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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected and Quantified
Creation Date2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
Update Date2022-03-07 02:49:09 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0001247
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB0015456
  • HMDB01247
  • HMDB15456
Metabolite Identification
Common NameAluminum
DescriptionAluminum is a soft, lightweight metal with an appearance ranging from silvery to dull gray, depending on the surface roughness. Data indicate that aluminum contaminates much of the raw material used to manufacture solutions used for intravenous nutritional support of hospitalized and ambulatory patients, and that pharmaceutical manufacturers have only recently obtained the technology necessary to detect aluminum contamination of their products. As a result, aluminum bypassed normal barriers and entered the blood, accumulating in bone, the liver, and the central nervous system with toxic consequences. Now that the FDA has finally issued a rule governing aluminum contamination in these solutions, manufacturers will need to develop methods to minimize such contamination. Scientists should also realize that when the data they obtain indicate a serious problem in the manufacturing sector, they should be sure that the problem is properly addressed. Physiologically, this metal/element exists as an ion in the body (PMID: 16198633 ). Aluminum acetate is an astringent. An astringent is a chemical that tends to shrink or constrict body tissues, usually locally after topical medicinal application. The shrinkage or constriction is through the osmotic flow of water (or other fluids) away from the area where the astringent was applied. Astringent medicines cause shrinkage of mucous membranes or exposed tissues and are often used internally to check discharge of blood serum or mucous secretions. This can happen with a sore throat, hemorrhages, diarrhea, or with peptic ulcers. Externally applied astringents, which cause mild coagulation of skin proteins, dry, harden, and protect the skin. Acne sufferers are often advised to use astringents if they have oily skin. Astringents also help heal stretch marks and other scars. Mild astringent solutions are used in the relief of such minor skin irritations as those resulting from superficial cuts, allergies, insect bites, or fungal infections such as athlete's foot.
Structure
Data?1582752186
Synonyms
ValueSource
13AlChEBI
AlChEBI
AluminioChEBI
AluminiumChEBI
Aluminium-27HMDB
Aluminium 27HMDB
Aluminum 27HMDB
Aluminum-27HMDB
AluminumChEBI
Chemical FormulaAl
Average Molecular Weight26.9815
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight26.981538441
IUPAC Namealumane
Traditional Namealumane
CAS Registry Number7429-90-5
SMILES
[Al]
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/Al
InChI KeyXAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as homogeneous post-transition metal compounds. These are inorganic compounds containing only metal atoms,with the largest atom being a post-transition metal atom.
KingdomInorganic compounds
Super ClassHomogeneous metal compounds
ClassHomogeneous post-transition metal compounds
Sub ClassNot Available
Direct ParentHomogeneous post-transition metal compounds
Alternative ParentsNot Available
Substituents
  • Homogeneous post-transition metal
Molecular FrameworkNot Available
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
Biological locationSource
ProcessNot Available
Role
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point660 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water SolubilityNot AvailableNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
logP1.45ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count0ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area0 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count0ChemAxon
Refractivity0 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability1.78 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Aluminum[Al]708.3Standard polar33892256
Aluminum[Al]233.6Standard non polar33892256
Aluminum[Al]74.6Semi standard non polar33892256
Spectra

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Aluminum 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-001i-9000000000-9378da25f3a524cf38e82016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Aluminum 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-001i-9000000000-9378da25f3a524cf38e82016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Aluminum 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-001i-9000000000-9378da25f3a524cf38e82016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Aluminum 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-001i-9000000000-71051ebfdb9ee6a6ce2d2016-08-04Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Aluminum 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-001i-9000000000-71051ebfdb9ee6a6ce2d2016-08-04Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Aluminum 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-001i-9000000000-71051ebfdb9ee6a6ce2d2016-08-04Wishart LabView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular LocationsNot Available
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
  • Saliva
  • Urine
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected and Quantified0.1 +/- 0.056 uMElderly (>65 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.185 (0.019-0.482) uMAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.037-0.410 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified109 +/- 26 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified12.1+/-6.33 (7.4-25.9) uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
SalivaDetected and Quantified228.08 +/- 71.18 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal
    • Zerihun T. Dame, ...
details
SalivaDetected and Quantified0.0515 +/- 0.0315 uMAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
SalivaDetected and Quantified0.474 +/- 0.252 uMAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
SalivaDetected and Quantified0.236 +/- 0.265 uMAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
SalivaDetected and Quantified0.231 +/- 0.311 uMAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
UrineDetected and Quantified0.31 (0.05-1.21) umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
UrineDetected and Quantified<0.14650 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified0.667 +/- 0.037 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified0.024 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
Abnormal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected and Quantified0.89 +/- 0.79 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothMultiple sclerosis details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.11 +/- 0.00061 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothParkinson's disease details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.0823 +/- 0.0460 uMElderly (>65 years old)BothAlzheimer's disease details
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease References
Alzheimer's disease
  1. Bocca B, Forte G, Petrucci F, Pino A, Marchione F, Bomboi G, Senofonte O, Giubilei F, Alimonti A: Monitoring of chemical elements and oxidative damage in patients affected by Alzheimer's disease. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2005;41(2):197-203. [PubMed:16244393 ]
Multiple sclerosis
  1. Forte G, Visconti A, Santucci S, Ghazaryan A, Figa-Talamanca L, Cannoni S, Bocca B, Pino A, Violante N, Alimonti A, Salvetti M, Ristori G: Quantification of chemical elements in blood of patients affected by multiple sclerosis. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2005;41(2):213-6. [PubMed:16244395 ]
Parkinson's disease
  1. Forte G, Alimonti A, Pino A, Stanzione P, Brescianini S, Brusa L, Sancesario G, Violante N, Bocca B: Metals and oxidative stress in patients with Parkinson's disease. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2005;41(2):189-95. [PubMed:16244392 ]
Associated OMIM IDs
DrugBank IDDB01370
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB003570
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider ID4514248
KEGG Compound IDC06264
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkAluminium
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound5359268
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID28984
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDMDB00000310
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceKang, B. S.; Kim, W. B.; Park, Y. S.; Yoo, Y. H. Recovery of aluminum from anthracite ash. Konghak Nonjip (1989), 30 57-70.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Download (PDF)
General References
  1. Strunecka A, Strunecky O, Patocka J: Fluoride plus aluminum: useful tools in laboratory investigations, but messengers of false information. Physiol Res. 2002;51(6):557-64. [PubMed:12511178 ]
  2. Elmore AR: Final report on the safety assessment of aluminum silicate, calcium silicate, magnesium aluminum silicate, magnesium silicate, magnesium trisilicate, sodium magnesium silicate, zirconium silicate, attapulgite, bentonite, Fuller's earth, hectorite, kaolin, lithium magnesium silicate, lithium magnesium sodium silicate, montmorillonite, pyrophyllite, and zeolite. Int J Toxicol. 2003;22 Suppl 1:37-102. [PubMed:12851164 ]
  3. Savory J, Herman MM, Ghribi O: Intracellular mechanisms underlying aluminum-induced apoptosis in rabbit brain. J Inorg Biochem. 2003 Sep 15;97(1):151-4. [PubMed:14507471 ]
  4. Arnold CJ, Miller GG, Zello GA: Parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis in neonates: the role of aluminum. Nutr Rev. 2003 Sep;61(9):306-10. [PubMed:14552065 ]
  5. Zatta P, Lucchini R, van Rensburg SJ, Taylor A: The role of metals in neurodegenerative processes: aluminum, manganese, and zinc. Brain Res Bull. 2003 Nov 15;62(1):15-28. [PubMed:14596888 ]
  6. Gherardi RK, Authier FJ: Aluminum inclusion macrophagic myofasciitis: a recently identified condition. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2003 Nov;23(4):699-712. [PubMed:14753387 ]
  7. Becaria A, Campbell A, Bondy SC: Aluminum as a toxicant. Toxicol Ind Health. 2002 Aug;18(7):309-20. [PubMed:15068131 ]
  8. Klein GL: Aluminum: new recognition of an old problem. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2005 Dec;5(6):637-40. Epub 2005 Sep 28. [PubMed:16198633 ]
  9. Kawahara M: Effects of aluminum on the nervous system and its possible link with neurodegenerative diseases. J Alzheimers Dis. 2005 Nov;8(2):171-82; discussion 209-15. [PubMed:16308486 ]
  10. Aremu DA, Meshitsuka S: Some aspects of astroglial functions and aluminum implications for neurodegeneration. Brain Res Rev. 2006 Aug 30;52(1):193-200. Epub 2006 Mar 10. [PubMed:16529821 ]
  11. Perl DP, Moalem S: Aluminum and Alzheimer's disease, a personal perspective after 25 years. J Alzheimers Dis. 2006;9(3 Suppl):291-300. [PubMed:17004365 ]
  12. Savory J, Herman MM, Ghribi O: Mechanisms of aluminum-induced neurodegeneration in animals: Implications for Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2006 Nov;10(2-3):135-44. [PubMed:17119283 ]
  13. Campbell A: The role of aluminum and copper on neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2006 Nov;10(2-3):165-72. [PubMed:17119285 ]
  14. Miu AC, Benga O: Aluminum and Alzheimer's disease: a new look. J Alzheimers Dis. 2006 Nov;10(2-3):179-201. [PubMed:17119287 ]
  15. Yokel RA: Blood-brain barrier flux of aluminum, manganese, iron and other metals suspected to contribute to metal-induced neurodegeneration. J Alzheimers Dis. 2006 Nov;10(2-3):223-53. [PubMed:17119290 ]
  16. Domingo JL: Aluminum and other metals in Alzheimer's disease: a review of potential therapy with chelating agents. J Alzheimers Dis. 2006 Nov;10(2-3):331-41. [PubMed:17119296 ]
  17. Riggs K, Keller M, Humphreys TR: Ablative laser resurfacing: high-energy pulsed carbon dioxide and erbium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet. Clin Dermatol. 2007 Sep-Oct;25(5):462-73. [PubMed:17870524 ]
  18. Hem SL, Hogenesch H: Relationship between physical and chemical properties of aluminum-containing adjuvants and immunopotentiation. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2007 Oct;6(5):685-98. [PubMed:17931150 ]
  19. Nokleby H: Neurological adverse events of immunization: experience with an aluminum adjuvanted meningococcal B outer membrane vesicle vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2007 Oct;6(5):863-9. [PubMed:17931164 ]

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in ATP binding
Specific function:
This is the catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This action creates the electrochemical gradient of sodium and potassium ions, providing the energy for active transport of various nutrients.
Gene Name:
ATP1A1
Uniprot ID:
P05023
Molecular weight:
112895.01
References
  1. Menz RI, Walker JE, Leslie AG: Structure of bovine mitochondrial F(1)-ATPase with nucleotide bound to all three catalytic sites: implications for the mechanism of rotary catalysis. Cell. 2001 Aug 10;106(3):331-41. [PubMed:11509182 ]
  2. Silva VS, Goncalves PP: The inhibitory effect of aluminium on the (Na+/K+)ATPase activity of rat brain cortex synaptosomes. J Inorg Biochem. 2003 Sep 15;97(1):143-50. [PubMed:14507470 ]
  3. Amador FC, Santos MS, Oliveira CR: Lipid peroxidation and aluminium effects on the cholinergic system in nerve terminals. Neurotox Res. 2001 Jul;3(3):223-33. [PubMed:15111247 ]
  4. Kohila T, Parkkonen E, Tahti H: Evaluation of the effects of aluminium, ethanol and their combination on rat brain synaptosomal integral proteins in vitro and after 90-day oral exposure. Arch Toxicol. 2004 May;78(5):276-82. [PubMed:15254985 ]
  5. Kohila T, Tahti H: Effects of aluminium and lead on ATPase activity of knockout +/- mouse cerebral synaptosomes in vitro. Altern Lab Anim. 2004 Oct;32(4):361-7. [PubMed:15651920 ]
  6. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed:11752352 ]
General function:
Involved in ferric iron binding
Specific function:
Transferrins are iron binding transport proteins which can bind two Fe(3+) ions in association with the binding of an anion, usually bicarbonate. It is responsible for the transport of iron from sites of absorption and heme degradation to those of storage and utilization. Serum transferrin may also have a further role in stimulating cell proliferation
Gene Name:
TF
Uniprot ID:
P02787
Molecular weight:
77049.2
References
  1. Nolte E, Beck E, Winklhofer C, Steinhausen C: Compartmental model for aluminium biokinetics. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2001 Feb;20(2):111-7. [PubMed:11327511 ]
  2. Nagaoka MH, Maitani T: Binding affinity of aluminium to human serum transferrin and effects of carbohydrate chain modification as studied by HPLC/high-resolution ICP-MS--speciation of aluminium in human serum. J Inorg Biochem. 2005 Sep;99(9):1887-94. [PubMed:16139893 ]
  3. Mizutani K, Mikami B, Aibara S, Hirose M: Structure of aluminium-bound ovotransferrin at 2.15 Angstroms resolution. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2005 Dec;61(Pt 12):1636-42. Epub 2005 Nov 19. [PubMed:16301797 ]
  4. Beardmore J, Rugg G, Exley C: A systems biology approach to the blood-aluminium problem: the application and testing of a computational model. J Inorg Biochem. 2007 Sep;101(9):1187-91. Epub 2007 Jun 12. [PubMed:17629565 ]