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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected and Quantified
Creation Date2012-09-06 15:16:52 UTC
Update Date2023-02-21 17:18:30 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0015451
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB15451
Metabolite Identification
Common NameEphedrine
DescriptionEphedrine is only found in individuals who have consumed this drug. Ephedrine is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used in the treatment of several disorders including asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists. [PubChem] Ephedrine is similar in molecular structure to the well-known drugs phenylpropanolamine and methamphetamine, as well as to the important neurotransmitter epinephrine (adrenalin). Chemically, it is an alkaloid with a phenethylamine skeleton found in various plants in the genus Ephedra (family Ephedraceae). It works mainly by increasing the activity of norepinephrine (noradrenalin) on adrenergic receptors. It is most usually marketed as the hydrochloride or sulfate salt.
Structure
Data?1676999910
Synonyms
ValueSource
(1R,2S)-1-Phenyl-1-hydroxy-2-methylaminopropaneChEBI
L(-)-EphedrineChEBI
L-EphedrineChEBI
L-Erythro-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropan-1-olChEBI
(-)-EphedrineKegg
Erythro isomer OF ephedrineHMDB
Renaudin brand OF ephedrine hydrochlorideHMDB
Renaudin, ephedrineHMDB
Ephedrine renaudinHMDB
Sal-phedrineHMDB
Sulfate, ephedrineHMDB
Ephedrine hydrochlorideHMDB
Ephedrine sulfateHMDB
Sal phedrineHMDB
SalPhedrineHMDB
Ephedrine erythro isomerHMDB
Hydrochloride, ephedrineHMDB
Wendt brand OF ephedrine sulfateHMDB
EphedrineChEBI
Chemical FormulaC10H15NO
Average Molecular Weight165.2322
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight165.115364107
IUPAC Name(1R,2S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropan-1-ol
Traditional Nameephedrine
CAS Registry Number299-42-3
SMILES
CN[C@@H](C)[C@H](O)C1=CC=CC=C1
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C10H15NO/c1-8(11-2)10(12)9-6-4-3-5-7-9/h3-8,10-12H,1-2H3/t8-,10-/m0/s1
InChI KeyKWGRBVOPPLSCSI-WPRPVWTQSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylpropanes. These are organic compounds containing a phenylpropane moiety.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassBenzenoids
ClassBenzene and substituted derivatives
Sub ClassPhenylpropanes
Direct ParentPhenylpropanes
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Phenylpropane
  • Aralkylamine
  • 1,2-aminoalcohol
  • Secondary alcohol
  • Secondary aliphatic amine
  • Secondary amine
  • Alcohol
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Amine
  • Aromatic alcohol
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Aromatic homomonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic homomonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
ProcessNot Available
Role
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point34 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water Solubility63.6 mg/mL at 30 °CNot Available
LogP1.13AVDEEF,A (1997)
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility8.26 g/LALOGPS
logP1ALOGPS
logP1.32ChemAxon
logS-1.3ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)13.89ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)9.52ChemAxon
Physiological Charge1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count2ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area32.26 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count3ChemAxon
Refractivity49.69 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability18.8 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings1ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DarkChem[M+H]+137.05631661259
DarkChem[M-H]-136.41531661259
DeepCCS[M+H]+142.23130932474
DeepCCS[M-H]-139.83630932474
DeepCCS[M-2H]-173.2530932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+148.14430932474
AllCCS[M+H]+138.332859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+133.932859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+142.432859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+143.632859911
AllCCS[M-H]-139.232859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-140.432859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-141.932859911

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
EphedrineCN[C@@H](C)[C@H](O)C1=CC=CC=C12130.9Standard polar33892256
EphedrineCN[C@@H](C)[C@H](O)C1=CC=CC=C11344.6Standard non polar33892256
EphedrineCN[C@@H](C)[C@H](O)C1=CC=CC=C11380.6Semi standard non polar33892256

Derivatized

Derivative Name / StructureSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Ephedrine,1TMS,isomer #1CN[C@@H](C)[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)C1=CC=CC=C11413.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Ephedrine,1TMS,isomer #2C[C@@H]([C@H](O)C1=CC=CC=C1)N(C)[Si](C)(C)C1524.2Semi standard non polar33892256
Ephedrine,2TMS,isomer #1C[C@@H]([C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)C1=CC=CC=C1)N(C)[Si](C)(C)C1572.6Semi standard non polar33892256
Ephedrine,2TMS,isomer #1C[C@@H]([C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)C1=CC=CC=C1)N(C)[Si](C)(C)C1556.8Standard non polar33892256
Ephedrine,2TMS,isomer #1C[C@@H]([C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C)C1=CC=CC=C1)N(C)[Si](C)(C)C1691.1Standard polar33892256
Ephedrine,1TBDMS,isomer #1CN[C@@H](C)[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C1=CC=CC=C11643.6Semi standard non polar33892256
Ephedrine,1TBDMS,isomer #2C[C@@H]([C@H](O)C1=CC=CC=C1)N(C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C1754.6Semi standard non polar33892256
Ephedrine,2TBDMS,isomer #1C[C@@H]([C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C1=CC=CC=C1)N(C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2047.3Semi standard non polar33892256
Ephedrine,2TBDMS,isomer #1C[C@@H]([C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C1=CC=CC=C1)N(C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C1989.4Standard non polar33892256
Ephedrine,2TBDMS,isomer #1C[C@@H]([C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C1=CC=CC=C1)N(C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2002.5Standard polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Ephedrine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0a4i-9300000000-5bdf33e08e94f0c0bd262017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Ephedrine GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-05di-9610000000-8f364065f58e7dd694442017-10-06Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Ephedrine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Ephedrine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
MSMass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)splash10-0a4i-9000000000-bcc578719d003732d7f82014-09-20Not AvailableView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Ephedrine LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-0002-0900000000-33d551e262321705ae8a2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Ephedrine LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-014j-0900000000-32a84e7b7e5332fe20262017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Ephedrine LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-0002-0900000000-82640acc94773485568a2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Ephedrine LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-0002-0900000000-bdfb6079227a418eb7062017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Ephedrine LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-0002-0900000000-c04df5fb623578be67ea2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Ephedrine LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-00l2-1900000000-3a68bc210684b52a9fd82017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Ephedrine LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-0159-2900000000-e12bf9df640426404f1c2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Ephedrine LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-014j-0900000000-0218a677989aab76b1762017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Ephedrine LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-0002-0900000000-3dd538034653edb47df12017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Ephedrine LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-0002-0900000000-553c930e0970a8c1a8662017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Ephedrine LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-0002-0900000000-0499cdf7955d013fca292017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Ephedrine LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-015a-1900000000-f6b6229ef8c2d7fd24ab2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Ephedrine LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-0159-2900000000-7c8549f8cd727886d67d2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Ephedrine LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOFsplash10-0002-0900000000-bcbf5073df33d11415cc2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Ephedrine 60V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0002-0900000000-8df1676350e720b21d8c2021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Ephedrine 75V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-015a-1900000000-8d8e8c6689866070b7de2021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Ephedrine 90V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0159-2900000000-573a202622c26aee5f4e2021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Ephedrine 35V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0002-0900000000-a2c5df7e718fb237fcb42021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Ephedrine 35V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0002-0900000000-33d551e262321705ae8a2021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Ephedrine 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-00kb-0900000000-677d622716b4c2545f162016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Ephedrine 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-00kb-2900000000-416def0e527ddf116a392016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Ephedrine 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0aou-9500000000-155625a572f19610e1382016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Ephedrine 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-03di-0900000000-ea7e1b550b5dc0d6d41d2016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Ephedrine 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-03dj-2900000000-f4de25860574bb60daf12016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Ephedrine 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0a6r-9600000000-62e375458e5f83795e902016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum

NMR Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum

IR Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted IR SpectrumIR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M-H]-)2023-02-03FELIX labView Spectrum
Predicted IR SpectrumIR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+H]+)2023-02-03FELIX labView Spectrum
Predicted IR SpectrumIR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+Na]+)2023-02-03FELIX labView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Membrane
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Urine
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot AvailableNot AvailableTaking drug identified by DrugBank entry DB01364 details
UrineDetected and Quantified0.6 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
UrineExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot AvailableNot AvailableTaking drug identified by DrugBank entry DB01364 details
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Predicted Concentrations
BiospecimenValueOriginal ageOriginal sexOriginal conditionComments
Blood0.000 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormalPredicted based on drug qualities
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDDB01364
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDC00001409
Chemspider ID8935
KEGG Compound IDC01575
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkEphedrine
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound9294
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID15407
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General ReferencesNot Available

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in carboxylesterase activity
Specific function:
Terminates signal transduction at the neuromuscular junction by rapid hydrolysis of the acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft. Role in neuronal apoptosis.
Gene Name:
ACHE
Uniprot ID:
P22303
Molecular weight:
67795.525
References
  1. Singh AK, Spassova D: Effects of hexamethonium, phenothiazines, propranolol and ephedrine on acetylcholinesterase carbamylation by physostigmine, aldicarb and carbaryl: interaction between the active site and the functionally distinct peripheral sites in acetylcholinesterase. Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol. 1998 Jan;119(1):97-105. [PubMed:9568379 ]
General function:
Involved in carboxylesterase activity
Specific function:
Esterase with broad substrate specificity. Contributes to the inactivation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Can degrade neurotoxic organophosphate esters.
Gene Name:
BCHE
Uniprot ID:
P06276
Molecular weight:
68417.575
References
  1. Maizel' EB, Rozengart EV, Khakimov IuP, Abduvakhabov AA, Aslanov KhA: [Ephedrine, salsoline and cytisine derivatives as substrates and inhibitirs of cholinesterases]. Biokhimiia. 1978 Jul;43(7):1150-6. [PubMed:698301 ]
General function:
Involved in transmembrane transport
Specific function:
Involved in the ATP-dependent vesicular transport of biogenic amine neurotransmitters. Pumps cytosolic monoamines including dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and histamine into synaptic vesicles. Requisite for vesicular amine storage prior to secretion via exocytosis
Gene Name:
SLC18A2
Uniprot ID:
Q05940
Molecular weight:
55712.1
References
  1. Ellis JD, German CL, Birdsall E, Hanson JE, Crosby MA, Rowley SD, Sawada NA, West JN, Hanson GR, Fleckenstein AE: Ephedrine decreases vesicular monoamine transporter-2 function. Synapse. 2010 Dec 15. [PubMed:21162110 ]
  2. Horton DB, Siripurapu KB, Norrholm SD, Culver JP, Hojahmat M, Beckmann JS, Harrod SB, Deaciuc AG, Bardo MT, Crooks PA, Dwoskin LP: meso-Transdiene analogs inhibit vesicular monoamine transporter-2 function and methamphetamine-evoked dopamine release. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2011 Mar;336(3):940-51. doi: 10.1124/jpet.110.175117. Epub 2010 Dec 21. [PubMed:21177475 ]
  3. Sulzer D, Sonders MS, Poulsen NW, Galli A: Mechanisms of neurotransmitter release by amphetamines: a review. Prog Neurobiol. 2005 Apr;75(6):406-33. [PubMed:15955613 ]
  4. Sulzer D, Chen TK, Lau YY, Kristensen H, Rayport S, Ewing A: Amphetamine redistributes dopamine from synaptic vesicles to the cytosol and promotes reverse transport. J Neurosci. 1995 May;15(5 Pt 2):4102-8. [PubMed:7751968 ]
  5. Yasumoto S, Tamura K, Karasawa J, Hasegawa R, Ikeda K, Yamamoto T, Yamamoto H: Inhibitory effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on the vesicular monoamine transporter 2. Neurosci Lett. 2009 May 1;454(3):229-32. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.03.049. Epub 2009 Mar 18. [PubMed:19429089 ]
  6. Fleckenstein AE, Volz TJ, Riddle EL, Gibb JW, Hanson GR: New insights into the mechanism of action of amphetamines. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007;47:681-98. [PubMed:17209801 ]
General function:
Involved in G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
Specific function:
This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol- calcium second messenger system. Its effect is mediated by G(q) and G(11) proteins
Gene Name:
ADRA1A
Uniprot ID:
P35348
Molecular weight:
51486.0
References
  1. Ma G, Bavadekar SA, Davis YM, Lalchandani SG, Nagmani R, Schaneberg BT, Khan IA, Feller DR: Pharmacological effects of ephedrine alkaloids on human alpha(1)- and alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007 Jul;322(1):214-21. Epub 2007 Apr 3. [PubMed:17405867 ]
  2. Wellman PJ, Miller DK, Ho DH: Noradrenergic modulation of ephedrine-induced hypophagia. Synapse. 2003 Apr;48(1):18-24. [PubMed:12557268 ]
  3. Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [PubMed:10592235 ]

Transporters

General function:
Involved in neurotransmitter:sodium symporter activity
Specific function:
Amine transporter. Terminates the action of noradrenaline by its high affinity sodium-dependent reuptake into presynaptic terminals.
Gene Name:
SLC6A2
Uniprot ID:
P23975
Molecular weight:
69331.42
References
  1. Kobayashi S, Endou M, Sakuraya F, Matsuda N, Zhang XH, Azuma M, Echigo N, Kemmotsu O, Hattori Y, Gando S: The sympathomimetic actions of l-ephedrine and d-pseudoephedrine: direct receptor activation or norepinephrine release? Anesth Analg. 2003 Nov;97(5):1239-45. [PubMed:14570629 ]
  2. McMahon LR, Cunningham KA: Discriminative stimulus effects of (-)-ephedrine in rats: analysis with catecholamine transporter and receptor ligands. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2003 Jun 5;70(3):255-64. [PubMed:12757963 ]
  3. Fleckenstein AE, Volz TJ, Riddle EL, Gibb JW, Hanson GR: New insights into the mechanism of action of amphetamines. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007;47:681-98. [PubMed:17209801 ]
  4. Sulzer D, Sonders MS, Poulsen NW, Galli A: Mechanisms of neurotransmitter release by amphetamines: a review. Prog Neurobiol. 2005 Apr;75(6):406-33. [PubMed:15955613 ]