Hmdb loader

Showing metabocard for Perchloroethylene (HMDB0041980)

Jump To Section:
IdentificationTaxonomyOntologyPhysical propertiesSpectraBiological propertiesConcentrationsLinksReferencesXML
Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected and Quantified
Creation Date2012-09-13 11:51:21 UTC
Update Date2022-03-07 02:57:14 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0041980
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB41980
Metabolite Identification
Common NamePerchloroethylene
DescriptionAnimal studies and a study of 99 twins by Dr. Samuel Goldman and researchers at the Parkinson's Institute in Sunnyvale, California determined there is a 'lot of circumstantial evidence' that exposure to tetrachloroethene increases the risk of developing Parkinson's disease ninefold. Larger population studies are planned. Tetrachloroethene is a common soil contaminant. With a specific gravity greater than 1, tetrachloroethylene will be present as a dense nonaqueous phase liquid if sufficient quantities of liquid are spilled in the environment. Because of its mobility in groundwater, its toxicity at low levels, and its density (which causes it to sink below the water table), cleanup activities are more difficult than for oil spills. Recent research has focused on the in place remediation of soil and ground water pollution by tetrachloroethylene. Instead of excavation or extraction for above-ground treatment or disposal, tetrachloroethylene contamination has been successfully remediated by chemical treatment or bioremediation. Bioremediation has been successful under anaerobic conditions by reductive dechlorination by Dehalococcoides sp. and under aerobic conditions by cometabolism by Pseudomonas sp. Partial degradation daughter products include trichloroethylene, cis-1,2-dichloroethene and vinyl chloride; full degradation converts tetrachloroethylene to ethene and hydrogen chloride dissolved in water. Tetrachloroethylene is an excellent solvent for organic materials. Otherwise it is volatile, highly stable, and nonflammable. For these reasons, it is widely used in dry cleaning. Usually as a mixture with other chlorocarbons, it is also used to degrease metal parts in the automotive and other metalworking industries. It appears in a few consumer products including paint strippers and spot removers. Tetrachloroethylene, also known under the systematic name tetrachloroethene, or perchloroethylene ('perc'), and many other names, is a chlorocarbon with the formula Cl2C=CCl2. It is a colorless liquid widely used for dry cleaning of fabrics, hence it is sometimes called 'dry-cleaning fluid.' It has a sweet odor detectable by most people at a concentration of 1 part per million (1 ppm). Worldwide production was about one million metric tons in 1985. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified tetrachloroethene as a Group 2A carcinogen, which means that it is probably carcinogenic to humans. Like many chlorinated hydrocarbons, tetrachloroethene is a central nervous system depressant and can enter the body through respiratory or dermal exposure. Tetrachloroethene dissolves fats from the skin, potentially resulting in skin irritation. This reaction can be catalyzed by a mixture of potassium chloride and aluminium chloride or by activated carbon. Trichloroethylene is a major byproduct, which is separated by distillation.
Structure
Data?1563863719
MOL3D MOLSDF3D SDFPDB3D PDBSMILESInChI

MOL for HMDB0041980 (Perchloroethylene)


  Mrv1652305271900252D          

  6  5  0  0  0  0            999 V2000
    0.8250    0.0000    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.0000    0.0000    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.2375    0.7145    0.0000 Cl  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.2375   -0.7145    0.0000 Cl  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.4125   -0.7145    0.0000 Cl  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.4125    0.7145    0.0000 Cl  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  2  1  2  0  0  0  0
  3  1  1  0  0  0  0
  4  1  1  0  0  0  0
  5  2  1  0  0  0  0
  6  2  1  0  0  0  0
M  END
Download

3D MOL for HMDB0041980 (Perchloroethylene)

HMDB0041980
     RDKit          3D
Perchloroethylene
  6  5  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0999 V2000
    0.8769    1.7004    0.9760 Cl  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.5942    0.2580   -0.0153 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.9510   -0.3269   -0.9387 Cl  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.5936   -0.2851   -0.0054 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.9035    0.3567    0.9443 Cl  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.9250   -1.7031   -0.9609 Cl  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  1  0
  2  3  1  0
  2  4  2  3
  4  5  1  0
  4  6  1  0
M  END
Download

3D SDF for HMDB0041980 (Perchloroethylene)


  Mrv1652305271900252D          

  6  5  0  0  0  0            999 V2000
    0.8250    0.0000    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.0000    0.0000    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.2375    0.7145    0.0000 Cl  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.2375   -0.7145    0.0000 Cl  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.4125   -0.7145    0.0000 Cl  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.4125    0.7145    0.0000 Cl  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  2  1  2  0  0  0  0
  3  1  1  0  0  0  0
  4  1  1  0  0  0  0
  5  2  1  0  0  0  0
  6  2  1  0  0  0  0
M  END
> <DATABASE_ID>
HMDB0041980

> <DATABASE_NAME>
hmdb

> <SMILES>
ClC(Cl)=C(Cl)Cl

> <INCHI_IDENTIFIER>
InChI=1S/C2Cl4/c3-1(4)2(5)6

> <INCHI_KEY>
CYTYCFOTNPOANT-UHFFFAOYSA-N

> <FORMULA>
C2Cl4

> <MOLECULAR_WEIGHT>
165.833

> <EXACT_MASS>
163.875410828

> <JCHEM_ACCEPTOR_COUNT>
0

> <JCHEM_ATOM_COUNT>
6

> <JCHEM_AVERAGE_POLARIZABILITY>
11.60498571923662

> <JCHEM_BIOAVAILABILITY>
1

> <JCHEM_DONOR_COUNT>
0

> <JCHEM_FORMAL_CHARGE>
0

> <JCHEM_GHOSE_FILTER>
0

> <JCHEM_IUPAC>
tetrachloroethene

> <ALOGPS_LOGP>
3.13

> <JCHEM_LOGP>
2.615465689333333

> <ALOGPS_LOGS>
-2.70

> <JCHEM_MDDR_LIKE_RULE>
0

> <JCHEM_NUMBER_OF_RINGS>
0

> <JCHEM_PHYSIOLOGICAL_CHARGE>
0

> <JCHEM_POLAR_SURFACE_AREA>
0.0

> <JCHEM_REFRACTIVITY>
50.775

> <JCHEM_ROTATABLE_BOND_COUNT>
0

> <JCHEM_RULE_OF_FIVE>
1

> <ALOGPS_SOLUBILITY>
3.31e-01 g/l

> <JCHEM_TRADITIONAL_IUPAC>
perchloroethylene

> <JCHEM_VEBER_RULE>
1

$$$$
Download

3D-SDF for HMDB0041980 (Perchloroethylene)

HMDB0041980
     RDKit          3D
Perchloroethylene
  6  5  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0999 V2000
    0.8769    1.7004    0.9760 Cl  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.5942    0.2580   -0.0153 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.9510   -0.3269   -0.9387 Cl  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.5936   -0.2851   -0.0054 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.9035    0.3567    0.9443 Cl  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.9250   -1.7031   -0.9609 Cl  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  1  0
  2  3  1  0
  2  4  2  3
  4  5  1  0
  4  6  1  0
M  END
Download

PDB for HMDB0041980 (Perchloroethylene)

HEADER    PROTEIN                                 27-MAY-19   NONE
TITLE     NULL                                                        
COMPND    NULL                                                        
SOURCE    NULL                                                        
KEYWDS    NULL                                                        
EXPDTA    NULL                                                        
AUTHOR    Marvin                                                      
REVDAT   1   27-MAY-19         0                                  
HETATM    1  C   UNK     0       1.540   0.000   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    2  C   UNK     0       0.000   0.000   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    3 Cl   UNK     0       2.310   1.334   0.000  0.00  0.00          Cl+0
HETATM    4 Cl   UNK     0       2.310  -1.334   0.000  0.00  0.00          Cl+0
HETATM    5 Cl   UNK     0      -0.770  -1.334   0.000  0.00  0.00          Cl+0
HETATM    6 Cl   UNK     0      -0.770   1.334   0.000  0.00  0.00          Cl+0
CONECT    1    2    3    4                                                  
CONECT    2    1    5    6                                                  
CONECT    3    1                                                            
CONECT    4    1                                                            
CONECT    5    2                                                            
CONECT    6    2                                                            
MASTER        0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0    6    0   10    0
END
Download

3D PDB for HMDB0041980 (Perchloroethylene)

COMPND    HMDB0041980
HETATM    1 CL1  UNL     1       0.877   1.700   0.976  1.00  0.00          CL  
HETATM    2  C1  UNL     1       0.594   0.258  -0.015  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    3 CL2  UNL     1       1.951  -0.327  -0.939  1.00  0.00          CL  
HETATM    4  C2  UNL     1      -0.594  -0.285  -0.005  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    5 CL3  UNL     1      -1.904   0.357   0.944  1.00  0.00          CL  
HETATM    6 CL4  UNL     1      -0.925  -1.703  -0.961  1.00  0.00          CL  
CONECT    1    2
CONECT    2    3    4    4
CONECT    4    5    6
END
Download

SMILES for HMDB0041980 (Perchloroethylene)

ClC(Cl)=C(Cl)Cl
Download

INCHI for HMDB0041980 (Perchloroethylene)

InChI=1S/C2Cl4/c3-1(4)2(5)6
Download
View in JSmolView Stereo Labels
Synonyms
ValueSource
1,1,2,2-TetrachloroethyleneChEBI
Ethylene tetrachlorideChEBI
PCEChEBI
PERCChEBI
PERKChEBI
TetrachloraethenChEBI
TetrachlorethyleneChEBI
TetrachloroethyleneChEBI
1,1,2, 2-TetrachloroethyleneHMDB
1,1,2,2-TetrachloroetheneHMDB
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethylene (acd/name 4.0)HMDB
AnkilostinHMDB
Antisal 1HMDB
Antisol 1HMDB
Carbon bichlorideHMDB
Carbon dichlorideHMDB
CzterochloroetylenHMDB
DidakeneHMDB
Dow-perHMDB
Fedal-unHMDB
NemaHMDB
Nema, veterinaryHMDB
PerawinHMDB
Perchloorethyleen, perHMDB
PerchlorHMDB
Perchloraethylen, perHMDB
PerchlorethyleneHMDB
Perchlorethylene, perHMDB
PerchloroetheneHMDB
PercleneHMDB
Perclene DHMDB
Perclene TGHMDB
PercloroetileneHMDB
PercosolveHMDB
PerkloneHMDB
PerSecHMDB
RCRA waste number u210HMDB
TetlenHMDB
TetracapHMDB
TetrachlooretheenHMDB
TetrachlorathenHMDB
Tetrachloro-etheneHMDB
Tetrachloro-ethyleneHMDB
TetrachloroetheneHMDB
TetracloroeteneHMDB
TetraguerHMDB
TetralenoHMDB
TetralexHMDB
TetravecHMDB
TetroguerHMDB
TetropilHMDB
PerchloroethyleneChEBI
Chemical FormulaC2Cl4
Average Molecular Weight165.833
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight163.875410828
IUPAC Nametetrachloroethene
Traditional Nameperchloroethylene
CAS Registry Number127-18-4
SMILES
ClC(Cl)=C(Cl)Cl
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C2Cl4/c3-1(4)2(5)6
InChI KeyCYTYCFOTNPOANT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as vinyl chlorides. These are vinyl halides in which a chlorine atom is bonded to an sp2-hybridised carbon atom.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganohalogen compounds
ClassVinyl halides
Sub ClassVinyl chlorides
Direct ParentVinyl chlorides
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Chloroalkene
  • Haloalkene
  • Vinyl chloride
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organochloride
  • Aliphatic acyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
Biological locationSource
ProcessNot Available
Role
Biological roleIndustrial application
Physical Properties
StateLiquid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point-22.3 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water Solubility0.21 mg/mL at 25 °CNot Available
LogP3.40Not Available
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.33 g/LALOGPS
logP3.13ALOGPS
logP2.62ChemAxon
logS-2.7ALOGPS
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count0ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area0 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count0ChemAxon
Refractivity50.78 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability11.6 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DeepCCS[M+H]+126.39730932474
DeepCCS[M-H]-123.9730932474
DeepCCS[M-2H]-160.2130932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+134.95130932474
AllCCS[M+H]+130.332859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+126.432859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+134.032859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+135.032859911
AllCCS[M-H]-135.132859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-139.732859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-144.832859911

Predicted Retention Times

Underivatized

Chromatographic MethodRetention TimeReference
Measured using a Waters Acquity ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) ethylene-bridged hybrid (BEH) C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm; 1.7 μmparticle diameter). Predicted by Afia on May 17, 2022. Predicted by Afia on May 17, 2022.4.98 minutes32390414
Predicted by Siyang on May 30, 202215.0051 minutes33406817
Predicted by Siyang using ReTip algorithm on June 8, 20221.36 minutes32390414
AjsUoB = Accucore 150 Amide HILIC with 10mM Ammonium Formate, 0.1% Formic Acid251.6 seconds40023050
Fem_Long = Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C18 with Water:MeOH and 0.1% Formic Acid1282.5 seconds40023050
Fem_Lipids = Ascentis Express C18 with (60:40 water:ACN):(90:10 IPA:ACN) and 10mM NH4COOH + 0.1% Formic Acid506.2 seconds40023050
Life_Old = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:(20:80 acetone:ACN) and 0.1% Formic Acid216.1 seconds40023050
Life_New = RP Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C18 with Water:(30:70 MeOH:ACN) and 0.1% Formic Acid399.4 seconds40023050
RIKEN = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid219.6 seconds40023050
Eawag_XBridgeC18 = XBridge C18 3.5u 2.1x50 mm with Water:MeOH and 0.1% Formic Acid388.7 seconds40023050
BfG_NTS_RP1 =Agilent Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 (2.1 mm x 150 mm, 3.5 um) with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid500.0 seconds40023050
HILIC_BDD_2 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-HILIC with ACN(0.1% formic acid):water(16 mM ammonium formate)596.2 seconds40023050
UniToyama_Atlantis = RP Waters Atlantis T3 (2.1 x 150 mm, 5 um) with ACN:Water and 0.1% Formic Acid825.8 seconds40023050
BDD_C18 = Hypersil Gold 1.9µm C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid296.7 seconds40023050
UFZ_Phenomenex = Kinetex Core-Shell C18 2.6 um, 3.0 x 100 mm, Phenomenex with Water:MeOH and 0.1% Formic Acid953.7 seconds40023050
SNU_RIKEN_POS = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid349.7 seconds40023050
RPMMFDA = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid457.5 seconds40023050
MTBLS87 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-pHILIC column with ACN:Water and :ammonium carbonate779.7 seconds40023050
KI_GIAR_zic_HILIC_pH2_7 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-HILIC with ACN:Water and 0.1% FA503.1 seconds40023050
Meister zic-pHILIC pH9.3 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-pHILIC column with ACN:Water 5mM NH4Ac pH9.3 and 5mM ammonium acetate in water279.2 seconds40023050

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
PerchloroethyleneClC(Cl)=C(Cl)Cl1015.4Standard polar33892256
PerchloroethyleneClC(Cl)=C(Cl)Cl781.7Standard non polar33892256
PerchloroethyleneClC(Cl)=C(Cl)Cl813.9Semi standard non polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Perchloroethylene EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-02u0-4900000000-9854a27a57b089103a952017-09-12HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Perchloroethylene EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-02ce-9700000000-15e97c87ff2d3325dcde2017-09-12HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Perchloroethylene EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-02u0-4900000000-9854a27a57b089103a952018-05-18HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Perchloroethylene EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-02ce-9700000000-15e97c87ff2d3325dcde2018-05-18HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Perchloroethylene GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-014i-0900000000-c9d94a196093a68ede772016-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Perchloroethylene GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
MSMass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)splash10-02u0-2900000000-b8b0d0d4e84c9a237c392014-09-20Not AvailableView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Perchloroethylene 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-03di-0900000000-8a7abc89fb2f94b904172016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Perchloroethylene 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-03di-0900000000-8a7abc89fb2f94b904172016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Perchloroethylene 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-03di-0900000000-8a7abc89fb2f94b904172016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Perchloroethylene 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-03di-0900000000-8296157f9f0ba5c9a39f2016-08-04Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Perchloroethylene 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-03di-0900000000-8296157f9f0ba5c9a39f2016-08-04Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Perchloroethylene 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-03di-0900000000-8296157f9f0ba5c9a39f2016-08-04Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Perchloroethylene 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-03di-0900000000-502fa884cfe21613d14c2021-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Perchloroethylene 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-03di-0900000000-502fa884cfe21613d14c2021-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Perchloroethylene 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-004i-0900000000-81606de257ffa3a01ba52021-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum

NMR Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionDeposition DateSourceView
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Membrane (predicted from logP)
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Saliva
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected and Quantified0.000302 (0.000241-0.000362) uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal
    • National Health a...
 details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider ID13837281
KEGG Compound IDC06789
BioCyc IDTETRACHLOROETHENE
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkTetrachloroethene
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound31373
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID17300
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDMDB00029816
Good Scents IDrw1286921
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References
  1. GRANDJEAN E, WANNER HU, RHINER A: [INVESTIGATIONS OF TETRACHLOROETHYLENE VAPORS IN 2 TYPES OF OPEN METAL CLEANING APPLIANCES]. Int Arch Gewerbepathol Gewerbehyg. 1964 Nov 3;21:69-79. [PubMed:14340446 ]
  2. Braeckevelt M, Seeger EM, Paschke H, Kuschk P, Kaestner M: Adaptation of a constructed wetland to simultaneous treatment of monochlorobenzene and perchloroethene. Int J Phytoremediation. 2011 Nov-Dec;13(10):998-1013. [PubMed:21972567 ]
  3. Tseng WJ, Guo SF: Synthesis of nanoporous Al2O3 membranes from polybutyl methacrylate functionalized SiO2 particles as a sacrificial template. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2012 Oct;12(10):7909-14. [PubMed:23421155 ]
  4. Tsuruta H: Skin absorption of organic solvent vapors in nude mice in vivo. Ind Health. 1989;27(2):37-47. [PubMed:2745160 ]
  5. Wroblewska K, Rogaczewska T: [Evaluation of occupational exposure to tetrachloroethylene (PER) in a dry cleaning business]. Med Pr. 1987;38(2):96-101. [PubMed:3626854 ]