| Record Information |
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| Version | 5.0 |
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| Status | Detected and Quantified |
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| Creation Date | 2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC |
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| Update Date | 2022-03-07 02:49:04 UTC |
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| HMDB ID | HMDB0000628 |
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| Secondary Accession Numbers | |
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| Metabolite Identification |
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| Common Name | Epitestosterone |
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| Description | Epitestosterone, or isotestosterone, also known as 17alpha-testosterone or as androst-4-en-17alpha-ol-3-one belongs to the class of organic compounds known as androgens and derivatives. These are 3-hydroxylated C19 steroid hormones. Epitestosterone is an endogenous steroid and a C-17 epimer of the androgen sex hormone testosterone. It is a weak competitive antagonist of the androgen receptor (AR) and a potent 5alpha-reductase inhibitor. Structurally, epitestosterone differs from testosterone only in the configuration at the hydroxy-bearing carbon, C17. Epitestosterone is believed to form in a similar way to testosterone with 50% of epitestosterone production in human males taking place in the testis. Epitestosterone levels are typically highest in young males; however, by adulthood, most healthy males exhibit a testosterone to epitestosterone ratio (T/E ratio) of about 1:1 (PMID: 11901061 ). A study of Australian athletes found that the mean T/E ratio in the study was 1.15:1. Another study found that the max T/E ratio for the 95th percentile of athletes was 3.71:1, and the max T/E ratio for the 99th percentile was 5.25:1. Epitestosterone has not been shown to enhance athletic performance, although administration of epistestosterone can be used to mask a high level of testosterone if the standard T/E ratio test is used. As such, epitestosterone is banned by many sporting authorities as a masking agent for testosterone. Interestingly, small amounts of ethanol can elevate T/E values, with women being more susceptible (PMID: 28671321 ). |
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| Structure | [H][C@@]12CC[C@@H](O)[C@@]1(C)CC[C@@]1([H])[C@@]2([H])CCC2=CC(=O)CC[C@]12C InChI=1S/C19H28O2/c1-18-9-7-13(20)11-12(18)3-4-14-15-5-6-17(21)19(15,2)10-8-16(14)18/h11,14-17,21H,3-10H2,1-2H3/t14-,15-,16-,17+,18-,19-/m0/s1 |
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| Synonyms | | Value | Source |
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| Epi-testosterone | ChEBI | | 17-Epitestosterone | HMDB | | 17a-cis-Testosterone | HMDB | | cis-Testosterone | HMDB | | Isotestosterone | HMDB | | 17-alpha-Testosterone | HMDB | | 17 alpha Testosterone | HMDB | | Epitestosterone | MeSH, HMDB |
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| Chemical Formula | C19H28O2 |
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| Average Molecular Weight | 288.4244 |
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| Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 288.20893014 |
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| IUPAC Name | (1S,2R,10R,11S,14R,15S)-14-hydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadec-6-en-5-one |
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| Traditional Name | (1S,2R,10R,11S,14R,15S)-14-hydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadec-6-en-5-one |
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| CAS Registry Number | 481-30-1 |
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| SMILES | [H][C@@]12CC[C@@H](O)[C@@]1(C)CC[C@@]1([H])[C@@]2([H])CCC2=CC(=O)CC[C@]12C |
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| InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C19H28O2/c1-18-9-7-13(20)11-12(18)3-4-14-15-5-6-17(21)19(15,2)10-8-16(14)18/h11,14-17,21H,3-10H2,1-2H3/t14-,15-,16-,17+,18-,19-/m0/s1 |
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| InChI Key | MUMGGOZAMZWBJJ-KZYORJDKSA-N |
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| Chemical Taxonomy |
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| Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as androgens and derivatives. These are 3-hydroxylated C19 steroid hormones. They are known to favor the development of masculine characteristics. They also show profound effects on scalp and body hair in humans. |
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| Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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| Super Class | Lipids and lipid-like molecules |
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| Class | Steroids and steroid derivatives |
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| Sub Class | Androstane steroids |
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| Direct Parent | Androgens and derivatives |
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| Alternative Parents | |
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| Substituents | - Androgen-skeleton
- 3-oxo-delta-4-steroid
- 3-oxosteroid
- Hydroxysteroid
- Oxosteroid
- 17-hydroxysteroid
- Delta-4-steroid
- Cyclohexenone
- Cyclic alcohol
- Secondary alcohol
- Ketone
- Cyclic ketone
- Organooxygen compound
- Alcohol
- Carbonyl group
- Organic oxygen compound
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organic oxide
- Aliphatic homopolycyclic compound
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| Molecular Framework | Aliphatic homopolycyclic compounds |
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| External Descriptors | |
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| Ontology |
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| Physiological effect | Not Available |
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| Disposition | |
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| Process | Not Available |
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| Role | Not Available |
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| Physical Properties |
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| State | Solid |
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| Experimental Molecular Properties | | Property | Value | Reference |
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| Melting Point | Not Available | Not Available | | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | | Water Solubility | Not Available | Not Available | | LogP | Not Available | Not Available |
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| Experimental Chromatographic Properties | Not Available |
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| Predicted Molecular Properties | |
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| Predicted Chromatographic Properties | Predicted Collision Cross SectionsPredicted Retention Times Underivatized| Chromatographic Method | Retention Time | Reference |
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| Measured using a Waters Acquity ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) ethylene-bridged hybrid (BEH) C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm; 1.7 μmparticle diameter). Predicted by Afia on May 17, 2022. Predicted by Afia on May 17, 2022. | 6.97 minutes | 32390414 | | Predicted by Siyang on May 30, 2022 | 16.1298 minutes | 33406817 | | Predicted by Siyang using ReTip algorithm on June 8, 2022 | 1.23 minutes | 32390414 | | Fem_Long = Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C18 with Water:MeOH and 0.1% Formic Acid | 2544.8 seconds | 40023050 | | Fem_Lipids = Ascentis Express C18 with (60:40 water:ACN):(90:10 IPA:ACN) and 10mM NH4COOH + 0.1% Formic Acid | 427.6 seconds | 40023050 | | Life_Old = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:(20:80 acetone:ACN) and 0.1% Formic Acid | 204.9 seconds | 40023050 | | Life_New = RP Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C18 with Water:(30:70 MeOH:ACN) and 0.1% Formic Acid | 195.3 seconds | 40023050 | | RIKEN = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid | 457.8 seconds | 40023050 | | Eawag_XBridgeC18 = XBridge C18 3.5u 2.1x50 mm with Water:MeOH and 0.1% Formic Acid | 634.4 seconds | 40023050 | | BfG_NTS_RP1 =Agilent Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 (2.1 mm x 150 mm, 3.5 um) with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid | 694.1 seconds | 40023050 | | HILIC_BDD_2 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-HILIC with ACN(0.1% formic acid):water(16 mM ammonium formate) | 95.9 seconds | 40023050 | | UniToyama_Atlantis = RP Waters Atlantis T3 (2.1 x 150 mm, 5 um) with ACN:Water and 0.1% Formic Acid | 1305.7 seconds | 40023050 | | BDD_C18 = Hypersil Gold 1.9µm C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid | 452.4 seconds | 40023050 | | UFZ_Phenomenex = Kinetex Core-Shell C18 2.6 um, 3.0 x 100 mm, Phenomenex with Water:MeOH and 0.1% Formic Acid | 1471.9 seconds | 40023050 | | SNU_RIKEN_POS = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid | 424.0 seconds | 40023050 | | RPMMFDA = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid | 431.0 seconds | 40023050 | | MTBLS87 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-pHILIC column with ACN:Water and :ammonium carbonate | 302.3 seconds | 40023050 | | KI_GIAR_zic_HILIC_pH2_7 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-HILIC with ACN:Water and 0.1% FA | 469.8 seconds | 40023050 | | Meister zic-pHILIC pH9.3 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-pHILIC column with ACN:Water 5mM NH4Ac pH9.3 and 5mM ammonium acetate in water | 15.1 seconds | 40023050 |
Predicted Kovats Retention IndicesUnderivatizedDerivatized| Derivative Name / Structure | SMILES | Kovats RI Value | Column Type | Reference |
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| Epitestosterone,1TMS,isomer #1 | C[C@]12CC[C@H]3[C@@H](CCC4=CC(=O)CC[C@@]43C)[C@@H]1CC[C@H]2O[Si](C)(C)C | 2764.5 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | | Epitestosterone,1TMS,isomer #2 | C[C@]12CC[C@H]3[C@@H](CCC4=CC(O[Si](C)(C)C)=CC[C@@]43C)[C@@H]1CC[C@H]2O | 2636.1 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | | Epitestosterone,2TMS,isomer #1 | C[C@]12CC[C@H]3[C@@H](CCC4=CC(O[Si](C)(C)C)=CC[C@@]43C)[C@@H]1CC[C@H]2O[Si](C)(C)C | 2694.5 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | | Epitestosterone,2TMS,isomer #1 | C[C@]12CC[C@H]3[C@@H](CCC4=CC(O[Si](C)(C)C)=CC[C@@]43C)[C@@H]1CC[C@H]2O[Si](C)(C)C | 2693.2 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | | Epitestosterone,2TMS,isomer #1 | C[C@]12CC[C@H]3[C@@H](CCC4=CC(O[Si](C)(C)C)=CC[C@@]43C)[C@@H]1CC[C@H]2O[Si](C)(C)C | 2974.7 | Standard polar | 33892256 | | Epitestosterone,1TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)O[C@@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@@H]3CCC4=CC(=O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@H]3CC[C@@]21C | 3021.3 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | | Epitestosterone,1TBDMS,isomer #2 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC1=CC[C@@]2(C)C(=C1)CC[C@H]1[C@@H]3CC[C@@H](O)[C@@]3(C)CC[C@@H]12 | 2917.7 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | | Epitestosterone,2TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC1=CC[C@@]2(C)C(=C1)CC[C@H]1[C@@H]3CC[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@@]3(C)CC[C@@H]12 | 3233.8 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | | Epitestosterone,2TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC1=CC[C@@]2(C)C(=C1)CC[C@H]1[C@@H]3CC[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@@]3(C)CC[C@@H]12 | 3170.2 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | | Epitestosterone,2TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC1=CC[C@@]2(C)C(=C1)CC[C@H]1[C@@H]3CC[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@@]3(C)CC[C@@H]12 | 3231.9 | Standard polar | 33892256 |
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| Spectra |
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| GC-MS Spectra| Spectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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| Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Epitestosterone EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-006t-1940000000-716f44b32e61cf34c7b4 | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Epitestosterone EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-006t-1940000000-716f44b32e61cf34c7b4 | 2018-05-18 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Epitestosterone GC-MS (1 TMS) | splash10-004i-3910000000-d6ace9b7f8aff4dd46d0 | 2018-05-25 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Epitestosterone GC-MS (2 TMS) | splash10-053u-1920200000-db3504f562c54e6e1bbb | 2018-05-25 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Epitestosterone GC-MS (1 MEOX; 1 TMS) | splash10-004l-3910000000-b43cd1ee268a855c8aa0 | 2018-05-25 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Epitestosterone GC-MS (1 MEOX; 1 TMS) | splash10-004l-3910000000-356ddfa8ddf8e551278d | 2018-05-25 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Epitestosterone EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0597-7920000000-dde7fba02fcbcec2d665 | 2018-05-25 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Epitestosterone EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-05fs-4920000000-ccd839134de79f179f9e | 2018-05-25 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Epitestosterone EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-00ds-0950000000-c65fc8043083ad93d169 | 2018-05-25 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Epitestosterone GC-MS (Non-derivatized) | splash10-004i-3910000000-d6ace9b7f8aff4dd46d0 | 2018-05-25 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Epitestosterone GC-MS (Non-derivatized) | splash10-053u-1920200000-db3504f562c54e6e1bbb | 2018-05-25 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Epitestosterone GC-MS (Non-derivatized) | splash10-004l-3910000000-b43cd1ee268a855c8aa0 | 2018-05-25 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Epitestosterone GC-MS (Non-derivatized) | splash10-004l-3910000000-356ddfa8ddf8e551278d | 2018-05-25 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Epitestosterone GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-074i-0390000000-09e2a725ebd92c93dc88 | 2017-09-01 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Epitestosterone GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-000t-1119000000-bf66038b9de80f6b8aab | 2017-10-06 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Epitestosterone GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-12 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Epitestosterone GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-12 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Epitestosterone GC-MS (TMS_1_2) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-11-05 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Epitestosterone GC-MS (TBDMS_1_1) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-11-05 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Epitestosterone GC-MS (TBDMS_1_2) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-11-05 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | MS | Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization) | splash10-00dv-5940000000-5e22fba0c369374c75df | 2018-05-25 | Not Available | View Spectrum |
MS/MS Spectra| Spectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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| Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Epitestosterone Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated) | splash10-000i-0090000000-e1af5f6bcaf571731a2b | 2012-07-24 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Epitestosterone Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated) | splash10-052b-7900000000-581eb9c19ccb29ebac52 | 2012-07-24 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Epitestosterone Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated) | splash10-052b-9300000000-37c235bd069ce0c93813 | 2012-07-24 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Epitestosterone Linear Ion Trap , negative-QTOF | splash10-0690-0190000000-d4814fdc14f2b2818eb2 | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Epitestosterone Linear Ion Trap , positive-QTOF | splash10-0fk9-1690000000-b39908a52b06c7853085 | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Epitestosterone 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0a4r-0950000000-5ee2f8e5795ea913ebad | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Epitestosterone 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-000i-0190000000-f4e3ff2bfc8e41de9c54 | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Epitestosterone 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0a4i-0900000000-3b8123363e31bc461acf | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Epitestosterone 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-00dr-0190000000-4b469479ef097f60ed90 | 2017-07-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Epitestosterone 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-00dr-0390000000-8bebba5f70c72e80b630 | 2017-07-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Epitestosterone 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0udi-5890000000-46ba5a59d051001f2a63 | 2017-07-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Epitestosterone 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-000i-0090000000-3c963477109db1f6b39e | 2017-07-26 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Epitestosterone 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-000i-0090000000-87d4a2534cd39e8c54a8 | 2017-07-26 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Epitestosterone 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0abc-1190000000-abbd0808a06f67c1f6fc | 2017-07-26 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Epitestosterone 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-000i-0090000000-383f8ad782110ec64fbf | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Epitestosterone 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-000i-0090000000-383f8ad782110ec64fbf | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Epitestosterone 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0uy0-0090000000-9f1b0a9f20aee057d1dd | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Epitestosterone 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-000i-0090000000-7add27947ecc7b5b14bc | 2021-09-23 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Epitestosterone 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-03ki-0960000000-98c9b1c540f6d162d225 | 2021-09-23 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Epitestosterone 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0bt9-2900000000-f5717697f5b4e8b7505f | 2021-09-23 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
NMR Spectra| Spectrum Type | Description | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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| Experimental 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, CDCl3, experimental) | 2012-12-04 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Experimental 2D NMR | [1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, CDCl3, experimental) | 2012-12-05 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
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| Biological Properties |
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| Cellular Locations | - Extracellular
- Membrane (predicted from logP)
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| Biospecimen Locations | |
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| Tissue Locations | - Adrenal Gland
- Ovary
- Prostate
- Testis
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| Pathways | |
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| Normal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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| Abnormal Concentrations |
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| Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.00132 +/- 0.00008 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Eugonadism | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.00068 +/- 0.00004 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Hypogonadism | | details |
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| Associated Disorders and Diseases |
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| Disease References | | Hypogonadism |
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- Kicman AT, Coutts SB, Cowan DA, Handelsman DJ, Howe CJ, Burring S, Wu FC: Adrenal and gonadal contributions to urinary excretion and plasma concentration of epitestosterone in men--effect of adrenal stimulation and implications for detection of testosterone abuse. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1999 May;50(5):661-8. [PubMed:10468933 ]
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| Associated OMIM IDs | |
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| External Links |
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| DrugBank ID | DB07768 |
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| Phenol Explorer Compound ID | Not Available |
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| FooDB ID | FDB011544 |
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| KNApSAcK ID | Not Available |
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| Chemspider ID | 9789 |
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| KEGG Compound ID | Not Available |
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| BioCyc ID | Not Available |
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| BiGG ID | Not Available |
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| Wikipedia Link | Epitestosterone |
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| METLIN ID | 5601 |
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| PubChem Compound | 10204 |
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| PDB ID | Not Available |
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| ChEBI ID | 42534 |
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| Food Biomarker Ontology | Not Available |
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| VMH ID | Not Available |
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| MarkerDB ID | Not Available |
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| Good Scents ID | Not Available |
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| References |
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| Synthesis Reference | Alvarez, Francisco. Steroids. CCXLIX. A new synthesis of epitestosterone from pregnenolone acetate via nitrosation. Steroids (1963), 2(4), 393-8. |
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| Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) | Download (PDF) |
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| General References | - Falk O, Palonek E, Bjorkhem I: Effect of ethanol on the ratio between testosterone and epitestosterone in urine. Clin Chem. 1988 Jul;34(7):1462-4. [PubMed:3390919 ]
- Kicman AT, Oftebro H, Walker C, Norman N, Cowan DA: Potential use of ketoconazole in a dynamic endocrine test to differentiate between biological outliers and testosterone use by athletes. Clin Chem. 1993 Sep;39(9):1798-803. [PubMed:8375050 ]
- Riondino G, Strollo F: [Age-dependent changes in epitestosterone urinary excretion in man]. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper. 1981 Nov 30;57(22):2215-21. [PubMed:7326107 ]
- Starka L: Epitestosterone. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2003 Oct;87(1):27-34. [PubMed:14630088 ]
- Marenich LP: [Effect of chorionic gonadotropin on the urinary excretion of testosterone and other androgens in healthy men and those with coronary arteriosclerosis]. Kardiologiia. 1979 Jun;19(6):76-9. [PubMed:156806 ]
- Aguilera R, Hatton CK, Catlin DH: Detection of epitestosterone doping by isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Clin Chem. 2002;48(4):629-36. [PubMed:11901061 ]
- Bicikova M, Hampl R, Hill M, Starka L: Inhibition of steroid 17 alpha-hydroxylase and C17,20-lyase in the human testis by epitestosterone. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1993 Oct;46(4):515-8. [PubMed:8217882 ]
- Havlikova H, Hill M, Hampl R, Starka L: Sex- and age-related changes in epitestosterone in relation to pregnenolone sulfate and testosterone in normal subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 May;87(5):2225-31. [PubMed:11994368 ]
- Yamamoto Y, Peric-Golia P, Osawa Y, Kirdani RY, Sanberg AA: Androgen metabolism in sheep. Steroids. 1978 Oct;32(3):373-88. [PubMed:715826 ]
- Kicman AT, Coutts SB, Cowan DA, Handelsman DJ, Howe CJ, Burring S, Wu FC: Adrenal and gonadal contributions to urinary excretion and plasma concentration of epitestosterone in men--effect of adrenal stimulation and implications for detection of testosterone abuse. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1999 May;50(5):661-8. [PubMed:10468933 ]
- Albeiroti S, Ahrens BD, Sobolevskii T, Butch AW: The influence of small doses of ethanol on the urinary testosterone to epitestosterone ratio in men and women. Drug Test Anal. 2018 Mar;10(3):575-583. doi: 10.1002/dta.2241. Epub 2017 Aug 1. [PubMed:28671321 ]
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