We are currently updating the database - data may be missing for the next 10 minutes. We apologize for any inconvenience.

Human Metabolome Database Version 2.5

 

Showing metabocard for Palmitoleic acid (HMDB03229)

Legend: metabolite field enzyme field

Version 2.5
Creation Date 2006-05-22 16:12:43
Update Date 2010-12-17 09:58:23
Accession Number HMDB03229
Secondary Accession Numbers Not Available
Common Name Palmitoleic acid
Description fatty acids, Monounsaturated Palmitoleic acid, or 9-hexadecenoic acid, is an unsaturated fatty acid that is a common constituent of the glycerides of human adipose tissue. Present in all tissues, generally found in higher concentrations in the liver. Macadamia oil (Macadamia integrifolia) and Sea Buckthorn oil (Hippophae rhamnoides) are botanical sources of palmitoleic acid, containing 22 and 40% respectively. -- Wikipedia
Synonyms
  1. (Z)-9-Hexadecenoate
  2. (Z)-9-Hexadecenoic acid
  3. (Z)-Hexadec-9-enoate
  4. (Z)-Hexadec-9-enoic acid
  5. 9-Hexadecenoate
  6. 9-Hexadecenoic acid
  7. 9-cis-Hexadecenoate
  8. 9-cis-Hexadecenoic acid
  9. Oleopalmitate
  10. Oleopalmitic acid
  11. Palmitoleate
  12. Palmitoleic acid
  13. Zoomerate
  14. Zoomeric acid
  15. cis-9-Hexadecenoate
  16. cis-9-Hexadecenoic acid
  17. cis-Palmitoleate
  18. cis-Palmitoleic acid
  19. cis-delta-9-Hexadecenoate
  20. cis-delta-9-Hexadecenoic acid
  21. Hexadecenoate
  22. Hexadecenoic acid
  23. cis-9-palmitoleic acid
Chemical IUPAC Name (9Z)-hexadec-9-enoic acid
Chemical Formula C16H30O2
Chemical Structure Structure
Chemical Taxonomy
Kingdom
  • Organic
Super Class
  • Organic acids
Class
  • Fatty Acids
Sub Class
  • Long chain fatty acids
Family
  • Mammalian Metabolite
Species
  • carboxylic acid
  • alkene
Biofunction
Application
Source
  • Endogenous
Average Molecular Weight 254.408
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 254.224579
Isomeric SMILES CCCCCCC=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O
Canonical SMILES CCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O
KEGG Compound ID C08362 Link Image
BioCyc ID CPD-724 Link Image
BiGG ID 246167 Link Image
Wikipedia Link Palmitoleic acid Link Image
NuGOwiki Link HMDB03229 Link Image
Metagene Link HMDB03229 Link Image
METLIN ID 188 Link Image
PubChem Compound 5282745 Link Image
PubChem Substance 10520683 Link Image
ChEBI ID 28716 Link Image
CAS Registry Number 373-49-9
InChI Identifier InChI=1/C16H30O2/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16(17)18/h7-8H,2-6,9-15H2,1H3,(H,17,18)/b8-7-
Synthesis Reference Xu, Huashun; Luo, Yuping; Li, Siguang. Palmitoleic acid production by fermentation with yeast. Zhongguo Youzhi (1999), 24(6), 53-55.
Melting Point (Experimental) -0.1 oC
Experimental Water Solubility Not Available Source: PhysProp
Predicted Water Solubility 0.000429 mg/mL at 25 oC [MEYLAN,WM et al. (1996)]; 4.47e-04 mg/mL [Predicted by ALOGPS] Calculated using ALOGPS
Physiological Charge -1
State Liquid
Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity Not Available Source: PhysProp
Predicted LogP/Hydrophobicity 6.71 [Predicted by ALOGPS]; 5.577 [Predicted by PubChem via XLOGP]; 6.75 [MEYLAN,WM & HOWARD,PH (1995)] Calculated using ALOGPS
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
MOL File Show Link Image
SDF File Show Link Image
PDB File Show Link Image
2D Structure
3D Structure
Experimental PDB ID Not Available
Experimental 1H NMR Spectrum Not Available
Experimental 13C NMR Spectrum Not Available
Experimental 13C HSQC Spectrum Not Available
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Mass Spectrum Not Available
Simplified TOCSY Spectrum Not Available
BMRB Spectrum Not Available
Cellular Location
  • Membrane (Predicted from LogP)
Biofluid Location
  • Blood
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid
  • Urine
Tissue Location
Tissue References
Adipose Tissue
Skeletal Muscle
Concentrations (Normal)
Biofluid Blood
Value 31.0 (5.0-85.0) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Hoffmann GF, Meier-Augenstein W, Stockler S, Surtees R, Rating D, Nyhan WL: Physiology and pathophysiology of organic acids in cerebrospinal fluid. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1993;16(4):648-69. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Blood
Value 4.5 +/- 2.8 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Adults
Comments Not Available
References
  • Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 165-177. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp., Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Biofluid Blood
Value 6.390 +/- 4.279 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Psychogios N, Hau DD, Peng J, Guo AC, Mandal R, Bouatra S, Sinelnikov I, Krishnamurthy R, Eisner R, Gautam B, Young N, Xia J, Knox C, Dong E, Huang P, Hollander Z, Pedersen TL, Smith SR, Bamforth F, Greiner R, McManus B, Newman JW, Goodfriend T, Wishart DS: The human serum metabolome. PLoS One. 2011 Feb 16;6(2):e16957. [PubMed Link Image]
  • Wishart DS, Knox C, Guo AC, Eisner R, Young N, Gautam B, Hau DD, Psychogios N, Dong E, Bouatra S, Mandal R, Sinelnikov I, Xia J, Jia L, Cruz JA, Lim E, Sobsey CA, Shrivastava S, Huang P, Liu P, Fang L, Peng J, Fradette R, Cheng D, Tzur D, Clements M, Lewis A, De Souza A, Zuniga A, Dawe M, Xiong Y, Clive D, Greiner R, Nazyrova A, Shaykhutdinov R, Li L, Vogel HJ, Forsythe I: HMDB: a knowledgebase for the human metabolome. Nucleic Acids Res. 2008 Oct 25. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Blood
Value 14.7 +/- 0.169 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Quehenberger O, Armando AM, Brown AH, Milne SB, Myers DS, Merrill AH, Bandyopadhyay S, Jones KN, Kelly S, Shaner RL, Sullards CM, Wang E, Murphy RC, Barkley RM, Leiker TJ, Raetz CR, Guan Z, Laird GM, Six DA, Russell DW, McDonald JG, Subramaniam S, Fahy E, Dennis EA: Lipidomics reveals a remarkable diversity of lipids in human plasma. J Lipid Res. 2010 Nov;51(11):3299-305. Epub 2010 Jul 29. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 2.0 +/- 2.0 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Hoffmann GF, Meier-Augenstein W, Stockler S, Surtees R, Rating D, Nyhan WL: Physiology and pathophysiology of organic acids in cerebrospinal fluid. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1993;16(4):648-69. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 2 uM
Age Children:1-13 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Hoffmann GF, Meier-Augenstein W, Stockler S, Surtees R, Rating D, Nyhan WL: Physiology and pathophysiology of organic acids in cerebrospinal fluid. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1993;16(4):648-69. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value 0.03 +/- 0.02 umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Concentrations (Abnormal) Not Available
Associated Disorders Not Available
OMIM ID Not Available
Pathways Not Available
General References
  1. Katsuta Y, Iida T, Inomata S, Denda M: Unsaturated fatty acids induce calcium influx into keratinocytes and cause abnormal differentiation of epidermis. J Invest Dermatol. 2005 May;124(5):1008-13. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Rossner S, Walldius G, Bjorvell H: Fatty acid composition in serum lipids and adipose tissue in severe obesity before and after six weeks of weight loss. Int J Obes. 1989;13(5):603-12. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Ho RC, Davy KP, Hickey MS, Summers SA, Melby CL: Behavioral, metabolic, and molecular correlates of lower insulin sensitivity in Mexican-Americans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Oct;283(4):E799-808. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Hori Y, Nakamura K, Yamamoto M, Shimada K, Nakadaira H, Shibuya N, Endoh K, Ogoshi K: Determination of free fatty acids in human bile by high-performance liquid chromatography. Ann Clin Biochem. 1998 Mar;35 ( Pt 2):279-82. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Yli-Jama P, Haugen TS, Rebnord HM, Ringstad J, Pedersen JI: Selective mobilisation of fatty acids from human adipose tissue. Eur J Intern Med. 2001 Apr;12(2):107-115. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Prandota J: Clinical pharmacology of antibiotics and other drugs in cystic fibrosis. Drugs. 1988 May;35(5):542-78. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Wikipedia Link Image
Metabolic Enzymes
  1. Thioesterase domain containing 1
  2. S-acyl fatty acid synthase thioesterase, medium chain
Enzyme 1 [top]
Enzyme 1 ID 8493
Enzyme 1 Name Thioesterase domain containing 1
Enzyme 1 Synonyms Not Available
Enzyme 1 Gene Name THEDC1
Enzyme 1 Protein Sequence >Thioesterase domain containing 1
MERGDQPKRTRNENIFNCLYKNPEATFKLICFPWMGGGSTHFAKWGQDTHDLLEVHSLRL
PGRESRVEEPLENDISQLVDEVVCALQPVIQDKPFAFFGHSMGSYIAFRTALGLKENNQP
EPLHLFLSSATPVHSKAWHRIPKDDELSEEQISHYLMEFGGTPKHFAEAKEFVKQCSPII
RADLNIVRSCTSNVPSKAVLSCDLTCFVGSEDIAKDMEAWKDVTSGNAKIYQLPGGHFYL
LDPANEKLIKNYIIKCLEVSSISNF
Enzyme 1 Number of Residues 265
Enzyme 1 Molecular Weight 29931
Enzyme 1 Theoretical pI 6.17
Enzyme 1 GO Classification
Function
  • CoA hydrolase activity
  • acyl-CoA thioesterase II activity
  • acyl-CoA thioesterase activity
  • catalytic activity
  • hydrolase activity
  • hydrolase activity, acting on ester bonds
  • thiolester hydrolase activity
Process
  • biosynthesis
  • metabolism
  • physiological process
Component
Enzyme 1 General Function Secondary metabolites biosynthesis, transport and catabolism
Enzyme 1 Specific Function Not Available
Enzyme 1 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 1 Reactions Not Available
Enzyme 1 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 1 Signals Not Available
Enzyme 1 Transmembrane Regions Not Available
Enzyme 1 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 1 GenBank ID Protein Not Available
Enzyme 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q5VUB6 Link Image
Enzyme 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name Q5VUB6_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 1 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 1 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 1 Gene Sequence Not Available
Enzyme 1 GenBank Gene ID AL590365 Link Image
Enzyme 1 GeneCard ID OLAH Link Image
Enzyme 1 GenAtlas ID OLAH Link Image
Enzyme 1 HGNC ID HGNC:25625 Link Image
Enzyme 1 Chromosome Location 10
Enzyme 1 Locus 10p13
Enzyme 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 1 General References Not Available
Enzyme 1 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 2 [top]
Enzyme 2 ID 21032
Enzyme 2 Name S-acyl fatty acid synthase thioesterase, medium chain
Enzyme 2 Synonyms
  1. Oleoyl-ACP hydrolase
  2. Thioesterase II
  3. Thioesterase domain-containing protein 1
Enzyme 2 Gene Name OLAH
Enzyme 2 Protein Sequence >S-acyl fatty acid synthase thioesterase, medium chain
MERGDQPKRTRNENIFNCLYKNPEATFKLICFPWMGGGSTHFAKWGQDTHDLLEVHSLRL
PGRESRVEEPLENDISQLVDEVVCALQPVIQDKPFAFFGHSMGSYIAFRTALGLKENNQP
EPLHLFLSSATPVHSKAWHRIPKDDELSEEQISHYLMEFGGTPKHFAEAKEFVKQCSPII
RADLNIVRSCTSNVPSKAVLSCDLTCFVGSEDIAKDMEAWKDVTSGNAKIYQLPGGHFYL
LDPANEKLIKNYIIKCLEVSSISNF
Enzyme 2 Number of Residues 265
Enzyme 2 Molecular Weight 29930.8
Enzyme 2 Theoretical pI 6.17
Enzyme 2 GO Classification
Function
  • catalytic activity
  • hydrolase activity
  • hydrolase activity, acting on ester bonds
Process
  • biosynthetic process
  • metabolic process
Component
Enzyme 2 General Function Involved in biosynthetic process
Enzyme 2 Specific Function In fatty acid biosynthesis chain termination and release of the free fatty acid product is achieved by hydrolysis of the thio ester by a thioesterase I, a component of the fatty acid synthetase complex. The chain length of the released fatty acid is usually C16. However, in the mammary glands of non-ruminant mammals, and in the uropygial gland of certain waterfowl there exists a second thioesterase which releases medium-chain length fatty acids (C8 to C2)
Enzyme 2 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 2 Reactions
  • an oleoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + H2O = an [acyl-carrier protein] + oleate [RN:R02814]
Enzyme 2 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 2 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 2 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 2 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 2 GenBank ID Protein 7023364 Link Image
Enzyme 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q9NV23 Link Image
Enzyme 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name SAST_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 2 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 2 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 2 Gene Sequence >798 bp
ATGGAGAGAGGAGACCAACCTAAGAGAACCAGGAATGAAAACATTTTCAACTGCTTATAC
AAAAACCCTGAGGCAACTTTTAAGCTGATTTGCTTTCCCTGGATGGGAGGTGGCTCCACT
CATTTTGCCAAATGGGGCCAAGATACTCATGATTTGCTGGAAGTGCACTCCTTAAGGCTT
CCTGGAAGAGAAAGCAGAGTTGAAGAACCTCTTGAAAATGACATCTCCCAGTTAGTTGAT
GAAGTTGTTTGTGCTCTGCAGCCAGTCATCCAGGATAAACCATTTGCATTTTTTGGCCAC
AGTATGGGATCCTACATTGCTTTTAGGACTGCACTAGGTCTAAAAGAAAACAATCAACCA
GAACCATTGCATTTATTTTTGTCAAGTGCAACTCCTGTACATTCAAAGGCCTGGCATCGC
ATTCCCAAAGATGATGAATTGTCAGAAGAACAAATAAGTCATTACCTTATGGAATTTGGA
GGCACCCCCAAGCATTTTGCTGAAGCCAAGGAATTTGTGAAACAATGTAGTCCCATCATA
AGGGCAGATCTGAACATTGTTAGAAGTTGCACCTCTAACGTACCATCTAAGGCTGTTCTT
TCCTGTGACTTGACATGTTTTGTTGGATCTGAAGACATAGCAAAGGACATGGAAGCCTGG
AAAGATGTAACCAGTGGAAATGCTAAAATTTACCAGCTTCCAGGGGGTCACTTTTATCTT
CTGGATCCTGCGAACGAGAAATTAATCAAGAACTACATAATCAAGTGTCTAGAAGTATCA
TCGATATCCAATTTTTAG
Enzyme 2 GenBank Gene ID AK001844 Link Image
Enzyme 2 GeneCard ID OLAH Link Image
Enzyme 2 GenAtlas ID OLAH Link Image
Enzyme 2 HGNC ID HGNC:25625 Link Image
Enzyme 2 Chromosome Location 1
Enzyme 2 Locus 10p13
Enzyme 2 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 2 General References
  1. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Deloukas P, Earthrowl ME, Grafham DV, Rubenfield M, French L, Steward CA, Sims SK, Jones MC, Searle S, Scott C, Howe K, Hunt SE, Andrews TD, Gilbert JG, Swarbreck D, Ashurst JL, Taylor A, Battles J, Bird CP, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Ashwell RI, Ambrose KD, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Banerjee R, Bates K, Beasley H, Bray-Allen S, Brown AJ, Brown JY, Burford DC, Burrill W, Burton J, Cahill P, Camire D, Carter NP, Chapman JC, Clark SY, Clarke G, Clee CM, Clegg S, Corby N, Coulson A, Dhami P, Dutta I, Dunn M, Faulkner L, Frankish A, Frankland JA, Garner P, Garnett J, Gribble S, Griffiths C, Grocock R, Gustafson E, Hammond S, Harley JL, Hart E, Heath PD, Ho TP, Hopkins B, Horne J, Howden PJ, Huckle E, Hynds C, Johnson C, Johnson D, Kana A, Kay M, Kimberley AM, Kershaw JK, Kokkinaki M, Laird GK, Lawlor S, Lee HM, Leongamornlert DA, Laird G, Lloyd C, Lloyd DM, Loveland J, Lovell J, McLaren S, McLay KE, McMurray A, Mashreghi-Mohammadi M, Matthews L, Milne S, Nickerson T, Nguyen M, Overton-Larty E, Palmer SA, Pearce AV, Peck AI, Pelan S, Phillimore B, Porter K, Rice CM, Rogosin A, Ross MT, Sarafidou T, Sehra HK, Shownkeen R, Skuce CD, Smith M, Standring L, Sycamore N, Tester J, Thorpe A, Torcasso W, Tracey A, Tromans A, Tsolas J, Wall M, Walsh J, Wang H, Weinstock K, West AP, Willey DL, Whitehead SL, Wilming L, Wray PW, Young L, Chen Y, Lovering RC, Moschonas NK, Siebert R, Fechtel K, Bentley D, Durbin R, Hubbard T, Doucette-Stamm L, Beck S, Smith DR, Rogers J: The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 10. Nature. 2004 May 27;429(6990):375-81. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 2 Metabolite References Not Available