1):283-97. doi: 10.1007/s00253-012-4320-9. Epub 2012 Aug 4. [PubMed:22864971 ]
- (). Yannai, Shmuel. (2004) Dictionary of food compounds with CD-ROM: Additives, flavors, and ingredients. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC.. .
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